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10.1177/0898264305281102
Simons, Andel
OF /AGING
EXERCISE
AND AND
HEALFUNCTION
TH / February
AL2006
FITNESS
ROBERT SIMONS
Bonsai Spa & Wellness Clinic, Largo, Florida
ROSS ANDEL
University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
The authors assessed the effects of resistance training and walking exercise on mea-
sures of functional fitness. Sixty-four volunteers (average age 83.5 years) from an
independent-living facility were randomly assigned to walking, resistance training,
or control groups. Participants in the walking and resistance-training groups engaged
in two exercise sessions per week for 16 weeks. Measures of functional fitness
included upper and lower body strength, hip and shoulder flexibility, agility and bal-
ance, coordination, blood pressure, and resting heart rate. Repeated measures analy-
sis of variance was used to examine pretest to posttest differences. Both exercise
groups showed significant improvements relative to control group in upper and lower
body strength, shoulder flexibility, and agility and balance exercise. Findings demon-
strate that exercise can lead to improvements in multiple domains of functional fitness
even among very old, previously sedentary individuals, possibly making activities of
daily living easier to perform.
Method
PARTICIPANTS
PROCEDURES
Agility and balance. We used the Agility and Dynamic Balance test
from the AAHPERD manual. The score was calculated as total time
(in seconds) needed to repeatedly stand up from an armless chair,
negotiate a short obstacle course made from three cones, sit down, and
lift the feet. Two cones were placed five feet to either side of the chair
and six feet behind the chair.
INTERVENTION
ANALYSES
Results
The average age was 81.6 years (SD = 3.3) in the walking group,
84.6 years (SD = 4.5) in the resistance-training group, and 84.0 years
(SD = 3.3) in the control group. One-way ANOVA yielded no signifi-
cant between-group differences in age.
Mean scores, standard deviations, and within-group pretest to
posttest comparisons for all functional fitness measures are presented
in Table 1. There were no significant differences in pretest perfor-
mance across the three groups. Overall, paired sample t tests indicated
that participants in the walking and resistance-training groups per-
formed better at posttest compared to pretest on all functional mea-
sures and had lower systolic blood pressure at posttest. The control
group improved in lat pull-down and coordination and worsened in
shoulder adduction and agility and balance. The results from
2(group) × 2(test) RM-ANOVAs follow.
Table 1
100
Means and Standard Deviations for Measures of Functional Fitness
Note. Paired sample t test statistic was used to calculate pretest to posttest differences in performance.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Simons, Andel / EXERCISE AND FUNCTIONAL FITNESS 101
Discussion
The goal of this study was to examine the effects of walking and
resistance-training exercise on multiple measures of functional fitness
among individuals in advanced old age who were sedentary prior to
the intervention. The main finding was that both types of exercise led
to functional improvement in multiple domains relative to a control
group. These findings provide further evidence for the benefits
of exercise in advanced old age found previously (Fiatarone et al.,
1994). Although our sample included participants with age range
102 JOURNAL OF AGING AND HEALTH / February 2006
20
Walking
15
Resistance training
10 Control
5
% improvement
(5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
Agility/balance
Systolic blood
Upper body
Shoulder flexibility
Hip flexibility
Lower body
Coordination
Diastolic blood
strength
pressure
pressure
Figure 1. Average pretest to posttest improvement on measures of functional fitness in the
walking, resistance training, and control groups.
Note. Improvement in upper and lower body strength reflects more pounds lifted; improvement
in hip and shoulder flexibility reflects more degrees of range of motion; improvement in agility
and balance and coordination reflects shorter time of exercise completion; improvement on dia-
stolic and systolic blood pressure reflects lower blood pressure; and improvement in resting heart
rate reflects fewer beats per minute. Values in negative show decline.
advanced old age may be universal rather than specific to the type of
exercise.
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