REDD

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation

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 CDM vs REDD+
• Limited scope of CDM projects (restricted to A/R activities),
• Issues related to scale : Project to project
• High transaction costs due to complex rules and methodologies, registration costs,
• Issues related to measurement and monitoring, and lack of transferability of the
temporary credits assigned to projects etc.
• Issues concerning permanence, additionality and leakage

• CDM experiences can facilitate the future development of REDD+.

 CDM vs REDD+

Bhullar, 2013
Tropical Tree Cover Loss
GHG Emissions by source

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Origin of REDD
The idea of making payments to discourage deforestation and forest
degradation was discussed in the negotiations leading to the Kyoto
Protocol, but it was ultimately rejected.
REDD developed from a proposal in 2005 (COP-11, Montreal) by a
group of countries calling themselves the Coalition of Rainforest
Nations.
Two years later, the proposal was taken up at the Conference of the
Parties to the UNFCCC in Bali (COP-13).

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Objectives of REDD & REDD+
Bali Action Plan (COP-13):
“Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing
countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests
and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries”.

REDD could simultaneously address climate change and rural poverty, while
conserving biodiversity and sustaining vital ecosystem services….

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What is REDD

Forest carbon : New way to devise and incentivize conservation

An emission trading scheme gives forests a market value on the

basis of how much carbon they sequester. It could help to control
global warming –if developing nations meet their responsibilities.

Source: Nature, 462 (7269) 2009

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 Framework of REDD
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 Scope
• refers to the activities, that are considered eligible for generating
emissions reductions under REDD.
• Reducing emissions from deforestation (RED)
• Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) or
• Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation and
enhancement of carbon stocks (REDD+).
Reference
• defines the reference period and scale against which the activities
within scope are measured
• Reference period: Historical baseline, historical adjusted baseline,
Projected baseline
• Scale: Sub-national, national, global
Distribution
• describes how different proposals seek to reward countries with high
forest cover and low rates of deforestation (HFLD) for their standing
forests or carbon stocks
• Pay LDs more
• redistribute revenues uses a withholding mechanism in the form of a
levy or tax on missions reductions
Financing
• direct-market, market-linked or voluntary funding mechanisms

• A dual market mechanism can also be adopted