GENDER AND

DEVELOPMENT

MAT M. NUESTRO
Instructor

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 OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the historical background of Gender and
Development (GAD) evolution;

2. Familiarize the different development approaches;

3. Learn and identify the different international and local

mandates on gender development; and

4. Understand the importance of the implementation of

GAD initiatives.

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 SCOPE

 The Gender and Development (GAD) Evolution

 International GAD Legal Mandates
 Local GAD Legal Mandates

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THE GAD EVOLUTION & LEGAL
MANDATES

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 GAD Historical Background
Welfare Approach
• Originated in 1950s as a
result of the first official
world-wide recognition of
women’s equality and non-
discrimination on the basis of
sex as established by
UDHR in 1948.
• Response to outcomes of
inequalities among the local
elites and the common
people.
Women in
Development
• Originated in 1970s as a result of the
debate of the women’s role in economic
development.
• Emerged from a liberal feminist framework
and was particularly influential in North
America
• The WID approach focuses on the
integration of women into the workforce and
increase their level of productivity in order
to improve their lives.
• Women’s significant productive contribution
was made visible, although their
reproductive role was downplayed.
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 GAD Historical Background
EQUALITY

Traditional Traditional
Roles Reproductive Productive Roles
Roles Roles

With the
Introduction of the
WID Approach

Productive
Roles

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 GAD Historical Background
Women and Gender and
Development Development
• Originated back in 1975 in Mexico • In late 80’s there was a growing
WID and WAD fell short need to understand the unequal
City which focuses on the relation in improving unequal
between patriarchy and status and treatment of women and
relationships. A
capitalism. significant number of
men, and the failure of development
• Focuses on the relationship projects were initiatives to advance women’s
between women and unsustainable as status.
development processes rather development projects • GAD emerged from a frustration
than purely on strategies that
failed to consider the with the lack of progress of WID
multiple roles carried out and WAD, in changing women’s
seek women’s integration in by women, leading to a
development. lives and in influencing the broader
development model that
• Tends to group women together development agenda. It challenged
in the end become
without considering the impact of disadvantageous to the
the WID’s/WAD’s focus on women
class, race or ethnicity on women. in isolation and seeing women’s real
women’s status. problem as the imbalance of power
between women and men.
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 GAD Historical Background
EQUALITY

Traditional Traditional
Roles Reproductive Productive Roles
Roles Roles

Gender and
Development
(GAD)

Productive Reproductive
Roles Roles

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GAD LEGAL IMPERATIVES

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 THE REASON WHY WE DO GAD

GAD
Legal Mandates

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 LEGAL MANDATES
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
UN Convention on the Elimination of
Discrimination Against Women
(UN-CEDAW)

 equality in all fields

CEDAW  affirmative action
(1979)  protection from violence against
- International Bill of Rights
for Women
women
- General Recommendation
30 (2013): on women in
conflict prevention, conflict
and post-conflict situations

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
UN-CEDAW
• Adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly.
• Described as an international bill of rights for women.
• Defines what constitutes discrimination against women
and sets up an agenda for national action to end such
discrimination .

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
UN-CEDAW
• The only human rights treaty which affirms the
reproductive rights of women and targets culture and
tradition as influential forces shaping gender roles and
family relations .
• The Convention entered into force on 4 September 1981.
• Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention
are legally bound to put its provisions into practice.

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
UN-CEDAW
• They are also committed to submit national reports, at
least every four years, on measures they have taken to
comply with their treaty obligations.

• As a signatory to the Convention, the Philippines have

been reporting regularly to the UN committee on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Rights guaranteed by CEDAW Articles
Shared parenting responsibilities 5-16
Free from all forms of slavery and prostitution 6
Vote, run for election and hold public office 7
Represent the country internationally 8
Acquire, change or retain nationality and citizenship 9
Good quality education 10-14
Join leisure, sports and cultural activities 10, 13 and 14
Paid equally based on the work they do 11
Equal access to jobs, benefits and social security 11 & 14
Comprehensive health services, including on family planning 11, 12 & 14
Access loans and other forms of financial credits 13 & 14
Decide on number of children and years between pregnancies 16
Free from all forms of violence - physical, sexual, emotional, mental or economic GR 12 & 19
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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Beijing Platform for Action
1. Poverty
2. Education, training and HRD
3. Health
4. Violence against women
Beijing Platform for
5. Armed conflict
Action (1995) 6. Economy
12 Critical Areas of Concern 7. Power and decision-making
including 8. Human rights
‘women and armed conflict’ 9. Media
and
10. Environment
‘the girl-child’
11. Girl child
12. Institutional mechanisms

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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Millennium Development Goals
1. Eradicate extreme poverty
2. Achieve universal primary
education
3. Promote gender equality and
empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal heath
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseases
7. Ensure environment sustainability
8. A global partnership for
development

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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

January 1, 2016 – Released the 17 SDGs of the

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted
by world leaders in September 2015 at a historic UN
Summit.

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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
• Sustainable Development Goal Nr 5: Achieve gender
equality and empower women and girls

 Seek to change the course of the 21st century, addressing key

challenge such as poverty, inequality, and violence against
women.

 Goal 5 is known as the stand-alone goal because it is dedicated

to achieving recognition to women’s equality and empowerment
as both the objective, and as part of the solution.

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls

everywhere
Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls
in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and
sexual and other types of exploitation
Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and
forced marriage and female genital mutilation

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work

through the provision of public services, infrastructure and
social protection policies and the promotion of shared
responsibility within the household and the family as
nationally appropriate
Ensure women’s full and effective participation and
equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision
making in political, economic and public life

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to
economic resources, as well as access to ownership and
control over land and other forms of property, financial
services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance
with national laws

Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular

information and communications technology, to promote the
empowerment of women

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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable
legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the
empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive

health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance
with the Programme of Action of the International Conference
on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for
Action and the outcome documents of their review
conferences.
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 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

Gender Balance at All Levels Women’s participation in

of Decision-Making Conflict Prevention

Protection of and respect

For Human Rights of
Women and Girls

Women’s participation in Women’s participation in

Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Post-Conflict
Peacebuilding Processes Reconstruction

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INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

Explicitly links Recognizes

sexual violence sexual violence
as a tactic of war as a security issue
.

Asserts the
Demands parties
importance of
to armed conflict
WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION in
to adopt concrete
all processes related to
PROTECTION/PREVENTION
ending sexual violence
measures to end
in conflict, including
sexual violence
peace talks
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 LOCAL CONVENTIONS
1. The 1987 Constitution – “The state recognizes the role of women in
nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of
women and men."

2. Executive Order No. 348 of 1989, Approving and Adopting the Philippine
Development Plan for Women for 1989 to 1992

• Mandates the creation of Gender and Development (GAD) focal

points within an agency, a sector or a locality.

• Executive Order No. 273 – The 1995-2025 Philippine Plan for Gender
Responsive Development (PPGD)

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 LOCAL CONVENTIONS
3. Republic Act 7192 of 1992, Women in Development and Nation-
Building Act

• This promotes the integration of women as full and equal partners of

men in development and nation building.

• Passed by the Congress of the Philippines on December 11, 1991,

and was approved by the President on February 12, 1992.

4. The Philippine National Action Plan on UNSCRs 1325 & 1820: 2011-
2016

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END

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