DESIGN AND CONSTUCTION OF AN ELECTRONIC DIGITAL DISPLAY SYSTEM

(MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY)

BY

OSIEBE EMUOBO SOLOMON

AFIT/HND/EEE/19/0004

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEAPRTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

KADUNA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD

OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMER IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

JANUARY, 2022

i
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project was done by me OSIEBE EMUOBO SOLOMON.
Under the strict supervision of Engr Abubakar Bala, Department of Electrical Electronics
Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology Kaduna. Authors whose work has been referred
to in this project are duly acknowledged.

---------------------------------------------------- Date-----------------------------

Osiebe Emuobo Solomon (AFIT/HND/EEE/19/0004)

Student

The above declaration is confirmed.

--------------------------------------------------- Date------------------------------

Abubakar Bala
Supervisor

ii
 CERTIFICATION

This Project titled “Design and Construction of an Electronic Digital Display System” meets

the regulations governing the award of Higher National Diploma of Air Force Institute of

Technology, Kaduna, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.

----------------------------------- Date---------------------------------------
Engr Abubakar Bala
Project Supervisor

------------------------------------
Date---------------------------------------
Engr. C. D. Bala
Project Coordinator

------------------------------------
Date---------------------------------------
Prof. V. O. Mathew
HOD, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My profound gratitude goes to God Almighty for His infinite Mercy, Guidance and Blessings
throughout this period, May His Name Be Praised and Glorified Amen.

I thank my project supervisor Engr Abubakar Bala who demonstrated his intellectual ability in
supervision of the project work. I appreciate the management of Electrical Electronics
Engineering for all the support put in place to ensure a smooth and comfortable stay of students
in the department. A big thanks to my late father Mr. Declan O. Osiebe for all his love, kindness
and support before death called him. I also thank my beloved mother, my siblings, and my
friends who took out the time out of no-time to support me in one way or the other. I sincerely
appreciate all my classmates and my Mentor, Air Commodore David Aluku and his lovely wife
Air Commodore Mrs David Aluku for being there by me from the beginning. I also want to
sincerely appreciate Miss Ossai Chinaza Pamela for standing by me. God bless you all.

iv
 DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to the Almighty God who sustained me through this program and
to my families that always go on their knees praying for me all through this journey to God Be
the Glory.

v
 Table of Contents

TITLE PAGE....................................................................................................................................i

DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................ii

CERTIFICATION..........................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................iv

DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1

1.1 Background Information...................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem..................................................................................................1

1.3 Aim....................................................................................................................................2

1.4 Objectives..........................................................................................................................2

1.5 Significant of the Project...................................................................................................3

1.6 Scope of the Project..........................................................................................................3

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................4

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................4

2.1 Historical Background......................................................................................................4

2.2 Review of Previous Work.................................................................................................4

2.3 Comparative Analysis of the Reviews..............................................................................6

2.4 Present Research Work.....................................................................................................7

2.5 Areas of Application.........................................................................................................8

CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................9

3.0 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................9

3.1 Design Specifications........................................................................................................9

vi
 3.2 Design Procedure..............................................................................................................9

3.3 Review of Components...................................................................................................10

3.3.1 Light emitting diode (LED)....................................................................................10

3.3.2 The power supply unit............................................................................................11

3.3.3 Crystal oscillator.....................................................................................................12

3.3.4 Serial communication with Bluetooth module........................................................14

3.3.5 The atmega32 microcontroller.................................................................................18

3.4 Single Column LED Array.............................................................................................23

3.5 Constructing 5X7 Matrix Array......................................................................................24

3.6 The Drivers Unit.............................................................................................................25

3.6.1 Transistor................................................................................................................25

3.6.2 Resistor...................................................................................................................25

3.7 LED Dot Matrix Shift Register and the ULN2003.........................................................26

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................27

4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................27

4.2 Software development.....................................................................................................27

4.3 Construction....................................................................................................................29

4.4 Testing and Results.........................................................................................................30

4.4.1 Static Test................................................................................................................30

4.4.2 Dynamics test...........................................................................................................31

4.5 Performance Evaluation..................................................................................................32

4.6 Testing.............................................................................................................................32

4.7 Problems Encountered....................................................................................................32

4.8 Packaging........................................................................................................................33

4.9 Bill of Quantity...............................................................................................................34

CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................36

vii
 5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................36

5.1 Summary.........................................................................................................................36

5.2 Conclusion......................................................................................................................36

5.3 Recommendation............................................................................................................37

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................38

APPENDIX 1.................................................................................................................................40

APPENDIX II................................................................................................................................41

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY........................................................9

FIGURE 2: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY....................................................10

FIGURE 3: SYMBOL OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODE............................................................................11

FIGURE 4: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY........................................................................12

FIGURE 5: SYMBOL AND CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT.............................................................13

FIGURE 6: HC-05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE....................................................................................15

FIGURE 7: HC-05 BLUETOOTH MODULE PIN CONFIGURATION.....................................................17

FIGURE 8: ATMEGA32 MICROCONTROLLER AND ITS PIN CONFIGURATION..................................18

FIGURE 9: SINGLE COLUMN LED ARRAY.....................................................................................24

FIGURE 10: 5X7 MATRIX ARRAY..................................................................................................24

FIGURE 11: SYMBOLS OF NPN AND PNP TRANSISTOR.................................................................25

FIGURE 12: SYMBOL OF A RESISTOR.............................................................................................26

FIGURE 13: ULN2003 IC AND PIN CONFIGURATION.....................................................................27

FIGURE 14: SNAPSHOT OF SOFTWARE DESIGN STRUCTURE USING C-LANGUAGE........................28

FIGURE 15: SNAPSHOT OF UNIVERSAL PROGRAMMER (SP 300)...................................................29

FIGURE 16: THE PROGRAMMING PROCESS....................................................................................30

FIGURE 17: SNAPSHOT OF THE COMPONENTS ON BREADBOARD FOR INITIAL TESTING...............30

FIGURE 18: SNAPSHOT OF COMPONENTS LAYOUT ON VERO BOARD............................................31

FIGURE 19: PICTORIAL VIEW OF THE COMPLETE PROJECT...........................................................35

FIGURE 20: SYSTEM FLOW CHART................................................................................................42

ix
x
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR OPERATING MODES WITH ATMEGA32 DATASHEET.........................13

TABLE 2: HC-05 BLUETOOTH MODULE PIN CONFIGURATION.........................................................15

TABLE 3: SHOWING ATMEGA32 PIN CONFIGURATION AND IT FUNCTIONS.......................................18

TABLE 4: SHOWING THE DYNAMICS TESTING OF RESULTS AND VOLTAGE RESPECTIVELY.................32

TABLE 5: SHOWING THE BILL OF QUANTITY WITH RESPECT TO THE PRICE OF EACH COMPONENT. 35

xi
 ABSTRACT

The aim of this project work is to design and construct an electronic digital display system base
on light emitting diodes connected in an array that forms the information to be displayed. The
idea of making advertisements more attractive and Powerful brought about the purpose of this
project moving message display. The message is designed to appear on the display screen. This
could be seen as improved over the previously mentioned advertisement method as the sensation
of appearing text gives more attention and leaves a longtime impact on the passerby. Therefore,
the moving message display will be using microcontroller of which the content of the message
will be changed via mobile phone technology. This design employed both the use of hardware
and software to bring about the entire projects. The hardware components are solely coordinated
by the atmega32 microcontroller chip why the C-programming language is used to program the
chips. T3he system consist of power supply unit, uses alternating current from the means which
will be stepped down to 12v using a step down transformer, rectified with Bridge rectifier, fitted
with the actual capacitor and regulated to 9v using an IC regulator.

xii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information

This project design focus on moving message display known as LED display system with

a little modification as new added features. An LED display system is a display device used to

show information in many places i.e. institutions common hotels.com and plugs Business Centre

CTC requiring is simple device displaying of limited resolution (Edwin, 1998). The display

consist of LED is arranged in a matrix configuration such that by switching on or off selected

LED command text can be displayed. An LED display system control circuit convert instructions

from microcontroller into signal which turns on or off lights in the Matrix so that the required

display is producing (Bhutan, 2010). The traditional electronic moving message display need to

be reprogrammed anytime the content needs to be changed letter uses computer interface to

change the content only without reprogramming the chip (Mishra, 2000). The purpose of the

project is to modify the existing design by adding mobile phone technology to change the

content of the display via Bluetooth. This design employed the use of both hardware and

software to bring about the entire project. The hardware components are solely coordinated by

the microcontroller chip come on why the C programming language is used to program the

microcontroller chip.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In previous projects come out after careful analysis of the advertisement such as sign

boards static and moving message display system in case of emergency where there is need for

remote sending of information among the following problems are mainly encountered.

1
1. The time required to program the chief via interface cable before a message can be updated

can be tiring.

2. How to come up with a dynamic system which enabled the modification of cold easily and

faster.

3. How to display text in a convenient manner for the public with less stress.

4. There is need for notice board which takes the message from the sender through some wireless

medium (Bluetooth) and display it within time.

1.3 Aim
This project is particularly aimed at the design and construction of an LED display

system using Bluetooth editing ability which will replace the currently used programmable

electronic display system. The device will be designed to receive messages to a Bluetooth model

and transfer it to the microcontroller for necessary code conversion after which the message is

being validated then send it to the display system.

1.4 Objectives
The following objectives are crucial in this project work.

I. To provide a way of displaying information electronically that could result to

effectual information dissemination.

II. To use mobile phone technology to update the initial text via Bluetooth with

Android app.

III. To use C programming techniques in application of system design in modifying

the code faster and easier.

IV. To utilize the capability of wireless communication for information display.

2
1.5 Significant of the Project
This project research resolved the problem of time delay and cost of manual design of

billboard for advertisement. This will ensure that viewers will get meaningful information that

will be displayed electronically using LED. It also provides a means to update messages

remotely using phone by just compose and send new content via Bluetooth to the display board.

Microcontroller based LED display system is used in electronic scoreboard during football

matches to display when a goal is scored or above all, this system has contributed a lot in

boosting advertisements.

1.6 Scope of the Project

This project can be deployed in many places since the content is subject to change and it's

based on Smartphone technology to change the content using phone via Bluetooth.

In the implementation of this project the scope concentrate more on:

 The Architecture of the microcontroller port interface

 Multiplexing the data ports control sequence

 Step-by-step of the display text

The features of the microcontroller were exploited to achieve the desired sequence of

operation of the project.

3
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Historical Background

An information display is a way of providing information. It can be seen in a form of

cardboard or tarpaulin at stores/shops, streamers, and electronic display devices. But the advent

of new technologies made the information display in the form of an electronic display most

common nowadays especially in the world of advertisements and promotions (Julius, 2001). The

development of information display electronic based system has covered numerous technologies

since its beginnings. Cathode ray tube and other significant technologies such as a liquid crystal

device (LCD) and light emitting diodes (LED) displays have all played an important role in the

evolution of electronic display systems. Electronic display devices nowadays and mostly

controlled by a microcontroller and the semiconductor that gives out light like an LED has been

a great breakthrough in electronic display.

2.2 Review of Previous Work

The design and construction of LED display has passed through several stages, with each

successive stage improved upon the preceding one (S Maller, 1910). Over the years, the neon

tube display sign board has replaced the traditional hand-writing advertisement, it uses neon gas

low pressure discharge tube shape in form of the latter required to be displayed. The discharge

tube command filled with new gas low pressure required high voltage to enable it glow. The

Major setback of this design was its size and weight particularly in displaying long messages. As

a result of the limitation, an electronic display system using sequentially switched incandescent

bulb was designed. The bulbs were arranged in form of letters to spell out the desired message.

4
The design uses less space to display the same message as compared with neon discharge lamp

sideboard but not still satisfactory.

King Lim Sheng (2007), did a project on Multi-level LED display system. The overall

design of this project is to display the information on the Matrix display system by using Visual

Basic software through peripheral interface controller (PIC) microcontroller. In his paper, he

describes that changing the content was done by reprogramming the microcontroller. In other

words, to refresh the memory and download a new source code into it. The main components in

this project are LED and microcontroller. Information is programmed into the PIC 18F877A

microcontroller and decoded it to enable all the ports from Port A to give bits to 48 LED in the

dot matrix column.

Huang Wei (2008), improves the LED display on how to use web-based remote control

as user interface to change the contents in the LED dot matrix display. User can send data and

control this LED panel using web browser. Web controller will generate a web page after

connection is established from the computer. Instructions will appear in the web page on how to

enter messages. These data will be transferred to the web controller via internet protocol. This

data will be transmitted using IR transmitter to the LED matrix display. The whole process is a

one-way signal transmission. Siti, Isolehah (2009), used mobile phone with GSM modem to send

text messages to user in her project. Smart Security Alert System via SMS.

AT89852 chip was used to interface with sensor, GSM module and the alert circuit.

Whenever there is sign of break in program AT89852 chip will send signal to the relay driver

circuit. The driver will operate the GSM modem in the mobile phone to send alert SMS to the

user and switch on the alarm. According to the previous studies shown, different methods of

interfaces have been in use for updating their display contents.

5
 Ezeoke (1993), designed and construction of light sequence for advertisement. The

design was such that the display system was in stages. It employed integrated circuit (IC's) 555

timers, decade counter, transistors as switching circuits and OR logic gate. The timing circuits

generated some pulses which were being counted and decoded by a counter/decoder. The signal

was sent to the logic circuit whose main function was to make each lamb stay ON as it counts

from the first to the last lamp. From the logic circuit, the signal was fed to the switching circuit

the ON and OFF switching will then be noticed on the display screen. The output of this system

displayed four character words each formed the pattern John Ezeoke ("WE ARE THE BEST").

At the end of the last words the whole Cycles horses are start all over again.

Onuora (2009) designed and constructed an LED display board which displayed running

message display was designed and constructed in 2009 by Chukwuemeka Onuora. The design

was to display "WELCOME TO ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT Anambra

State University Uri". The project superseded the order because of its ability to move the

messages across the display screen. In addition to other components ROM unit, which operate a

LED matrix, formed the internal circuitry.

2.3 Comparative Analysis of the Reviews

In comparison of this project work and the previous work related to this, the moving

message display modules are using wired entry via computer keyboard or remote control. This

paper presents an experiment to give a start to the area of real-time noticing. This paper discuss

about writing the message which is to be displayed in mobile phone and send it via Bluetooth

with android apps. The received message is fetched into microcontroller and after authentication

it is displayed on LED system.

This project former focused on application of LED in graphic displays. Main target of

designed and manufactured system was its versatility. It was obtained by projecting similar

6
segments that one can merge at will. A simple clock with one segment or sophisticated display

for advertisement has been built. LED Matrices have been driven by 8-bit shift registers, which

are controlled by AVR microcontrollers. Microcontroller application allows connecting

extension modules such as digital thermometer easily. Communication between microcontroller

and personal computer is over RS232 interface. This provides possibility to drive display over

TCP/IP protocol. The prototype of the display toolkit was efficiently designed. This prototype

has facilities to be integrated with a display system thus making it truly mobile. They toolkit

accept the SMS, stores it, validate it and then displays it in the LED system. The SMS is

validated each time it is read from the Bluetooth, thus making room for the next message.

2.4 Present Research Work

This project presents a design of LED moving message display system (MMDS) via

Bluetooth with Android smart phone using ATMega32 microcontroller. The objective of this

project is to design and integrate the hardware and software that interface in the Atmega32

microcontroller with Bluetooth module. This system receives messages through Bluetooth. It

will check the authorization of the phone number and the microcontroller will convert the

message that will be displayed into LED format. As for this project, the method proposed is

sending messages using a mobile phone, received by Bluetooth and transmit the information to

the microcontroller. Lastly, information stored in the microcontroller will be displayed in the

LED display system. The microcontroller chip used is ATmega32 chips from ATMEL Company.

Compared to PIC microcontroller, Atmel chip is relatively bigger in size compared to the PIC

chips. Atmel chip has serial capability whereas PIC does not have this feature.

Serial Capability allows coding to be programmed into the Atmel chip using serial to

USB converter connects to the Arduino software where sketch uploads can be done. PIC chip

7
uses pipelining which the Atmel did not. Pipelining means every instruction in memory has to be

fetched before it can be executed.

2.5 Areas of Application

Moving message display nowadays uses in different places like hotel, airport,

supermarket, offices, event centre, shops, train stations, banks, filling stations, marketplaces,

schools, lecture halls etc. It is used for advertisement, notification, signs and display of different

kind of information.

8
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design Specifications

This project is categorized into three parts come on the first part of this project is the

hardware design or electronic using processor chip microcontroller and the second part is the C

programming for the firmware design and implementation full-stop each of the parts will be

designed and tested separately to ensure its fully working condition the hardware comprised of

the circuitry and the interfacing with processor chip korma by the software comprised of the

programming aspect for both firmware and the graphic user interface to stop finally the

integration of the parts to complete the project the Figure 1 and 2 showedthe typical block

diagram and system flowchart used in this project.

Figure 1: Block Diagram of Moving Message Display

3.2 Design Procedure
The design of any circuit determines the functions and capability of the system. In this

project chapter three takes a look at the design factors and present them in an analytical form to

achieve a functional circuit. In the circuit, the Amega16 provides the 8-bit raw data. HC4017 is

9
used to select the column one by one. Now, for shifting the column position, a clock is provided

by the Atmega16 to the HC4017. On every clock, the column is shifted (from right to left in this

case). The diagram below illustrates the circuit diagram of LED message display system.

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram of Moving Message Display

3.3 Review of Components
Components review gives details of the components used in this project research and the

brief theory about each component and their specifications.

3.3.1 Light emitting diode (LED).

The LED convert current to light when forward bias voltage is applied across a p-n

Junction, electrons and holes flows across the depletion region. If the semiconductor is a gallium

arsenide semiconductor a light or proton is given off as the electrons and holes recombine. The

diode current is directly proportional to the recombination value and hence the output light

intensity. The LED is used as indicator in a circuit.

10
 Figure 3: Symbol of Light Emitting Diode
To drive an LED with 12V supply without any damage, we need to connect a resistor in series

with the LED. In electronics camera load current always plays an important role in a circuit

design. Here the load current is the current flowing through early day. Suppose, we need 20mA

current to flow through the LED for better brightness there for the load current is 20mA and

LED text 12V to ON.

3.3.2 The power supply unit

The circuit power supply was designed using a bridge rectifier coma first by considering

the required power consumption of the entire cycle. Considering the 25mA required by each IC

and the 5mA required by each of the light emitting diodes of each matrix display, then the total

current required is about 400mA, to cope with this a 500mA 12V transformer was chosen, the

choice of 12V transformer is in line with the voltage requirement of the integrated circuit and the

display unit.

11
 Figure 4: Circuit Diagram of Power Supply
IN400I Diode was chosen to serve as the bridge for its ability to handle up to 1A effectively as

well as its high peak inverse voltage. The filtering capacity was also chosen based on the

following calculations since the maximum load current = 400mA a 1A current was used at 0 –

12V so that the possible maximum voltage is 12V. Therefore, a 330µF, 50v capacitor was

choosing, to provide voltage to the integrated circuits and display circuit respectively, a 12V

regulator (LM7812) and 5v regulator (LM7805) were display circuit respectively, the regulator

were selected to provide Vss and Vcc for the system when considering their parameters and

abilities. These were then connected as shown in figure 3.4 to provide the complete power

requirements of these projects.

3.3.3 Crystal oscillator

A crystal Oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise

frequency for stop this frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (quartz crystal), to

provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits and to stabilize frequencies for radio

transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz

crystal, so oscillator circuit designed around them become known as “crystal oscillator”. The

quartz crystal used in a Quartz Crystal Oscillator is very small, thin piece of cut quartz with the

two parallel surfaces metalized to make the required electrical connections. The physical size and

12
thickness of a piece of quartz crystal is tightly controlled since it affects the final or fundamental

frequency of oscillators. The fundamental frequency is called the “crystal characteristics

frequency”. For resonators, the maximum frequency is 8 MHz with CKOPT of unprogrammed

and 16 MHz with CKOPT programmed. C1 and C2 should always be equal for both crystals and

resonators. The optimal value of the capacitors depends on the crystal or resonators in use, the

amount of stray capacitance, and the electromagnetic noise of the environment.

Figure 5: Symbol and Crystal Oscillator Circuit.

The Oscillator can operate in two different modes, each optimized for a specific frequency range.

The operating mode is selected by the fuse CKSEL3.1 as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Crystal Oscillator Operating Modes with Atmega32 Datasheet

CKOPT CKSEL3.1 Frequency Range Recommended Range for Capacitors

(MHz) C1 and C2 for use with Crystals (pF)

1 101 0.4 - 0.9 -

1 110 0.9 - 3.0 12 – 22

1 111 3.0 - 8.0 12 – 22

0 101, 110, 111 1.0s 12 – 22

13
3.3.4 Serial communication with Bluetooth module
The HC-05 Bluetooth module is a very cool module which can add two-way (full duplex)

wireless functionality to your projects. You can use this module to communicate between two

microcontrollers like Arduino or communicate with any device with Bluetooth functionality like

a Phone or Laptop. There are many Android applications that are already available which makes

this process a lot easier. The module communicates with the help of USART at 9600 baud rate as

it is easy to interface with any microcontroller that supports USART. We can also configure the

default values of the module by using the command mode. So if you are looking for a wireless

module that could transfer data from your computer or mobile phone to microcontroller or vice

versa then this module might be the right choice for you. However, do not expect this module to

transfer multimedia like photos or songs; you might have to look into the CSR8645 module for

that.

HC-05 Bluetooth Module Technical Specifications:

 Serial Bluetooth module or Arduino and other microcontrollers

 Operating Voltage: 4v to 6v (Typically +5v)

 Operating Current: 30mA

 Range: <100m

 Works with serial communication (USART) and TTL compatible

 Follows IEEE 802.151 standardized protocol

 Uses frequency-Hopping Spread spectrum (FHSS)

 Can be easily interfaced with Laptop or Mobile phones with Bluetooth

14
  Can operate in Master, Slave or Master/Slave mode

 Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,57600,115200,230400,460800 module in/out pin

Figure 6: HC-05 – Bluetooth Module

Table 2: HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pin Configuration

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Enable / Key This pin is used to toggle between Data Mode

(set low) and AT command mode (set high).

By default it is in Data mode

2 VCC Powers the module. Connect to +5v supply

voltage

3 Ground Ground pin of module, connect to system

ground

4 TX – Transmitter Transmits Serial Data Everything received via

Bluetooth will be given out by this pin as serial

data.

15
5 RX – Receiver Receiver Serial Data Every serial data given to

this pin will be broadcasted via Bluetooth.

6 State The state pin is connected to on board LED, it

can be used as a feedback to check if Bluetooth

is working properly.

7 LED Indicates the status of Module

Blink once in 2 sec: Module has entered

command Mode.

Repeated Blinking: Waiting for connection in

Data Mode

Blink twice in 1 sec: Connection successful in

Data Mode

8 Bluetooth used to control the key/Enable pin to toggle

between Data and command mode

The HC-05 has two operating modes, one is the data mode in which it can send and

receive data from other Bluetooth devices and the other is the AT command mode where the

default device settings can be changed. We can operate the device in either of these two modes

by using the key pin as explained in the pin description. It is very easy to pair the HC-05 module

with microcontrollers because it operates using the Serial Port Protocol (SPP). Simply power the

16
module with +5v and connect the Rx pin of the module to the Tx of MCU and Tx pin of module

to Rx of MCU as shown in the figure below.

Figure 7: HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pin Configuration.

During the power of the keeping can be granted to enter into command mode if left free it

will be default enter into the data mode as soon as the module is powered you should be able to

discover the Bluetooth device as HC 05 then connect with it using the default password 1234 and

start communicating with it. The name password and other default parameters can be changed by

entering into the applications;

i. Wireless communication between two microcontrollers

ii. Communication with Laptop, Desktops and mobile phones

iii. Data Logging Application

iv. Consumer application

v. Wireless Robots

17
 vi. Home Automation

3.3.5 The atmega32 microcontroller

The Atmega32 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR (Alf

Vagard RISC) architecture. Reduced instruction set computer is executing powerful instructions

in a single clock cycle, the ATmega32 achieves throughputs approaching 1 Million Instruction

Per Second (MIPS) per MHz, allowing the system designed to optimize power consumption

versus processing speed.

Figure 8: Atmega32 Microcontroller and its Pin Configuration

Table 3: Showing Atmega32 Pin Configuration and it Functions

S/No Pin Name Description Alternate Function

1 PB0(XCK)/TO Pin 0 of PORTB T0 (Timer 0 External Counter

Input)

XCK (USART External Clock

18
 I/O)

2 PB1(TI) Pin 1 of PORTB T1(Timer1 External Counter

Input)

3 PB2(INT2/AIN0) Pin 2 of PORTB AIN0(Analogue Comparator

Positive I/P)

INT2(External Interrupt 2 Input)

4 PB3(OC0/AIN1) Pin 3 of PORTB AIN0(Analogue Comparator

Negative I/P)

OC0(Timer0 Output Compare

Match Output)

5 PB4(SS) Pin 4 of PORTB SS (SPI Slave Select Input). This

pin is low when controller acts as

slave.

(Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

for programming)

6 PB5(MOSI) Pin 5 of PORTB MOSI (Master Output Slave

Input). When controller acts as

slave, the data is receiving by this

pin.

(Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

19
 for programming)

7 PB6(MISO) Pin 6 of PORTB MISO (Master Input Slave

Output). When controller acts as

slave, the data is sent to master by

this controller through this pin.

8 PB7(SCK) Pin 7 of PORTB SCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock). This

is the clock shared between this

controller and other system for

accurate data transfer.

{Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

for programming}

9 RESET Reset Pin Active Pulled HIGH to RESET

controller.
Low Reset

10 VCC VCC = +5V

11 GND GROUND

12 XTAL2 Connected to crystal

oscillator

13 XTAL1 Connected to crystal

oscillator

14 PD0(RXD) Pin 0 of PORTD RXD (USART Input Pin)

20
 USART Serial Communication

Interface (Can be used for

programming)

15 PD1(TXD) Pin 1 of PORTD TXD (USART Output pin)

USART Serial Communication

Interface (Can be used for

programming)

16 PD2(INT0) Pin 2 of PORTD External Interrupt INT0

17 PD3(INT1) Pin 3 of PORTD External Interrupt INT1

18 PD4(OCIB) Pin 4 of PORTD PWM Channel Outputs

19 PD5(OCIA) Pin 5 of PORTD

20 PD6(ICP) Pin 6 of PORTD Timer / Counter1 Input Capture

Pin

21 PD7(OC2) Pin 7 of PORTD Timer / Counter2 Output

Compare Match Output

22 PC0(SCL) Pin 0 of PORTC

23 PC1(SDA) Pin 1 of PORTC TWI Interface

24 PC2(TCK) Pin 2 of PORTC JTAG Interface

25 PC3(TMS) Pin 3 of PORTC

21
26 PC4(TDO) Pin 4 of PORTC

27 PC5(TDI) Pin 5 of PORTC

28 PC6(TOSC1) Pin 6 of PORTC Timer Oscillator Pin 1

29 PC7 (TOSC) Pin 7 of PORTC Timer Oscillator Pin 2

30 AVCC VCC for Internal ADC

Converter

31 GND GROUND

32 AREF Analogue Reference

Pin for ADC

33 PA7 (ADC7) Pin 7 of PORT A ADC (Analogue to Digital

Converter) Channel 7

34 PA6 (ADC6) Pin 6 of PORT A ADC (Analogue to Digital

Converter) Channel 6

35 PA5 (ADC5) Pin 5 of PORT A ADC (Analogue to Digital

Converter) Channel 5

36 PA4 (ADC4) Pin 4 of PORT A ADC (Analogue to Digital

Converter) Channel 4

37 PA3 (ADC3) Pin 3 of PORT A ADC (Analogue to Digital

Converter) Channel 3

38 PA2 (ADC2) Pin 2 of PORT A ADC (Analogue to Digital

22
 Converter) Channel 2

39 PA1 (ADC1) Pin 1 of PORT A ADC (Analogue to Digital

Converter) Channel 1

40 PA0 (ADC0) Pin 0 of PORT A ADC (Analogue to Digital

Converter) Channel 0

The atmega32 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development rules

including C compilers, macro assemblers, programs debugger/simulators, In-circuit formulators,

and evaluation kits.

3.4 Single Column LED Array

The constructed array uses 7 LEDs. The entire cathodes are connected together and

should be grounded. Each LED anode is driven by microcontroller. The microcontroller is

programmed to generate different patterns on these LEDs. The individual LED current is

summed up and a large current flow into the ground terminal. Let us consider each LED takes

20mA current, therefore eight LED is current = 7*20mA. A total of 140mA current sinks into the

grand terminal.

Figure 9: Single Column LED Array

23
3.5 Constructing 5X7 Matrix Array
By using single array of LEDs, we can generate different types of patterns. Let us

suppose if we arrange the LED arrays side by side with multiplexing techniques, it is also

possible to generate letters, symbols, numbers and animations. The LED Dot Matrix can be

constructed by connecting all the anode terminals of LED’s together in each row and all the

cathode terminals are joined together in each column.

A 5X7 LED matrix construction is shown in the figure below.

Figure 10: 5X7 Matrix Array

3.6 The Drivers Unit
In the driver’s unit, which is constituted of BC547NPN transistors and 1k resistor

thereby, serves as drivers that drive the data which has been transformed to different patterns of

display from the data bus of the chips to the display unit LED.

3.6.1 Transistor
Transistors are electronic devices that are used as amplifiers, oscillators, or switches in

control and computer systems. A transistor consists of small layers of silicon or germanium that

have been duped, or treated with impurity atoms, to create n-type and p-type semi-conductors.

The diagram below shows the symbol of transistors.

24
 Figure 11: Symbols of NPN and PNP Transistor
3.6.2 Resistor
A Resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, the main function of resistors is to control

the flow of current through the components. Take an LED (light) for example. If too much

current flows through an LED it is used to limit the current. Resistor is used to reduce current

flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminates transmission

line.

Figure 12: Symbol of a Resistor

3.7 LED Dot Matrix Shift Register and the ULN2003
The LED matrix works by connecting all the anodes to a microcontroller and the columns

are connected to shift register (4017). Each column contains eight LED’s therefore the total

current flowing through the column is the sum of current flowing through in each LED. Let us

suppose the current flowing through each LED is 20mA and the total current is 8*20mA =

160mA. But the shift register is not capable to sink such a large current (160mA), therefore we

need a large current sinker (IC ULN 2003) which is capable to sink 500mA current.

25
 Figure 13: ULN2003 IC and Pin Configuration

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction
This chapter discussed the construction procedure and the objective of the Bluetooth used

LED moving message display (matrix) project and also with elaborate details of the various tests

and results of the operation of the system.

4.2 Software development

The software structure is using C language where a set of programs based on applications

of the program written and load into the chip. The Atmel studio C language source files carried

with IDE and generate the hex file. Atmel Studio IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

which has the integration of both the editor and compiler.

26
 Figure 14: Snapshot of Software Design Structure using C-language
Atmel studio is the software used to generate the hex file after successfully complied.

Programmer device allows the transfer of hex programs to microcontrollers without difficulties

and waste of time. The program was written as follows:

i. Lunch the Atmel studio 7.0

ii. Write C language

iii. Debugger for error

iv. Generate Hex file

v. Run the code on Proteus simulation

vi. Connect the programmer to computer system

vii. Program the physical chip with the Hex file

viii. Test the chip on the circuit.

27
 Figure 15: Snapshot of Universal Programmer (SP 300)
It is more reliable than most programmers and can program many chip from different

manufacturers. It has the following Futures.

 USB 2.0 interface is the communication port and supply to the programmer.

 Supports wide range of ICs.

 Supports ISP programming.

 Standards 40Pin socket provided, applicable to wide/narrow chips and general adapters.

 Supports contact detection for, thus improving the reliability of programming.

 Perfects protection against accidental damages caused by misplaced or destroyed chip to

programmers and computer USB ports.

 Supports low-voltage (3.3V) and 5V chips.

The diagram below shows the typical steps to transfer the code to the microcontroller units.

28
 Figure 16: The Programming Process
4.3 Construction
The construction explains the various components that were involved and how they were

connected. As in all engineering design, after the paperwork (blueprints i.e. design, calculations

and analysis), selection of components was made which is the next step, for which it is based on

availability, reliability, and affordability of components. After components analysis the preferred

values were choosing. They were first tested to make sure that they are in good conditions. They

were mounted first on a breadboard according to specification to ascertain their performance.

Figure 17: Snapshot of the Components on Breadboard for Initial Testing

The power supply requirements of the circuits +5vdc and the power regulator used was

LM7805 IC. The power supply components were first connected on a breadboard the

arrangement was powered and tested with a digital multi-meter, which gave the desired voltage

of 5v. The Microcontroller ICs were mounted on ICs sockets the respective pins for connection

were checked from IC data sheet. Both the SIM800L GSM module and the various shift register

29
(4017) were also tested. Components were placed close to each other as much as possible to

minimize delays in data transfer and circuit complexity. The power supply, switches and displays

were all mounted on board with connecting wires being used for data connections.

Figure 18: Snapshot of Components Layout on Vero Board

4.4 Testing and Results
After the construction procedure has been carried out as shown in figure 4.5, various tests

were carried out to ensure that the circuit construction and the whole project we are functioning

properly according to specification and its objectives. The test employed for the project work

includes various tests like the static test and dynamic test.

4.4.1 Static Test

Static test is the type of test normally carried out when the circuit is not powered. This is

done to ensure that the connections on the board we are properly made to avoid damage. This

test includes continuity Test.

Continuity test carries out check on an electronic component to know if it is working

properly. All the components were checked individually even after the components were

mounted on the breadboard to ensure that they are working properly. After soldering, continuity

30
check was carried out for the entire components with the help of multi-meter to ensure that all

contacts and connections were properly made.

4.4.2 Dynamics test

This is the type of test normally conducted when the electronic circuit or component are

power common it is also known as signal test. This form of test is carried out from the power

supply. A voltmeter is used to test the power supplying up to the appropriate point on the circuit

board and the voltage at every point according to specifications. Dynamic test comprised of

footage concurrent power and logic test.

Table 4: Showing the Dynamics Testing of Results and Voltage Respectively

S/N Voltage Result

1 Power supply was tested from the 12v transformer The voltage was giving 12.5v

2 LM7805 voltage regulator, the regulator was used After the test, the output was giving

to provide 5v as output the require voltage, 4.5v – 51v

3 Voltage at the transistor was tested and has The output was giving 2v at the

expected value base

4 Voltage at the 4017-shift register was tested and The output was giving 5v

has expected value

5 VCC and GND was tested at the PIN 10 and PIN Using 5v based on the

11 manufacturer specification

6 LEDs were powered Using 5v which produce low

brightness and later changed to 12v

which produced good brightness

31
4.5 Performance Evaluation
The performance of the LED moving message display provide satisfactory and is

working according to expectation of the research work.

4.6 Testing
Testing is a vital process in the development and realization of any design be it hardware

based software-based or both. The various components and their secretary have to be tested to

ensure that all the components on board as certified okay and in good working condition first up

the components that did not give the required output specification we are isolated and

troubleshoot to determine the nature and cause of the component failure just careful analysis that

is examination of the working principles of the components.

4.7 Problems Encountered

In the course of the design and implementation of these projects some problems were

encountered. They are

 Low finance during Implementation.

 Difficulty when writing programs, debugging and interfacing.

 Component Failures

 Shorts Circuits

 Inadequate and epileptic power supply

 I had issues with better or correct result, which I desired. And also the software problem.

32
  I also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed

on the hardware.

 I started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over first trouble. After

getting 12V from the transformer it was not converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V

 As the solder was shorted IC7805 got burnt. So I replaced the IC7805. Also the circuit

part around the IC7805 was completely damaged. With the help of the solder I made the

necessary paths.

Construction of the circuit like this needs patience and diligence. The act of soldering

must be mastered and judiciously applied. It requires absolute concentration. Little mistake could

jeopardize the operation of the circuit. And it is usually difficult when one does not have

troubleshooting skills. It is refreshing as well as tedious. The connection of wires interwoven to

each other's sometimes can cost discouragement.

4.8 Packaging
During the packaging of the system the size of the case was determined after the

consideration of the under mentioned factors:

 The size of the circuit board

 The space for envisaging modification and easy accessibility to the board or maintenance

if the situation calls for such.

Consequently, aluminum casing was considered for packaging of the system. For this

project the packaging was done using aluminum due to its durability portability and availability.

With the aluminum packaging the positioning and screen of various circuit boards we are very

easy.

33
 Figure 19: Pictorial View of the Complete Project
4.9 Bill of Quantity
The table below shows the list of components for components purchased and their

various prices by unit and quantity:

Table 5: Showing the Bill of Quantity With Respect to the Price of Each Component

S/N Component Unit Quantity (N) price

1. Led red 30 1000 30,000

2. Led orange 30 100 3000

3. Led green 30 100 3000

4. 100 ohms resistor 40 50 2000

5. 10K resistor 40 10 400

6. 4.7K resistor 40 100 4000

7. 10uf capacitors 150 4 600

8. 100uf capacitors 200 4 800

9. 22pf capacitors 200 2 400

10. 8MHz Quartz crystal 700 1 700

11. Power diodes 250 8 2000

12. HC-05 – Bluetooth Module 7000 1 7000

34
13. LM 7805 voltage regulator 400 1 400

14. LM7812 voltage regulator 400 1 400

15. BC547 Transistor 70 100 7000

16. Soldering lead 2000 1 2000

17. Male SIL header 700 2 1400

18. Female SIL header 700 2 1400

19. Connecting wire 130 50yrds 6500

20. Vero board (big size) 800 2 1600

21. Casing 8000 1 8000

22. Per pet board 6500 1 6500

23. 4017 shift register IC 250 10 2500

24. Micro controller ATMega32 2500 1 2500

25. Micro controller ATMega328 2000 1 2000

26. 40 pins IC sockets 200 1 200

27. 28 pins IC sockets 200 1 200

28. 16 pins IC socket 200 10 2000

29. Miscellanies 15,000 1 15,000

30. Consultation 20,000 1 20,000

Grand total N133,500

35
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary
The content of this project comprises of five chapters, chapter one is the introductory

chapter that gives the statement of problem, aims and objectives, significance and scope of the

project.

Chapter two discusses the detailed literature review of related works and developments in

the industry. It deliberates on different related works done by several authors with dates.It also

discusses on the limitations of some of this works.

Chapter three discusses the design analysis, the practical system analysis based on what a

microcontroller LED display system will do when fully constructed and installed. Also discusses

all the information gathered from a wide research on microcontroller based LED display system,

data analysis, system design approaches, data flow arrangement and the system flowchart are

also discussed.

Chapter four presents the construction which involved the layout diagram, packaging and

pictorial view of the package.

Chapter five contains the power supply testing, discussion of results and conclusion

5.2 Conclusion
The objective of this project was achieved at the end of the construction field trip LED

information display is all about the distribution of information and entertainment in dot matrix

format usually including software that allows viewers to interact with text. Most forms of

36
information can be published electronically by way of Led information display. The advent of

microcontroller has made it easier for us to display information in this format in a unique way.

5.3 Recommendation
This project can further be improved to enable the contents to be changed over the

internet network and also to display calendar, date and time. Take for example if the project were

constructed to have an interface Wi-Fi for network control and change of contents. Other

recommendations may include providing backup power supply system for the system board in

case of power failure.

37
 REFERENCES

Archer, M. (2000).Advanced Digital Electronics. London: Oxford University.

Bhuyan, M.H. (2010), Microcontroller Based Display System Design Using LED Array. Dhaka:

Daffodil International University.

Borat, B. (1997), A Course in Digital Processing. Wiley: ARIE VAN.

Edward. (1995). Beginners Guide to Microchip. Johannesburg: Blue Electronic.

Edwin. (1998), LED Display, LA: American Political resources.

Greenfield, J, (1999), Digital Electronic Design. London: Oxford University.

J.Lim and A. Oppenheim, (1998), Advanced Topics in Digital Processing, New Delhi: Prentice

Hall Limited.

Julius, W, (2001), Moduleing and feedback control of color-tunable LED Jighting system.

Mishra A.,,pp.45-56.

Kesparis, T.C. (2003). Electrical and computer engineering.Centralflorida

Langkos, S. (2014). Research methodology: data collection method and research tools.

International journal on computer science and engineering

Leedy and Ormrod.(2001). Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative data collection

method.Seminar presentation.

Mihir B. and Phillip R. (2005).Introduction to modern management information

system.California USA: California Printing Press.

Mishra, I.(2000). Electronic Display board. Asian: ASME.

S Maller. (1910). LED Display System. Sanderson: Dynamic Systems.

Staveren and Arthur Roermond.(2000). Structured electronic design. Springer:5thEdition.

Tuft, E.R. (1990).Principles of information display. Asian: Graphic press.

38
Vossen.(1999). Data Models, Database languages and Databasemanagement system. New

York: Adison Wesley.

Wilson. (2005). Research into identifying effective learning environment.In K. Fishe, effective

learning environment (p. 116).International Journal.

39
 APPENDIX 1

START

TRANSFER SIGNAL

SIGNAL FOUND

COMPUTE SIGNAL

DISPLAY SIGNAL

END

Figure 20: System Flow Chart

40
 APPENDIX II

Main program

******************************************************************************

******************************************************************************

#defineF_CPU80000000000L

#include<avr/io.h>

#include<util/delay.h>

#include”MatrixFonts.h”

#defineDATA PORTB

#defineclk PD6

#defineRST0_4017 PC0

#defineRST1_4017 PC1

#defineRST2_4017 PC2

#defineRST3_4017 PC3

#defineRST4_4017 PC4

#defineRST5_4017 PC5

#defineRST6_4017 PC6

#defineRST7_4017 PC7

#defineCOLUNMS64

#defineSPEED200

voidUSARTInit(unit6_tubrr_value);

chargetch();

voidputch(chardata);

voidsend(char*str);

41
voidinit();

voiddelay_ms(unsignedintdelay)

for(delay=2000;delay>0;delay--);

voidclock(void)

PORTD|=(1<<clk);

delay_ms(2000);

PORTD&=~(1<<clk);

Delay_ms(2000);

voidSendChar(unsignedchartext){

unsignedcharx;

PortA&=~RST0_4017;

for(x=0;x<5;x++){

data=MyFont[(((text-0x20)*5)=x)];

clock();

PORTA|=RST0_4017;

voidMassage(unsignedchar*text)//char

volatileunsignedcharz;

42
volatileunsignedchari;

volatileunsignedchary;

volatileunsignedcharx;

unsignedcharcount;//char

//unsigned char spaces; //char

unsignedchartmp;

//spaces = COlUNMS;

for(x=0;x<255;x++)

data[x]=0;

cpont=COLUNMS/6;

while(*text)

for(x=0;x<5;x++)

tmp=*text-0x20;

data[count++]=MyFont[(tmp*5)+x];

count++;

text++;

count+=COLUNMS;

count--;

data[count]=0xFF;

x=0;

43
 i=0;

count=0;

while(!count)

for(z=0;z<SPEED;z++){

for(y0;y<COLUNMS;y++)

if(y==1) //reset the first 4017

//PORTC = 0xFD; //PORTC = 0xFE;

PORTC|=(1<<RST0_4017)|(1<<RST2_4017)|(1<<RST3_4017)|

(1<<RST4_4017)|(1<<RST5_4017)|(1<<RST6_4017)|(1<<RST7_4017);

PORTC&~(1<<RST1_4017);

esleif(y==9)//reset the second 4017

//PORTC = 0XFB; //PORTC = 0XFD;

PORTC|=(1<<RST0_4017)|(1<<RST1_4017)|(1<<RST2_4017)|

(1<<RST4_4017)|(1<<RST5_4017)|(1<<RST6_4017)|(1<<RST7_4017);

PORTC&=~(1<<RST2_4017);

elseif(y==18) //reset thethird 4017

//PORTC = 0XF7; //PORTC = 0XFB;

44
 PORTC|=(1<<RST0_4017)|(1<<RST1_4017)|(1<<RST2_4017)

(1<<RST4_4017)|(1<<RST5_4017)|(1<<RST6_4017)|(1<<RST7_4017);

PORTC&=~(1<<RST3_4017);

elseif(y==27) // reset the fourth 4017

PORTA=0XFE; //PORTC = 0XF7;

elseif(y==36) //reset the fifth 4017

{PORTA=0XDF; //PORTC = 0XEF;

esleif(y==45) //reset the sixth 4017

PORTA=0XBF; //PORTC = 0XDF;

elseif(y==54) //reset the seventh 4017

PORTA=0X7F; //PORTC=0XBF

if(data[(i-(5+y))]==0xFF;

count=1;

break;

}else{

45
 DATA=data[(i-(5+y))];

clock();

//PORTC=0xFF;

PORTC|=1<<RST0_4017;

PORTC|=1<<RST1_4017;

PORTC|=1<<RST2_4017;

PORTC|=1<<RST3_4017;

PORTC|=1<<RST4_4017;

PORTC|=1<<RST5_4017;

PORTC|=1<<RST6_4017;

PORTC|=1<<RST7_4017;

if(count)break;

i++

if(count)break;

intmain(void)

init();

charinput;

USARTInit(51);

46
 while(1)

Message((unsignedchar*)”W”);

voidUSARTInit(uint16_tubrr_value)

//Set Baud rate

UBRRL=ubrr_value;

UBRRH=(ubrr_value>>8;

UCSRC=(1<<URSEL)|(#<<UCSZ0);

//Enable the receiver and transmitter

UCSRB=(1<<RXEN)|(1<<TXEN);//|(1<<RXCIE);

//sei();

chargetch()

//Wait until a data is available

while(!(UCSRA&(1<<RXC)))

returnUDR

voidputch(chardata)

47
{

//Wait until the transmitter is ready

while(!(UCSRA&(1<<UDRE)))

//Now write the data to USART buffer

UDR=data;

voidsend(char*str)

unsignedinti==0;

while(str[i]!==0)

putch(str[i]);

i++;

voidinit()

************************************************************************

**********************************************************************/

OSCCAL=0X31; //6MHz clock

While(!OSCCAL); //Wait for OSC to become stable

48
 DDRD=0xff;

DDRB=0xff;

DDRC=0xff;

DDRA=0xff;

PORTD=0x00;

PORTB=0x00;

PORTC=0x00;

PORTA=0x00;

49