GROUP 11

FALLACIES
Amilao, Estrelee Elaine M.
Apasan, Rae Abby D.
Cabauatan, Eros Nike
Narvasa, Jameshel R.
Villaroman, Janine Monica D.
Yuyek, Gabriel
FORMAL FALLACIES
i. Fallacies In Categorical Syllogisms
1. Six Rules Categorical Syllogism
2. Fallacy of Four Terms/Quaternio Terminorium
3. Fallacy of Undistributed Middle
4. Fallacy of the Illicit Process of the Major Term
5. Fallacy of Negative Premises
ii. Fallacies In Hypothetical Syllogisms
1. Hypothetical (or Conditional) Proposition
2. Hypothetical Syllogism
SYLLOGISM
A three line argument which consists of:
a. two premises
b. conclusion

e.g. -The Constitution prohibits non-Filipinos to

acquire or hold lands of the public domain;
-Signing a deed of sale will enable Mr. Jordan,
an American, to acquire title of a land of public
domain
-Therefore, the signing of the deed of sale is
unconstitutional.
Types of Syllogisms
Categorical - statement that directly asserts
something or states a fact without any conditions

Hypothetical - compound statement which contains a

proposed or tentative explanation
Categorical Syllogisms
Properties of a Categorical Statement

1. Quality: may be affirmative or negative

e.g. Some crimes are punishable by imprisonment.

No one is above the law.

2. Quantity: universal or particular

all; every; each; no; none | some; most; few; not all
Quantity of the Predicate
The predicate term has its own quantity, which is not
identical nor dependent on the quantity of the subject
term.

Predicate of an affirmative statement is generally

particular. However, in statements where the subject
and the predicate are identical, the predicate is
universal.
Quantity of the Predicate
The predicate of a negative statement is always
universal.

Affirmative statement - Particular predicate:

The Philippines is a democratic country.
Some senators are oppositionists.

Negative statement - Universal predicate:

No one is above the law.
Everyone should follow the law.
Parts of a Categorical Syllogism
Three Kinds of Terms in a Categorical Syllogism

1. Minor Term (S) - the subject of the conclusion (subject term)

2. Major Term (P) - the predicate of the conclusion (predicate term)
3. Middle Term (M) - the term found in both premises and serves to mediate
between the minor and major terms
 Parts of a Categorical Syllogism
Three Kinds of Statements in a Categorical Syllogism

1. Minor Premise - premise which contains the minor term

2. Major Premise - premise which contains the major term
3. Conclusion - the statement which the premises support
 Parts of a Categorical Syllogism
M P
All torts are civil wrongs. (major premise)
S M
Negligence is a tort. (minor premise)
S P
Therefore, negligence is a civil wrong. (conclusion)
 Parts of a Categorical Syllogism
P M
All contracts with vague terms are void. (major premise)
S M
This contract is not void. (minor premise)
S P
Therefore, this contract does not contain vague terms. (conclusion)
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