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Powder Technology 184 (2008) 105 – 113

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Measurement and modeling of the settling velocity of isometric particles

A. Hazzab a , A. Terfous b,⁎, A. Ghenaim b
a
Modelling and Calculation Methods Laboratory, Saïda University, Algeria
b
Design Engineering Laboratory (LGECO), ERESA, INSA Strasbourg Graduate School of Science and Technology, France

Received 1 December 2006; received in revised form 13 May 2007; accepted 15 August 2007
Available online 22 August 2007

Abstract

The sedimentation of solid particles of simple form and complex form has been studied. The applied data in the case of isometric particles have
been compared to those of spherical particles of same volume. This comparison allows highlighting an equivalent sedimentation diameter concept.
Dimensionless factor depending on the extended equivalent diameter, the geometric aspect of the particle and the flow have been defined. The
use of this factor allows finding an interrelationship with another dimensionless factor which is the Archimedes number. This last depends on the
physical parameter of the particle and the carrying fluid. The numerical treatment of this interrelationship permitted to deduct an empirical model
for the settling velocity of particles. This model is applied with success to the data of the considered measures and well compared to the results
obtained by other models.
© 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Settling velocity; Solid particles; Isometric particles; Sedimentation; Model

1. Introduction
The sedimentation of solid particles in fluids is a part of
different naturals and industrials phenomenon. The study of this
phenomenon raises a lot of interest. Boilat and Graf [1], Joseph
et al. [2] and Cheng [3] have reserved particular intention to the
sedimentation in the case of spherical particle in low or high
concentration. Haider and Levenspeil [4], Hartman et al. [5] and
Chhabra et al. [6] have treated the case of particles of complex
form. They have studied the influence of some physical
parameters that the sedimentation depends on. Swamee [7] has
succeeded to characterize the settling velocity of particles of
complex form according to a typical curve. This type of curve is
mainly function of solid particle's geometry or of the diameter of
the sphere of same volume or equivalent surface.
Durant and Cohen de Lara [8], Williams [9] and Komar
[10] have introduced several factors (Corey, Janke, Heywood,
Durant) which take into account the shape of the particle in the
analysing and the modelling of the settling velocity. In addition
to the traditional physical parameters, Powers [11] has taken into
account the surface quality of the particle such as roughness.
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: abdelali.terfous@insa-strasbourg.fr (A. Terfous).
0032-5910/$ - see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2007.08.009
Wadell [12] and Ehrlich and Weinberg [13] have considered the
particle curvature.
Yourgen and Acrivos [14], Baba and Komar [15] and Lasso
and Weidman [16] have developed their works according to the
limited Reynolds number. Dietrich [17] gives a numerical ap-
proach applied in the case of large Reynolds number. This one has
a more general aspect. It offers the advantage to take in account
the roughness and the curve characterizing the solid particle.
Nevertheless, this approach has a complex form. It requires the
knowledge of several parameters which are difficult to determine
such as curvature, texture or surface quality of the particle.
Also knowing that this is the dimension whose sedimentation
depends on, it is noted that this one cannot be beforehand given
like a fixed dimension related to the particle of complex form.
Indeed, Becker [18], Sharma and Chhabra [19], Ilic and Vincent
[20] and Wu and Manasseh [21] show that during sedimentation,
the initial orientation of the particle of complex form is not
always maintained. The association of an unspecified dimension
of the particle to the sedimentation phenomena cannot be done
without risk of error or of appreciation.
Therefore, it appears necessary to find a general approach of
simple aspect which requires the knowledge of easily accessible
parameters such as dimension of particles, parameter of form,
density of particles and carrying fluid. So, we propose to associate
106 A. Hazzab et al. / Powder Technology 184 (2008) 105–113

the phenomenon of sedimentation of particles of complex form The relation (W⁎ − Grs) is given as follows:
with that of the equivalent sphere. The concept of equivalence and
projection must take into account the influence of parameters of 4 Rp
which sedimentation depends on, the particle nature and the W* ¼ ð6Þ
3 CD
physics of the flow.
3
2. Sedimentation of spherical particles in liquid at rest Grs ¼ Cd R2p ð7Þ
4

Consider a particle of density ρs moving in a fluid at rest of Using a correlation between Grs and the Reynolds number
density ρf. This particle will undergo, for a short period of time, Rp, Valembois [26] proposed a direct method to compute the
under the effect of gravity, an acceleration to reach a fall velocity settling velocity of spherical particles.
limits WS. This velocity will be reached when the apparent To evaluate the precision of the calculation models for a
weight of the particle will be equal to its drag force. The spherical particle, Hazzab and Miloudi [25] carried out a
following equation is thus obtained: comparison between the results of calculation and those of
experiments done by Zimermann [22] and Morsi and Alexander
ðqs  qf ÞgV [24]. It comes out that certain models give results with average
Cd ¼
 ð1Þ
qf WS2 =2 A errors reaching 35%. The error due to the Valembois' model
reaches 17%.
V is the volume of the considered particle. A, is the projection A digital processing of the experimental data deduced for a
area of the particle following the flow. Cd is the drag coefficient spherical particle allows us to deduce an approach for direct
which depends on the Reynolds number Rp associated to the calculation of WS. This approach is given as follows:
particle:
Rp ¼ f ðGrs Þ
DWS LogRp ¼ k1 þ k2 LogðGrs Þk3 ð8Þ
Rp ¼ ð2Þ
m k1 ¼ 2:086 k2 ¼ 1:772 k3 ¼ 0:613

D is related to the dimension of the particle. It is equal to the The error due to the application of this relation for the cal-
diameter in the case of the sphere. ν is the kinematical viscosity culation for a spherical particle does not exceed 1%.
of the fluid. In practice, Zimermann [22] and Chhabra et al. [23] If calculation is simple in the case of a spherical particle, it
have used the association of experimental results obtained when is less easy in the case of particle of complex form. The most
measuring the settling velocity WS with the above equations to reliable approaches for particles of complex form generally
deduce the typical curve (Cd − Rp). According to Morsi and hold account, as calculation bases, the relations deduced for a
Alexander [24], a specific numerical processing of experimental spherical particle.
data (Cd − Rp), allowed to find a simple correlation given by:
3. The settling velocity of an isometric particle
A2 A3 A4 A5
Cd ¼ A1 þ þ þ þ 0;2 ð3Þ
Rp R2p R0;1
p R p 3.1. Experimental set-up

A1 ¼ 2:68897 A2 ¼ 21:68267 The experimental device includes a mechanism of condi-

A3 ¼ 0:13112 A4 ¼ 10:61626 tioning the sedimentation of solid particles and a system of
A5 ¼ 12:21582 measurement based on a space–time location recorded by video
camera. This method offers the advantage to not disturb the flow.
In their comparative study of the various methods of cal- The sedimentation device consists of a glass column of
culation Hazzab and Miloudi [25] show that error due to the 10 mm thickness, of square section (150 × 150) mm2 and height
application of this correlation does not exceed 2%. of 2 m (Fig. 1).
In other works, Valembois [26] and Turton and Clark [27] The height was imposed by the need for obtaining the
demonstrate that the settling velocity of a spherical particle is configuration of a permanent movement of particles in the
directly given by a correlation (W⁎ − Grs). Where W⁎ and Grs are measurement stations. The dimensions of the measurement
respectively dimensionless coefficients of the velocity and the column are selected by taking into account the practical re-
Archimedes number: quirements of the laboratory and the experimental conditions
(stabilization of the experimentation's structure, optimization
qf WS3 of the field of vision of the average videos) but also having in
W* ¼ ð4Þ mind the minimization of the influence of the wall on the
ðqs  qf Þgm
settling velocity. Indeed, the wall acts by an effect of braking
on the fall of a particle. This effect is greater when the rela-
ðqs  qf Þgds3 tionship between the sizes of the particle in fall compared
Grs ¼ ð5Þ
q f m2 to that of the wall is more important. The sedimentation test
 A. Hazzab et al. / Powder Technology 184 (2008) 105–113 107

To simplify the problem, Wadell [12] considers this di-

mension equal to the diameter of the sphere of same volume than
the particle. Colby [31] takes into account the diameter of the
sphere of same surface ds⁎.
In the case reported here, we consider the geometrical aspect of
particle's sedimentation. We associate the diameter ds, geomet-
rical characteristic of the particle, and the diameter of the sphere
de. The form is essentially associated to the factor of sphericity ψ.
This factor is defined as the ratio of the surface of the sphere of
same volume on the surface of the particle considered.
The physical characteristics of fluids used are given in Table 2.

Fig. 1. Experimental arrangement. 3.2. Results and discussion

The results of experiments associated to the diameters

velocity is higher in infinite medium than the sedimentation of spheres of same volume than non-spherical particles, are
velocity in column. In an unlimited field, the fall of a particle presented on Figs. 2 and 3. It concerns the sedimentation of glass
induces the same speed direction in all points of the fluid and
the drive effect is felt far from the particle. On the other hand,
in a limited field, the flow of the fluid is constrained. The drive Table 1
effect is induced near by the particle, generating a return Geometrical characteristics of particles
movement of the fluid, associated with viscous frictions at the D or a h ds ψ h = f (D)
wall. This return movement slows down the fall of the particle Isometric solid particles Sphere 1 – 1 1 –
(Blanc and Guyon) [28]. Andrieu [29] presents a criticism of 2 2
the studies which treat this phenomenon. An inventory of the 3 3
calculation relations and the estimation of the wall effect on 4 4
6 6
the sedimentation velocity of the particles is also presented.
8 8
Recently, Di Filice [30] proposed a correlation for the whole 10 10
range of flow models. This last one depends on the Reynolds Cubic 2 – 2.5 0.806 1
number and on the ratio between the dimensions of the particle 4 5
on the dimensions of the measurement column. The calcula- 6 7.5
8 10
tions established starting from this relation for the most un-
10 12.5
favourable cases of our tests indicate that the maximum of error 12 15
does not exceed 4%, of the measured value sedimentation Cylindrical 4 20 7.8 0.696 h = 5D
velocity, for the presence of the particle near by the wall. Two 6 30 11.8
stop watches with digital posting of synchronized starting and 8 40 15.6
4 12 6.6 0.778 h = 3D
stop permit to measure time passage of particles at the mea-
6 18 9.9
surement stations. 8 24 13.2
A graduated test card placed against the column gives the 10 30 16.5
distance separating the measurement stations. A thermometer 12 36 19.8
is incorporated in the column in order to control temperature 6 16 10 0.804 h ∼ 2D/5
10 24 15.5
during the experiment. The movement of particles is recorded on
22 56 35
a magnetic tape by video camera and a video tape recorder. The 26 64 40
images obtained are explored thereafter. PVC and glass particles 6 3 5.5 0.825 h ∼ D/2
of spherical, cylindrical and cubic forms were considered. The 8 4 7.3
density of these particles is respectively ρs = 1380 kg/m3 for 12 6 11
16 8 14.5
PVC and ρs = 2640 kg/m3 for glass. Geometrical characteristics
20 10 18.2
of particles are presented in Table 1. 4 6 5.2 0.859 h = 3D/2
The settling tests of cylindrical and cubic particles were 6 9 7.9
compared with those of spherical particles of the same weight. 8 12 10.5
For the utile geometrical characterization of particles of 10 15 13.1
12 18 15.7
complex forms, one must hold in account the orientation of
Disc 8 1.5 5 0.594 h ∼ D/6
the particle in fall represented by its surface of projection. It is 12 2 7.6
the dimension of this surface of projection, which must be 16 3 10
associated with the process of sedimentation. This dimension 20 4 12.5
depends essentially, at the same time, on the particle shape and D = diameter (mm), a = size (mm), h = height (mm), ds = specific diameter (mm),
the Reynolds number. ψ = sphericity.
108 A. Hazzab et al. / Powder Technology 184 (2008) 105–113

Table 2
Characteristics of fluids used
Carrying liquids
Water Oil solvent
3
Density (kg/m ) 1000 793
Kinematical 1.10− 6 2.19 · 10− 3
Viscosity (m2/s)

and PVC particles in water. Figs. 4 and 5 shows respectively

measurement results of the sedimentation of glass and PVC
particles in oil solvent.
The analysis of the figures shows that:

• The shape of the curves WS = f(ds) is different according to

the fluid used.
• The settling is more significant according to the particle
diameter in the case of water than that of oil solvent.
• In the case of water, the curves WS = f(ds) follow a rather
exponential form. On the contrary, the curves follow a
parabola form in the case of oil solvent.
• The influence of density of particles is highlighted. The Fig. 3. Fall of PVC particles in water.
density is more important in the case of glass particles than in
the case of PVC particles. • The particles of low sphericity fall less quickly than those of
• The settling of non-spherical particles is lower than spherical high sphericity.
ones. This difference is very small in the case of oil solvent
(8%) but more important in the case of water (64%). Results obtained by Ganser [32] and Chien [33] when
• The systematic influence of the shape of particles on the studying the movement of non-spherical particles lead to the
sedimentation process does not seem to be highlighted. same conclusions. Nevertheless, Zimermann [22] indicates that
• Tests of sedimentation show that this influence depends sphericity does not permit to characterize the velocity of
essentially on the fluid used. Indeed, the comparison of particles of complex form.
Figs. 2 and 3 to Figs. 4 and 5 shows that:
• The shape of particles has more influence in the case of 3.3. Sedimentation tests according to particles sizes.
sedimentation in water than in oil solvent.
• This influence seems to be correlative with the particle The treatment of the recordings tests revealed that various
sphericity. secondary movements (oscillations and rotations) accompany

Fig. 2. Fall of glass particles in water. Fig. 4. Fall of glass particles in oil solvent.
 A. Hazzab et al. / Powder Technology 184 (2008) 105–113 109

For Reynolds numbers 200 b Rp b 500, the orientation of the

movement of particles is difficult to predict. The shape of
particles plays an essential part in the process. A particle of
three-dimensional form, with stops sharp, falls while turning on
its axes of rotation. On the other hand, a plate particle tends to
fall according to a movement of oscillation.
For Reynolds numbers 500 b Rp b 2 · 105, the particles will
tend to turn around their axis of minimal inertia. The movement
of particles is often accompanied by a spiral translation.
The Reynolds number associated with the diameter of the
sphere of same volume which corresponds to the sedimentation
in water, is generally higher than 500.
The conclusions made by the author [18] justify our ob-
servations relating to the presence or the attenuation of the sec-
ondary movements and which are function of the form and the
Reynolds number related to the conditions of our experiments.
Pfeiff [34] shows, that for 30 b Rp b 500, the settling velocity
has a small variation depending on the form of the particle. Ilic
and Vincent [20] indicates, that even for low values of the
Reynolds number Rp b 0.047, and for any form, the particles do
Fig. 5. Fall of PVC particles in oil solvent. not maintain their initial orientations. Similar observations
were noticed by Wu and Manasseh [21]. The instability of the
the particle during its sedimentation in water. These movements orientation of particles in falling was also analyzed by Jayaweera
are the cause of the influence of sphericity on sedimentation. and Mason [35].
The frequency of these secondary movements seems to be
attenuated when particles falls in oil solvent. Indeed, in this case 3.4. Settling velocity calculation
one notes that the particle tends to maintain its initial position
without much change of its orientation and this for various We consider the case represented by Fig. 2 and we analyze,
Reynolds number. Contrary to the case of water, we notice es- as an example, the curve WS = f(ds)which corresponds to the
pecially oscillatory movements of the particle around its average case of the cubic particle ψ = 0.806. This analysis shows that for
position and some time some rotations. These oscillations and few the same value of velocity WS, the diameter of the sphere of
rotations are more important as the size of the particle increases. same volume than the particle ds is higher than that of the sphere
The corresponding Reynolds number also increases. Also, these of same weight de. The hydrodynamic aspect related to the
oscillations depend on the shape of the particle in particular in the phenomenon of fall of the particle is than implicitly qualified in
case of falls in water. The video analysis, for this case, shows that this consideration.
particles more plate/thin (i.e.: disc) are the most stroked by these
oscillations. These particles tend to change their initial orientation
towards the one which corresponds to the maximum drag. The
exploration of the results of measurement according to length-
ening or accumulation (associate with h = f (D), cf: Table 1) show
that the secondary movements are more important if the h/D ratio
lengthening is weak. It was noticed that, generally, in falling, the
particle does not follow a rectilinear trajectory.
These conclusions seem to be in perfect agreement with the
results of Becker [18]. The author indicates that the orientation
of the particle during its falling depends on the form and more
particularly on the Reynolds number associated with the
diameter of the sphere having the same surface as the particle.
He observed that for particles, having at least three orthogonal
axes of symmetry, the initial orientations are stable for Reynolds
numbers 0.1 b Rp b 5.5.
The Reynolds number associated with the diameter of the
sphere of same volume which corresponds to the tests carried
out, within the framework of this study, in the case of oil
solvent, varies between 0.1 and 5.2. It is also shown that the
stable position of particles in movement with Reynolds numbers
de
5.5 b Rp b 200, corresponds to the maximum drag. Fig. 6. Evolution of ds according to Archimedes number Grs for cubic particle.
110 A. Hazzab et al. / Powder Technology 184 (2008) 105–113

de
Fig. 7. Evolution of ds according to Archimedes number Grs for different Fig. 8. Evolution of ddes within Archimedes number Grs for different sphericities
sphericities. deduced from the model.

The need for distinction between the two diameters and the
search for a relation which permit to deduce one of the two
diameters from the other, allowed us to consider a new concept
for direct calculation of settling velocity for particles of complex
form.
Using various experimental measurements of settling
velocity for various cubic particles of diameter ds, the solution
of the preceding equation gives the value de for each mea-
surement. According to Fig. 6, ddes and Grs seams to be in good
correlation. We notice three zones of variation.

• Consider a cubic particle of specific diameter ds = a(6 / π)1/3 • A first zone where H = h(Grs) has a relatively constant value
and of density ρs falling in a fluid of density ρf and of equal to 0.953 up to the point Grs = 44350, which corresponds
kinematical viscosity ν. The idea is to find an empirical to Rp = 200.
formula which enables us, using these parameters, to cal- • Starting from this point, the value of H = h(Grs) first de-
culate the settling velocity WS. creases relatively fast. Reaching the value of H = 0.75, it
• Consider now a spherical equivalent particle, of the same
density than the cubic particle and the same falling velocity
WS, and de its diameter. If one can find a relation between de
and ds it is then enough to use the empirical formula of
the settling velocity of a spherical particle of diameter de
(Eq. (8)), in order to find WS.

The diameter de is the solution of the equation:

Gre ¼ ð3=4ÞCd R2p ;

ðq  q Þg
Gre ¼ de3 s 2 f ð9Þ
qf m
WS
and : Rp ¼ de
m

If we substitute Cd by its value given by Eq. (3), we obtain:

 
4 qs  qf de3 WS2 de2 WS1:9 de1:9
 g þ A0 þ A 4 ð10Þ
3 qf m2 m2 m1:9

WS1:8 de1:8 W S de
þA3 þ A1 þ A2 ¼ 0
m1:8 m Fig. 9. Computed versus measured settling velocities for different materials.
 A. Hazzab et al. / Powder Technology 184 (2008) 105–113 111

Fig. 11. Comparison with the results of other models of calculation.

Fig. 10. Computed versus measured settling velocities for different forms.

slows down to a value near 0.40 for a value of Grs = 3.6 · 107. of the settling velocity of isometric particles. Proceeding by
This corresponds to Rp = 6000. numerical correlation method, we obtain the following equations:
• The experimental data indicate that the zone corresponding
to Grs = 44,000 is an instability area. hðGrs ; wÞ ¼ A1 þ A2 þ tanhðA3 ðLogðGrs Þ  A4 ÞÞ
0:032
de A1 ¼ 0:48 þ
The function H ¼ ¼ hðGrs Þ can be represented by: 1:0615  w
ds 0:013 ð13Þ
X A2 ¼ 0:38 
hðGrs Þ ¼ A0 þ Ai Grsj ð11Þ 1:034  w
A3 ¼ 1:227  2:501w þ 2:244w2
According to Eqs. (8) and (11), WS can be deduced from: A4 ¼ 5 þ 21:62w  10:71w2

mRp mf ðGre Þ 3.5. Validation of the model

WS ¼ ¼
de ds hðGrs Þ
The model is applied to experimental data available in the
On the other side, we have: bibliography. Experimental data of Pettyjohn and Christiansen
[36] and Ilic and Vincent [20] have been considered as support of
de3 validation. The first authors have done their experiments on
Gre ¼ Grs ¼ Grs h3 ðGrs Þ
ds3 several solid particles (lead, tin, aluminum and magnesium) of
various forms, and sizes. The results obtained using the model
Hence: suggested for various sphericities are presented on Fig. 8. We can
notice that:
mf ðGrs d h3 ðGrs ÞÞ
WS ¼ ð12Þ
ds hðGrs Þ • The correlation between ddes and Grs is verified for different
particles of different forms and materials carried in the used
The model was generalized by taking into account at fluids.
the same time the hydrodynamic aspect and the form of the • We notice that H ¼ dde ¼ hðGrs Þ rises with the sphericity. The
particle. S
difference between the various values of H according to
Tests, for various particles of different densities and for
several forms were realized. The same tests were carried out at
the same time for two different carrying fluids, water and an oil Table 3
solvent. Fig. 7 illustrates the results of these tests. The figure Error values for each model
shows that the function H ¼ dde , depends on the Archimedes Haider and Dietrich Chien Model
S
Levenspiel [4] [17] [33] proposed
number Grs and sphericity ψ. This is H = h(Grs, ψ).
The function deduced for various natures and forms of the Maximal error (%) 20.22 18.39 15.08 5.43
Average error (%) 12.19 11.15 07.73 1.79
particles represents the generalized model for the direct calculation
112 A. Hazzab et al. / Powder Technology 184 (2008) 105–113
sphericity is more important when the parameter Grs related
to the particle increases. The corresponding Reynolds num-
ber also increases.
In order to compare the calculated results and those of mea-
surements, we consider the cubic form as example. In this case,
the measurements data of Pettyjohn and Christiansen [36] as
those of the model agreed perfectly.
On the other hand, the settling velocity value calculated
was compared with the measurement data of Pettyjohn and
Christiansen [36].
A first comparison is carried out by considering only the case
of cubic particles of various densities (lead, tin, aluminium,
magnesium). Fig. 9 illustrates this comparison.
Fig. 10 shows the results of the second comparison. In this
case, different forms (cube, tetrahedron, octahedron, octahedral
cube) of only one density (lead) are considered.
The measurement data correspond to the results obtained
using the suggested model. The average error value is about
2%. The greatest error values are noticed in the instability area
35,000 b Grs b 45 000.
We also compare, at the same time, calculated results ob-
tained from the suggested model to those obtained with mod-
els of Haider and Levenspeil [4], Dietrich [17], Chien [33]
and measurements data of Ilic and Vincent [20]. For the set-
tling velocity calculation, the considered models use (Cd − Rp)
correlation.
The choice of these models is justified by the conclusions of
the comparison and the evaluation work carried out by Chhabra
et al. [23]. The authors concluded that these models give ac-
ceptable results.
The results obtained are represented in Fig. 11. The model
suggested seems to give values comparable with those given by
the quoted models.
The application of this model can be extended to the case of
particles of natural forms. The maximum and average error
values calculated for each model are given in Table 3. The
average error value corresponding to the model suggested does
not exceed 2%.
4. Conclusion
The present study permitted to explore, experimentally, the
settling of spherical and non-spherical particles in liquids of
different densities. It was shown that the settling velocity de-
pends on the form and the size of the particle and in a more
important way of the Reynolds number associated with the solid
particle.
Using the association of the velocity of non-spherical particle
and those of the sphere of same density, a model for the direct
calculation is proposed. The model is successfully validated for
isometric particles.
Comparison between data measurements and computational
results obtained with other models allowed the evaluation
and the qualification of the present model. This model can be
applied to the particles of non-spherical form by using easily
accessible data.
Notation
A Projection area of the particle following the flow (m2)
Ai Coefficient
de Diameter of the sphere of the same density and settling
velocity as the non-spherical particle (mm)
dS Diameter of the sphere of the same volume as the non-
spherical particle (mm)
d ⁎s Diameter of the sphere of the same surface as the non-
spherical particle (mm)
D Diameter related to the dimension of the particle (mm)
Grs Archimedes number
Rp Reynolds number associated to the particle
V Particle volume (m3)
WS Settling velocity (m/s)
W⁎ Dimensionless coefficients related to settling velocity
ρf Carrying fluid density (kg/m3)
ρs Particle density (kg/m3)
ν Fluid kinematical viscosity (m2/s)
ψ Particle sphericity
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