Presentation - H. J. Feuerborn

Regulations regarding
Coal Ash Utilisation in Europe
Hans-Joachim Feuerborn
European
Coal Combustion
Products Association
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 1
Content
1. Introduction
2. Regulations for use of coal ash in

- cement production
- concrete
- road construction
3. Environmental regulations
4. Concluding remarks

Introduction
Production of CCPs in Europe (EU-15) in 2003
Fly Ash
67.8 %
9.3 %
17.2 %
Bottom Ash
FGD Gypsum Boiler Slag, 3.2 %
SDA Product, 0.8% FBC Ash 1.7 %
total amount 65 million tonnes

Introduction
Utilisation of CCPs in Europe (EU-15) in 2003
Utilization in construction Industry

Restoration of Open
and Underground Mining
Cast Mines, Quarries
and Pits
52.4% 35.9%
Disposal, 3.7%
Temporary stockpile, 8.0%
total amount 65 million tonnes

Introduction
Demands of the construction market
availability of huge amounts of material

constant quality (continuous process)
sufficient product properties (grain size
distribution, surface,reactivity, ...)
long term availability
meeting of technical requirements
environmental compatibility

Introduction
Utilisation of fly ash in the construction industry and in

underground mining in Europe (EU 15) in 2003
Concrete
Addition Concrete Blocks
27.8%
5.8%
Blended
Road
Cement 11.3%
23.4% Construction,
Filling
Application
25.9%
Cement Infill, 3.3%

Raw Material Others, 2.5%
(total utilisation 21.1 million tonnes)

Introduction
Utilisation of Bottom Ash in the Construction Industry

and Underground Mining in Europe (EU 15) in 2003
Road Construction,
Filling Application
33.1%
4.6%
48.2% Others
10.4%
Cement
3.7%
Concrete
Blocks
Concrete
(total utilisation 2.7 million tonnes)

Introduction
Utilisation of Fly Ash in the cement and concrete

industry in Europe (EU 15) from 1993 to 2003
clinker raw material blended cement concrete
16
utilization in million tonnes
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Regulations for use of coal ash for cement
Chemical parameters of fly ashes from coal and lignite

Parameter Fly ash from Coal Fly Ash from Lignite
SiO2 36 – 60 18 – 80
Al2O3 23 – 35 1 – 19
FeO3 3 – 17 1 – 22
CaO 0,3 – 8,5 2 – 52
CaOfrei 0,1 – 25
MgO 0,5 – 5,4 0,5 – 11
K 2O 0,5 – 6 0,1 – 2
Na2O 0,1 – 3,5 0,01 – 2
SO3 0,1 – 2,1 1 – 15

Regulations for use of coal ash for cement
Requirements for Siliceous and Calcareous

Fly Ash by DIN EN 197-1
Parameter siliceous fly ash calcareous fly ash
V W1 W2
Loss on ignition ≤ 5 % by mass

Reactive calcium oxide1) ≤ 10 % by mass 10 – 15 % by ≥ 15 % by mass
mass
Free calcium oxide ≤ 1 % by mass 2)
Reactive silicon dioxide3) ≥ 25 % by mass -
Compressive strength at 28d4) - - ≥ 10 N/mm²
Expansion5) - - ≤ 10 mm
1)
CaOreactiv = total CaO reduced by fraction calculated as CaCO3 and CaSO4
2)
CaOfree-= amount up to 2,5 % by mass accepted when soundness is given (see 5))
3)
SiO2reactiv = fraction of SiO2 which is soluble after treatment with HCl and boiling KOH-solution
4)
mortars with ground fly ash as binder, amount < 40µm between 10 and 30 % by mass
5)
mixture of 30 % by mass ground fly ash, 70 % by mass cement

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
• Utilisation of fly ash as an addition to concrete has

a long history in several countries.
• In 1994, the first European Standard EN 450

"Fly Ash for Concrete" was published.
• About 6 million tonnes of fly ash are used

as concrete addition every year in Europe.
• In May 2005, the harmonized standard EN 450 part 1

and part 2 was published. This standard has to be
introduced to national law in 2006.

Chemical Requirements for Fly Ash for Concrete by EN 450
Parameter Requirements Test Frequency
Loss On Ignition max. 5.0 w.-% d
SO3 max. 3.0 w.-% m
Cl max. 0.01 w.-% m
CaOfree max. 2.5 w.-%1) w

1)
d: daily fly ash with CaOfree higher than 1 w.-% but less
w: once per week than 2.5 w.-% must comply with the requirements
m: once per month for soundness

Physical Requirements for Fly Ash for Concrete by EN 450

Parameter Requirements Test Frequency
Soundness 1) max. 10 mm w
Fineness 2) max. 40 w.-% d
Fineness variation ⌧3) ± 10 w.-% d
Activity index
after 28 days min 75 % 2m
after 90 days min 85 % 2m

Density variation ⌧3) ± 150 kg/m3 m
1)
d : daily required only if CaOfrei > 1,0 w.-%
2)
w: once per week mass proportion in % of the ash retained when wet sieved
m: once per month on a 0,045 mm mesh sieve
3)
2 m: twice per month average value as declared by the producer

EN 450-1
Fly ash for concrete - Part 1:
Definition, specifications and conformity criteria
EN 450-2
Conformity evaluation

EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete
Definition of fly ash
fine powder of mainly spherical particles, derived from

burning of pulverized coal, with or without co-combustion
materials, which has pozzolanic properties and consists
essentially of SiO2 and Al2O3,...
Reactive SiO2 min 25 % by mass

Reactive CaO max 10 % by mass

New items of EN 450

Introduction of three categories of loss on ignition
Introduction of two categories of fineness
Acceptance of fly ash obtained from co-combustion
Consideration of processing plants as

production plants

LOI Categories of EN 450-1
Category LOI in % by mass

min max
A - 5.0
B 2.0 7.0
C 4.0 9.0

Fineness Categories of EN 450-1
Category Amount retained on a Fineness variation from

0.045 mm mesh sieve declared value
in% by mass in percentage points
N 40 ± 10
S 12 no requirement

Types of Co-combustion Materials

1 Vegetable material like wood chips, straw, olive
shells and other vegetable fibres
2 Green wood and cultivated biomass
3 Animal meal
4 Municipal sewage sludge
5 Paper sludge
6 Petroleum coke
7 Virtually ash free liquid and gaseous fuels

Limitation of Co-combustion Materials

Minimum percentage of coal (Kc) shall not be less than 80 %
by mass of the fuel
Maximum proportion of ash from co-combustion
materials (M) shall not be greater than 10 % by mass of the
fly ash
K1 ⋅ A1 + K 2 ⋅ A 2 + .... + Kn ⋅ An
M = 100 ⋅ ≤ 10 %
K c ⋅ A c + (K1 ⋅ A1 + K 2 ⋅ A 2 + .... + Kn ⋅ An )
Ki and Kc are the proportions of co-combustion materials

and coal being fired
Ai and Ac are the ash contents of the co-combustion

materials and the coal
The new standard covers also fly ash

produced by:
• classification • blending
• selection • grinding
• sieving • carbon
reduction
• drying

Processing Plants in Europe
United Kingdom • classification (BS 3892)

• carbon reduction (ST I - process)
STI separation unit

installed at:
- Longannet Power
Station (Scotland)
- Didcot Power
Station (England)

The Netherlands • silo, mixing and sieving installation
(SMZ centre, Rotterdam)
SMZ Center in
Maasflakte near
Rotterdam
construction in 1995
capacity
250.000 tpa
(source: Vliegasunie)
France • re-drying facilities (Carling, Hornaing)
Carling; capacity 80 tph Hornaing; capacity 50 tph
(source: Surschiste)
Germany • re-drying facility (Lünen)
capacity
60.000 tpa
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 (source: SEG) 25

Comparison of the chemical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005
EN 450:1994-09 DIN EN 450-1:2005-05

LOI ≤ 5.0 % by mass cat. A: ≤ 5.0 % by mass
cat. B: ≥ 2.0 and ≤ 7.0 % by mass
cat. C: ≥ 4.0 and ≤ 9.0 % by mass
Cl ≤ 0.1 % by mass ≤ 0.1 % by mass
SO3 ≤ 3.0 % by mass ≤ 3.0 % by mass
CaOfree ≤ 2.5 % by mass1) ≤ 2.5 % by mass1)
CaOreactive ≤ 10 % by mass ≤ 10 % by mass
SiO2reactive ≥ 25 % by mass, ≥ 25 % by mass2)
based on definition
1) if CaOfree-amount is > 1.0 % by mass soundness has to be proven
2) requirement to be fulfilled for fly ash obtained from co-combustion

Comparison of the chemical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005
EN 450:1994-09 DIN EN 450-1:2005-05

SiO2, amount of SiO2, amount of
Al2O3, Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 ≥ 70 % by
Fe2O3, CaO to be provided mass1)
CaO on request
Na2Oeq to be provided on ≤ 5.0 % by mass (as Na2Oeq)1)
request
MgO - ≤ 4.0 % by mass (as Na2Oeq)1)
P2O5soluble - ≤ 100 mg/kg1)
1) requirement to be fulfilled for fly ash obtained from co-combustion

Comparison of the physical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005
requirement EN 450:1994-09 DIN EN 450-1:2005-05

fineness ≤ 40 % by mass cat. N: ≤ 40 % by mass
(residue on cat. S: ≤ 12 % by mass,
45 µm mesh sieve)
fineness variations ≤ ± 10 % by mass cat. N: ≤ ± 10 % by mass
1)
(deviation from cat. S: -
declared value) (note: the ± 10 % percentage
points are not applicable)
density variation 1)
± 150 kg/m³ 1)
± 200 kg/m³
1) average value as declared by the producer

Comparison of the physical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005

requirement EN 450:1994-09 DIN EN 450-1:2005-05
soundness1) max. 10 mm (50/50)2) max. 10 mm (30/70)3)
activity index
after 28 days ≥ 75 % ≥ 75 %
after 90 days ≥ 85 % ≥ 85 %
initial setting time - ≤ 120 min more than cement
paste with test cement 4)5)
water demand - category N: not valid
category S: ≤ 95 % of that for
test cement alone
1) required only if amount of free calciumoxide is > 1 % by mass
2) paste made from 50 % by mass of fly ash and 50 % by mass of cement
5) requirement is assumed to be met for fly ash produced by combustion of pure coal

EN 450-2 "Conformity evaluation"
DIN 18990
Fly ash for concrete
Attestation of conformity
EN 450-2

Producer
Factory production control
• Internal quality control
• Autocontrol testing of fly ash samples
Certification body
Initial inspection
Evaluation of results of autocontrol testing
Audit testing of fly ash samples

Producer
„operator of a production plant“
or
„a person (natural or legal) authorised
by the production plant“
The producer is named in the certificate

of conformity !

... The producers documentation and procedures for the

production control shall be described in a works quality
manual. The manual has to contain:
statement on aims and organisation structure,

responsibilities and powers of responsible staff
production and quality control techniques,

processes and systematic actions that will be used
inspections and tests during and after production,

and test frequency

production scope of the production control according to EN 450-2

control = responsility of the producer / owner of certificate
stack
responsibility
boilerl
power plant operator
= FGD
DENOX ESP
internal KAT
quality
control
internal
fly ash non
quality control silo 2
+ - fineness EN Q II
- LOI silo 1 EN 450
QI 450
auto- final product

auto-control
control testing
fly ash
testing responsibility producer

01234
EN 450-1
„Fly ash for concrete“
Part 1: Definitions,
AnyCo Ltd, PO Box 21, B-1050
specifications and 05
conformity criterea 01234-CPD-00234
EN 450-1
Fly ash for concrete

EN 450-2 Fineness Category: N
Declared value of
„Fly ash for concrete“ fineness in case of category N: 25 %
Loss on ignition Category : A
Particle density: 2300 kg/m3
Part 2: Dangerous Substance: NL, F

Regulations for use of coal ash
Use of fly ash as aggregate (harmonized)
EN 12620 “Aggregates for Concrete“

EN 13055 “Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete“
These standards contain characteristics of
aggregates and conformity criteria. As harmonized
standards categories are defined which allow
restriction based on national experience!
National application documents in Germany!
DIN 20000-104: Aggregates for concrete
DIN 20000-105: Lightweight aggregates for
concrete.
Use of fly ash in road construction
• Soil stabilisation
• Landscaping
• Dams and embankments
• Hydraulically bound bearing layers
• Asphalt filler
• Additions to concrete

Principal use of CCPs in road construction
Filler in asphalt / concrete addition
Hydraulic bound layers
Base layer
Soil beneficiation
Use of fly ash in road construction
prEN 14227 “Hydraulically Bound Mixtures“
part 3: Fly ash bound mixtures

definitions of mixtures for roads,
airfields and other trafficked areas
part 4: Fly ash for hydraulically

bound mixtures
definitions of specification on physical
and chemical properties of fly ash
part 13: Soil beneficiation with fly ash

EN 14227- 4 Hydraulically bound mixtures- Specifications -

Part 4: Fly ash for hydraulically mixtures
Siliceous Fly Ash Calcereous Fly Ash

Particle size Particle size
Loss on Ignition Soundness
Free calcium oxide/soundness reactive calcium oxide
water content water content
pozzolanic activity hydraulic activity
DIN V ENV 13282 Hydraulic Road Binders - Composition,

specifications and conformity criteria

Environmental Regulations
European Construction Products Directive (1988)

requires activities of the authorities regarding emissions
of dangerous substances from construction products
Emissions to air, surface water and ground water
CEN is mandated to develop harmonised assessment

methods and harmonized approaches regarding
dangerous substances

Limiting values on leaching of heavy metals and

organics are set nationally in several EU member states
Leaching limit values restrict the utilisation of CCPs

in certain applications like unbound use in road
construction (e.g. embankments, grouting, filling)
Tightening up of limiting values by some EU member

states is threatening further applications of CCPs

Requirements for bound and unbound use of CCPs by Dutch BMD

The “Building Materials Decree” of the Netherlands (Boustoff-
Besluiten) contains rules relating to the use of building
materials and earth in construction and other works. The aim
of the Decree is to establish a general level of protection for
soil and surface waters.
The Decree accords the reuse of materials such as construction
and demolition waste and residues recovered from industrial
processes a full place in the building industry by setting clear
conditions on which their use is permitted.
The immission of anorganic leachable constituents to soil and

water is calculated by the emission of the constituent. The
calculation includes leaching behaviour of the building material,
also factors as temperatur, thickness of the building material,
degree of contact to ground water, isolation measures, a.o..
Requirements for bound and unbound use of CCPs by Dutch BMD

Unbounded Bounded utilisation
utilisation
Percolation (column) test Diffusion test (standtest)
according NEN7343 according NEN 7345
percolation at L/S=10 in mg/kg Immission in mg/m2
Element > 10 m Element max

Antimoon Sb 0,03 Antimoon Sb 39
Arseen As 0,83 Arseen As 435
Barium Ba 2,20 Barium Ba 6300
Cadmium Cd 0,02 Cadmium Cd 12
Chroom Cr 0,36 Chroom Cr 1500
Cobalt Co 0,23 Cobalt Co 300
Koper Cu 0,33 Koper Cu 540
Kwik Hg 0,02 Kwik Hg 4,5
Lood Pb 0,99 Lood Pb 1275
Molybdeen Mo 0,17 Molybdeen Mo 150
Nikkel Ni 0,70 Nikkel Ni 525
Seleen Se 0,03 Seleen Se 15
Tin Sn 0,08 Tin Sn 300
Vanadium V 1,10 Vanadium V 2400
Zink Zn 2,30 Zink Zn 2100
Fluoride F 3,80 Fluoride F 14000

Chloride Cl 560 Chloride Cl 30000
Sulfaat SO4 1090 Sulfaat SO4 45000
Bromide Br 3,40 Bromide Br 90

Requirements for selected CCPs for use in earthworks and road

construction by German LAGA (leaching criteria)
(German federal states working group of waste)
In the requirements of LAGA different classes for

utilisation of industrial residuess in earthworks and road
construction (Z 0 to Z 2), and for disposal areas (Z 3 to Z 5)
are defined.
Class “Z0”: unrestricted use

Class “Z1.1”: restricted open use and
Class “Z1.2”: restricted open use with defined technical
safety measurements
Class “Z2”: restricted use with defined technical safety
measurements

Requirements for selected CCPs for use in earthworks and road construction by
German LAGA (leaching criteria)
CCP Fly Ash Bottom Ash Grate Ash Boiler
Slag
combustion
wet bottom
source/process
dry bottom
fluid.bed
boiler
boiler
class Z2 Z2 Z2 ZO Z 1.1 Z 1.2 Z2 ZO Z 1.1 Z 1.2/ ZO
Z2
parameter
1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
colour x x x x x x x x x x x
1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
clouding x x x x x x x x x x x
1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
smell x x x x x x x x x x x
pH-value 8-13 10-13 8-13 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 7-12 7-12 7-12 6-9
conductivity µS/cm 5000 10000 5000 500 1000 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 200
As 100 40 100 10 10 40 100 10 10 40
Pb 20 40 20 40
Cd 10 10 10 2 2 2 2
Crtot 350 300 350 15 30 15 30
Cu µg/l 50 50 50 50
Ni 40 50 40 50
Hg 0.2 0.2 1 2 0.2 0.2 1
Zn 100 100 100 100
Cl mg/l 50 100 50 10 20 50 50 10 20 20
SO3 mg/l 1000 2000 1000 50 75 200 200 50 75 200
Requirements for selected CCPs for use in earthworks and road construction by
German LAGA (content of trace element)
CCP Bottom Ash /Grate Ash
source/process
class ZO Z 1.1
parameter
1) 1)
colour x x
1) 1)
clouding x x
1) 1)
smell x x
As 20 30
Pb 100 200
Cd 0.6 1
Crtot 50 100
Cu mg/kg 40 100
Ni 40 100
Hg 0.3 1
Zn 120 300
1)
= to be declared
DIBt-insignificance threshhold values for evaluation of building products

unit insignificance
threshold values
Antimon Sb 10
Arsen As 10
Blei Pb 25
Cadmium Cd 5
Chrom gesamt Cr 50
Chromat CrVI 8
Kobalt Co 50
Kupfer Cu 50
Molybdän Mo µg/l 50
Nickel Ni 50
Quecksilber Hg 1
Selen Se 10
Zink Zn 500
Zinn Sn 40
Cyanid gesamt CN- 50
Cyanid leicht freisetzbar CN- 10
Fluorid F- 750

DIBt-insignificance threshhold values for evaluation of building products

unit insignificance
threshold values
PAK, gesamt 0,2
Naphthalin 2
LHKW, gesamt 10
Aldrin 0,1
µg/l
DDT 0,1
PCB, gesamt 0,05
Mineralölkohlenwasserstoffe 200
BTX 20
- Benzol als Einzelstoff 1
Phenole 20

DIBt-evaluation procedure for building products

(for technical approval with use of industrial by-products in concrete, only!
Building Material
step 1 Determination of trace element content
yes
requirement Criteria met?
not met
no
information on yes
environmental compatibility
comparison with requirement
similar products met
Restriction Dangerous substances

Toxic substances (R-crierias) LAGA criterias Z2

step 2 production of leachate/

realistic situation!
2.1 determination of general parameters
no
requirement yes harmful changes by
not met general characteristics
2.2
determination of trace element content
requirement no yes requirement

threshhold insignificance
not met met
param. ecotox. values, TOC met
concerned
2.3 ecotox.harmlessness not proven
determination of biological parameters
requirement yes no requirement

ecotoxicological
not met met

Areas of application and tests required for cement bound products in drinking water areas
German Technical and Scientific Association of Gas and Water (DVGW)
tests to be performed drinking water raw-water supply products in

supply and products in drinkingwater-area
drinkingwater-area II+III
I
migration test
Appearance + + +
TOC-loss + + -
Arsen-loss1) + + +
Lead-loss + + +
Chrom-loss + + +
mikrobiological test
DVGW-working paper + + -3)

W2702)
test: +, no test: -
1)test to be performed only when fly ash is used
2)test to be performed only when organic additives are used
3)test only for mortar

UK: Water supply regulations:
This regulation has requirements for materials, such as cementitious materials, for
use in contact with public drinking water supply. Specifications of testing is covered
by BS 6920, which gives limiting values for certain metals leachates from such material.
BS 6920 max. allowable
concentration
[µg/l]
Aluminium Al 200
Antimony Sb 10
Arsenic As 50
Barium Ba 1000
Cadmium Ca 5
Chromium Cr 50
Iron Fe 200
Lead Pb 50
Manganese Mn 50
Mercury Hg 1
Nickel Ni 50
Selenium Se 10
Silver Ag 10
parameter Limit values Limit values Limit values

regardin regarding for fly
g table table 2 ash
Provisional limit 1 [mg/kg] [mg/kg]
[mg/kg]
values for table 1 antimony Sb 5 20 40
and table 2 of the arsen As 30 80 10
lead Pb 100 500 300
BUWAL
cadmium Cd 1 2 2
recommendation chrome total Cr 200 500 300
copper Cu 200 500 200
nickel Ni 200 500 200
mercury Hg 0.5 1 1
(BUWAL =
thallium Th 0.5 1 3
Ministry for Zinc Zn 400 1000 1000
Environment, tin Sn 30 80 30
barium Ba 1500
Forestry and
beryllium Be 10
Agriculture) cobalt Co 100
selen Se 5
vanadium V 300
Cr VI 2

Concluding Remarks
52.4 % of the total CCPs produced in Europe is produced

to meet technical requirements to replace natural materials
in construction.
CCPs are accepted as raw materials due to their chemical,

mineralogical and physical properties. The acceptance is
based on more than thirty years of experience.
For nearly every field of application technical regulations or

requirements have to considered.

Concluding Remarks
The new standard for fly ash for concrete introduces a

quality control system including
• internal quality control by the producer
• audit testing by a certification body notified by the
building authorities.
In order to avoid any negative impact on the environment
and on human health environmental regulations have been
developed in some European countries for
• raw materials (trace elements, leaching behaviour)
• products (prediction models for bound applications).
As a result of the environmental regulations no negative

impact on the environment or on human health by the
utilisation of CCPs has been reported so far.

Thank you for your attention!
Hans-Joachim Feuerborn
European Coal Combustion Products Association

www.ecoba.org

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Regulations regarding

Coal Ash Utilisation in Europe

2. Regulations for use of coal ash in

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 2

Production of CCPs in Europe (EU-15) in 2003

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 3

Utilisation of CCPs in Europe (EU-15) in 2003

Utilization in construction Industry

total amount 65 million tonnes

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 4

Demands of the construction market

 availability of huge amounts of material

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 5

Utilisation of fly ash in the construction industry and in

Cement Infill, 3.3%

(total utilisation 21.1 million tonnes)

Utilisation of Bottom Ash in the Construction Industry

(total utilisation 2.7 million tonnes)

Utilisation of Fly Ash in the cement and concrete

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 8

Chemical parameters of fly ashes from coal and lignite

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 9

Requirements for Siliceous and Calcareous

Loss on ignition ≤ 5 % by mass

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 10

• Utilisation of fly ash as an addition to concrete has

• In 1994, the first European Standard EN 450

• About 6 million tonnes of fly ash are used

• In May 2005, the harmonized standard EN 450 part 1

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 11

Chemical Requirements for Fly Ash for Concrete by EN 450

Parameter Requirements Test Frequency

Loss On Ignition max. 5.0 w.-% d

SO3 max. 3.0 w.-% m

Cl max. 0.01 w.-% m

CaOfree max. 2.5 w.-%1) w

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 12

Physical Requirements for Fly Ash for Concrete by EN 450

after 28 days min 75 % 2m

after 90 days min 85 % 2m

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 13

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 14

EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete

Definition of fly ash

fine powder of mainly spherical particles, derived from

Reactive SiO2 min 25 % by mass

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 15

EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete

New items of EN 450

Introduction of two categories of fineness

Acceptance of fly ash obtained from co-combustion

Consideration of processing plants as

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 16

EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete

LOI Categories of EN 450-1

Category LOI in % by mass

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 17

EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete

Fineness Categories of EN 450-1

Category Amount retained on a Fineness variation from

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 18

EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete

Types of Co-combustion Materials

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 19

availability of huge amounts of material