UNITY UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

Space Under the LRT Bridge

The Case of Addis Ababa -Along the main street of markato (from AtkiltTera to AtobisTera),
problems and prospects

Submitted by; Seble Terefe

Id; uu66914R

Section; N2/09

Submitted to; Girmachew Tariku

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

November 2021
 Institute of Architecture & Design, unity University

BSC. Thesis title: Space Under the LRT Bridge

Thesis period: from October to November 2021
Submission date: 5, November ,2021
Supervisor: Girmachew Tariku
Number of pages: 40
A Thesis on Space Under the LRT Bridge in Addis Ababa based on creating useable &
functional spaces, Take as an example, the case from Atkilt Tera to Atobis Tera

This Thesis paper is submitted to Unity University, School of Architecture & Urban Planning
for the fulfillment of the Degree of Science in Architecture & Urban planning.

By – Seble Terefe

ID – UU66914R

BSc degree

Approved by the Advisor:

Name Signature Date

Advisor ……………………………………………………………………………
 Declaration
I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis paper is prepared for the partial fulfillment of the
Degree in Science in Architecture & Urban Planning, entitled “Space Under the LRT Bridge
in Addis Ababa Problems and Opportunities in the case of Piazza area” is my original work
through my own efforts and the close advice and guidance of my advisor. I declare also that
this thesis has not been presented for a Degree in any other university and that all sources of
materials used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged and referenced.

Name:
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Signature: …………………………………………………………………………………….

Date: November. 5, 2021.

 Acknowledgement
All graces to the Almighty whose clemency made this thesis possible. Second, graciously,
thanks to my whole families, with spatial thanks to my Father & mother, for helping me with
moral, time & finance through this whole time.

On the other hand, I would like to thank MR GIRMACHEW TARIKU, for his valuable
suggestions and encouragement by consulting and leading this project from the start by
subtracting his gold time from different things for me.

Finally, I’m for those who are willing to share their ideas & material or Medias in different
ways, from governmental offices to ordinary peoples (willing to be interviewed) who give their
respect, time & knowledge.
 Abstract
Bridge is the way of passing an obstacle, Brides are mainly known as a solution for two face
that is difficult to pass through due to its natural & demographic situation of that area for
peoples, animals & vehicles also. This mechanism helps peoples to move from place to place
& create easy trade system in different areas.

Nowadays, due to urban development & economic growth, urban expansion & need for vast
infrastructures, this bridges becomes the solution for creating a road over a road in urbanized
cities to minimize the space required to build on the ground & provide multiple ways of
intersection or interchange. This way of minimizing space solved by bridges have also impact
in many ways. This impacts are noticed mainly on bridges in urban areas, they create
underneath spaces. In developing countries this kind of spaces are not considered as part of the
city due to many reasons like budget & lack of clamp down of government policies are the
main reasons.

Due to the formation of this flyover spaces, there are common impacts noticed in our city, it
becomes a dead & negative urban space, it minimizes the aesthetical value of the city,
productivity of the administration, misusing the area & unwanted space by the community &
surrounding. In our city this spaces become dust collecting area, living for street vendors,
thought as toilet, crime making area, improper parking & so on that affects the day to day
activities of peoples & the sensory effect of Addis Ababa, as we’re the capital city of Africa.

This proposal, therefore, mainly aims to suggest & give a solution for the place, under flyover
spaces, which are left as a negative space & changing it in to potential urban spots, safe &
secured, functional, aesthetically attractive, income generating for the city administration &
public recreational spaces. As a case study, the paper analyzes and surveys Acer Park &
Nation Nationalities & Peoples of Ethiopia interchange, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, trying to
produce solutions for the neglected areas beneath it through reutilizing within some
mechanisms.

Key words: bridge, leftover spaces; flyover road; reutilization; neglected places,
infrastructure, aesthetics
CONTENTS
Declaration ............................................................................................................................................. IV
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. V
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. VI
CHAPTER I .......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 11
1.2. Background of the study ............................................................................................................ 11
1.3 Study area.................................................................................................................................... 12
1.4. Current situation of the site ........................................................................................................ 13
1.5. Problem statement .......................................................................................................................... 13
1.6. Research Objective ........................................................................................................................ 13
1.6.1. General Objective ............................................................................................................... 13
1.6.2. Specific Objective .............................................................................................................. 14
1.7. Study question............................................................................................................................ 14
1.8 Significance of the study ............................................................................................................. 14
1.9 Scope of the study ....................................................................................................................... 14
1.10 Limitation of the study .............................................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER II..................................................................................................................................... 16
2. Literature Review.......................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 16
2.2. Definition of terms ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Theoretical literature review ....................................................................................................... 17
2.3.1 Causes of flyover roads ........................................................................................................ 17
2.3.2 Causes of leftover spaces ..................................................................................................... 18
2.3.3 The influence of the space beneath the elevated road to the city ......................................... 18
2.3.4 Characteristics of the leftover space under the elevated road .............................................. 19
2.3.5 Spaces of Opportunity under flyover roads ......................................................................... 19
2.4 Empirical literature review; case studies of similar projects....................................................... 20
2.4.1 Local Case Studies ............................................................................................................... 20
2.4.2 International Case studies .................................................................................................... 21
.......................................................................................................................................................... 25
2.5 Lesson learnt ............................................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER III ....................................................................................................................................... 27
3.1 Research Methodology Approach ............................................................................................... 27
3.1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 27
3.2 Research Design Approach ......................................................................................................... 27
3.3 Data collection tools/ instruments ........................................................................................... 27
3.4 Methods of data collection .......................................................................................................... 28
3.5 Population of research Participants ............................................................................................. 28
3.5.1 Sample size Determination .................................................................................................. 28
3.6 Data processing & analysis ......................................................................................................... 29
3.7 Data Interpretation ...................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER IV ....................................................................................................................................... 30
4. Research Description, Analysis, Presentation and Finding Summary .......................................... 30
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 30
4.2 Data Presentation Tools .............................................................................................................. 30
4.3 Interpretation & Discussion ........................................................................................................ 30
4.4 Response Rate and Results ......................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER V ........................................................................................................................................ 38
5.1 Finding, and Recommendation and Conclusion ......................................................................... 38
5.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 38
5.3 Findings....................................................................................................................................... 38
5.3.1 Challenge ............................................................................................................................. 38
5.3.2 Opportunity .......................................................................................................................... 39
5.4 Recommendation ........................................................................................................................ 40
5.5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 41
5.5 General Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 42
References ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Appendices............................................................................................................................................ 44
LIST OF TABLE
Chapter IV
Table 1.1; age range……………………………………………………………………...…..24
Table 1.2; profession………………………………………………………………………....25
Table 1.3; condition of the space under elevated road……………………………………….25
Table 1.4; influence that affect space under highway ……………………………………….26
Table 1.5; use of space under the elevated road……………………………………………...26
Table 1.6; problems of under the elevated road ……………………………………………...27
Table 1.7; elements prefer to use these space………………………………………………...27
Table 1.8; reform the space ……………………………………………………………..……28
Table 1.9; landscape for under elevated road………………………………………………....28
Table 1.10; reuse the space……………………………………………………………..……..29
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter I
Figure 1; the green surface .................................................................................................................5
Figure 1.1; advertise paper attached to the main structure……………………………….……….5
Chapter II

Figure 2.1; public recreational park constructed by Aser construction……………………………..…....12

Figure 2.2.1; public recreational park constructed by Aser construction……………………………………..…....12

Figure 2.2; gotera interchange under bridge recreational…………………………………………………….…….13

Figure 2.3; filming video clips and workshops and watching movies together………………………….14
Figure 2.3; filming video clips and workshops and watching movies together………………………….14
Figure 2.3.2; free stall and futsal spot facilities………………………………………………………………………..…15
Figure 2.4; display local traditional culture …………………………………………………………………………………15
Figure 2.5; well utilized walkways and sitting areas provided for the users…………………………….17
Chapter IV

Figure 3.1; respondents birth place ……………………………………………………………………………………………..22

Figure 3.2; types of major respondents ………………………………………………………………………………………..23
Figure 3.3; respondents gender ……………………………………………………………………………………………….……23
Figure 3.4; responsible body ………………………………………..………………………………………………………………24
CHAPTER I
1.1 Introduction
As the population of a city increases, urban infrastructures also increases. Due to these, (road &
railway) transportation is one of the major issues while the development of cities. These
infrastructures must minimize the cost & space required to build. Therefore, the concept of creating
a flyover roads & railways starts to emerge in all countries.in most developed countries, the spaces
under these flyover spaces becomes public spaces & other functional uses, while in developing
countries it becomes dead & negative space at all.

The left over spaces under a flyover road, in Addis Ababa, mostly they are not used & managed
properly by the peoples & city administration. This spaces are not comfortable & lack of safety
for pedestrians. These places are mostly dark, unhealthy, dust-collectors, and occupied by street
vendors, beggars, and homeless people.

This kind of research helps to turn these negative spaces in to advantageous potentials for a high
density zone. Also try to change to an inhabited hub gathering commercial and cultural activities
can overcome these disadvantages of places located underneath and may improve quality of life
within the surrounding built environment.

1.2. Background of the study

Mercato is the largest open air market in Africa, covering several square miles and employing an
estimated 13,000 people in 7,100 business entities. The primary merchandise passing through the
Merkato is locally grown agricultural products — most notably coffee. Prior to the current
Mercato, there was an open market place in Addis Ababa near St. George Church at the site where
the City Hall stands now, but it ended with the Italian occupation of the 1930s. The occupiers
moved the market further west to the area around the premises of Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis
Dinagde, which they named Merkato Dinagde. Thus, the present Addis Merkato was founded by
the segregationist policies of the Italian occupational government(source:wikipedia).

The site covers the place where the LRT elevated starts which is near Yiga Haile or Anwar
Mosque and Atobis Tera underpass.

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Sometimes, they are obvious physical barriers under the shape of an underpass, a wall, a bridge.
But quite often they are also a fantastic opportunity for local communities even architects to knit
both sides together across those urban obstacles.

The current situation of the site somehow hard to describe because the site is active all the time
and the space under the bridge is highly active and not livable, workable, compared to other
place. And it won`t create a sense of belongings to the peoples who pass through it(under it).
The main structure is somehow unattractive (not attractive because there advertise attached to it
and those hide or make the place less attractive and need to be fixed).

But as an advantage there is green surface which might be helpful for me and for the site as well
as aesthetical values.

In this research proposal paper mainly focus on the existing context of space under elevated road
in merkato by stating the problem according to legibility, walkability, safety and security,
accessibility, connectivity and sense of place by creating livable space for the users or peoples who
went to that area because of different activities. This may be helpful in identifying the problems
and in order to give a best solution or recommendations that makes the area more area more
aesthetically attractive and functional area both to the pedestrian and vehicles.

1.3 Study area

Information about Addis Ababa (the leftover space under bridge specially merkato (from atkilt
tera to atobis tera)) city: The site is located on the commercial part of Addis Ababa. It is one of
the most dynamic city of AA with one of the fastest growth rate due to immigration from various
part of Ethiopia and other city of Ethiopia. Merkato is one of the dirtiest place of Addis Ababa.
According to census data the population of AA is about 5-7 million.
– Site Selection After visiting the various sites in AA city.I select a site among many which
have more potential to make city more attractive and which can be effectively used for public
spaces to give an extra progress in development of our city. Among various voids infrastructural
voids has been selected as a study area. The site selected for my study area is: Merkato from
Atiklt tera to Atobis tera Bridge,

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Figure 1: -show the green surface Figure 1.1: - show advertise paper attached to the
main structure

(source; -author)

1.4. Current situation of the site

The current situation of the site somehow hard to describe because the site is active all the time
and the space under the bridge is highly active and not livable, workable, compared to other
place. And it won`t create a sense of belongings to the peoples who pass through it (under it).
The main structure is somehow not attractive because there are advertise attached to it and those
hide/make the place less attractive and need to be fixed.
But as an advantage there is green surface which might be helpful for us and for the site as well
as aesthetical values.

1.5. Problem statement

In most developing countries, these place are mostly dark, unhealthy, dust-collectors, and occupied
by street vendors, beggars, and homeless people. According to the social, physical and economic
aspects, the problems are, that there is no station to wait bus or any other transportation
mechanisms on both roads in front of the study site, which causes both pedestrian and vehicles

Congestion, no properly built, cleaned and maintained roads for pedestrian, no properly built,
cleaned and maintained road for pedestrian, no properly built and maintained green areas, no
proper parking to the buses and taxis, no enough recreational area to the peoples, unsafe pedestrian
road and no proper drainage, it is dangerous at night time for pedestrian.

1.6. Research Objective

1.6.1. General Objective
The general objective is to identify the problems & give an architectural solution to the peoples
who use that area because of different reasons, in to functional, pleasant & aesthetically attractive
& help improving the prospect of both Merkato and Addis Ababa.

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1.6.2. Specific Objective
This study will have the following specific objectives
1, change the status of the decline urban place the quality under bridge.
2, To explore and give open spaces and recreation areas for the peoples (under bridge)
3, To provide clear and safe place to that area.

1.7. Study question

The question are:

1. what is the influence of these under bridge space to the peoples and environment?
2. who is going to be affected by these space and who should use and turn in to livable and
dynamic places?

1.8 Significance of the study

Elevated road is in the center of the city, it has its own spatial nature, permanent, fixity so that it
and its structures become an important part of the urban space that cannot be ignored, and it
influences and transforms the human living environment.

Dust on the road also affects the space under the overpass.at the same time, automobile’s and rails
noisy, concussion, these affects much to the environment of the space under the overpass.in
addition, the form of construction affects much more than other conventional forms of building to
the city subdivision.

As a result, how to make this part of the space to play an active role is as a problem to be solved,
on one hand, the active use of the leftover space under the elevated a beautify and enrich urban
space, on the other hand, also to develop a comfortable, pleasant unique area for the public, and
thus play a positive role in the development of urban public space.

1.9 Scope of the study

In this research, I try to focus primarily on pedestrian safety and accessibility and improving the
quality of that area by creating recreation area for people’s needs that are related to planning.

This is because improved pedestrian safety and infrastructure can potentially result in enhanced
walkability, livability, and economic well-being of communities on that area.

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1.10 Limitation of the study
Time for data collection and analysis is something we want to consider. An observation or
interview method, so-called qualitative approach, helps me collect richer information, but it
takes time and it was something we don`t have. So, we will need to consider the time we have
for research and the balance between strengths and weaknesses associated with each method still
in question. Also, the limitation we got was lack of enough information about the site and
willingness of the peoples to give me an Information or their thoughts. Time and resource were
the main limitation we got while doing my research. While gathering information by capturing
some photographs we kind of afraid of being theft my phone (safety issue?) somehow this alters
the information I was going to gather about the site.

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CHAPTER II
2. Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The goal of this chapter is to familiarize the different theories used to discuss & solve this kind
of urban problem, the space under flyover bridges. These theories are helpful in understanding
the studies and concepts about the spaces under flyover bridges & state any solution. These topic
is selected for establishing a better understanding of the development of the spaces under flyover
bridges by the following topics; Definition of terms & terminologies, Theoretical literature
review, Empirical literature review & specify the finding from the gathered data’s.

As the population of a city increases, urban infrastructures also increases. Due to these, (road &
railway) transportation is one of the major issues while the development of cities. These
infrastructures must minimize the cost & space required to build. Therefore, the concept of creating
a flyover roads & railways starts to emerge in all countries.in most developed countries, the spaces
under these flyover spaces becomes public spaces & other functional uses, while in developing
countries it becomes dead & negative space at all.

The left over spaces under a flyover road, in Addis Ababa, mostly they are not used & managed
properly by the peoples & city administration. This spaces are not comfortable & lack of safety for
pedestrians. These places are mostly dark, unhealthy, dust-collectors, and occupied by street
vendors, beggars, and homeless people.

This kind of research helps to turn these negative spaces in to advantageous potentials for a high
density zone. Also try to change to an inhabited hub gathering commercial and cultural activities
can overcome these disadvantages of places located underneath and may improve quality of life
within the surrounding built environment.

2.2. Definition of terms

Bridge

A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as a water body, valley or road without
closing the way underneath.

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Flyover or overpass road (elevated)

According to dictionaries, in British English, flyover is a bridge that takes one road over another
road, overpass.

Leftover space
The leftover space is the so-called space the city could not be fully utilized, these spaces are often
not as good as the city square space, street space that easily noticeable, but in a corner or unformed,
usually refers to those who cannot play its part and having negativity urban space in the city. This
kind of space is still under discussion, it is because they are not fully utilized and there is no clear
definition of the characteristic function, so in order to be given the definition as "leftover spaces".

Dead space

The space left unused. Dead spaces are comprised of three subsets of spaces: interstitial spaces,
urban cracks, and non-place spaces. ... Part of revitalizing dead space is to increase the amount of
social interaction that occurs, and a proposed way of doing this would be through the use of
interactive architecture.
Negative space

It refers to the space that are left behind. Basically, negative space – or white space, as it's often called –
is the area of the layout that is left empty. It may be not only around the objects you place in the layout but
also between and inside them. Negative space is a kind of breathing room for all the objects on the page or
screen.

2.3 Theoretical literature review

2.3.1 Causes of flyover roads
According to United Nations, 2014, more than 70% of the world population expected to live in
urban areas, whereas now a day almost 54% of the total population of the world lives in urban
areas or cities. Due to this many cities in the world are facing the problems coming from this
increasing of population in to the urban areas by housing & infrastructure supply mainly. Cities
like Addis Ababa, the shortage of infrastructure (transportation) supply due to the increase of
urbanization. Unless our city becomes crowded & uncomfortable for everyone. Therefore, a new
approach was developed to the design process to solve this kind of problems were simplified by
flyover or elevated road which cause under bridge spaces that is discussed under this research.

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2.3.2 Causes of leftover spaces
Leftover spaces can be found as a result of the development of infrastructures, under highways &
railways, mostly left as it is and unnoticed or not developed for any purpose which causes social
and economic bad issues. Leftover s[[aces have been defined in many ways such as ‘spaces of
uncertainty’(Muller & Busman, 2002), ‘urban voids that are considered unutilized, unnoticed or
meaningless by a large segment of community’ (Eli first & Tamar pertzov (2004) from Abraham
akkerman and ariela f. cornfield, 2009) ‘ could be old building yards, lanes, or casual passageways,
evolving through an ongoing informal use,’ (Akkerman and Ariela F. Cornfeld, 2009), the areas
underneath the bridges are defined as undersigned, leftover spaces (Selcen Özgül Özkan, 2010).
Having a long list of definition, (Karen A. Frank and Quentin Stevens, 2006) further defines
leftover spaces based on various writers as stated:

‘Lacking officially assigned uses, leftover spaces and abandoned spaces lie outside the “rush and
flow” as well as control regulations and surveillance that come with the established uses of planned
urban public space. They are the negative or void to the city of named and fixed types of open
space (park, plaza, street, and sidewalk) the “other” places, what Ignasi de Sola-Morales-Morales
calls terrain vague (1995). Calling them “superfluous landscapes”, Nielsen (2002) sees abandon
space as the “backside” of the designed, “primary” spaces of public life, which he sees as
controlled and scripted, following the model of the theme park and the mall. Also called “no man’s
land”, “intermediate spaces”, and “free zone”, (Gorth and Corjin, 2005), abandoned and leftover
spaces, temporarily free of official planning and commoditization, are appropriate for other users’.

2.3.3 The influence of the space beneath the elevated road to the city
In this study, urban void is defined as unused, underused or currently used but can be in better usable
conditioned spaces. According to Seog Jeong Lee *, Soewon Hwang and Dongha Lee, Conference
Proceedings Paper, Urban Voids: As a Chance for Sustainable Urban Design, As In order to utilize urban
voids as strategic places, it is imperative to understand the intrinsic problems and potentials they possess.
As noted earlier, lack of planning guideline and policy for appropriate implementation is critical as the
urban voids are overlooked and depicted yet negative from the realms of planning, architecture, design and
urban theory (Hudson & Shaw, 2011). Also long period of abandonment increases social and economic
expense and causes further deterioration. However positive interpretation is increasing as vacant primarily
means empty, but also free and therefore full of opportunity and can be constantly reshaped and redefined
as users reorganize and reinterpret them (Cupers & Miessen, 2002; Hudson & Shaw, 2011). Terry Schwarz

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listed potential strategies such as infill development, application of low-cost and low-maintenance greening
technologies (Schwarz, 2011). Alan Mallach presented realized projects in Cleveland and Philadelphia
which uses urban voids to restore city’s ecosystem through storm water mitigation system and generating
alternative energy (Mallach, 2012).

2.3.4 Characteristics of the leftover space under the elevated road

One of the lists of leftover spaces is the space under the flyover or bridges which is the focus of
this paper. Flyovers that is also known as overpass is defined as ‘a bridge carrying one railway line
or road over another’ by oxford dictionaries (abstracted online on June 2012). The uniqueness of
flyovers lies in its character of an overhead shelter with its generous underneath space that is
longitudinal and barrier free. Generally, the shape under flyovers have convex ‘roof’, the volume
of space may vary according to the ground level where it is constructed. Sense of intimacy could
be felt at which distance between the ground level and the roof are close where else openness and
freedom could be felt when the distance are far apart. These diverse volumes stimulate different
activities to happen mostly due to limitation in height clearance. The finishes under the flyovers
varies in terms of the ground covering which include interlocking block pavement, paved road,
earth and natural landscape. Under the flyovers, is an existence of a space that might differ from
the rush of the above, a loose space with uncertainties and endless possibilities.

2.3.5 Spaces of Opportunity under flyover roads

In (Contested uses within the ‘left-over’ spaces of the city, Joanne Hudson, England, UK) stated
and describe as, ‘Despite these widespread negative conceptions of ‘left over’ spaces, we express
a more nuanced view which contests these derisory conceptions and show that the loss of the void
represents a significant loss for the city as they provide ‘an awareness that could never emerge
from the thin landscapes of the spectacle city’ (Armstrong 2006: 117). As a consequence of their
indeterminacy and ambiguity they – the wasteland, the void, in general the left over spaces are
freer more tolerant spaces which represent sites for spontaneous activities to unfold, activities and
experiments evocative of a future beyond restrictive capitalist, urban forms:

The void can on the one hand be considered as introverted desolation, an existential and
sociological experience of loss. On the other hand, the concept of the void can also be interpreted
positively; vacant primarily means empty, but also free and therefore full of opportunity. (Cupers
and Miessen, 2002: 80)’.

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2.4 Empirical literature review; case studies of similar projects
Under this title, on the usage of space under Flyover Bridge roads are going to be discussed in the
view of both local and international cases as an example.

2.4.1 Local Case Studies

I. ‘ASER’ Park, Addis Ababa

After signing an agreement with Bole sub city beauty, parks & sustainable development &
administration with ASER Construction Company, ASER started developing a high standard green
park. The park named by ASER Park, resides on a total of 4064 sq. plot nearly an outlay of 10
million birr under bridge area at Bole Ruanda.

It includes suitable & functional designs like children play ground, parking lot, high standard
toilets & showers, bar, kitchen, recreational areas for the elderly & adults, WI-FI internet
connection, recreational park chairs for the elderly, cafeteria, fountain with different sprinkling
mode & lightening among others (ASER construction Website, 2009).

Figure 2.1 showing public recreational park constructed by Aser construction (source; -author)

Figure 2.1.1 showing public recreational park constructed by Aser construction (source; -author)

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ii. Nation Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia /NNPE/ roundabout, Addis Ababa

After the idea of expanding Addis Ababa, Nifas Silk Sub city road & traffic office & Ethiopian
road association (ERA), try to construct a road that connects four or more roads, in ‘Gotera’ (road
to ‘Debrezeyt’), with large no of traffic at a time, which makes it the second largest interchange in
Addis Ababa

The necessary geometric data for the analysis were obtained from Addis Ababa city road authority
& site visit whereas the available traffic movement data & free flow speed were collected on site.
This helps to design the under spaces of the road. The design was used as rectangular green space
which is for both visual aesthetics & people’s recreational area as there is no any recreational area
nearly. The landscape or path control the movement of peoples & it make not to feel board through
time. Also the elevated one makes to feel that space is private with the variety of colors we can
identify & feel it easily. (Addis Ababa university study & description on NNPE intersection, 2004)

Figure 2.2 showing Gotera interchange under bridge recreational (source; - Wikipedia)

2.4.2 International Case studies

I. Komunitas Taman Kota (City Park Community), Bandung, Indonesia

Komunitas Taman Kota was a community formed in 2006, originating from activities in an
independent bookstore, Baca-Baca. Over time, the community began to focus on providing
libraries and programs to empower children, especially through making use of public parks and
similar spaces in the city. Their mode of operation if participatory and based on voluntary
association; they emphasize the free and open exchange of ideas and transfer of knowledge,
without coercive authority or social hierarchy. Concretely, these urban activists encourage self-
governance, self-regulation, and self-reliance, establishing a commons of shared resources derived
from collaboration among the social groups and individuals that constitute the flyover community.

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For Komunitas Taman Kota, urban space is a collective resource, a vector of communication and
a valuable learning tool.

Figure 2.3 showing filming video clips and workshop and watching movies together (source; -
Wikipedia)

figure 2.3.1 showing filming video clips and workshop and watching movies together (source; -
Wikipedia)

Komunitas Taman Kota activities involve collaboration among different communities and social
groups, forming friendships across boundaries by sharing ‘something nice’ in a city park. The
collective also organizes a variety of skill-sharing workshops, such as recycling discarded objects
into new valued objects, knitting workshops, and other craft activities. The use of the area under
the flyover is not only instructive but can also be entertaining. The collective not only produces
social and print media about their community park activities, but also organizes events such as
music performances, held a percussion workshop for children, and filmed a video beneath the
flyover. However, they also show ‘Movies for Public’ films in the park aimed at attracting,
entertaining, and educating a wider public. Sometimes, for events such as the football World Cup,
other public or community groups organize their movie events, each encouraging the other to take
an active role in the use of the urban space.

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Figure 2.3.2 showing free stall and futsal spot facilities (source; - Wikipedia)

ii. Chengdu people south overpass, Chengdu, China

Chengdu people South Park started the construction in August of 2001, it was the first theme park
constructed using urban space overpass. The designer cleverly used the space which is sight
transparent and also can be a shelter over the elevated road, which was designed as a show of old
Chengdu folk culture theme and leisure park. Above the bridge there is modern city and heavy
traffic, but under the bridge is an ole school culture leisure park.

Figure 2.4 showing display local traditional culture (source; - Wikipedia)

Its positive affection is that without the affection of side ramp, the landscape will coordinate the
activities of people, and with fully used the form of the elevated road which can be a shelter for
the rain and in the same time can be a sidewalk. With all these features it formed as a leisure place
also for display local traditional culture. This is the first in Chengdu, even in the entire country
theme park constructed in the space under overpass. It is divided into six regions: Chengdu Old
Bridge Street arts and cultural district, Chengdu folk culture sculpture recreation area, the old city
neighborhood recreation area, fitness area, water garden lounge and public parking area.

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Figure 2.4.1 showing garden lounge and Chengdu old bridge street arts and cultural district (source;
- Wikipedia)

iii. The Bentway

Project location

250 Fort York Blvd, Toronto, ON M5V 3K9, Canada Typology

Under Gardiner, is a public trail and corridor space underneath the Gardiner Expressway in
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Built in year

August, 2018 The Bentway is transforming a 1.75km space under Toronto’s Gardiner
Expressway into a vibrant public place where visitors can experience a diverse mix of activities
and programs. The initial phase – from Strachan Avenue to Bathurst Street - reinvigorates the
area beneath the expressway into a vital artery for pedestrians and cyclists, stitching together
seven neighborhoods, expanding access to key areas such as the Fort York National Historic
Site, and creating a new gathering place for Toronto’s growing population

Facilities include various gardens, a skate trail, recreational amenities, as well as space for
markets, public art, festivals and other public events. Additional aspects include a meandering
walkway with plantings, a staircase that doubles as seating for an outdoor theatre, and a wider
path for cyclists, skaters and joggers. The multifunctional space is an expression of Toronto's
unique creative energy and serves as an example of how the re-use of infrastructure can support
new forms of public life," said the team.

To enter the first section of The Bentway, visitors descend at Strachan Gate into an open-air
amphi theatre, where bleachers can seat about 250. Washrooms, an adjacent lawn, and a green
room also complete this
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Figure 2.5 It shows well utilized walkways and sitting areas provided for the users(Wikipedia).

2.5 Lesson learnt

I Failures

According to the literatures & other references the most common failures under the process of
changing under flyover bridges are; there is little or no activities on the edges that generates
people access and functions fail to generate sufficient activity due to the lack of suitable design
and the poor administration of the city governance, which also Does not invite urban recreation
because of the problem of good landscape designing and preserving it daily, Not enough users
in ordinary days is the another form of failure due to the lack of attractive design and other
facilities, Overly vast space lacking in design articulation which don’t allow large number of
users at a time to take activities, Space badly maintained, poor choice of materials because of
the budget and locally available materials, Exposure users to full sun and wind with little
sheltering space due to the lack of problem solving concepts and design also due to the lack of

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trees, No visual continuity: a lot of designed areas cannot be seen from main space with walls
blocking views, corners turned due to the design of the structure of elevated bridge, not user-
friendly due to the over segmentation of space, preference of air-conditioned space inside
shopping centers rather than open spaces due to bad air quality and hot humid climates and easy
access to the place and other things, lack of good places to sit or lack of gathering points and
Paths that do not go where people want to go because of the lack of design and its
implementations and Dysfunctional features, last but not least Domination of place by vehicles
due to its location, at the center of the city and commercial area and activity around edges
discouraged from neglected seating environments are the most common failures in general.

I. Success
The success achieved by treating this kind of places may have a unique and universal ideas and
goals with different types of function that are related to the peoples need and social economic and
cultural activities and factors like, Cafes and bars at edges loosen formality of space and invite
people in because of the clear and simple visual access with good articulation of design can takes
place in anyways, e.g. seating and area divisions, also excellent use of mixed use functions with
traditional elements or multifunctional space for different options of use which is also have good
Proximity of the transport area that cause a mixed activity that attracts people of all gender, age,
throughout the hours with a sense of the belongingness of the spaces and friendly design features
that invites people to stay ' having a range of varied activities occur simultaneously.

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CHAPTER III
3.1 Research Methodology Approach
3.1.1 Introduction
Now days, methodology helps as a tool or mechanism to solve the current issues of urban
problems, according to the title, based on the collection & analyzing of data’s that are collected in
different ways which lead us to the recommendation off best solutions. In this research,
methodology helps in evaluate and illustrate the activities that took place under the flyover of
Addis Ababa focusing from ‘Atkilt Tera to Atobis Tera, as an example to be a positive and
functional urban spots. Therefore, this chapter tries to briefly discuss about the target area begins
with research area description, Research Design, Data collection tools/ instruments, Methods of
data collection, Data analysis, Study Participants, Selection of Study Participants, Data Analysis,
Data Interpretation (discussion) and others define these research topics.

3.2 Research Design Approach

A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner
that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. According to
the topic of the research, the research design is done based on a qualitative research approach,
which is appropriate for this research as it acknowledges that realities and meanings are context
bound (Berg, 2007:19). A qualitative approach allows for a meaningful and clear understanding
of embedded experiences that occur spontaneously in their natural settings (Allowed, 2012:1420)
where no extraneous influences occur. It is important to note that qualitative research. Because of
the direct interview with the stakeholders & observation, easy understanding for the collected data
& observed results & evaluate them according to the people’s safety.

3.3 Data collection tools/ instruments

The source for this research are both primary & secondary data sources. These are:

Primary data sourcing includes: Frequent observation of the site and interviewing stakeholders

Secondary data source includes: use case studies, E-Books, Magazines………. Etc.

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3.4 Methods of data collection
This research uses two types of data the primary data collection will be done through interviews
with the shop owners & office users near that area, who waits transportation services, workers who
passes through many times per day and those who come to spent time around that area, and also
by frequent observation on the area. The secondary method includes E-Books, maps & Problem
stated magazines & researches.

3.5 Population of research Participants

Participants involved in this research were invited to participate due to the frequent availability &
working for long enough time in close proximity to the research site and based on their frequent
(daily) interaction with the site (e.g. daily observation, walking past/through the site or using the
site for other purposes such as spending time and socializing).

These participants are owners of shops in front of the study area on both sides of the road, residents,
pedestrians, workers who passes along daily & peoples who works using that under space road
and others.

3.5.1 Sample size Determination

The most important task in research is knowing or identifying or selecting participants or
stakeholders who involves in this research. Also in my research selecting stakeholders may not be
that much hard because of the boundaries users & also the problems are clear to specify & identify.

In this research selection of stakeholders takes place or done by sampling method, which means
the frequent users or those peoples who spent their time more often at that place should represent
the rest of the peoples, as the name indicates “sampling is a limited number of items from
population”, Oxford dictionary, that is going to be studied.

So I tried to use Cluster Sampling, which involves division of elements of a population into groups
and then randomly select some of these smaller groups (usually called clusters) with the ultimate
sample consisting of all (or parts of) units in these clusters.

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3.6 Data processing & analysis
The data that I collect from primary & secondary sources, it will be explained and analyzed by
using different techniques like Microsoft offices (Microsoft word & PowerPoint), Google Maps
(AutoCAD) & other as needed that are collected through primary & secondary sources for data
analysis work. Google Maps (AutoCAD) helps to find where the study site is located & what the
surrounding seems, while Microsoft office helps to illustrate the data through words or graphical
representations.

3.7 Data Interpretation

At the ending of analyzing, planning how to present the data’s, weather it is by table or graph chart
in order to simplify the presentation way for the users or readers of this research. In this paper I
tried to do the following two scientific research methods as we learnt on the lecture parts &
referring E-Books;

First: the field method concentrating on a case study, surveying its site, taking photographs, and
making face to face interviews.

Second: the analytical methodology depends on analyzing the information that had been collected
from the field survey.

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CHAPTER IV
4. Research Description, Analysis, Presentation and Finding Summary
4.1 Introduction
As Addis Ababa is one of the fastest growing cities, there are other related facilities and
infrastructures that are increased due to the increasing of urbanization. One of the infrastructure is
flyover roads, to maximize the road in small space. Unless this under flyover spaces are threatened
properly, they are counted as a negative or useless spaces that causes a negative impact on the city
& peoples. According to this under this chapter, an investigation of this area takes place with
different stakeholders to solve the visible urban problems. This topic is going to discuss how the
process of interviews, observations and visual analysis of the area of under bridge spaces from
‘Atkilt Tera to Atobis Tera ‘’ with a brief description and interpretation of data simply lead to the
results or finding of the data collected.

4.2 Data Presentation Tools

On the process of analyzing, planning how to present the data’s, it is expressed using the methods
of table and graph chart, like clustered column, line graph, pie chart, bar, etc.., in order to simplify
the presentation way for the users or readers of this research and different types of pictures to
express the surveying parts.

4.3 Interpretation & Discussion

respondents birth place

40
35
number of respondents

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Birth place > 10 years 10-20 years 20-30 years 30-40 years < 40 years
years lived in Addis Ababa

Source; own survey

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Figure 3.1-respondents place of birth and years lived in Addis Ababa, this may help to identify the
problem and recommend from the peoples (thought as they are capable of identification of the
problems) who lives in Addis Ababa longer than 10 years.

12
number of respondents

10
8
6
4
2
0
Series 1

Types of major respondents

Source; own survey

Figure 3.2; selection and types of respondents or stakeholders, under this graph it is going to
address and describe the different types of jobs and the workers under those jobs which surrounds
the study site and try to recommend in the way they want and helpful for others.

RESPONDENTS GENDER

Female
40%

Male
60%

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Source: own survey data

Figure 3.3- respondents classified by gender, which helps on the recommendations of their interest
on that area which is different by their gender in some.

Responsible body

8%

Government
31%
Peoples

61% Designers

Source: own survey data

Figure 3.4- responsible body to make this places stay as a negative space, this data is great to
identify who is responsible for this spaces in stages which is answered by themselves (government,
peoples, designers, etc….)

4.4 Response Rate and Results

Start date: 2021-10-11 Monday Finish time: 2021-10-25Tuesday

Common (main) answer received: 80 respondents

1. Age Range:

Table 1.1

Age group No of Percentage

respondents
Younger than 18 0 0%
18-30 42 52.5 %
30-60 32 40 %

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 Older than 60 6 7.5 %
Total 80 100

2.Profession (job description)

Table 1.2
Type of profession No of Percentage
respondents
Student 4 5%
Shop owner(seller) 16 20 %
Office worker 25 31.5 %
Service sector 20 25 %
Other 15 18.5 %
Total 80 100
3.Are you satisfied with the current condition of the space under the elevated road?
Table 1.3
Type of profession No of Percentage
respondents
Satisfied 3 4%
More or Less 42 52.5 %
No 35 43.5 %
I don’t care 0 0%
Total 80 100 %
52.5% choose more or less

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4.What kind of influence does the space under highway affects you?
Table 1.4
Type of profession No of Percentage
respondents
Provide Convenience 9 11.5 %
There is no Significant Change 35 43.5 %
Negative Effects 16 20 %
Doesn’t Affect Me 20 25 %
Total 80 100 %
43% choose there is no significant change
5.What kind of use have you seen about the space under the elevated road? (multiple choice)
Table 1.5
Type of profession No of Percentage
respondents
Empty 42 52%
Street vendors living & crime scene 56 70 %
Parking 0 0%
Dirty place with garbage 65 81.2 %
Greening 25 31.5 %
Warehouses, debris piled Location 0 0%
Social movement gathering place 0 0%
Privately illegal structures 0 0%
Toilet 3 3.5 %
storage place for sanitation workers 0 0%
Other 12 15 %
Total 80 100 %
81.2% choose dirty place with garbage

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6.What problem do you think has these space?
Table 1.6
Type of profession No of Percentage
respondents
Too much traffic and people 8 10 %
Too noisy 5 6.5 %
Not healthy, Automobile exhaust and 18 22.5 %
dust
Lack of greening 31 38.5 %
Unaesthetic 14 17.5 %
Lack of management 4 5%
Other 0 0%
Total 80 100 %
7. Which do you prefer to use these spaces? (Multiple choice)
Table 1.7
Type of profession No of respondents Percentage
The same as the current situation, no 0 0%
need to change
Bus station 0 0%
Gas station, car washing, parking lot, 28 35 %
Leisure Place 31 38.5 %
Shops and market 0 0%
Exhibition and area for local culture or 0 0%
graffiti wall
Construction of urban land (such as road 10 12.5 %
maintenance, sanitation cleaning,
landscaping, road patrol, traffic
enforcement)
Greening 78 97.5 %

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 Billboard 60 75 %
Other 0 0%
Total 80 100 %
97.5% choose greening
8. What do you think if we reform these spaces?
Table 1.8
Type of profession No of Percentage
respondents
the same as the current situation, no 0 0%
need to change
more convenient for the traffic 26 32.5 %
benefit for the environment 54 67.5 %
negative effects 0 0%
Total 80 100 %
67.5% choose benefit for the environment
9. Do you think it is necessary to have landscape design for these spaces?
Table 1.9
Type of profession No of respondents Percentage
It is necessary 33 41 %
Dose not necessary 0 0%
Benefit for the environment 29 36.5 %
Doesn’t matter, or do it when there is 18 22.5 %
budget
Total 80 100 %
10. What kind of landscape do you think would be better for it?
Table 10
Type of profession No of respondents Percentage
With a reasonable pedestrian traffic 10 12.5 %
organization, easy walking access

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 Beautiful green environment, 22 27.5 %
Emphasize the design
combine with attractive activities, 30 37.5 %
vendors, entertainment facilities
Pure greening is good, Prohibited from 18 22.5 %
entering
Total 80 100 %
37.5% choose combine with attractive activities, vendors, entertainment facilities
11. What concern you if we reuse these spaces?
Table 1.10
Type of profession No of respondents Percentage
It may effect to the traffic, Causing 18 22.5 %
traffic jams
it would make the contamination worse 0%
May result in advising effects to the 39 48.5 %
cultural environment, business and
market changes that result in the
formation of habits
it will process more tax 17 21.5 %
it doesn’t look nice in the city 0 0%
it is not safe, Or there will be a fire, car 6 7.5 %
accident and other risks
I do not feel worried 0 0%
Total 80 100 %
48.5% choose may result in advising effects to the cultural environment, business and market changes
that result in the formation of habits.

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CHAPTER V
5.1 Finding, and Recommendation and Conclusion
5.2 Introduction
Under this chapter, the titles, ideas, and data are going to be concluded and after the conclusion
there will be a best recommendation from different angles and there will be a sample recommended
design which is going to be helpful on the way of improving the left over under bridge spaces in
our city.

5.3 Findings
From the analysis of data’s, the findings were as follows by categorizing their challenge and
opportunity according to social, physical and economic aspects;

5.3.1 Challenge
Currently, the city elevated road lower space due to the transformation of urban functions,
unreasonable planning and design, lack of management, regulatory authorities are not
standardized, and other aspects of reasons. It appeared in a variety of complex issues. By finishing
the analysis, it can be divided into the following areas.

A. Social

Low utilization ratio, ignoring humanization

Becomes dead at night with a crime scene area

Street vendors and beggars related to the church

B. Physical

Lack of beauty, loss of characteristics, and serious ecological problems

Fragmented space which lack integration between the two sides

Lack of attraction of peoples

Natural ecosystem is not altered radically on the local environment

The space found between two major roads which is difficult according to safety and pollutions

38 | P a g e
C. Economical

Ignoring the actual needs, the lack of effective management

D. Policy

Weak management on the implementation of the space under highway in the city issued by
Municipal

E. Architectural

General requirements for the planning of each piece of land should not to be very small, variety
of functions within the available space.

5.3.2 Opportunity
According to the data’s collected as the challenges are discussed above, there are also
opportunities that were observed and collected through the social physical and economical
subcategories as follows;

A. Social

Gathering spaces and other recreational facilities

As a place for religious activities

B. Physical

helps to change the physical view of our city

Openness’s

Visual and physical connection between the two main roads

C. Economical

An opportunity for peoples in many ways like parking, Gardner, billboard security and so on

helps the municipal to collect taxes

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5.4 Recommendation
Based on the analysis of the findings, the paper produces certain solutions that can be followed to
improve the present condition of left over space under flyover road from ‘Atkilt Tera ‘to ‘Atobis
Tera’ as follows:

An Urban solution:

Adding green areas and landscape elements can refresh the urban environment of the bridge, it is
the responsibility of mainly the city administration authority that is going to be preserved by
individuals with the supervision of the city administration.

Re-organizing places under the bridge by creating a sustainable promenade with various activities;
commercial, entertainment, and cultural which may reduce pollution and erase beacons of dangers,
this can be solved by the architect or designer and all the stakeholders or users of that space.

An Architectural solution:

A lower level bridge can be constructed under the existed bridge. This suspended structure can be
a track for bicycles, a friendly passage for pedestrians with movable shops.

A screen of wooden can be installed on floors’ elevations facing the bridge. This screen can give
privacy to these floors’ residents, to reduce noise of the passing vehicles that gives direct income
to the city administration by renting those boards.

An Economic solution:

Some places under the bridge can be functioned as parking lots with limited fees that is given to
those who are a street vendor at this place that give the opportunity to generate income and change
their lives.

Electric car charging can be a good solution for the future according to financial support and other
aspects by privately owned station which create additional income to the sub city or city.

A Social solution:

Gathering areas can be designed under the bridge as spots of social activities for residents, children,
and religious activities, which is watched and preserved by the church, society and the municipal
office (‘Woreda’) of that area.

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Recommended responsibilities for this area

Seating and reading - can be built and preserve by the office buildings and the church because of
the proximity and users.

Food and drink zone - St. George can also built and preserve this area for two reasons, one is for
the promotion of their production and other selling their production nearly.

Bike renting and parking - Addis Ababa transport authority and Addis Ababa health office should
provide a bike and preserve this space as a parking and renting for solving the transportation
problem and to appreciate or create a healthy life for peoples.

Pay and park facilities – this should also give to Addis Ababa transport authority to solve the
parking problem of the city.

Recreational places – this one is the responsibility of all peoples. But above all the environmental
protection authority should build and control it.

5.5. Conclusion
Finally, the paper ends up with a group of conclusions that are discussed and described above,
which may helpful in the thinking or designing of under bridge spaces while thinking about
designing and building bridges, generally can be concluded as, first All stake holders, including
governmental offices, peoples, Planners, architects, etc. …, should give the existed bridges more
concern by adding new functions, rather than structural and transporting. These functions could be
economic, social, environmental, or even residential. Then Engineers and architects who work in
the municipalities should deal with the neglected places under bridges seriously as dangerous spots
with lack of vision, light and air, reemploying them as amusement and income venues with
landscape elements.

Generally, the idea of inhabited bridges can improve the informal zones by Merging infrastructure
with the superstructure of an inhabited bridge, requires a full comprehending of project’s
requirements such as; roads, capacity of vehicles, flow of pedestrians, dimensions, light directions,
with sustainable features that can be added to give lively actions to users and residents. As a result
of Transporting from one point to a point requires a bridge; while changing a bridge to a potential
vivid inhabited bridge requires an ‘outside of the box’ decision given by politicians and decision
makers.

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5.5 General Conclusion
The Study of the informal spaces under a flyover emphasizes their significance in the lives of the
people, as people develop strong attachments with the place and strong visual attraction having a
good prospect for the area. For instance, in bole, specifically known as Bole Ruanda’ under bridge
space constructed and named by Ase’r construction, people who use the pocket highway park
enjoy spending time there and do not differentiate it from a regular park in fact, the highway parks
serve as a community space where families and friends come together creating a social bond. Every
social group irrespective of their economic status needs a space for socialization and so the
availability of highway parks for use and appropriation compensates for the lack of open space in
their neighborhood.

Although these leftover spaces provide an affordable space to those who cannot afford to own a
formal space for business that may also provide a cheap service for the customers. This may create
an opportunity to change their lives and help others to have the service they want to have.

Therefore, these spaces give a way to spent time for adults and young aged peoples having a
different types of activities which may generate income and provide a job opportunity for others.
The communities living around there also got a places to spend with their families and alone with
both natural and manmade environments.

Finally, this kinds of space are mainly helpful in reducing the security, aesthetics, pollution, and
wasted spaces (don’t generate income) issues that were raised by the peoples who live, work and
passed by that area and appreciate the space in to recreational, seating and reading, parking, and
so on that were discussed on the design recommendations above to make this area active and
profitable activity for every users and workers.

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References
Merriam Webster dictionary.com

http://Addis Ababa university study & description on NNPE intersection. Org/, 2004.

http://WWW.acer construction.Org.et/, 2010.

“What is Place making?” Project for public Spaces. N.p., n d Web 20 Apr.2013. http://www.
pps.org/reference/reference-categories/place making _ tools/.

www.dictionary .com

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com

https://en.m.wikipedia.org

Problem of the leftover spaces of Shanghai, Guo Lei, TongJi University, 2008

Study of the leftover space in the city based on reutilization: Take the space under elevated road
in Shanghai as an example, Jie Shi, 2006, polytechnic university of Catalonia

Playing Under the Fly Over: A Collaborative Creative Community in Bandung, 5th Arte Polis
International Conference and Workshop – “Reflections on Creativity: Public Engagement and
the Making of Place”, Arte-Polis 5, 8-9 August 2014, Bandung, Indonesia

Integration of Static and Dynamic Spaces in Historic Cairo: A community spirit that may vanish,
ASIA Pacific International Conference on Environment-Behavior Studies Mercure Le Sphinx
Cairo Hotel, Giza, Egypt, 31 October 2 November 2012

Energizing Spaces underneath Flyovers. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.devb.

gov.hk/en/home/my_blog/t_index_id_84.html

Kabir, Sahjabin (2014). Re-Thinking Overpasses: A Case Study in the Planning and Design of
Flyovers in Dhaka City. Unpublished Thesis, Harvard University.

Demographia World Urban Areas (2014). Built-Up Urban Areas or World Agglomerations. 10th
Annual Edition. Retrieved from http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf

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Appendices
QUESTIONARIES’

Note;

 This Questionnaire is used only for academic purpose

 The research will be kept secretly
1. Questionnaire for pedestrians
table

Name Date
(optional)
Range of Time
Age
Sex Educational status
Place of Do you live in this
birth neighborhood?

Part I: General information

Questions

1.1 In what way do you use the area from ‘Merkato’ to ‘Atkilt to Atobis Tera’ road area?

1.2 How often do you spend time or long do you stay in this area?

1.3 How long have you been in Addis Ababa?

Part II: Research based questions

1.5 What do you feel about the under bridge space of the flyover from ‘Atkilt to Atobis Tera’ road?

1.6 What are the problems you are suffering or facing?

1.7 What problem do you think has these space?

1.8 How this spaces affect your day to day activity?

1.9 What kind of use have you seen about the space under the elevated road?

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1.10 What kind of influence does the space under highway affects you?

1.11 Are you satisfied with the current condition of the space under the elevated road?

1.12 What concern you if we reuse these spaces?

1.13 What do you think if we reform these spaces?

1.14 Which do you prefer to use these spaces?

1.15 What are your suggestions about this area to make it better?

QUESTIONARIES’

Note;

 This Questionnaire is used only for academic purpose

 The research will be kept secretly
2. Questionnaire for drivers
table

Name Date
(optional)
Range of Time
Age
Sex Educational status

Place of Do you live in this

birth neighborhood?
Part I: General information

Questions

2.1 What is your job description?

2.2 When or at what time do you use this area often?

2.3 How often do you spend time or long do you stay in this area?

2.4 Do you think it is a major issue to be solved?

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Answers

Part II: Research based questions

2.5 What are the constraints that Drivers face because of under flyover spaces?

2.7 What kind of influence does the space under highway affects you?

2.8 What problem do you think has these space?

2.9 How this spaces affect your day to day activity?

2.10 What kind of use have you seen about the space under the elevated road?

2.11 What do you prefer to use these spaces?

2.12 Are you satisfied with the current condition of the space under the elevated road?

2.13 What concern you if we reuse these spaces?

2.14 What do you think if we reform these spaces?

2.15 What are your suggestions about this area to make it better?

QUESTIONARIES’

Note;

 This Questionnaire is used only for academic purpose

 The research will be kept secretly

3. Questionnaire for municipality

Name Date
(optional)
Range of Time
Age
Sex Educational status
Place of Do you live in this
birth neighborhood?

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Part I: General information

Questions

3.1 What activity should dominate at this space & area?

3.2 What are the benefits that the municipality acquire from this utilization process?

3.3 Do you think it is a major issue to be solved?

Part II: Research based questions

3.4 Why do you think the under bridge space of the flyover become leftover spaces?

3.5 What kind of use have you seen about the space under the elevated road?

3.6 What kind of influence does the space under highway affects you?

3.7 How this spaces affect your & people’s day to day activity?

3.8 What problem do you think has these space?

3.9 What do you prefer to use these spaces?

3.10 Who should be responsible for the protection and operating this spaces?

3.11 What do you think if we reform these spaces?

3.12 What are your suggestions about this area to make it better?

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