Electrical and Electronics Technology

Student Notes

Abstract
This document contains the important points discussed in the pre-recorded courseware. It will help in revising the
important concepts related to Electrical and Electronics Technology course.

This Student Note is authorized for use only by Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) - Pilani students. Copying or
posting of its content is an infringement of copyright.
 Electrical and Electronics Technology

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Lecture 4 (Duration: 120 Minutes (Approx.))

Focus Topics:
 Electromagnetism
 Inductor
 Inductive Circuits
 Mutual Inductance
 Energy stored in inductor
1. Electromagnetism
 Magnetic field:
The region around a magnet within which the influence of the magnet
can be experienced is called magnetic field. The existence of magnetic field is
experienced by using a small magnetic needle, by bringing it into magnetic
field.
 Magnetic flux ( ):
The total number of line of force existing in a magnetic field is called
magnetic flux. It is measured in Weber.

 Magnetic Flux Density(B):

Magnetic flux per unit area measured in a plane perpendicular to the
flux is called flux density.

 Magnetic Field Strength or Magnetic Field Intensity or Magnetizing force

(H) Magnetic field strength is defined as the force experienced by a unit North
Pole (North Pole with 1 Wb pole strength) placed at that point in the magnetic
field. Magnetic field strength is denoted by H and is measured in N/Wb.
 Absolute Permeability ( ):
The ratio of Magnetic flux density in a medium (other than vacuum) to
Magnetic Field Strength which produces that flux density is called Absolute
Permeability of that medium.

 Permeability of free space / Vacuum or Magnetic Space constant ( )

The ratio of Magnetic Flux Density in air or vacuum to magnetic Field Strength
which produces that flux density is called permeability of free space. The ratio
of B by H in vacuum is constant and its value is

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
This Student Note is authorized for use only by Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) – Pilani
students. Copying or posting of its content is an infringement of copyright. 1
 Electrical and Electronics Technology

_____________________________________________________________________________________

 Relative Permeability( ) The ratio of Magnetic flux density in a medium to

magnetic Flux Density in vacuum by same field Intensity under identical
conditions.

For Air/free space/vacuum .

 Magnetic field strength inside the solenoid

 Force on current carrying conductor placed in magnetic field

 Flux

 Magneto motive force

 Reluctance

2. Electromagnetic Induction :
When a conductor cuts or is cut by magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is generated in the
conductor and the magnitude of the generated e.m.f. is proportional to the rate at
which the conductor cuts or is cut by the magnetic flux.
 Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
First Law:
When the magnetic flux linking a conductor or coil changes, an e .m.f. is
induced in it.
Second Law:
The magnitude of the e.m.f. induced in a conductor or coil is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages.

 Direction of Induced E.M.F. and Current: Lenz’s law.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
This Student Note is authorized for use only by Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) – Pilani
students. Copying or posting of its content is an infringement of copyright. 2
 Electrical and Electronics Technology

_____________________________________________________________________________________

The induced current will flow in such a direction so as to oppose the cause
that produces it i.e. the induced current will set up magnetic flux to oppose
the change in flux.
The negative sign simply reminds us that the induced current opposes the
changing magnetic field that caused the induced current. The negative
sign has no other meaning.
 Magnitude of the induced e.m.f

 Self-Inductance
Inductance is a measure of a coil’s ability to establish an induced voltage
as a result of a change in its current. An inductor opposes a change in its
own current.

Inductance is directly proportional to the square of the number of turns, the

permeability, and the cross-sectional area of the core. It is inversely
proportional to the length of the core.
 Mutual inductance

 Coefficient of coupling
 Cumulative and differential coupling of two coils connected in series

 Energy stored in inductor

 Growth in an inductive circuit

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
This Student Note is authorized for use only by Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) – Pilani
students. Copying or posting of its content is an infringement of copyright. 3
 Electrical and Electronics Technology

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Time constant
 The time constant for a series RL circuit is the inductance divided by the
resistance.
 In an RL circuit, the increasing or decreasing voltage and current in an
inductor make a 63% change during each time-constant interval.
 Decay of current in inductive circuit

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
This Student Note is authorized for use only by Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) – Pilani
students. Copying or posting of its content is an infringement of copyright. 4