FINAL REVIEW WORKSHEET NAMES Maija Coats, Abby Cretti

Objective: Encourage students to reflect on and evaluate what they have learned, and form teams or
groups to facilitate learning.

Questions

1. There are six major types of synovial joints. What are they, what kind of movement does each
allow, and where is each found in the human body? (3 points)

1. Hinge
a. Essential component of the biomechanics of the human body
b. Elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints of the foot and hands
c. Movements: flexion and extension
d. Allows for motion in one plane
2. Saddle
a. Carpometacarpal joint
b. Thumb, thorax, middle ear, heel
c. Movements: flexion and extension, as well as abduction and adduction
d. Opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave and convex
3. Planar
a. Acromioclavicular joint
b. Movements: gliding movement, ROM limited in these joints and there is no rotation
c. Bones with surfaces that can be curved or flat faces
d. In the carpal bones in the hands and the tarsal bones in the foot, and between
vertebrae
4. Pivot
a. Atlantoaxial joint
b. Movements: rotation internal or external
c. In neck, wrist, and elbow
d. Freely moveable joint that allows rotary movements around a single axis
5. Condyloid
a. Metacarpophalangeal joint – at base of fingers and the wrist
b. Movements: flexion and extension, as well as adduction and abduction
c. Ovoid articular surface, or condyle received into an elliptical cavity
d. Permits movements in 2 planes
6. Ball and socket
a. Hip joint, shoulder joint
b. Movements: flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction, and
medial and lateral rotation
c. Rounded surface of a bone moves within a depression on another bone
d. Most free movement of any other joint

2. Explain how muscle fibers are stimulated to contract by describing events that occur at the
neuromuscular junction. (3 points)

The nervous system creates a signal and transfers It to the neuromuscular junction. Then, a
chemical message is released by the motor neuron, this neurotransmitter then binds to receptors on the
outside of the muscle fibers. The muscle fibers contract when there is enough stimulation. Once the
chemical message reaches the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is released into the synapse.
Then, acetylcholine binds to the receptors contracted at the motor plate. Basically, at the neuromuscular
junction, “the nerve fiber is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber by releasing AcH, causing muscle
contraction” (Encyclopedia, 2021).

1. Binding: myosin cross bridge bonds to actin molecule

2. Power stoke: cross bridge bonds, pulling think myofilament inward
3. Detachment: cross bridge detaches at end of power stroke and return to original conformation
4. Binding: cross bridge binds to more distal actin molecules and cycle repeats

Muscle contraction: Steps 1-2 occur at neurotransmitter junction, steps 3-4 link electrical signals to
contraction

1. Nerve stimulation
2. Acton potential (electrical signal)
3. Propagation along sarcolemma
4. Intracellular Co2+ levels rise briefly

Muscle Contraction:

1. Action potential arrives at Axon terminal of motor neuron

2. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open period Ca2+ enters the axon terminal moving down it's
gradient
3. Ca2+ entry causes ACh to be released by exocytosis
4. ACh diffuses across as synaptic cleft and binds to its receptors on the
5. ACh binding opens ion channels and their receptors that allow simultaneous passage of Na+ into
the muscle fiber in K+ out of the muscle fiber. More Na+ ions enter than K+ ions exit, which
produces a local change in the membrane potential called the end plate potential
6. ACh affects are terminated by its breakdown in the synaptic left by ACh and diffusion away from
the junction

3. State the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the following organs: heart,
blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. (2 points)

Effects of sympathetic system:

-Heart: increases heart rate and increases force of contraction of the whole heart

-Blood vessels: constricts

-Gastrointestinal tract: movement mostly decreases, contracts sphincters to prevent forward

movement of contents, inhibits digestive secretions

-Lungs: Dilates the bronchioles (airways), inhibits mucus secretion

 Effects of parasympathetic system:

-Heart: decreases heart rate and decreases force of contraction on the atria only

-Blood vessels: Dilates vessels supplying penis and clitoris only

-Gastrointestinal tract: Increases motility, relaxes sphincters to permit forward movement of

contents, stimulates digestive secretions

-Lungs: Constricts the bronchioles, stimulates mucus secretion

4. Identify the three major regions of the brain stem and note the functions of each area. (2 points)

Medulla oblongata:

 Is a conduit for many ascending and descending nerve tracts that carry the information
between the brain and spinal cord
 Houses the centers for vital body functions such as the heart rate, blood pressure, and
breathing

Pons:

 Controls “automatic” functions

 Four of the 12 cranial nerves are in the pons
 Deals with sensation and motor function, especially for the head and neck
 Reticular activating system operates the body’s sleep-wake cycle, alertness, pain
responses, and is part of the body’s fight or flight system.

Midbrain:

 Regulation of temperature
 Control of vision and hearing, motor control, controlling the sleep-wake cycle, and arousal.
 Responsible for the regulation of dopamine production
 Lets you coordinate actions and balance
 Citation List

Rachael Zimlich, B. S. N. (2020, August 23). Anatomy of the pons. Verywell Health. Retrieved December 13, 2021,
from https://www.verywellhealth.com/pons-anatomy-4801098#function.

Vasković, J. (2021, October 7). Medulla oblongata. Kenhub. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/medulla-oblongata-gross-anatomy.

“Neuromuscular Junction.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Nov. 2021,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction.  

The function of your midbrain. Science Trends. (2020, March 3). Retrieved December 13, 2021, from
https://sciencetrends.com/the-function-of-your-midbrain/.