RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research- it is a collection of data and information to solve particular or specific Problem.

PARTS OF RESEARCH
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1Introduction
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Statement of the Problem
1.4 Scope and Limitation

CHAPTER 2
FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
2.1 Review of Related Literature
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Conceptual Framework
2.4 Hypothesis
2.5 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Sampling Design and Technique
3.3 Research Instrument
3.4 Validation of Instrument
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure
3.6 Data Analysis

CHAPTER 4
4.1 Ressults and Discussion
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation

Quantitative Research- the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.You can use
quantitative research methods for descriptive, correlational or experimental research. It
answers ‘how many’ or ‘how much’ that are sought to be answered by quantitative research,
including epidemiologic studies

-In descriptive research, you simply seek an overall summary of your study variables.
-In correlational research, you investigate relationships between your study variables.
-In experimental research, you systematically examine whether there is a cause-and-effect
relationship between variables.
-allow you to test a hypothesis by systematically collecting and analyzing data, while
qualitative methods allow you to explore ideas and experiences in depth.

Qualitative Research-data obtained by the researcher from first-hand observation,

interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, participant-observation, recordings made in natural
settings, documents, and artifacts.
-studies typically seek to answer questions about the ‘what’, ‘how’, and ‘why’ of phenomena

EXAMPLES
Identify the following whether the following studies are Qualitative Research or Quantitative
Research?

1. Learning styles of Student and Teaching Styles of Teachers in President Ramon

Magsaysay State University.

This type of research is a Quantitative Research because the objective of this research
is to identify the Learning and Teaching styles of Pupils and Teachers in President Ramon
Magsaysay State University. We usually used Descriptive approach in this certain type of
topic. Descriptive research is used to describe the Characteristics of population or
phenomenon being studied and validate objective; in this case the researcher ought to find the
relationship between the Learning Styles and Teaching Styles of Teacher and Pupils.

2. Understanding the behavior of Autistic pupils inside the classroom.

This type of Research is A Qualitative Research, Why? Because objective of this

study is to understand the behaviour of Autistic Pupils inside the Classroom, a researcher will
use phenomenological approach, a type of Qualitative research that focuses in the nature and
commonality of a lived experienced of a particular group, just like in this study it focuses on
the behavior of Autistic Pupils Inside the classroom.

NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
-includes adult basic education, adult literacy education or school equivalency preparation.In
non-formal education, someone (who is not in school) can learn literacy, other basic skills or
job skills.
-Home education, individualized instruction (such as programmed learning), distance
learning and computer-assisted instruction are other possibilities.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION

1. The nonformal education is planned and takes place apart from the school system.
2. The timetable and syllabus can be adjustable.
3. Unlike theoretical formal education, it is practical and vocational education.
4. Nonformal education has no age limit.
5. Fees or certificates may or may not be necessary.
6. It may be full time or part-time learning and one can earn and learn together.
7. It involves learning of professional skills.
Advantages of Non-formal Education
1. Practiced and vocational training.
2. Naturally growing minds that do not wait for the system to amend.
3. Literacy with skillfulness growth in which self-learning is appreciated.
4. Flexibility in age, curriculum and time.
5. Open-ended educational system in which both the public and private sector are
involved in the process.
6. No need to conduct regular exams.
 7. Diploma, certificates, and award are not essential to be awarded.
Disadvantages of Non-formal Education
1. Attendance of participants is unsteady.
2. Sometimes, it’s just wastage of time as there is no need to conduct the exam on
regular basis and no degree/diploma is awarded at the end of the training session.
3. Basic reading and writing skills are crucial to learn.
4. No professional and trained teachers.
5. Students may not enjoy full confidence as the regular students enjoy.
6. Some institutes provide fake certification through online courses just for the sake of
earning.
Characteristics of NFE Teacher

1. Faith in NFE.
2. Integrity
3. Responsibility
4. Sympathy
5. Courage
6. Resourcefulness
7. Leadership
8. Vision

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES AND TREND IN PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL

SYSTEM

1. Significance of Popular media in teaching

-the use of popular media in teaching is that it signifies innovation and adapting to
change.
-Second, they would say that it would give children a broader avenue for their references
to which they could relate more; hence, making learning more fun and practical to them.
The children's learning and education would not be limited to what books and teachers
say to them
-children would have no need to spend much for the purchase of textbooks or for
photocopying them. They would not need to bring heavy books and bags in school.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
1. Speed-The speed of computer has made a vital impact on human society before
some decades computer were just used for the purpose of some numerical
calculations, but nowadays computers are used in virtually every single part of
human life

For Example : It can calculate the salaries of Employees within a fraction of

seconds before it would take long hours when done manually by people.
2. Accuracy-t can perform complex numerical calculations not only with speed but
with unbelievable accuracy..
3. Stores Huge Amount of Data-They can save or store any volume of data or
instruction given to them permanently.
4. Online Trading-is very simple and time saving, you have a variety of products to
choose with the best prices, many websites offer their users a heavy discount.
People are more inclined toward online shopping and trading these days due to
their simplicity in use
5. Online Education | Distance Learning-The students can learn and acquire skills
online at their own convenience and pace these platforms provide students digital
notes in the form of PDF, PPT, Infographics, and video formats
6. Research-In research computer are used as they can solve tedious mathematical
and logical calculations with high speed and amazing accuracy.
7. Forecasting Weather,and Predicting Earthquakes ,Volcano Eruptions
-are used in weather forecasting, predicting earthquakes, volcano eruptions, the
scientist predict the time and hence they can save people from these natural
disasters
8. Produce Employment-The computer produces a great number of jobs per year,
people don’t want to work manually anymore as this is tedious, time-consuming,
and inaccurate whereas the computer works with unbelievably accuracy and speed
and it is very reliable
9. Internet-You can get quality education, you can buy or purchase goods, surf the
net, play songs, download software's, movies, etc This has been considered as the
greatest Computer advantage
10. In Business-People use computer in business because of its features of storing
volumes of data, multitasking ,performing complex calculation, working more
efficiently than humans, it doesn’t have human traits such as
envy,jealousy,tiredness, etc. The computer has become a huge contributor in
business.

DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
11. Health Issues

Computer when prolonged used has negative effects on eyes due to radiation
emitted by monitors. The eyes get dry resulting in blurry visions, the stress in the
eye muscles results in weak eyesight.

12. Spread of Pornography

As the computer range has covered every single individual in the society, children
and even grown-up are prone and get involved in pornographic content which
many websites offer this day.

13. Virus and Hacking Attacks

Viruses are just computer programs that are designed and developed to harm the
computer, steal important information like passwords, pins, and other sensitive
information

14. Computer Cannot Take Their Own Decision NO IQ

 As personal computer [PC] does not have their own IQ they cannot take decisions
on their own, which sometimes make our work tedious

15. Negative Effect on Environment

The computer waste and the manufacturing process produce lots of waste .which
is harmful to the environment and our society. The used computer or the computer
which is in no more use should be donated

16. Crashed Networks

Computer can be easily connected to each other via “NETWORKING”, It can

connect to internet . Imagine you have an office of 25 computers, all of the
computers are connected with each other with shared internet

17. Spread of Violence and Hatred

The spread of violence and hate-related articles can be found easily while surfing
the internet. People get in touch with these articles which destroys the thinking
process of individuals and we find consequences which are not for the betterment
of human society.

18. Cyber Crimes

Some people who are commonly called “HACKERS OR CRACKER” break

down our computer system and get unauthorized access and steals our credit card
numbers our passwords and our sensitive information. With this information, they
violate all laws and misuse our information for their benefits

19. Data and Information violation

Irrespective of many securities our data can be lost due to damaged memory or
using spam websites while they inject malicious program Trojan, worm to your
computer system which corrupts or even destroys the data available on your
systems.

LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. Lack of common-sense- You must have used Microsoft Word, Whenever you type something
in Microsoft Word, sometimes some word gets mistyped while typing, then you must have
seen that the red underline comes down under that word, it means that the word is wrong.
2. Zero IQ- A zero IQ in a computer means that the computer is programmed, or is designed
based on the work it is already to do.
3. No Feeling- A computer can work continuously from 24 hours to 48 hours or continuously for
several days.No matter how long the computer system works, it does not affect the speed of
computer work nor does the computer ever feel tired.
4. Computers can’t Decide- Computer systems only work in logic, not in judgment. 2 + 2 means
that we understand that two numbers have to be added, but the computer does not decide what
 to do with these two numbers.2 + 2 = By writing this number, the computer thinks that these
two numbers have to be added.
5. Computers can’t Express their Ideas- Because a computer is a machine and a machine can
never be Express their Ideas.
6. Computers can’t Implement- Computers never implement anything because computers are
unable to do so.

Let's understand this for example.

-When you type something on the computer, then you must have noticed that some red line
comes down under some word, it means that the word is wrong.

-As soon as you click on that word, there is an option to correct that word and that word
becomes correct.
7. Computers can’t Think- The machine never does any work by itself, unless it is given an
instruction.
8. Depend on the user input.- The computer always depends on the user. Without human
instruction, computers cannot do any work.
9. An expert user can work on a computer- nly the person who knows the computer can use the
computer.

STATISTICS

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION, a function in statistics, is used to reflect the different results of a

particular frequency in the form of a table, and/or graph depicting how many times a specific value
has appeared in a group or an interval.
STANDARD DEVIATION is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.
A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean (also called the
expected value) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over
a wider range.

ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT

What is Conflict Management?

Conflict management, also known as conflict resolution, involves having a workplace that precludes
conflict and a management team that successfully handles and resolves workplace issues

 The aim for professionals in the workplace should not be to avoid conflict, but to resolve it in
an effective manner. Employees with strong conflict resolution skills are able to effectively
handle workplace issues
 Conflict Management Skills
1. Communication
2. Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand your own feelings and those of others,
and to handle those feelings well.
3. Empathy means feeling what others feel. The ability to see a situation from someone
else’s viewpoint, and to understand their needs, motivations, and possible
misunderstandings, is critical to effective conflict management
4. Creative Problem Solving
Stress management is: “set of techniques and programs intended to help people deal more effectively
with stress in their lives by analysing the specific stressors and taking positive actions to minimize
their effects”. (Gale Encyclopaedia of Medicine, 2008).
COMPARATIVE EDUCATION

“As the largest international comparative assessment of education in the world, our low
ranking of 79th out of 79 high and middle income countries … is an opportunity for all
sectors to come together to take a hard look at the quality of Philippine education,” PBEd said
in a statement.

Compared to other Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Malaysia or Indonesia, the
Philippines is currently not very well-represented in international university rankings. Only
one Philippine university was among the 359 universities included in the 2018 Times Higher
Education (THE) Asia University Rankings, while ten Thai universities, nine Malaysian
universities and four Indonesian universities were included in the ranking

EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION

Answer the following items very briefly:

A.In education, "alternative assessment" is in direct contrast to what is known as "traditional

testing" "traditional assessment," or "standardized assessment. Will Portfolio Assessment be
effective as alternative assessment during the pandemic?

ANSWER: During this time of Pandemic where evaluation is difficult, portfolio assessment is
the best option to assess pupil’s development. Through this collections of student activities,
accomplishments and achievements to demonstrate growth over time, offering an alternative
authentic assessment for students as well as the teachers herself she can identify if there is in
need to improve in his modules or learning activity sheet or a home visitation to ensure pupils
learning development.

B.Education in the Philippines has reformed to the K to 12 Enhanced Basic Education. The
Department of Education (DepEd) developed a set of skills that needs to be assessed in the
classrooms and presented in terms like knowledge, process, understanding, and
performance/product in order to develop the basic skills of school children. In the past
curriculum, educators use different taxonomies that guide their assessment of students’
learning. Which of these taxonomies can be operative in the new situation?
ANSWER: I think the most operative taxonomy to this current situation are the understanding
and evaluation pupils need to understand the content of the subject matter in order to evaluate
the learnings. Therefore, Evaluation as well is also operative pupils themselves needs to
evaluate what they have learned and what else to know and develop.
C.Discuss very briefly: DepEd Learning Delivery Modalities for School Year 2020-2021 and
evaluation of learning.

ANSWER: Deped Prepares different learning Modalities for School year 2020-2021, these
are:
1.Online learning- Learning process trough onlne platform like zoom, google classroom
facebook messenger etc; the use of the internet
2.Modular learning:Learning process trough the used of modules and other learning activity
sheet where Deped prepares modules, teachers also prepares learning activity sheet for
learning. These will deliver to the parents for the pupils to learn at home.
3.Blended Learning- Mixed of Online and other learning modality. This course shows
ongoing asynchronous online activities, with regularly scheduled face-to-face class times
throughout the quarter.

D.Outcome-based education is a model of education that discards the traditional focus on

what the school delivers to students, in favor of making students exhibit that they "know and
are able to do" whatever the required outcomes are. OBE reforms emphasize setting strong
standards for observable, measurable outcomes. How will you do this with the new
modalities?
ANSWER. In our school we will used modular learning modalities. This outcome-based
model of education through learners’ outputs base on modules, how the learners answered
their working sheets. That is why in every activity there is a rubric to set standard on pupils
learning outcomes.
Also home visitation I also advised to facilitates learning needs and to see if the pupil is
answering the modules.

E. Give your perspective and cite its implications to quality education.

“Learning must continue, education must continue.” The COVID-19 pandemic will not
prevent the Department from ensuring that children will learn and continue their education
under the new normal through the blended education”. Education Secretary Leonor M.
Briones

ANSWER: I agree to this statement as a teacher I value Education the most, Education must
not stop because of this pandemic, we must be strong and help each other out to overcome
this unprecedented situation where nobody is prepared. DepEd is doing everything they can
to resolve the situation, so if there is something, we can do let’s do it, let us make things
work, although we are accustomed in Traditional teaching maybe it’s time to change and
adapt in a new normal situation.