Mesker Gebru

UNITY
UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECURE AND
URBAN PLNNING
Thesis title: Redeveloping slum to

incremental housing project to derive a
financially viable and sustainable model for
Addis Ababa
Advisor: Girmachew Tariku
NOVEMBER 5
N2/09
done by: Mesker Gebru
Id Number: UU67153R
Redeveloping slum to incremental housing project to derive a financially viable and sustainable
model for Addis Ababa October-2021
DECLARATION
The undersigned have examined the thesis entitled ‘Redeveloping slum to incremental housing
project to derive a financially viable and sustainable model for Addis Ababa presented by
MESKER GEBRU, a candidate for the award of BSc degree in Architecture and Urban Planning. and
hereby certify that it is worthy of acceptance.
Advisor Signature Date
Internal Examiner Signature Date
External Examiner Signature Date
2|Page
UNITY UNIVERSITY, department of architecture and urban planning
UNDERTAKING
I certify that research work titled “Redeveloping slum to incremental housing project to derive a
financially viable and sustainable model for Addis Ababa” is my own work. The work has not been
presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been
properly acknowledged / referred.
Mesker Gebru
3|Page
Executive summary
The entry into the thesis is through development of study and identifies the informal housing in Addis
Ababa and try to explain what incremental housing project mainly focused on and how it can be
achieved in slight, it tries to explain based on the data the percentage of the slum area covered in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia. The thesis stems from being part of this struggle with an objective to bring about
socio-economic improvement through redevelopment programme and reinforcing the idea of equity
by helping the community in getting equal opportunity within the decision-making process of
development in the city.
The thesis identifies how slum is created and which model is suitable for Addis Ababa and whether
such a self-development model approach if introduced in the redevelopment market is financially
viable and most sustainable so that it could be a good knowledge backing to support this approach and
easier to resolve the financial accessibility.
The thesis identifies the composition of the sustainable model applied in this alternative redevelopment
project by learning through international literature on housing delivery systems, history of self-help
housing and factors influencing current delivery of housing.
The thesis identifies factors that decide the financial viability of a housing project and the also
sustainability of the housing model with focus on economic, socio-economic, institutional and physical
factors. The project under study is assessed using the derived financial viability and sustainability
indicators and compared with the typical redevelopment mechanisms in the city to note its strength
and weaknesses. The process reveals that it is not only financially viable but the most sustainable
model too. It is further compared with other local and international case studies to explore other ideas
which could be used to improve upon the alternative approach and which would suggest relevant
options to reach the objectives of sustainability and equitable development processes.
Key Words: Low Income Group, Sustainability, Housing Finance, Self-Help housing,
Redevelopment, passive design, informal housing , formal housing ,incremental housing
4|Page
Acknowledgement
I would first like to thank my thesis advisor Mr. Girmachew Tariku for believing in me, appreciating
my efforts, giving me his professional comments and giving me enough space to develop my thesis.
I would like to thank kebele employees for sharing me files, giving me ample of their time and
contributions towards the thesis. I would like to thank my father and mother for encouraging me in my
work. Sincere appreciations go to my friends seble terefe. she was my 5th year thesis readers and gave
me critical feedback on my work and supported me during my highs and lows. I would also thank
betelhem emam and edom mandefro, who gave critical comments on my thesis to help me improve on
it.
I thank all my classmates who have in their own way contributed towards building my knowledge and
made my experience in unity university a very fun-filled one. Above all Thank you so much Lord for
all the blessings, it have helped me throughout these years.
5|Page
Table of Contents
Executive summary................................................................................................................................ 4
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................. 5
List of table ............................................................................................................................................ 9
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................................ 11
CHAPTER 1; INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 13
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 13
1.2 Background ............................................................................................................................... 14
1.3 Problem Statement .................................................................................................................... 15
1.4 Research Objectives .................................................................................................................. 16
1.5 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 16
1.6 Significance of the study ........................................................................................................... 16
1.7 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................................... 17
1.8 Description of the study area ..................................................................................................... 17
1.9 Organization of the study .......................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 2; LITERATURE REVIEW ON SLUM HOUSE ............................................................ 19
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 19
2.1.1 Slum Definition Based On (UN-HABITAT state of the world’s cities 2006/07) ............ 19
2.1.2 The concept of slum .......................................................................................................... 20
2.1.3 physical conditions of slum ............................................................................................... 21
2.1.4 environmental and socio-economic conditions of slum .................................................... 23
2.2 Theoretical ................................................................................................................................. 24
2.2.1 The incidence of slums ...................................................................................................... 24
2.2.2 Rapid rural-urban migration and slum formation .............................................................. 26
2.2.3 Approaches to tackle the problem of slums....................................................................... 27
2.4 Literature review on incremental housing ................................................................................. 28
6|Page
2.4.1 Incremental Housing.......................................................................................................... 28
2.4.2 History of Incremental Housing ........................................................................................ 29
2.4.3 Incremental Housing Strategy ........................................................................................... 30
2.4.4 Incremental Housing towards affordability ....................................................................... 30
2.4.5 Incremental Housing towards urban development ............................................................ 31
2.5 How to attain Sustainable Slum Redevelopment? .................................................................... 32
2.5.1 Meaning of slum ................................................................................................................ 32
2.5.2 Cooperation between the Main Public Sectors .................................................................. 32
2.5.3 Participation ....................................................................................................................... 32
2.5.4 Households’ Economic Activity........................................................................................ 33
2.6 Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 34
2.7 Case studies ............................................................................................................................... 35
2.7.1 Case Study 1: Incremental housing, Quinta Monroy, Chile Experience ........................... 35
2.7.2 Case Study 2: Tarragona Social Housing........................................................................... 36
2.7.3 Case Study 3: Monterrey Housing..................................................................................... 38
2.8 Summary of the case study........................................................................................................ 38
CHAPTER 3; METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 40
3.1 Research design ......................................................................................................................... 40
3.2 Data source ................................................................................................................................ 40
3.3 Sampling technique ................................................................................................................... 41
4.4 Data collection method .............................................................................................................. 42
4.5 Data analysis.............................................................................................................................. 42
CHAPTER 4; SAMPLING RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................. 43
4.1 Data results ................................................................................................................................ 43
4.1.1 Duration analysis ............................................................................................................... 43
4.1.2 Number of family analysis ................................................................................................ 44
4.1.3 Income and finance saving analysis .................................................................................. 44
7|Page
4.1.4 Settlement analysis ............................................................................................................ 44
4.1.5 Condition of the house ....................................................................................................... 45
4.1.5 Number of male and female residents ............................................................................... 45
CHAPTER 5;FINDING,RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION ......................................... 47
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 47
5.2 Findings from Observation and Interview Response ........................................................... 47
5.4 Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 50
Reference ............................................................................................................................................. 51
APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRES ................................................................................................. 53
APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS....................................................................................... 55
APPENDIX C: PICTURES ................................................................................................................. 57
8|Page
List of table
Table 4-1 Duration analysis(source filed survey ) ............................................................................... 43
Table 4-2 Income and finance saving analysis (source filed survey) .................................................. 44
Table 4-3 settlement analysis (source filed survey ) ............................................................................ 44
Table 4-4 Yes/No questionnaires ......................................................................................................... 46
Table 4-5 Yes/No questionnaires ......................................................................................................... 46
9|Page
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Addis Ababa population ( un-habitat,2017) ....................................................................... 14
Figure 1-2 Slums in Ethiopia (source un-habitat,2011) ....................................................................... 14
Figure 1-3 Location map of bole sub-city, woreda 4 ........................................................................... 17
Figure 1-4 Spatial map of woreda 4 ........................................................................................... 17
Figure 2-1 Kebele Houses (sources ELIAS,Y.,2008) .......................................................................... 21
Figure 2-2 Chereka Biet (sources ELIAS,Y.,2008) ............................................................................. 22
Figure 2-3 Plastic Biet (sources research gate,2020) .......................................................................... 22
Figure 2-4 Proportion of the urban slum population around the world (source: UN-Habitat,2015) ... 24
Figure 2-5 Slum of Addis Ababa by UN-Habitat (source: UN-Habitat, 2004) ................................... 25
Figure 2-6 Proportion of the urban slum population around the east Africa(source: UN-Habitat,
2019) ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 2-7 Rural–urban migration interface (source: Adapted from Chattopadhyay and Biswas ,2010)
.................................................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 2-8 Quinta Monroy project before and after occupied (source households ,Arch daily,2019) 35
Figure 2-9 Quinta Monroy housing plans (sources, Arch daily, 2019) ............................................... 36
Figure 2-10 The perspective view of Social Housing of Tarragona (sources,Arch daily, 2019) ........ 37
Figure 2-11 The layout plan of the houses of Tarragona (sources ,Arch daily, 2019) ........................ 37
Figure 2-12 The planning conceptual design and the site location of the project ............................... 38
Figure 3-1 location map of the study area (source: mapcarta,2019).................................................... 41
Figure 4-1 Number of family (source filed survey ) ............................................................................ 44
Figure 4-2 Condition of the house (source filed survey) ..................................................................... 45
Figure 4-3 Number of male and female residents (source filed survey).............................................. 45
Figure C-1 selected site 22 (sources filed survey) .............................................................................. 58
Figure C-2 selected site 22 (sources filed survey) ...................................................................... 58
Figure C-3 selected site 22 (sources filed survey) ............................................................................... 58
Figure C-4 selected site 22 (sources filed survey) .............................................................................. 58
10 | P a g e
Glossary of Terms
Low-income earners are a segment of society earning below the average
Low-income income, for which governments and international organizations make special
group
policies for equity purposes. There is usually a range that is defined in each
country by the national financial institutions. (USD 72 – 156) (UN-HABITAT
2008)
Sustainability The housing model that would continue to stay, generate income after
completion of project and improve economically, socioeconomically,
physically and institutionally such that it not only improves housing conditions
but also contributes towards improvement in society. (Bongwa & Wasonga
2010) (Stein 1991) (Frank 2008)
Housing finance The finance needed for housing activity, with the involvement of the actors of
both demand and supply side of housing, and financial services for the same in
the form of savings, mortgages, loans, development finance, subsidies, etc.
(IHS.a 2011)
Self-develo Self-help housing is when an individual or a community builds for their own
pment/self- use, with their own resources which could include their own financial
help housing
contributions, managing it, or even constructing it themselves or with help from
market or government. (Coit 1994)
Slum means re-using and improving real estate in a neighborhood or city by adding
Redevelopment or rehabilitating buildings, making more marketable properties. Often the term
is used when something ugly or outmoded is demolished or at least
substantially reconfigured to make way for the new (Urban and Regional
Planning Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology ,2017)
Slum The term ‘upgrading’ refers to the measures to improve the quality of housing
Upgrading and provision of housing related infrastructure and services of the settlements
that are considered to be slum or developed illegally (Satterthwaite, 2012).
11 | P a g e
passive design is design that works with the local climate to maintain a comfortable
temperature in the home. (Passive design | Your Home)
Formal housing Settlements where owner-occupants typically have freehold or leasehold rights
construction over the land.
Informal housing any form of housing, shelter, or settlement (or lack thereof) which is illegal,
construction falls outside of government control or regulation, or is not afforded protection

by the state.
Incremental is based upon the principle of increasing the responsibility of individual
housing households and communities by encouraging decision making and

responsibility of individual household or communities so that they take care of
the aspects of housing for which they are in the best position to take
(Mathabella, 1999).
12 | P a g e
CHAPTER 1; INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers the background study and identifies the informal housing in Addis Ababa and
try to explain what incremental housing project mainly focused on and how it can be achieved in
slight, it tries to explain based on the data the percentage of the slum area covered in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia. The chapter defines the research boundary by questioning whether an alternative
community-driven approach towards incremental housing. The objective, significance and scope
of the thesis are stated which further define the research.
1.1 Introduction
Housing is one of the most important life components giving shelter, safety and warmth, as well as
providing a place to rest. Population living in slums is the proportion of the urban population living in
slum households. A slum household is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking
one or more of the following conditions: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation,
sufficient living area, housing durability, and security. However, Informal housing is increasingly
becoming an important component of housing provision in major urban centers. Informal housing units
constitute 30% of the total housing stalk. Which are located in (post 1974), Land already reserved for
residential development and public spaces, Peri‐urban locations that belong to the future urban expansion
areas. Riversides and hilly areas not planned for residential development.
Incremental slum housing can development be defined as a gradual step-by-step process whereby building
components are appended or improved by owner-builders as funding, time, or materials become available.
In this way, the costs of housing construction can be reduced, especially compared with the housing
delivery by contractors. Incremental housing requires flexible, relatively small short-term loans that are
responsive to the intermittent demands of housing. In contrast, conventional mortgage finance requires
enough funding to purchase or build a complete house. Incremental housing development can be an
effective catalyst to engage people (social development) and to promote local businesses (economic
development) of poor households and communities.
13 | P a g e
1.2 Background
Addis Ababa's 2021 population is now estimated at 5,005,524.

In 1950, the population of Addis Ababa was 392,000. Addis
Ababa has grown by 211,825 since 2015, which represents
a 4.42% annual change. These population estimates and
projections come from the latest revision of the UN World
Urbanization Prospects. These estimates represent the Urban
agglomeration of Addis Ababa, which typically includes Addis
Ababa's population in addition to adjacent suburban areas. In
Addis Ababa the growth of population is increasing which create Figure 1-1 Addis Ababa population
a pressure on Existing housing policy and the infrastructure like ( un-habitat,2017)
water, electrical power supply, drainage and roads.
Like many other developing countries, Ethiopian cities suffer

from shortage of infrastructure and urban service, urban
environmental degradation, homelessness, urban decay and high
unemployment (UN-Habitat, 2011). One of the grim problems
facing cities is the proliferation of slum. Available data indicate
that 80 percent of urban population resides in slum housing that
needs either complete replacement or significant upgrading
(UN- Habitat, 2007 and 2008). The degree and conditions of
slum, however, vary across cities of the country. It is dire in Figure 1-2 Slums in Ethiopia
(source un-habitat,2011)
Addis Ababa, capita city, where slums constitute the greater
portion of the residential areas. More than 80 percent of Addis
Ababa is a slum with 70 percent of this comprising government
owned rental housing (UN-Habitat, 2011).
In Addis Ababa, slum has local name “yedekemu betoch/seferoch” meaning that deteriorated houses or
settlements. Addis Ababa’s slum areas are characterized by overcrowded neighborhoods with no or little
basic infrastructure and municipal services, poor hygienic conditions, lacking safe drinking water and
sewage. This has been making health conditions of dwellers poor. Available literatures indicated that
14 | P a g e
absence of adequate water and sanitation in slum areas have resulted in the presence of various diseases
child mortality rates are more than twice than the rural figure.
Rapid urban population growth has outpaced the ability of city authorities to provide for housing and
environmental and health infrastructure. Squatter and slum settlements have formed mainly because of the
inability of city governments to plan and provide affordable housing for the low-income segments of the
urban population. Hence, squatter and slum housing is the housing solution for this low-income urban
population. In the mega urban regions or metropolitan areas, part of the problem would lie in the
coordination among different authorities that are in charge of economic development, urban planning, and
land allocation. Such coordination issues also exist between the city and national governments. ( Giok
Ling Ooi and Kai Hong Phua,2007,page 31).in any way, this part of development is very rarely sufficient
to bring sustainable development. The efforts made by government and other international and indigenous
NGOs to reduce slums were ineffective to achieve sustainable ending. Nonetheless am not suggesting that
slum area in Addis Ababa shall be entirely neglected in the future, but to renew them by employing
inclusive and economic development which is going to be describe in the future of this thesis
1.3 Problem Statement
As I mention in the back ground, for redevelopment of slum it is necessary to first understand who
comprises of this group and where do they currently live. The problem has its roots in the failure of city
governments to provide sufficient land and infrastructure for residential purpose, Inability of city
governments to enforce building control regulations ,Lack of housing finance mechanism, especially for
the low‐income ,More than two-third of Addis Ababa’s people reside in slum areas. Various efforts have
been made by different actors to redevelop slum areas. In Addis Ababa, one of the predominantly
implemented redevelopment approaches is relocation. Relocation erodes communities’ access to all
elements needed for their well-being-economic activity, social ties and urban services. There are also
evidences that reveal the desirable impacts of relocation on relocated people. It also creates a better living
scenario for relocates quality housing with adequate water supply, sanitation, toilet, kitchen, low risk
factors for disease and manage burden of water collection borne by women, specifically girls. However, it
has fallen to attain sustainable redevelopment. This is mainly because of that the multifaceted nature of
slum is seldom reflected in this approach. Failing to involve local people in overall redevelopment process,
neglecting dwellers’ economic activity and lack of cooperation between various public sectors were also
the other factors that contribute to unsustainable redevelopment. To let local people involvement in
decision making process of slum redevelopment The approach did not give the local community the chance
15 | P a g e
to participate and contribute in shaping their own development. Thus, it failed to achieve sustainable
development. There is, therefore, a need to enhance participation of local communities in development
process project design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The quality of space in redeveloped
buildings is very poor, infrastructural services are limited and does not integrate the socio-economic
conditions of the communities
Therefore, the thesis proposes to investigate whether such a self-development model approach if
introduced in the redevelopment market is financially viable and most sustainable so that it could be a
good knowledge backing to support this approach and easier to resolve the financial accessibility.
1.4 Research Objectives
General objective: To identify how redeveloping slum can benefit the society in a sustainable way
Specific objectives:
 Explore the extent of slum; To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of the community
towards self-development methods
 To identify if increment would be the best method to redevelop a slum area with the
involvement of the community
 Learn through examples of self-help housing of low-income groups in others cities/countries

to improve development process of housing and make it more sustainable in Addis Ababa
1.5 Research Questions
1. How is the financial viability and sustainability of a redevelopment project defined?

2. How is sustainability of a redevelopment project defined?
3. Which type of model is suitable for slum upgrading in our context?
4. How is the people involvement going to help to improve the project?
5. What is the housing delivery model adopted in Addis Ababa for redevelopment?
1.6 Significance of the study
The research will look at it objectively and will help in improving on it further. The research analyses the
case of redevelopment by the community and also open up discussion about how sustainable could this
approach be. In many cases we have seen that in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia the relocation method is used in
16 | P a g e
this thesis it will try to prove that relocation is not the best sustainable method. It also analyses if
Incremental housing (gradual step-by-step process whereby building components are appended or
improved by owner-builders as funding, time, or materials become available.) Can work to improve the
slum areas.it also analyses how the funding method works for the community to start the self-developing.
1.7 Scope of the study
The scope of the work includes: To Identify the slum area and know if it can be redeveloped, Prepare a
methodology which can be used to achieve the selected model for slum redevelopment, Identify what can
be learned from the case studies by listing out there cons and pros of the study area and apply it to the
project, prepare a methodology and a questionnaires to identify the problems and finding .
1.8 Description of the study area
The selected study area is located on a slum neighborhood informally known as 22. The slum neighborhood
is located in Woreda locally known as 22, bole sub-city, Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia. The Woreda 04
administrative office estimates that around four hundred fourth two (442) households live in this slum
neighborhood. According to an expert from the sub-city land administration office, most of the residents
live in Kebele houses while some have secured their piece of land following the necessary legal procedures.
This expert has also mentioned that the neighborhood is an emerging slum settlement no more than 30
years old. Figures 3 and 4 show the locational context of the study site.
Figure 1-3 Location map of bole sub-city, woreda 04 Figure 1-4 Spatial map of woreda 04
17 | P a g e
1.9 Organization of the study

Chapter one covers the background study and identifies the informal housing in Addis Ababa and try
to explain what incremental housing project mainly focused on and how it can be achieved in slight, it
tries to explain based on the data the percentage of the slum area covered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
The chapter defines the research boundary by questioning whether an alternative community-driven
approach towards incremental housing. The objective, significance and scope of the thesis are stated
which further define the research.
Chapter two This chapter has a collection of international literature on slum redevelopment system
and how the incremental model to redevelop the areas, the literature reviews explain how slum is
defined, and how slum is formed. this chapter define what sustainable slum redevelopment mean and
how it can be achieved. The case studies are also explained which shows how they achieve the
incremental method is suitable to accomplish a sustainable redevelopment.
Chapter three This chapter covers the and explains the perspectives and methods used to answer the
research question stated above. The selection of methodology for each publication is based on the
study question it solves. Thus, different methods are used in each of the papers to address the
particular research problems. The overview of the research methods used in these papers is provided
below. Since the realistic methodology used to address each of the questions in this thesis is diverse
and is explained in each of the papers following this introductory section, only a general overview of
the methodology is presented here.
Chapter four This chapter covers that the data has been collected from site and secondary data, has
been assorted and arranged to answer the research question using methods defined in the previous
chapter, this data collected from the questionnaires are collected and analysis, the duration analysis
explain when the slum occurs, number of family analysis explain how many ,income and finance
saving analysis explain the cost and settlement analysis explain why the settlement occurs and how
can we prevent it.
Chapter five This chapter covers that the data that has been collected from site and secondary data,
has been assorted and arranged to answer the research question using methods defined in the previous
chapter, all their findings commendation and conclusion are presented here
18 | P a g e
CHAPTER 2; LITERATURE REVIEW ON SLUM HOUSE
This chapter has a collection of international literature on slum redevelopment system and how
the incremental model to redevelop the areas, the literature reviews explain how slum is defined,
and how slum is formed. this chapter define what sustainable slum redevelopment mean and
how it can be achieved. The case studies are also explained which shows how they achieve
the incremental method is suitable to accomplish a sustainable redevelopment
2.1 Introduction
The literature collected will make an argument towards the conceptual framework for the research
thesis.it is presented in five parts, the first part the definition of slum based on UN-HABITAT state of
the world, The concept of slum and environmental and socio-economic conditions of slum. The second
part is the theoretical part in this part it includes the incidence of the slums and Rapid rural- urban
migration and slum formation. The 3rd part is a literature review on incremental model which include
definition, historical background, strategy, construction phases and process, of incremental housing,
Incremental Housing towards affordability and towards urban development. The fourth part explain
about how to attain Sustainable Slum Redevelopment and the fifth part is the conclusion. where the
last part explains about case studies.
2.1.1 Slum Definition Based On (UN-HABITAT state of the world’s cities 2006/07)
UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an
urban area who lack one or more of the following:
1. Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against extreme climate conditions.
2. Sufficient living space which means not more than three people sharing the same room.
3. Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price.
4. Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable
number of people.
5. Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions.
Not all slums are homogeneous and not all slum dwellers suffer from the same degree of deprivation.
The degree of deprivation depends on how many of the five conditions that define slums are prevalent
within a slum household. UN-HABITAT analyses show that Sub-Saharan Africa’s slums are the most
deprived; over 80 per cent of the region’s slum households have one or two shelter deprivations, but
almost half suffer from at least two shelter deprivations.
19 | P a g e
2.1.2 The concept of slum

The word ‘slum’ was originally used to refer to the overcrowded and neglected inner-city tenements
of European industrialized cities dating back to 19th century (Gilbert 2007). Slums, shantytowns,
favelas and yedekeku menderoch are all different terms that designate one of the most common human
settlements in urban history, and a feature of cities in the Global South: slum settlements. But what
exactly are slum settlements? According to UN Habitat (2009), slum inhabitants are those residing in
housing with one or more of the following conditions: poor structural durability of a dwelling ,
overcrowding ,insufficient drinking water, inadequate sanitation ,insecurity of tenure.
The definition of slums adopted in this thesis is based on the UN-Habitat Expert Group Meeting on
slum indicators, which is described above : ‘A slum is an adjoining settlement where the dwellers are
characterized by lack of basic services (sanitation, water, waste collection, electricity supply, surfaced
roads, road lighting, and rainwater drainage), substandard housing, overcrowding and high density,
unhealthy living conditions, and insecure tenure’ (UN-Habitat, 2003b). A slum is often not
acknowledged or addressed by the government authorities as an equal or integral part of the city (UN-
Habitat, 2003b, 2010b). Slums are a result of a lack of planning and management, whether it is by the
government, urban inhabitants, or both (IMUNA 2015). A slum is a residential area with substandard
housing that is poorly serviced and/or overcrowded, and therefore unhealthy, unsafe, and socially
undesirable.( R. Harris, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009). A slum is an area
characterized by poor buildings in physical state of disrepair, degraded environment in insanitary
conditions, and absence of basic and essential facilities such as electricity, potable water, drainage
system, schools, health facilities, and recreational grounds. Slums can be described as substandard
housing environment. Slum conditions result from the combined effects of natural ageing of buildings,
lack of maintenance and neglect, wrong use of the buildings, poor sanitation in the disposal of sewage
and solid waste, wrong development of land, and increasing deterioration of the natural
landscape. (A. Olotuah, in International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home, 2012)
Environmental factors, such as severe weather and availability of resources, also need to be taken into
consideration. People with low incomes do not have enough money to consider or improve the way
they currently live, especially if they cannot claim ownership of the land they live on. Subsequently,
developing countries must find a balance between creating sustainable, permanent housing for urban
slum dwellers and the cost of building new housing. The definition of slums also includes squatter
settlements, which are usually called ‘informal settlements’ to reflect their illegality. These are
20 | P a g e
residential dwellings created by the illegal occupation of land and are largely in breach of official
building regulations (Arimah & Branch, 2011)
2.1.3 Physical conditions of slum

The houses in the slums can be of three types:
2.1.3.1 Kebele houses: they are property of the government and they are rented to the public through
the Kebele. This kind of buildings is the most common, especially in the settlements of the historic
core. They are built with walls chika or hollow concrete blocks, in some cases also plastered, with
corrugated iron sheets rooftops.
Figure 2-1 Kebele Houses (sources ELIAS,Y.,2008)
2.1.3.2 Chereka Biet: literally means "house of the moon" because they are built illegally during the
night (under the moonlight of course), to escape from the government control. They are widespread in
the peripheral settlements, but in some cases they are also built inside the compounds of the Kebele
houses, at the expense of the common areas and courtyards. Many of these unauthorized extensions of
Kebele houses are built illegally by the tenants to find a place to stay for family members or friends
come from afar or simply because the family has expanded. This type of houses is usually self-built
with rudimentary materials, often recovery pieces of wood or iron, straw, mud or plastic sheets.
21 | P a g e
Figure 2-2 Chereka Biet (sources ELIAS,Y.,2008)
2.1.3.2 Plastic Biet; this kind are abusive shelters (literally plastic houses) set up in a rudimental
way along the main and secondary roads, on walkways, inside flower beds or public gardens and in
other empty spaces. They are used by street children, elderly people and the mentally ill or
repudiated women with young children, who survive by begging.
Figure 2-3 Plastic Biet (sources research gate,2020)
22 | P a g e
2.1.4 Environmental and socio-economic conditions of slum

The intensity, type and cause of slum vary across countries and even between cities of the same
country. But they share the same uncomfortable living conditions (Sufaira, 2013), poor and
overcrowded housing, lack of toilet, inadequate water and sanitation, etc. Poor infrastructure and
vulnerability to risks like natural disaster and environmental degradation, and health risk are
commonly attributable to slums (World Development Report, 1991). The study undertaken by Sufaira
(2013) on slum areas of Gonder city revealed that people are living in a very unfavorable conditions,
old and congested houses, and easily vulnerable to diseases and floods.
Various literatures show dramatic differences in health condition between slum and non-slum dwellers.
The public health consequences are sever in slum areas (Fry et al, 2002). In slum area, the combined
impact of poor sanitation as a driver of diseases such as malnutrition, diarrhea, endemic cholera and
respiratory infections may make it the biggest killer of children under five (Water Aid, 2008).
UNHabitat (2003) also states that in some of the slums, child mortality rates are more than twice than
the rural figure. Kausar et al (1999) argue that the health of urban poor is further compromised by
unsatisfactory man made conditions of the living environment, poor housing, overcrowding, pollution
and increased exposure to infectious diseases which are reinforced by social and psychological
problems including instability and insecurity. Social exclusion is attributable to slum areas. Slum
dwellers had poor social ties with non-slum dweller (Habtamu, 2011). Study of slums by YUVA
(1996) also revealed that the most significant impact of the riots was the spacial segregation and
ghettoization of community. On the other side, slums, particularly the inner city one, have enormous
locational advantages. Income generating opportunities and accessible social services are often
concentrated in slum areas (Gebre, 2008). A multitude of formal and informal income generating
activities is available for the inner city slum (UNCHS,1991) .
On the other hand, slum area is serving as a temporary destination of migration to cities ( Marx et al,
2013). Poor, mostly emigrants from rural areas, are concentrated in slum areas (Sufaira, 2013).
Conventionally, slum has been, however, perceived by most of people as a settlement that smash the
quality of urban area. It is seen as the urban cancer (Dickenson, 1983). The most common reaction to
such settlements has been, therefore, to carry out large slum clearance project (Tsegaye, 1998). Gebre
(2008) also states that urban development and renewal programmes often target such areas.
23 | P a g e
2.2 Theoretical
Here below is presented with some of the selected important theories and models
2.2.1 The incidence of slums
According to UN-Habitat. (2008) over 800 million people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America live in
slums urban areas characterized by some combination of tenuous dwelling structures, overcrowding
and lack of access to adequate water and sanitation facilities. The ‘‘challenge of slums” is particularly
acute in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the region contains just 13% of the urban population of
developing regions it hosts 25% of the slum population of developing regions (UN-Habitat, 2008).
Over 60% of sub-Saharan Africa’s urban population lives in slum conditions; the highest level of
‘‘slum incidence” of any major world region and significantly higher than the developing region
average of 32.7% (UN-Habitat, 2008). However, conditions in urban areas vary considerably across
countries within the region.
According to (UN-Habitat ,2015), a total of 227 million people moved from slum conditions between
the years 2000–2010 worldwide. Within the same period, the proportion of the urban population living
in slums in the developing world declined from 39 per cent in 2000 to an estimated 32 per cent in 2010.
However, the numbers of slum dwellers increased considerably. Despite exceeding the Millennium
Development Goals (MDG) target - improving the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
more than 2.2 times 10 years in advance - the situation still remains grim (Ngau et al., 2012). Hence,
the progress made on the slum target has not been enough to counter the demographic expansion of
informal settlements in the developing world.
Figure 2-4 Proportion of the urban slum population around the world (source: UN-
Habitat,2015)
24 | P a g e
As of 2018, roughly 35 million people in East Africa were living in slums. Ethiopia had the
highest number of slum residents, approximately 14 million, followed by Kenya with 6.4 million. In
contrast, Djibouti and Burundi had the smallest slum population in terms of absolute numbers, 490
thousand and 700 thousand, respectively. ( Julia Faria , 2021)
Figure 2-6 Proportion of the urban slum population around the east Africa(source: UN-Habitat, 2019)
Figure 2-5 Slum of Addis Ababa by UN-Habitat (source: UN-Habitat, 2004)
25 | P a g e
2.2.2 Rapid rural-urban migration and slum formation

Migration is a multifaceted phenomenon which in general involves the movement of people from one
place to the other. Migration is a change of residence either permanently or temporarily. Migration can
be defined in terms of spatial boundaries as internal and international. Internal migration is the
movement of individuals within a country whereas international migration involves the flow of
individuals between countries where national boundaries are crossed (Assefa,2012, p.3).
The numbers of urban inhabitants is rising rapidly in several developing countries, especially Africa
and Asia (UNDESA, 2014), which are the least urbanized continents in the world. Despite
technological developments that can make physical vicinity less significant, and the pollution and
congestion that result from the huge concentration of people, people still choose to live and work
together in metropolitan and medium-sized agglomerations. Cities have been a driving force of
economic growth, innovation and opportunity for many decades (Glaeser, 2011). Slums have appeared
and grown in many different parts of the world for a number of reasons: poverty, rural-to-urban
migration, poor planning, high unemployment, bad governance and natural disasters (Beall,
Crankshaw & Parnell, 2014; Fox, 2014; Lemanski, 2011; Stokes, 1962). Since 1950, the number of
people depending on agriculture in developing countries has declined by 20 to 30 per cent (Cervantes-
Godoy & Dewbre 2010). This has resulted in migration from rural areas to cities in order to gain real
economic opportunities (see Figure 2-7)
Figure 2-7 Rural–urban migration interface (source: Adapted from Chattopadhyay and Biswas
,2010)
26 | P a g e
Such migration accounts for about 60 per cent of urban residents and, in exceptional circumstances,
nearly 75 per cent (Todaro cited in Hove, Ngwerume & Muchemwa, 2013). There are no immediate
employment opportunities in cities without the existence of some capital, hence the majority of rural
migrants move straight into informal settlements where they usually have family and friends to protect
them and give them support. Approaches used to reduce and redevelop informal settlements in many
countries have had different levels of success, taking into account a combination of slum relocation,
slum removal, slum upgrading, public housing projects and urban planning with citywide
infrastructure development.
2.2.3 Approaches to tackle the problem of slums
2.2.3.1 Punitive Actions: Punitive approaches involve eviction of slum dweller often forcefully; and
sometimes relocation within city on another site but most of the time at outskirts of the city without
any assistance. Punitive approach mainly focused on demolishing the informal settlements and clearing
the land mostly without any substitute for its inhabitants. Forceful eviction of the slum dwellers from
their settlements had been a common action in most of the countries till very recent. In fact this
approach is still prevailing in many countries. Millions of poor people, or squatters, have been evicted
until late 1980s around the world in the name of Urban Renewal Projects, most of them (tenants)
without a share in any benefit. Shady part of it was that these projects directly benefited the developers
as against poor tenants. However, excluding the already excluded poor from developmental
opportunities aggravates the problem
2.2.3.2 Curative Actions: Adaptive or Curative approaches involve upgrading the level of physical,
social, and economic urban services as well as land and tenure security in slums. Upgradation in
physical services include improvements of drainage, footpaths and streets including street lights for
security and night activity; and sewage and solid waste collection services. These services have its
positive impact on health and environment. Provision of education, health, recreation, community
and other facilities under social services enhances economic growth, safety and security against
social crimes, and the awareness among slum dwellers. Economic services include loans for house
construction; facilitation of training and placements; and technical support and credits for self
employment and establishment of cottage industries. Tenure security motivates slum dwellers for up-
gradation of housing and services and contributes to avail economic opportunities.
27 | P a g e
2.3.3 Preventive Actions: Preventive or proactive measures provide opportunities to urban poor and
enables them to find affordable housing solutions rather than to be pushed to settle in slums. A
proactive approach also greatly enhances the capacity of cities to fulfil the needs of the newly migrated
population. It is often comparatively more effective and easier to implement than conventional
measures. However, most of the planning approaches have missed the proactive approach. And
unfortunately, the proved saying of “prevention is better than cure” is still not adopted by international
development community.
2.4 Literature review on incremental housing
2.4.1 Incremental Housing
Housing construction is not a single-phase work, instead, it consists of multiple value-adding tasks
executed in small stages until the completion of the home. Moreover, housing construction is
systematically organizing and implementing value-adding chains in the procedure. The major
value- adding steps in housing construction in both formal and informal approaches are access to
land, house construction and improvement (Wainer, et al., 2016). The value-adding chains stated
briefly as follows:
‘The operational framework follows the housing value chain framework, which
considers that housing productions undergo a series of value addition processes before
reaching the consumer, making the final product more valuable, affordable or exclusive
according to parameters selected. There are four key steps in housing supply, land
provisions, services access (physical and social), house constructions (which may be
divided into architecture, building materials, and technology) and evolutions (the
maintenance, expansions, and renovations of the houses over time)’
(Wainer, et al., 2016, p. 9)
The construction of houses in both formal and informal approach is an incremental process of
executing tasks gradually. Whereas, incremental housing is a step-by-step housing construction and
it goes by different names like starter house, phased-development, owner-driven, site and service
and self-help housing (Goethert, 2013). Smets (1999) as cited by Masum (2014) stated incremental
housing is the housing construction process by which shelter is constructed step-by-step and
improved over a period of time in terms of quality and size. Moreover, according to Mathabella
(1999) as cited by Hasgül (2016), an incremental housing approach is based upon the
principle of increasing the responsibility of individual housing decisions making and responsibility
of individuals and communities so that they take care of the aspects of housing for which they are in
28 | P a g e
the best positions to take. Goethert (2013) explained the basic concept of the incremental process
clearly as follows:
‘The Incremental process is a step-by-step process, it goes by different names (starter

house, phased-development house, owner-driven house), but fundamentally, incremental
housing is an integrated urban development process, building housing communities and
citizens. It is not quick, immediate or complete, but the choice remains with the owner. It starts
with a starter core shelter. The starter core maybe a kitchen/bathroom unit or just a bare plot
with utility connection potential. But recommended is a multipurpose room with basic
kitchen/bath facilities. Owners control the expansion of their housing based on their needs and
resources”
(Goethert, 2013, p. 23)
2.4.2 History of Incremental Housing

The concept of incremental housing becomes influential after it was adopted and implemented by the
World Bank mostly in the 1970s and 1980s (for two decades) in the scheme of the Site-and- Service
(S&S) approach in developing countries (Wainer, et al., 2016). The projects targeted to minimize
government spending for housing to low-income populations because of the failure of public housing
programs to satisfy the housing demand. The approach changed the role of government in providing a
complete house to prepare a parcel and a certain basic infrastructure (Wainer, et al., 2016). According
to Wainer, et al., (2016), projects sponsored “packages” of shelter related services in different range
as follows: Minimum level: surveyed legal land, Intermediate level: serviced sites (the legal plot with
basic infrastructure services like water, sewage, and electricity),Upper level: core structure (plot,
infrastructure, and foundations). In summation, a sites-and-service might offer a utility wall, sanitary
core, latrine and roof frame or core shale houses. After the packages are transferred, the households
built the rest of the remaining work using their own effort and finance. The households also improved
their dwellings incrementally for additional rooms and changed the construction material for the better
quality of the house. The biggest implementation problem was the government's unwillingness to
provide land for housing for low-income people. The government allocated land for site and service
(S&S) projects in the peripheral of cities because of high land costs in the urban centers. This caused
high infrastructure costs to connect the project areas to existing networks and high transport expenses
to travel to work areas mostly located in the center of cities. Consequently, those costs discouraged
many beneficiaries to take advantage of the schemes (Wainer, et al., 2016). Nevertheless, recent
29 | P a g e
contemporary studies suggest that incremental housing projects were more successful than they
appeared in the early years, many of the sites were being used well twenty years later.
2.4.3 Incremental Housing Strategy
Incremental housing concept allows for the house owner to make design decisions on their own. The
housing units are flexible, and the layout of the house allows the users to expand of the livable spaces
according to their future needs. Also, the demand and affordability meet the current housing need and
help the users to carry out the project whenever it sensible from their perspective. Incremental housing
gives an opportunity to a low-income family to build their own place and take care of it. The problem
of homelessness can be addressed positively through incremental housing. The incremental housing
gives owner to choose the type of the building they prefer, making the housing services reliable and
supporting the participation of users in designing process. In incremental housing units, internal
improvements, such as partition walls, floor finishing, roof joints, can be changed with no damage to
the structure. This strategy has different advantage depending on aspects of further expansion of the
building. Moreover, the strategy promotes the use of local resources and skills. This creates job
opportunities for people and educates them by involving them in the design phase of a project. The
design can be sustainable. The construction process can involve the end users and allow for the use of
local materials, focusing on energy efficient materials like concrete blocks instead of burnt bricks, the
use of doors and windows frames instead of wooden ones.
2.4.4 Incremental Housing towards affordability
Research has mentioned a number of reasons that force governments to support incremental housing
to supply affordable and adequate housing for low-income populations. In number case the
government has no sufficient resources to build public housing for all low- income populations. Hence,
the majority of the low-income population in urban areas still live in a self-build slum house (Wakely
& Riley, 2011).To improve this situation, incremental housing is the appropriate approach to minimize
the burden of the government and to improve housing affordability. Incremental housing is an
approach to use the potential of an individual household’s savings and minimize the burden of the
government (Greene & Rojas, 2008).
In financial case the people invest their capital and effort to build a dwelling for themselves, even the
poor invest money borrowing from relatives or legal institutions. The security of tenure is the basic
factor that affects the poor not to invest money through an informal housing development. But,
incremental housing avoids this insecurity of demolishing and encourages the poor to invest their
money and effort to build and upgrade their dwelling (Wakely & Riley, 2011,p.p32). Many
governments admitted their inability to provide shelter for all low-income households through
30 | P a g e
traditional policies (the direct provision of subsidized housing or loans). So, they encourage
incremental housing to organize and mobilize resources (including household savings and sweat
equity) from the private sector for housing development (Greene & Rojas, 2008,p.p24).
2.4.5 Incremental Housing towards urban development
In urban management case the incremental housing process encourages participation shared
responsibility and decision making to protect, maintain and build basic infrastructure services during
the housing development process. The government does what the households cannot effectively do
like assemble land and provide trunk infrastructure and services, and households do what the
government cannot do effectively like construct housing that meets the priorities and resources of their
occupants (Wakely& Riley, 2011,p.p32). Hence, incremental house helps to efficiently manage urban
development by distributing responsibilities between government and individual households. This
situation leads governments to focus on attention on the contribution made to solving the housing
problem by integrating informal construction activities within the incremental process. In addition, it
minimizes the burden of the government to control and demolish informal housing developments
(Greene & Rojas, 2008).
In urban development case the Incremental housing strategies provide a chance to regulate, control
and guide the informal (illegal) housing development with ensuring the basic infrastructure and
services. In addition, it helps to develop the urban formality for entire areas (Wakely &
Riley,2011,p.p34). Muhammad and Bichi (2014) mentioned that the potential of incremental housing
(as site & service) to ensure a good urban environment as follow:
‘The ‘site and service’ scheme essentially involves the development of plots of land and
the provisions of basic services and infrastructures such as water, drainage, electricity,
and roads. It is assumed that progressively the urban low and medium income earns could
be able to afford housing units in these rapidly urbanizing regions of the world……. In
long run, what the schemes intend to achieve is that individuals would be able to develop
their own houses on these plots at their own rates as dictated by their financial ability
while ensuring a well-planned and controlled urban development.’
(Muhammad & Bichi, 2014, p.17
31 | P a g e
2.5 How to attain Sustainable Slum Redevelopment?

2.5.1 Meaning of slum
The term slum which is derived from an old English or German word meaning a poorly drained place,
was originally applied to describe the cheap rental housing of the working class (d’ Cruz &
Satterhwaite, 2005 citing Hoskins, 1970). Since then, the connotation given to slum areas
predominantly associated to the physical and legal characteristics. Literatures which prevailed in
1940s, 1950s and early 1960s described slum as illegal settlement and an eyesore to the larger
community. This connotation is continued up until now. For instance, the operational definition given
by one of the most concerned international organization to slum area, UN-Habitat, is that slum is
characterized by inadequate access to safe water, sanitation and other infrastructure, poor structural
quality of housing, overcrowding and insecure residential status (UN-Habitat, 2003). Since its origin,
slum has simply been defined from the point of view of material aspect leaving economic, social and
other values aside. This often justifies and rationalizes relocation approach that often focuses on
physical dimension. The conventional meaning of slum, which leads to problem to be improperly
stated, is therefore grossly misleading. Having various evidences including form my case study, I am
more in agreement with the writing of Georges Bernanos, “there is no greater evil than a problem mis-
stated.” Therefore, we need to advance our understanding of slum. Understanding the multi-faceted
nature of slum helps attain sustainable redevelopment. (International Journal of Science and Research
(IJSR),2012 ,page 2391)
2.5.2 Cooperation between the Main Public Sectors
The socio-economic challenges relocate face, in areas such as unemployment, lack of accessible
health, transport, education, energy and poverty require an integrated approach. There can be no
sustainable urban relocation without strong cooperation between various public bureaus, such as Addis
Ababa urban redevelopment, water, transport, Ethiopian electric power cooperation,
telecommunication, education, sewerage, micro and small enterprises, saving and credit bureau and
others. In fact, in Addis Ababa, there is absence of coordination between such sectors, and thus, has
resulted in unsustainable slum redevelopment.
2.5.3 Participation
The relocation project often neglects the participation of local community in decision making process.
The study by Habtamu (2011) revealed that local people involvement in decision making process of
slum redevelopment was inadequate. In fact, community participation-oriented development became
important since 1980s, when there was a significant shift from a top-down, technocratic planning to
bottom-up or participatory development approach. The shift occurred due to that top-down
32 | P a g e
development approach was unable to recognize local context or social, economic, cultural and
environmental traits in development process. The approach did not give the local community the
chance to participate and contribute in shaping their own development. Thus, it failed to achieve
sustainable development. There is, therefore, a need to enhance participation of local communities in
development process project design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Rahmena (1999)
identified participation is no longer a threat to development; rather it has been accepted as an
instrument for effective implementation of projects. In general, it is impossible to achieve sustainable
development without the participation of local people in development process. Therefore, it is essential
to involve local community throughout decision making process of slum redevelopment projects. In
addition, the community gains a sense of ownership of the project and they less likely perceive
themselves as victims.
2.5.4 Households’ Economic Activity
One of the issues that contribute towards unsustainable redevelopment is that mostly relocation
projects overlook households’ economic activity, particularly informal sectors up on which majority
of livelihoods rely. Urban redevelopment-induced relocation often disrupts much economic activity of
affected people. This is mainly because of that urban resettlement pays little attention to the economic
impact of relocation. Lloyd-Evans and Potter (1998) argues that the scheme, which stands as one of
the largest public housing programmes in the Third World, is basically designed to settle slums and
not as a means for assisting low-income families per se. The same concept in different words, Dwyer
(1975), Drakakis-Smith (1979) and Yen (1990) argue that a strong motive on the part of government
was to free sites-occupied by slum dwellers for more lucrative permanent development. Clearly, Mejia
(1999) indicates that most current urban resettlement programs were based primarily on housing.
Moreover, even though, in developing countries, the role of informal sector in employment and
survival especially in the poor sections of society is crucial (UN-Habitat, 2003), Mejia argue that the
reliance of poor on the informal economy has not been sufficiently studied or taken into consideration.
Giving much attention to slum households’ economic activities, mainly informal sector, is required to
achieve sustainable slum redevelopment.
33 | P a g e
2.6 Conclusion
More than two-third of Addis Ababa’s people reside in slum areas. Various efforts have been made by
different actors to redevelop slum areas. In Addis Ababa, one of the predominantly implemented
redevelopment approaches is relocation. Relocation erodes communities’ access to all elements needed
for their well-being-economic activity, social ties and urban services. There are also evidences that
reveal the desirable impacts of relocation on relocated people. It also creates a better living scenario
for relocates quality housing with adequate water supply, sanitation, toilet, kitchen, low risk factors
for disease and manage burden of water collection borne by women, specifically girls. However, it has
fallen to attain sustainable redevelopment. This is mainly because of that the multifaceted nature of
slum is seldom reflected in this approach. Failing to involve local people in overall redevelopment
process, neglecting dwellers’ economic activity and lack of cooperation between various public sectors
were also the other factors that contribute to unsustainable redevelopment.
According to economist Edward Glaser "cities are not full of poor people because they make people
poor, but because they attract people with the prospect of a better life". So "we should not force urban
growth but destroy the barriers that artificially limit the flowering of urban life".
This means that as urban growth cannot be avoided, we must necessarily identify strategies to
accommodate this growth in the best way. The strategy outlined in this project is to redevelopment of
the existing settlements, paving the way for future growth but also leaving the people free to find the
most appropriate and sustainable methods. The objective is to suggest a new sustainable model .to
redevelop slum housing.
34 | P a g e
2.7 Case studies

2.7.1 Case Study 1: Incremental housing, Quinta Monroy, Chile Experience
The project of Quinta Monroy aimed to solve the unsanitary and overcrowded conditions of the slum
in Iquique, Chile. In 2002 the design firm, Elemental, received a commission to build 100 units of low-
income housing. Elemental used multi-story incremental housing that tall rectangular units separated
by empty space. Each one has been just big enough to meet minimum standards for low- income
housing (99%iInvisible, 2015)
Quinta Monroy is a planned incremental housing strategy with a core house profoundly benefit the
low-income population, which needs to invest fewer resources (compared to starting construction on
a serviced but otherwise empty lot) in order to build a decent home. The project delivered half- finished
houses and then the households improved and build the remaining half part of their dwelling
Figure 2-8 Quinta Monroy project before and after occupied (source households ,Arch daily,2019)
In addition, the project included the re-blocking of the neighborhood and the provision of buildings of
two independent houses, ready to be inhabited and incremented by the families (Nohn &
Goethert,2016). The coordination between the government, NGO, and individual households helps the
incremental project to be successful. Well-managed skilled government staff and high subsidies for
households resulted in a successful variety of multi-story incremental units (Nohn & Goethert, 2016).
The project acknowledges the “incremental” approach of housing construction to improve what
happens naturally in informal settlements. The project formalized the gradual construction and
improvement of dwellings through incremental housing (Groundwater, 2015)
35 | P a g e
2.7.1.1 Design and construction

When there is not enough money to build a
comfortably sized home for a family, the market
responses are to simply make them smaller.
However, Elemental rephrased the answer and
thought, instead of building smaller homes, they
build half of a good and comfortable sized one
(Tory Henderson, 2016). The ‘half-a-house
designed by Elemental was essentially the core of
the home and the half part residents build on their
own. The initial dwellings were double height and
concrete block structures fitted out with the very
basics such as a kitchen, bathroom, and some
partitions walls and an internal timber stair. Each of
these box-like structures alternated with empty
space, of exactly the same size. In this vacancy the
family could expand their own home, configuring
the space however they desire (Ziegler, 2013).
The Quinta Monroy incremental housing design
was flexible and efficient to expand /grow vertically
Figure 2-9 Quinta Monroy housing plans
as resources become available. The design provides (sources, Arch daily, 2019)
freedom and supports the households to design and
build their dwellings based on their capability. The
below figure shows the typical housing plans of Quinta Monroy incremental housing development.
The design provides half-completed buildings that allow households to improve and to finish the half
part of their dwellings.
2.7.2 Case Study 2: Tarragona Social Housing
Tarragona Social housing was built on 4,706 m2 on the northern side of Tarragona, Spain. The site
was analyzed to ensure sustainability of construction and equal distribution of dwellings. The
designers, a company called Aguilera Guerrer Arquitectos intended to reach balance between the
natural world and the planning policy.
36 | P a g e
Figure 2-10 The perspective view of Social Housing of Tarragona (sources,Arch daily, 2019)
They hoped to offer the inhabitant a home that aimed to give security, shared spaces and privacy. There
were various challenges especially because of the irregular slope compared to the horizontal plan
layout. Every house was designed to have two floors with common living space and kitchen on the
first floor and a sleeping area on the second floor. The housing areas were small, but the designers
succeeded in giving the proper dimensions and developing social housing. The houses are of block
structure with various voids and balconies that facilitate the privacy and assure proper natural
lightning.
Figure 2-11 The layout plan of the houses of Tarragona (sources ,Arch daily, 2019)
The layout plan included a toilet and a kitchen with an attached living room on the first floor and
bedrooms on the upper floor. Such planning helps both to minimize dead space and, especially, to
build a house with limited area.
37 | P a g e
2.7.3 Case Study 3: Monterrey Housing

The project in Elemental Monterrey in Mexico was funded by the state government of Nuevo Leon.
This project designed by Alejandro Aravena of Elemental architectural studio was awarded as Brit
Insurance Architectural Award in 2010. There is a total of 70 homes. The housings are an incremental
complex with three stories with single houses of 40 m2. The houses were built for lowincome
households. Meanwhile, the cheapest houses cost about 30,000 dollars. The project come up with
reduced initial cost of 20,000 dollars, making it clearly cheaper. Initially, the building contains a
continuous floor cover and a space between each building, but the open system lets the families to
upgrade and expand their dwelling
Figure 2-12 The planning conceptual design and the site location of the project
2.8 Summary of the case study

There are always much to learn from the past and improve for future as a designer and an architect.
The case studies are a lesson from which a designer can point out the concrete and decisive outcome
and blend them on behalf of better environment. Successfully planned and designed affordable housing
shows that a well-planned and managed building helps to reduce costs and thus promotes
sustainability. Most of the cases in this chapter used locally available materials. Hence, the cost of
materials was reduced by improved design. Some major aspects tried in the cases were the reduced
thinner wall concept, the use of solid concrete thick block wall and replacement of wooden frames by
concrete mechanics.
These provided economic benefits. Moreover, the layout of the units promotes the quality of living.
Proper orientation planned with passive design techniques and construction methods is achieved in the
38 | P a g e
buildings. The family structure, as well as the age and gender of the residents play a huge role as a
social aspect of a building. The importance of hospitality and privacy are equally important while
designing buildings. For instance, construction costs can be divided into two factors: the material cost
and the labor cost. By implementations of incremental housing techniques, the local people can be
involved in constructing their own home and the risk of losses can be diminished.
39 | P a g e
CHAPTER 3; METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers the and explains the perspectives and methods used to answer the research
question stated above. The selection of methodology for each publication is based on the study
question it solves. Thus, different methods are used in each of the papers to address the particular
research problems. The overview of the research methods used in these papers is provided below.
Since the realistic methodology used to address each of the questions in this thesis is diverse and
is explained in each of the papers following this introductory section, only a general overview of
the methodology is presented here.
3.1 Research design

In order to conducted the research in an efficient manner and make the best of opportunities and
resources available, it is organized and conducted systematically using appropriate methods to collect
and analyze the data. A survey for assessment is designed first by identifying the topic and setting
some objectives. Subsequently, the areas of information needed to address the issue are listed and the
objective is refined. Based on that and literatures the interview questionnaire is prepared.
The research method for this study is based on a case study method approach using the city of Addis
Ababa in Ethiopia. The case study method has been claimed as a useful instrument for gathering deeper
comprehensions into multifaceted social occurrences, as it allows for a focus on characteristics such
as social, economic, physical and community cohesion. A significant amount of literature has been
collected about the subject area and the theories related to the subject to form an understanding of the
context. Moreover, a number of slum redevelopment case studies are investigated and eliminated in
order to find the most appropriate ones that explain the slum redevelopment model in a sustainable
approach.
3.2 Data source
The primary and secondary data collection tools will be used to tap relevant information. This method
is useful to gather the necessary ideas, opinions and information from a wide range of sources which
could be helpful to critically examine the research questions. Therefore, the data is obtained from
kebele and data collection techniques in which information gathered through questionnaires,
observation and interview is used. Besides, the methods complement each other to all the limitation
among them and to triangulate the data that have been gathered by deferent methods.
40 | P a g e
The designated name of the action area is called HAYAHULLET. The reason of naming the
neighborhood HAYAHULET is because, the bus station for number 22 bus used to be at the nod point
of that area. Therefore, they named the neighborhood after the number 22 bus.
Figure 3-1 location map of the study area (source: mapcarta,2019)
3.3 Sampling technique

Before a sample is taken, we must first define the population to which we want to generalize our
results. A population refers to any collection of specified groups of human beings or of non-human
entities such as objects, educational institutions, time units, geographical areas, prices of wheat or
salaries drawn by individuals. whereas Sample is a selected group of some elements from the totality
of the population is known as the sample. It is from the study of this sample that something is known
and said about the whole population and Sampling is the process of selecting a sample from the
population. For this purpose, the population is divided into a number of parts called sampling units.
(kat Rashid Wani, Assistant Professor, DDE, KU, 1902).
41 | P a g e
The total number of populations which are living in Ethiopia are 4,567,857 where the sampling is
going to be taken is from 500 peoples who are living in slum houses in bole sub city woreda 04, Addis
Ababa from those population sampling will be taken from 30 peoples using the questioners and two
employees of the kebele are interviewed.
4.4 Data collection method
Data collection is a methodical process of gathering and analyzing specific information to proffer
solutions to relevant questions and evaluate the results. The primary data collection method are
Qualitative and Quantitative methods, The qualitative research methods of data collection do not
involve the collection of data that involves numbers or a need to be deduced through a mathematical
calculation, rather it is based on the non-quantifiable elements like the feeling or emotion of the
researcher. The tools which are going to be used are interview questionnaire whereas Quantitative
methods are presented in numbers and require a mathematical calculation to deduce. The tools which
are going to be used are face to face and if its possible phone.
4.5 Data analysis
For the analysis of the research, both quantitative and qualitative data was collected through
questionnaires. The data analysis for this study is based on the interview questionnaires. Based on the
questionnaires and the research. By using Descriptive analysis is the type of analysis of data that helps
describe, show or summarize data points in a constructive way such that patterns might emerge that
fulfill every condition of the data. Answer the question what happened, Diagnostic analysis is a special
type of analytical technique using which the data s interpreted and analyzed properly to find out what
happened or caused a particular cyber breach. Answer the question Why it happened and Predictive
analysis is about predicting the future. Answer the question What will happen. We can analysis the
data and came in to conclusion.
42 | P a g e
CHAPTER 4; SAMPLING RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter covers that the data has been collected from site and secondary data, has been
assorted and arranged to answer the research question using methods defined in the previous
chapter, this data collected from the questionnaires are collected and analysis, the duration
analysis explain when the slum occurs, number of family analysis explain how many, income and
finance saving analysis explain the cost and settlement analysis explain why the settlement occurs
and how can we prevent it.
4.1 Data results

The data result was based on the questionnaires which were used when a survey was made by asking
individual which are living in the selected area, the questioners was made both for the society and the
professionals which are kebele employees, based on their answers this data result was finalized.
The Sampling sizes
30 people’s routine the questioners and two employees of the kebele are interviewed from bole sub
city woreda 04,
4.1.1 Duration analysis
Table 4-1 Duration analysis(source filed survey )
no Years owner Renter
1 > 2 years 0 5
2 Between 2 – 7 years 2 3
3 < 7 years 20 0
Response in % 80% 10%
From the sampling taken from 30 peoples on the selected area 80 % of the population are owner of the
slum house and 10% of the population are renters which only live a short time
43 | P a g e
4.1.2 Number of family
Number of family
10%
Legend
Two familys
25%
B/w 3-6 familys
< six familys
65%
Figure 4-1 Number of family (source filed survey )

Most of the family numbers are which are living from the range of three to six family members.
4.1.3 Income and finance saving analysis
Table 4-2 Income and finance saving analysis (source filed survey)
no Years boy girls Response in %
1 > 700 ETB 1 2 10%
2 Between 700-1500 ETB 4 5 30%
3 < 1500 ETB 12 6 60%
Total 17 12 100%
The low income start from 300ETB to high income 3000 ETB, from those (3 peoples)10% income is
less than 700 ETB ,(9 peoples )30% of their income is between 700-1500 ETB and (18 peoples ) 60%
of their income was more than 1500 ETB.
4.1.4 Settlement analysis
Table 4-3 settlement analysis (source filed survey )
no Settlement Total Response in %

1 Rapid rural-to-urban migration 23 70%
2 Poverty which lead to slum 7 30%
formation
3 Total 30 100%
44 | P a g e
Based on the questionnaires from 30 peoples which were asked, 70% (23 peoples) of the slum was
created by rapid rural-to-urban migration, 30% (7 peoples) of the slum owners are unemployment
which led to poverty which lead to slum formation.
4.1.5 Condition of the house
Condition of the house
23% Legend
Concert
Chika
77%
Figure 4-2 Condition of the house (source filed survey)

According to the the data collected from the wereda, there a total of 500 number of residential houses
existing on the action area. By which 125 of the houses constructed by concert, while the 385 of the
the residential are constructed by “chika”.
4.1.5 Number of male and female residents
Number of male and female residents
Legend
46% Male
54%
Female
Figure 4-3 Number of male and female residents (source filed survey)
45 | P a g e
Number of male and female residents on the action area, and also might include the ages of the
residents. Therefore, the number of male residents out of 500 total number of people is 277 where as
the number of female residents is accounted to be 233 out of 500 total number of residents.
Yes/No Questionnaires
Table 4-4 Yes/No questionnaires
Types of profession No of Response in

respondents %
Yes 26 87%
No 4 13%
Total 30 100%
Do you want to live here if your house is redeveloped?
Table 4-5 Yes/No questionnaires
Types of profession No of Response in

respondents %
Yes 24 86%
No 6 14%
Total 30 100%
Do you think you are welling to self - develop if you are capable and know the method how to?
46 | P a g e
CHAPTER 5;FINDING,RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
This chapter covers that the data that has been collected from site and secondary data, has been
assorted and arranged to answer the research question using methods defined in the previous
chapter, all their findings commendation and conclusion are presented here
5.1 Introduction
This Chapter presents the evidence and results of primary research which are undertaken. It also
discusses the survey findings including the interpretation of results obtained from interview response,
observations during the interview
5.2 Findings from Observation and Interview Response

5.2.1 Physical Findings
According to the the data collected from the wereda, there a total of 500 number of residential houses
existing on the action area. By which a larger number of house are constructed by “chika”
Therefore, the condition of the house well tell as in which of the housing can this recommendation be
applied to because from what we find there are house which are constructed my concret which show
as there is a mixed income community which live together.
5.2.2 Social Findings

This display that the peoples which are living in bole sub city woreda 04 have already make a stronger
connection with the society and the community they are living with which means they are sociable
with one another, which make this community socially sustainable, so if social sustainability exist with
this community by redeveloping this slum area .it can be more suitable as redevelopment is a
sustainable way when we derive to slum so using a sustainable model which is incremental housing to
building better communities.
Most of the family numbers are which are living from the range of three to six family members. This
display that if the family is enlarged as mention in the above when incremental model is used self-
development is also one of the strategies, so the individual is reasonable for Involve in the
design/planning process, help with labor in construction, provide a finance to expand the core, Use the
houses and expand the houses according to the needs / additions to family members.
Mentioning the social findings, its involved with the number of male and female residents on the action
area, and also might include the ages of the residents. Therefore, the number of male residents out of
47 | P a g e
500 total number of people is 277 where as the number of female residents is accounted to be 233 out
of 500 total number of residents.
5.2.3 Economical Findings

When we are mentioning the economic findings of the action area, about 35 of the houses holds on the
site get their monthly pay from renting houses they own inside their plot or outside. About 45 of the
receive monthly pay from working in governmental offices where as 50 of the households receive their
monthly pay from working in a private limited company. 10 of the total households, their source of
income is children. 5 households have an income source from security working shifts, where as another
5 households have an income source from labor work. Since there are also retired households, about
20 households have a source of income from a retirement pay. last but not least, households getting an
income source from commercial activities is about 25
Among those in paid work, both boys and girls worked very long hours. However, working girls were
earning considerably less than boys, despite working much longer hours. Girls worked an average of
57 hours per week (62 hours among domestic workers), compared to boys’ 46 hours. The low income
start from 300ETB to high income 3000 ETB, from those (3 peoples)10% income is less than 700 ETB
,(9 peoples )30% of their income is between 700-1500 ETB and (18 peoples ) 60% of their income
was more than 1500 ETB.
Therefore, for the Finance saving Nine of boys and 10 of girls have savings. However, boys had saved
much more than girls, with boys averaging 550 Birr to girls 200 Birr Boys tend to keep their savings
at home (78 percent) while girls save both at home (54 percent) or with friends and relatives (33
percent). The most common reasons for saving was to purchase personal items for oneself for medical
emergencies and for education
48 | P a g e
5.3Conclusion
According to the the data collection, as stated in the above paragraphs, most of the residents in the
action area does not live in a very comfortable manner. Basic public amenities and public space of a
neighborhood is not being provided. From the total sampling population 85% of the individual
residents live un-comfortability and 15% of the individual residents live comfortably. this show that
most the houses need to be redeveloped and from the data we get most of the sampling show that the
community is ready for self-development.
Generally, from the data collected the physical, social and economic finding show that the number of
deference from the material the households are constructed so that the redevelopment process can be
applied easily, gender deference which was mentioned above that the male has a better saving than the
females which helps as to know a self-development can occur and financially be suitable.
49 | P a g e
5.4 Recommendation
Based on the above researches this thesis is recommending a model which will be a solution for the
existing informal settlement, as we all know in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia most of the slum area are
relocated not redeveloped/upgraded and that is causing the society socially, economical, and mentally
because of this reason I recommend redevelopment is a better for slum houses,
Therefore, the selected model for this was incremental housing by self-help since the character of self-
help incremental housing so much depends on the people and their efforts of building, why not in the
early stages the government takes control of it. At least in term of organizing this kind of development.
In Addis Ababa, what has come out as people have settled and tried to build by themselves, ended up
with creating an environment which is not safe and not healthy. Today they have reached to a state
where you have to demolish and build new building which is not a very sustainable kind of
development. If it was first planed there wouldn't be a need to demolish. Moreover, demolishing and
building new is not an economical method because the households already spent money on their
dwellings and the government will have to pay for it as well. Consequently, it is showing the sad fact
of unplanned development.
This model is not only used for slum redevelopment but also used on the unplanned or informally
settled developments which is manageable and give an opportunity for the society to develop their on
house
50 | P a g e
Reference
1. ELIAS, Y. “Revisiting Slums, Revealing Responses. Urban Upgrading in Tenant Dominated
Inner-City Settlements of Addis Ababa”. Trondheim: Ph.D Thesis NTNU 2008:59. Dept. of
Urban Designand Planning, 2008.
2. Satterthwaite, D. (2012). Upgrading Informal Settlements. In Smith, S.J. (Ed.), International
Encyclopedia of Housing and Home. San Diego: Elsevier, pp. 206-211.
3. Dwyer, D.J. (1975). People and Housing in Third World Cities. London: Longman.
4. Drakakis-Smith, D. (1979). High Society: Housing Provision in Metropolitan Hong Kong
1954-1979, Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong.
5. Yeh, A.G.O. (1990). Unfair housing subsidy and public housing in Hong Kong, Environment
and Planning C: Government and Policy, 8, 439-454.
6. UN-HABITAT. (2003). The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlement.
London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
7. Lloyd-Evans, S. & Potter, R. (1998). The City in the Developing World. UK: Addison Wesley
Longman Ltd
8. Habtamu Atlaw .(2011). Displacement and Livelihood In Addis Ababa: Opportunities and
Challenges, USA,VDM Publishing House Ltd
9. D’Cruz, C. & Satterthwaite , D. (2005). Building Homes, Changing Official Approaches:
Human settlement programme, IIED, England.
10. YUVA. (1996). Planned segregation-riots: Evictions and Dispossession in Jogeshwari, East A
Report, India
11. Kausar, F., Griffiths, P.& Matthews,Z.(1999). Poverty and maternal health care utilization in
Maharashtra: Associated influence on infant mortality and morbidity, opportunity and choices.
Working paper No.20.
12. Water Aid. (2008). Tackling the silent Killer: The case for Sanitation,
http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugindocuments/
13. Habtamu Atlaw .(2014).The impact of urban redevelopment-induced relocation on relocatees’
livelihood assets and Activity in Addis Ababa: The case of people relocated Arat Kilo Area.
Asian Journal of Humanities and social studies, volume 02-issue 01, pp 43-50.
14. Fry, S., Bill, C.& Ken, O. (2002). Health of children living in urban slums in Asia and the Near
East: Review of existing literature and data. Environment Health Project, prepared for the Asia
and Near East Bureau of USAID
15. UN- HABITAT.( 2007). Situation analysis of informal settlements in Addis Ababa, Human
settlement program.
51 | P a g e
16. UN- HABITAT.( 2008). Ethiopian Urban Profile. UNHabitat, Nairobi

17. UN- HABITAT.( 2011). The Ethiopian Case of Condominium Housing: The Integrated
housing development programme. United Nation Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi
18.. ( Giok Ling Ooi and Kai Hong Phua,2007,page 31),urbanization and slum formation
19.Elias Yitbarek. (2008). Revisiting “Slums”, Revealing Responses: Urban Upgrading in Tenant-
Dominated Inner-City Settlement, Ethiopia. Doctoral Theses at NTNU 2008, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim.
20.Gebre Yntiso. (2008). Urban Development and Displacement in Addis Ababa: The Impact of
Resettlement projects on Low-Income Households. EASSRR 53 -77, Organisation for Social
Science Research in Eastern& Southern Africa.
21. Incremental Housing. 2019. Online. Jan Bredenoord. Accessed July 15,
2019, from https://bredenoordhousingresearch.com/incremental-housing/
52 | P a g e
APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRES
53 | P a g e
UNITY UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES FOR REDEVELOPING SLUM
Dear Respondent
I would very much appreciate your participation in this study which I am undertaking for the partial
fulfillment on the topic ‘‘Redeveloping slum to incremental housing project to derive a financially
viable and sustainable model for Addis Ababa.” The study is an attempt to propose a sustainable
model for slum housing project. The questionnaire has been designed to seek information for purely
academic purpose. In order to support the collected data, pictures and videos will be taken.
If you are interested in the result of this project, I will be glad to send you a summary of my findings
after completion of the study. To this end, I kindly request you to respond questionnaires carefully and
responsibly.
For The Society
1. How long have you leave here?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. How much is your income per a month?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. How many family members live in one slum house?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. How come you settle in this area?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. What is the demographic and economic profile of the people living in slums?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Do you have an access to financial systems and saving?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Do you want to live here if your house is redeveloped? Yes No
8.Do you think you are welling to self - develop if you are capable and know the method how to?
Yes No
54 | P a g e
APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
55 | P a g e
UNITY UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING
SURVEY INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FOR REDEVELOPING SLUM
Dear Respondent
The purpose of this interview guide additional information for this study of the ‘‘Redeveloping slum
to incremental housing project to derive a financially viable and sustainable model for Addis
Ababa.”
o For The Professionals
1. Do you think relocation is a better way for the society which area living in slum houses? Why?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Which one is better relocation or slum redevelopment?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Do you think slum redevelopment is sustainable?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Do you think incremental method can be a better way to redevelop slum?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
56 | P a g e
APPENDIX C: PICTURES
57 | P a g e
Figure C-1 selected site 22 (sources filed survey) Figure C-2 selected site 22 (sources filed survey)
Figure C-3 selected site 22 (sources filed survey) Figure C-4 selected site 22 (sources filed survey)
58 | P a g e

Mesker Gebru

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Mesker Gebru

Uploaded by

Copyright:

UNITY

Thesis title: Redeveloping slum to

Advisor: Girmachew Tariku

hereby certify that it is worthy of acceptance.

Advisor Signature Date

Internal Examiner Signature Date

External Examiner Signature Date

List of table ............................................................................................................................................ 9

List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 10

Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................................ 11

CHAPTER 1; INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 13

1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 13

1.2 Background ............................................................................................................................... 14

1.3 Problem Statement .................................................................................................................... 15

1.4 Research Objectives .................................................................................................................. 16

1.5 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 16

1.6 Significance of the study ........................................................................................................... 16

1.7 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................................... 17

1.8 Description of the study area ..................................................................................................... 17

1.9 Organization of the study .......................................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER 2; LITERATURE REVIEW ON SLUM HOUSE ............................................................ 19

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 19

2.1.2 The concept of slum .......................................................................................................... 20

2.1.3 physical conditions of slum ............................................................................................... 21

2.1.4 environmental and socio-economic conditions of slum .................................................... 23

2.2 Theoretical ................................................................................................................................. 24

2.2.1 The incidence of slums ...................................................................................................... 24

2.2.2 Rapid rural-urban migration and slum formation .............................................................. 26

2.2.3 Approaches to tackle the problem of slums....................................................................... 27

2.4 Literature review on incremental housing ................................................................................. 28

2.4.1 Incremental Housing.......................................................................................................... 28

2.4.2 History of Incremental Housing ........................................................................................ 29

2.4.3 Incremental Housing Strategy ........................................................................................... 30

2.4.4 Incremental Housing towards affordability ....................................................................... 30

2.4.5 Incremental Housing towards urban development ............................................................ 31

2.5 How to attain Sustainable Slum Redevelopment? .................................................................... 32

2.5.1 Meaning of slum ................................................................................................................ 32

2.5.2 Cooperation between the Main Public Sectors .................................................................. 32

2.5.3 Participation ....................................................................................................................... 32

2.5.4 Households’ Economic Activity........................................................................................ 33

2.7 Case studies ............................................................................................................................... 35

2.7.2 Case Study 2: Tarragona Social Housing........................................................................... 36

2.7.3 Case Study 3: Monterrey Housing..................................................................................... 38

2.8 Summary of the case study........................................................................................................ 38

CHAPTER 3; METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 40

3.1 Research design ......................................................................................................................... 40

3.2 Data source ................................................................................................................................ 40

3.3 Sampling technique ................................................................................................................... 41

4.4 Data collection method .............................................................................................................. 42

4.5 Data analysis.............................................................................................................................. 42

CHAPTER 4; SAMPLING RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................. 43

4.1 Data results ................................................................................................................................ 43

4.1.1 Duration analysis ............................................................................................................... 43

4.1.2 Number of family analysis ................................................................................................ 44

4.1.3 Income and finance saving analysis .................................................................................. 44

4.1.4 Settlement analysis ............................................................................................................ 44

4.1.5 Condition of the house ....................................................................................................... 45

4.1.5 Number of male and female residents ............................................................................... 45

CHAPTER 5;FINDING,RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION ......................................... 47

5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 47

5.2 Findings from Observation and Interview Response ........................................................... 47

5.4 Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 50

APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRES ................................................................................................. 53

APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS....................................................................................... 55

APPENDIX C: PICTURES ................................................................................................................. 57

construction falls outside of government control or regulation, or is not afforded protection