Energy

Resources
Increasing energy demands
 Electrical gadgets
 Cars and vehicles
 Population growth
Energy resources
Renewable Non-renewable
Energy sources
 Renewable resources
- wood
- solar energy
- biomass and bio-fuels
- tidal and hydropower
- geothermal
 Non-renewable resources
- coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear fuels
 Solar energy
 Solar energy harvesting devices
- Solar heat collectors
- Solar cells, solar panels
- Solar cookers
- Solar water heaters
- Solar furnace (3000 oC)
- Solar power plants
-Gurgaon-Haryana
(50 K Watt)
Traditionally, solar energy is used for

• Drying of clothes
• Food grains
• Preservation of food
• Salt – sea water.
• Solar devices.
 Solar heat collectors

 The natural materials

like stone, bricks
etc… absorb heat
during the day time and
release night time.

 Active solar collectors are placed

at the top of the building.
 Solar cells, solar panels

These are also known as

photovoltaic cells or PV cells.

 Made of silicon
and gallium.
 When solar radiations
fall on them a
potential difference
is produced which causes
flow of electron and
produces electricity.
 Solar plane - Zephyr

• Successfully flown for 83 hrs non stop

• Rechargeable Li-Sulfur batteries for night fly
 Solar cooker
 Food is cooked by reflection of the
solar radiations using mirror directly on
the sheet, which covers the black insulated box.
 Nutritious
Disadvantages

During Night/rainy days.

Takes more time.

 Solar Furnace

 Small plane mirrors are arranged in concave

reflectors, produces the temperature as 3000° C.
 Solar Thermal Power Plant

• Large scale
• The steam turbine drives a generator
to produce electricity.
• Solar collectors capture and concentrate sunlight to heat
a synthetic oil called therminol, which then heats water to
create steam. The steam is piped to an onsite turbine-
generator to produce electricity, which is then transmitted
over power lines.
Solar powerplant has been installed at Gurgaon, Haryana
Wind Energy
Wind energy
 Wind farms
 Minimum wind speed required 15km/hr

 Wind power potential of India 23000 MW

 Largest wind farm – Kanyakumari, TN

- 1500 MW
 Pollution free
 Advantages of Wind Power:

• It is one of the most environment friendly, clean and safe energy resources.

• It has the lowest gestation period as compared to conventional energy.

• Equipment erection and commissioning involve only a few months.

• There is no fuel consumption, hence low operating costs.

• Maintenance costs are low.

• The capital cost is comparable with conventional power plants. For a wind
farm, the capital cost ranges between 4.5 crores to 5.5 crores, depending on
the site and the wind electric generator (WEG) selected for installation
The pollution saving from a WEG With an average output of
4,000 kWh per year is estimated as follows:

• Sulphur - dioxide (SO2): 2 to 3.2 tonnes

• Nitrogen - oxide (NO) ; 1.2 to 2.4 tonnes

• Carbon - dioxide (CO2) : 300 to 500 tonnes

• Particulates: 150 to 280 kg.

The essential requirements for a Wind farm
An area where a number of wind electric generators are installed is
known as a wind farm.

The essential requirements for establishment of a wind farm

for optimal exploitation of the wind are the following:

• High wind resource at particular site.

• Adequate land availability

• Suitable terrain and good soil condition

• Maintenance access to site

• Suitable power grid nearby

• Techno-economic selection of specific turbines

• Scientifically prepared layout

Wind Turbines: Number of Blades
 Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most important reason
is the stability of the turbine.

 A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems for a
machine with a stiff structure.
 • Wind power generators
convert wind energy
Wind power generators (mechanical energy) to
electrical energy.
• The generator is
attached at one end to the
wind turbine, which
provides the mechanical
energy.
• At the other end, the
generator is connected to
the electrical grid.
• The generator needs to
have a cooling system to
make sure there is no
overheating.
 Turbine Evolution
Used for
• Pumping water
• Grinding grain

Mainly used for

• Generating Electricity
 Offshore turbines

 More wind speeds

 Less noise pollution

 Difficult to install and

maintain

 Energy losses due long

distance transport
Limitation of a Wind farm

• Strong dependable wind is required

• During less windy season, the energy produced from wind machines is considered
"intermittent," that is, it comes and goes. Therefore, electricity from wind farms must
have a back-up supply from another source.

• As wind power is "intermittent," utility companies can use it for only part of their
total energy needs.

• damage of blades, turbines due to strong wind and lightening.

• Electricity produced by wind power sometimes fluctuates in voltage and power

factor, which can cause difficulties in linking its power to a utility system.

• The noise made by rotating wind machine blades can be annoying to nearby
neighbors.
 Hydro Power
a Renewable Source
Of
Energy
 What is Hydro Power?

Using moving water to

produce electricity.

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What are some examples of “moving water”
that is used to generate electricity?

 Flowing water in streams and rivers

 Water falling over waterfall or dams
(hydroelectric power)
 The ocean’s tides (tidal power)

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Hydropower
 Hydroelectric power stations
 Both large scale and small scale
 India utilizes only 11% of its potential
 Environmental impacts
 No Pollution
 How does a hydroelectric plant work?

 The moving water turns wheels that run

turbines that in turn, run generators that
make electricity.

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What are some ADVANTAGES (good things)
of hydroelectric power?

+ Once a dam & power plant is

built the electricity is inexpensive

+ Does not cause pollution

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 What are some
DISADVANTAGES of
hydroelectric power?

1. Dams may have negative effects

on the environment

2. Interrupt the migration of fish.

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Tidal energy
 High tide and low tide
 Energy harnessed using tidal barrages
 Bay of Fundy, Canada – 17 to 18 m tides
5,000 MW
 India- Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch and
Sunderban deltas
 Illustration of how
tidal power works.
 The blades turn as
the tide goes in and
out.
 The blades turn
turbines that turn
generators that
generate electricity.
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 Advantages of Tidal Power

+ large source of potential energy

+ Does not generate waste or pollution
+ Water is abundant
+ There will always be tides so we will
always have this type of power.
+ May protect coastline against damage
from high storm tides and provide a
ready-made road bridge.

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Ocean thermal energy (OTE)
 Difference in temperature – surface and
deep water- should be 20oC or more
 Warm water is used boil a liquid (Ammonia)
– vapours used to rotate turbine
 Cold water from the deeper ocean is used to
cool the vapours again
 So the process is cyclic
Ocean thermal energy (OTE)

Sagar Shakthi
India’s OTEC ship
Geothermal energy
 High temperature and high pressure
and steam fields under earth due to the
fission of the radioactive materials
naturally present in the rocks.
 Steam is used to rotate the turbines
 Natural geysers
 USA and New Zealand
Biomass energy
Biomass is the organic matter produced by animals or plants

 Types of Biomass energy

 Important Energy plantations
- Cottonwood, poplar and Leucaena
- Sugarcane, sweet sorghum, sugar
beet, potato, cereal
- aquatic weeds – water hyacinth and
sea weeds
Produce energy by burning directly or by
getting converted in to the burnable gas or
may be converted in to fuels by fermentation.
Biomass energy
 Petro-crops
- latex containing plants – Euphorbias
- oil palms, Jatropha
- under high temperature and pressure
oil like substance obtained
- used directly or after processing
Biomass energy
 Agricultural and urban waste
- crop residue, bagasse(sugarcane residue)
- coconut shell, peanut hulls, cotton
stalks
- animal dung, fishery and poultry
waste
- burning leads to pollution
Biogas
 Mixture of methane, CO2, H2 and H2S
 Anaerobic degradation of animal wastes or
plant waste
 India – largest cattle population in the world
(240 million)
 Clean, non polluting and cheap
 Used for cooking, small pumps can be run
 The waste sludge is a good fertilizer
Biogas
 Two types of bio gas plants
Fixed dome type
Floating gas holder type
 Biofuels
 Solid, liquid or gas obtained
from biomass
 Ethanol from sugarcane, corn
- clean fuel, calorific value
lesser than gasoline
 Methanol
 Gasohol – ethanol and gasoline
blend
 Bio-diesel
 Hydrogen as a fuel
 2 H2 + O2 → 2H2O +150 KJ
 By thermal dissociation of water at 3000◦ C
 Electrolytic production and Photolysis
 Issues
- Hydrogen storage
- Transport
- Safety
Coal
 Formation of coal takes 200-350 million years
 Three types
- anthracite (90% carbon, 8700kcal/kg)
- bituminous (80% carbon)
- lignite (70% carbon)
 Coal reserves can last for 200 yrs
 Coal states of India
- Jharkhand, Orissa, W. Bengal, MP, AP, MH, TN
 Burning causes pollution
 Petroleum
 Petroleum or crude oil
 OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting
Countries)
 ¼ of oil reserves are in Saudi Arabia
 Crude oil reserves can last only for 40 years!
 Petroleum – complex mixture of hydrocarbons
 Cleaner than coal
 Gasoline, diesel, kerosene, lubricating oil,
paraffin wax
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
 LPG – mainly butane + propane +
ethane
 Liquefied under high pressure
 LPG odour less – “ethyl mercaptan” - an
additive causes the foul smell
 Natural gas
 Natural gas is found above the oil in oil well
 The average composition
 Methane = 88.5%
 Ethane = 5.5%
 Propane = 4%
 Butane = 1.5%
 Pentane = 0.5%
 Calorific value varies from 12,000-14,000 Kcal/m3
 Natural gas deposits
- Russia
- Iran
- USA
 Natural gas
 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
- an alternative to petrol and diesel
- Delhi has totally switched over to CNG

 Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG)

- a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen
- gasification of coal followed by catalytic
conversion to methane
 Nuclear energy
 Energy is released when the nucleus of an
unstable atom breaks up or a radioactive
substance emits radiation
 Types of nuclear reactions
1. Nuclear fission
2. Nuclear fusion
 Nuclear energy
 Nuclear fission
- a heavier atom is broken into lighter atoms with
the liberation of huge amount of energy
92 U 235 + n1
o 36 Kr92+ Ba141 + 3 n1 + Energy
56 o
 Nuclear energy
 Nuclear fusion
- lighter nuclei fuse together to give a heavier
nucleus with the liberation of huge amount of
energy
1H + 1H 3He + 0n + energy
2 2 2 1
 Nuclear Power Plant
Fission reaction is
utilized

Radioactive uranium
is commonly used
Nuclear power
Advantages
 Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it
does not contribute to the greenhouse effect
 Produces huge amounts of energy from small
amounts of fuel
 Produces small amounts of waste
 Nuclear power is reliable
Nuclear power
Disadvantages
 radioactive wastes must be sealed up and buried for
many thousands of years to allow the radioactivity to
die away
 must be kept safe from earthquakes, flooding and
terrorists
 nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to
be spent on safety - if it does go wrong, a nuclear
accident can be a major disaster