Amity School of Architecture and Planning: B.Arch Programme, IX Semester Theory of Urban Design ARCH503

Amity School of Architecture and Planning
B.Arch Programme, IX Semester
Theory of Urban Design

ARCH503
1
Ethics of Conservation
Degrees of Interventions
Indirect Interventions
Preservation
Contents
Consolidation
Restoration
Adaptive Reuse
Reproduction
Reconstruction
2
Ethics
3
The following standard of ethics must be rigorously observed in

conservation work:
(1) The condition of the building must be recorded before any

intervention.
(2) Historic evidence must not be destroyed, falsified or removed.
(3) Any intervention must be the minimum necessary.
(4) Any intervention must be governed by unswerving respect for the
aesthetic, historical and physical integrity of cultural property.
(5) All methods and materials used during treatment must be fully
documented.
4
Interventions
5
Any proposed interventions should
• be reversible or repeatable, if technically possible,
6
• not hinder the possibility of later access to all evidence

incorporated in the object;
• allow the maximum amount of existing material to be
retained;
7
• be harmonious in colour, tone, texture, form and scale,

if additions are necessary, but should be less
noticeable than original material, while at the same
time being identifiable;
• not be undertaken by conservator/restorers who are
insufficiently trained or experienced, unless they obtain
competent advice.
8
However, it must be recognized

that some problems are unique and have to
be solved from first principles on a trial-and-
error basis.
9
Preparatory procedures for conservation
Inventory creation
Initial Inspection
Documentation
Degree of Intervention
10
Preparatory procedures for conservation
Inventory creation
Initial Inspection
Documentation
11
The minimum degree of intervention necessary and

the techniques used depend upon the conditions of
climate to which cultural properly is likely to be
subjected.
Atmospheric pollution and traffic vibration must be

considered, and earthquake and flood hazards
should be assessed.
12
Degrees of Interventions
1. Indirect Interventions (Prevention)

2. Preservation
3. Consolidation
4. Restoration
5. Adaptive Reuse
6. Reproduction
7. Reconstruction
13
Prevention of deterioration (or indirect conservation)
14
Prevention entails protecting cultural property

by controlling its environment, thus preventing
agents of decay and damage from becoming
active.
Prevention of deterioration (or indirect conservation) 15

• Protecting cultural property by controlling its environment.
• Preventing agents of decay and damage from becoming active.
• Sound maintenance procedure based on regular inspection guidelines of
conservation.

• Protecting cultural property by controlling its environment.
Udayagiri caves from

Khandagiri hills in
Bhubaneswar Odisha,

Hathigumpha inscription
Kharavela who was the Emperor

of Kalinga in India during the
second century
BC


Mill Call - showcasing a

family setting out for
Ramkinkar Baij work 20
Abraham Darby’s blast furnace
Iron Museum, Coalbrookdale in Shropshire

• Control of internal humidity, temperature.

• Measures to prevent fire, arson, thefts and vandalism.
• Provide for cleaning and good overall housekeeping.
• Measure to reduce both atmospheric pollution and traffic
vibration.
• Control of ground subsidence caused by – abstraction of water.

Maintenance
• The continuous protective care of a place, and its setting.
• Maintenance is to be distinguished from repair which involves
restoration or reconstruction.

Preservation
25
Preservation deals directly with cultural property.

Its object is to keep it in its existing state.
Repairs must be carried out when necessary to prevent further
decay.
Preservation 26
Preservation 27
• Damage and decay caused by

• Water in all its forms
• Chemical agents
• All types of micro organism
Must be stopped in order to preserve the structure
Preservation 28
Consolidation (or direct conservation)
29
Consolidation is the physical addition or application of

adhesive or supportive materials into the actual fabric of
cultural property, in order to ensure its continued durability or
structural integrity.
In the case of immovable cultural property, consolidation may

for example entail the injection of adhesives to secure a
detached mural painting to the wall and likewise grouting of
the structure.
Consolidation (or direct conservation) 30

Injection Grouts for the

Conservation of Architectural
Surfaces: Research and
Evaluation
Wall paintings such as this one at

the archaeological site of
Herculaneum require injection
grouting to reattach
delaminated plaster to the
support in order to preserve
them in situ.
Photo: Leslie Rainer.

Injection Grouts for the

Conservation of Architectural
Surfaces: Research and Evaluation
Conservators and scientists from

the GCI are working with wall
paintings conservators from the
Herculaneum Conservation
Project to evaluate grouts used for
conservation of plasters and wall
paintings.
Photo: Leslie Rainer.


Consolidation is utilised traditional methods are

inadequate the conservation of cultural property may
be achieved by the use of modern techniques which
should be reversible, proven by experience, and
applicable to the scale of the project and its climatic
environment.

Sidhpur Rudra Mahalaya.

Restoration
36
The object of restoration is to revive the original concept

or legibility of the object.
Restoration and re-integration of details and features

occurs frequently and is based upon respect for original
material, archaeological evidence, original design and
authentic documents.
Restoration 37
Restoration 38
When a building includes superimposed work of different periods, the

revealing of the underlying state can only be justified in exceptional
circumstances.
That is, when the part to be removed is widely agreed to be of little

interest or when it is certain that the material brought to light will be of
great historical or archaeological value; and when it is probable also
that the state of preservation of the building is good enough to justify
the action.
Restoration 39
1th-century floor
uncovered at Ishkhani
monastery, Arpacik,
Turkey
Restoration 40
Rehabilitation
41
The best way of preserving buildings as

opposed to objects is to keep them in use—
a practice which may involve what the
French call ‘mise en valeur’, or
modernization with or without adaptive
alteration.
Rehabilitation 42
1917 as a Collectorate building,

1931-32 Hijli Detention Camp
1951 IIT Kharagpur
1989 Shaheed Bhawan
Rehabilitation 43
Kochi Biennale
Rehabilitation 44
Kochi Biennale
Rehabilitation 45
Adaptive reuse is the act of finding a new use for

a building and that is very important that what
could be the new use of the building which is
should be the sensitive to the original, historical
use.
Rehabilitation 46
Reproduction
47
Reproduction entails copying an extant artefact,

often in order to replace some missing or decayed parts,
generally decorative, to maintain its aesthetic harmony.
If valuable cultural property is being damaged irretrievably or

is threatened by its environment, it may have to be moved to
a more suitable environment and a reproduction substituted
in order to maintain the unity of a site or building.
Reproduction 48
Ramkinkar Baij
Reproduction 49
Reconstruction
50
Reconstruction of historic buildings and historic centres using

new materials may he necessitated by disasters such as fire,
earthquake or war.
Reconstruction cannot have the patina of age.

As in restoration, reconstruction must be based upon
accurate documentation and evidence, never upon
conjecture.
Reconstruction 51
“During the Warsaw uprising in August 1944, more than 85

percent of Warsaw’s historic centre was destroyed by the Nazi
troop. After the war a 5-year reconstruction campaign by its
citizens, resulted in today’s meticulous restoration of the
old town, with its churches, palaces and market places. It is an
outstanding example of a near total reconstruction and
restoration of a span of history covering 13 to 20th century.”
th
Source ; https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/30
52
Warsaw, Poland 85% of historic centre was destroyed by Nazi Troops in 1994 53
Reconstruction of Warsaw 54
55
56
1
2
1. Old
Town
Caste
Reconstruction
2. Market
Place 57
In 1980, Warsaw's historic Old Town was inscribed

into UNESCO’s World Heritage list.
58

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Amity School of Architecture and Planning

B.Arch Programme, IX Semester

Theory of Urban Design

The following standard of ethics must be rigorously observed in

(1) The condition of the building must be recorded before any

Any proposed interventions should

• be reversible or repeatable, if technically possible,

Any proposed interventions should

• not hinder the possibility of later access to all evidence

Any proposed interventions should

• be harmonious in colour, tone, texture, form and scale,

However, it must be recognized

Preparatory procedures for conservation

Preparatory procedures for conservation

The minimum degree of intervention necessary and

Atmospheric pollution and traffic vibration must be

1. Indirect Interventions (Prevention)

Prevention of deterioration (or indirect conservation)

Prevention entails protecting cultural property

Prevention of deterioration (or indirect conservation) 15

• Protecting cultural property by controlling its environment.

• Preventing agents of decay and damage from becoming active.

• Sound maintenance procedure based on regular inspection guidelines of

Prevention of deterioration (or indirect conservation) 16

• Protecting cultural property by controlling its environment.

Udayagiri caves from

Prevention of deterioration (or indirect conservation) 17

Kharavela who was the Emperor

Prevention of deterioration (or indirect conservation) 18

Prevention of deterioration (or indirect conservation) 19

Mill Call - showcasing a

Abraham Darby’s blast furnace

Iron Museum, Coalbrookdale in Shropshire

• Control of internal humidity, temperature.

Prevention of deterioration (or indirect conservation) 23

Prevention of deterioration (or indirect conservation) 24

Preservation deals directly with cultural property.

• Damage and decay caused by

Must be stopped in order to preserve the structure

Consolidation (or direct conservation)

Consolidation is the physical addition or application of

In the case of immovable cultural property, consolidation may

Consolidation (or direct conservation) 30

Injection Grouts for the

Wall paintings such as this one at

Photo: Leslie Rainer.

Consolidation (or direct conservation) 31

Injection Grouts for the

Conservators and scientists from

Photo: Leslie Rainer.

Consolidation (or direct conservation) 32

Consolidation (or direct conservation) 33

Consolidation is utilised traditional methods are

Consolidation (or direct conservation) 34

Sidhpur Rudra Mahalaya.

The object of restoration is to revive the original concept

Restoration and re-integration of details and features

When a building includes superimposed work of different periods, the

That is, when the part to be removed is widely agreed to be of little

The best way of preserving buildings as

1917 as a Collectorate building,

Adaptive reuse is the act of finding a new use for