CE-422 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Lecture-1 Introduction to Analysis and Design of

Structures, Design Codes

Class:
B.Sc. Civil Engineering 2018 Session

Course Teacher:
Engr. Muhammad Usman

January 2022
 CONTENTS
➢ Analysis of Structures
➢ Methods for Analysis
➢ Design of Structures
➢ Objectives of a Designer
➢ Design Process
➢ Types of Design Methods
➢ Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Methods
➢ Design Codes/Specifications

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 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

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 CAPACITY ANALYSIS OF
STRUCTURES

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 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

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 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
In design of structures;

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 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

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 OBJECTIVES OF A DESIGNER

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 OBJECTIVES OF A DESIGNER

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 OBJECTIVES OF A DESIGNER

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 OBJECTIVES OF A DESIGNER

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 OBJECTIVES OF A DESIGNER

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 TYPES OF DESIGN METODS

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 TYPES OF DESIGN METODS

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 TYPES OF DESIGN METODS

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 TYPES OF DESIGN METODS

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 TYPES OF DESIGN METODS
Advantages and Disadvantages

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 TYPES OF DESIGN METODS
Advantages and Disadvantages

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 TYPES OF DESIGN METODS
Disadvantages of Using LRFD

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 GENERAL DESIGN PROCESS

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 TYPES OF LOAD
1. Dead Load
➢ It almost retains its magnitude and point of
application throughout the life of the structure and
is denoted by D.
➢ This load is usually the self weight of the
structure (not only this member but all other
members resting on it).
➢ This is estimated by multiplying volume of a
member with the standard density of the material
of construction.
➢ This load constitutes a bigger part of the total load
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2. Live Load
➢The load due to persons occupying the
structure and their belongings, denoted by L.
➢Its magnitude and point of application changes
with time.
➢In case of bridges, live load consists of weight
of vehicles moving over the bridge.
➢Typical values for common occupancy types
are given in next slide.
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Occupancy or Use Must be checked for details from Live Load
ASCE 7-16 Minimum Design Loads
and Associated (kg/m2)
Private apartments, school class rooms 200
Offices 250
Fixed-seats, assembly halls, library reading 300
rooms
Corridors 400
Movable seats assembly hall 500
Wholesale stores, light storage warehouses 600
Library stack rooms 750
Heavy manufacturing, heavy storage 1200
warehouses, sidewalks and driveways subject to
trucking 1/24/2022 23
3.Self Load
➢ This is type of dead load, which is due to self
weight of the member to be designed.
➢ For design, a reasonable value of self load
depending on past experience is assumed in the
start which is then compared with the actual
self weight at the end.
➢ Corrections in design are made if necessary.
➢ Other types of loads are wind load, earthquake
loads, water ad earth retaining loads and
temperature loads, etc.
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4. Imposed / Superimposed
Load
➢This term is used for all external loads,
leaving the self weight, acting on the member
to be designed.
➢This includes live load, wind load, earthquake
load, etc. Part of dead load may also act as
imposed load.

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 5. Service Loads
➢The maximum intensity of load expected
during the life of the structure depending upon
a certain probability of occurrence is called
service load.
➢No additional factor of safety or overload
factor is included in the service loads.

6. Factored Loads
➢Service loads increased by some factor of
safety or overload factor are called factored
loads. 26
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 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS

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 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS

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 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS

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 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS
LRFD Load Combinations

The Nominal Symbols have following Meanings

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 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS
LRFD Load Combinations

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 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS
ASD Load Combinations

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 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS
Simplified Load Combinations

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 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS
Live Load Reduction Factor

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 LIMIT STATE

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 LIMIT STATE

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 Specifications
➢ The adequacy of a structural member is determined by a
set of design rules, called specifications.
➢ These include formulas that guide the designer in
checking strength, stiffness, proportions and other
criteria that may govern the acceptability of the member.
➢ There are a variety of specifications that have been
developed for both materials and structures.
➢ Each is based on years of research and experience gained
through actual structural usage.

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Following specifications along with many
others are used in design of structures:
1- AISC: American Institute of Steel Construction.

2- ACI: American Concrete Institute

3- AWS: American Welding Society.

4- AASHTO: American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials.
5- IBC: International Building Code

6- ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials.

7- ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineers

8- BCP: Building Code Pakistan
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UBC: Uniform Building Code 38
 Assignment-1
For ODD Roll No’s
Title: Study of Various Design Codes
Read IBC,ASCE,AISC, ACI and prepare a report on;
1- Types of occupancies, 2- Design Loads for various occupancies, 3- Masonry
structures (describe design requirements etc.), 4- Seismic Zones of Pakistan
(describe ground motion data, soil parameters for each zone), 5- Standard Hooks
and hook lengths in bars.
Notes: Report should be comparative, where recommendations are made for
same thing in more than one code. Also mention the clause. You can write the
information in tabular form.

Submission Deadline;
31-01-2022 (Monday)
Optional study Topics: Descriptions for Structural concrete members (Beams,
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Columns, Slabs and footings etc.)
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 Assignment-1
For EVEN Roll No’s
Title: DETAILS OF OCCUPANCY GROUPS IN BUILDING
CODES
Read IBC,ASCE,AISC, ACI and prepare a report in Tabular Form
(Format written in class)
Submission Deadline;
31-01-2022 (Monday)

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