Maam Ces File

Paso de Blas National High School 1
Senior High School

#0027 Paso de Blas St., TLC, Paso de Blas, Valenzuela City
S.Y. 2019-2020
THE ACTIVITY OF BIKAS (Mikania cordata) INFUSED-COCONUT (Cocos nucifera) OIL
IN THE WOUND HEALING PROCESS OF A
DERMAL CUT
Research Paper
Presented to
Faculty of Senior High School of Paso de Blas
Group 3 Researchers:
Aureada Denniel
Ferrer, Junito
Garvida, Edison III
Infante, Christopher Ryan
Pasag, Rafael
Salvador, Jasper
Sebuguero, Vincent
Voz, Mark Joseph
Agliron, Jessa
Pisao, Elona
Villafuerte, Ma. Gellanie Thea
12-STEM MOZART
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ABSTRACT
The study aims to find out the activity of Bikas (Mikania cordata) Infused Coconut
(Cocos nucifera) Oil in the wound healing process. The parameters were used to determine the
results of the study such as the days of the wound healing process namely the Inflammation
Process, Proliferation Process, and Remodeling Process. To test this study, the researchers used
Mus musculus with divided groups of experimental and control to know the activity of the
ointment the researchers applied different number of drops to experimental group of the same
wound size of Mus musculus and monitored it from the start of applying the ointment until the
wound healed. The researchers put 2, 4, 6 drops to different Mus musculus to know its activity
based on the number of drops applied. While there's no ointment applied to the control group to
show the activity of Mikania cordata in the Wound Healing Process.
Based on the results, the researchers found out that the usage of Bikas ( Mikania
cordata) Infused Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Oil has a significant effect to the Wound Healing
Process. The application of the ointment affects the number of days to heal the wounds. The
Amount of drops also affects the wound healing process by shortening the Inflammation Process,
Proliferation Process, and Remodeling Process. Based from the gathered data the higher
application of the ointment will lower the duration of the wound to heal and minimal application
of the ointment will reduce its activity to the wound healing Process.
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APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled THE ACTIVITY OF BIKAS (Mikania Cordata) INFUSED-
COCONUT (Cocos nucifera) OIL IN THE WOUND HEALING PROCESS OF A
DERMAL CUT prepared and submitted by DENNIEL AUREADA, JUNITO FERRER,
EDISON GARVDA III, CHRISTOPHER RYAN INFANTE, RAFAEL PASAG, JASPER
SALVADOR, VINCENT SEBUGUERO , MARK JOSEPH VOZ, JESSA AGLIRON,
ELONA PISAO and Ma. GELLANIE THEA VILLAFUERTE, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Research Project has been examined and is recommended for acceptance
and approval for oral defense.
PERLIN G. EBALAN
Adviser
THESIS REVIEW PANEL
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination
JOCELYN MARIE GAHOL PATRICK DARILAG JENALYN GUILLERMO

Member Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Subject Inquiries,
Investigations, and Immersions.
MR. LOPE DUQUE MA. LEONORA B. JACULBIA
Assistant-to-the-principal/MTI Teacher-in-Charge/HTIII
Date of Final Defense: February 28, 2020 Grade:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, we praise God, the almighty for providing us the opportunity to work on this kind of
research. And providing us the strength, patience, health, blessing, wisdom and guiding us during
the conduct of this. Without Him and without all these things, all of these are not possible.
We would like express our gratitude and deep regard to our research advisers Mrs.
Perlin Ebalan and Mrs. Frances Odal for giving us guidance, valuable suggestions and
encouragement to throughout the duration of the research.
We would like to acknowledge Mr. Arnel Arciaga, a veterinarian from Bureau of Animal
Industry, who help us to perform the Wound execution without asking any cost. Thank you very
much for your kind heart Sir. And also to University of Philippines, Institute of Biology for
performing Plant Authentication. Your help are greatly appreciated.
We also thank Ms. Jocelyn Gahol who help us to deal Quantitative Research specifically
the statistics part of this study. And to Mrs. Robelle Paderes who help us to use her printer freely
during the Defense Preparation and the passing of final paper as well.
We also thank our panelists for assistance to our Research Paper for their comments
that greatly improved our manuscript and for their insights and expertise that greatly assisted the
research.
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Also, we like to give our sincere gratitude to our parents for their unconditional love and
support and who have willingly supported us financially, emotionally and physically for us to
accomplish our research and have inspired us to pursue more and finish our research.
And lastly to our classmates and friends who continually encourage us throughout our
research. Those chats and beautiful moments during those stressful and difficult moments made
us forget the busy and tiring hours.

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DEDICATIONS
This output is joyfully dedicated to our Family who supported us all the way to our
success of this venture. This output is also dedicated to our friends and comrades who have also
lend a hand to support throughout the journey of making this research.
This study is also dedicated to our almighty God who bestow us upon a power and
strength to produce this output of research.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………...1
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….…2
Approval Sheet…………………………………………………………………………….3
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………4
Dedications…………………………………………………………………………….…...6
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………..7
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………….……9
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………......10
List of Graphs……………………………………………………………………………...11
Chapter
I THE PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction…………………………………………………………………12
Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework……………………………………..…15
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………...16

Hypothesis………………………………………………………………… 17
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………...18

Scope and Delimitations………………………………………………….…19
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………….…20
II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies………………………………...24

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III METHODOLOGY
Research Design……………………………………………………………….31
Research Locale…………………………………………………………....….31
Samples and Sampling Technique Used……………………………………....31
Instrumentation…………………………………………………………….….32
Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………….………….32
Statistical Treatment of Data…………………………………...…….………..37
IV PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATON OF DATA
………………………………………………………………………………....39
V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary………………………………………………………………….…….47
Conclusions…………………………………………………………….……….48
Recommendations…………………………………………………….……...…49
References……………………………………………………………………………………….51
Appendix
A. List of Computations …………………………………………………………...53
B. Letter of Permission (Parental Consent) ………………………………………..56
C. Letter of Plant Authentication……………………………………………………57
D. Letter to BAI……………………………………………………………………..58
E. Documentation…………………………………………………………………...60
Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………………………………...64
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Materials used during the Wound Execution ………………………………………33
Table 2. Value of Correlation coefficient and its interpretation…………………………….38
Table 3. Pearson's Correlation table of drops and days of Inflammation Process ……….. 41
Table 4. Pearson’s Correlation table of drops and days of Proliferation Process……….....43
Table 5. Pearson's Correlation table of drops and days of Remodeling Process ...………...44
Table 6. Findings of the Study in Correlational SOP…………………………..………….…46

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study…………………….…………………………15
Figure 2. RRL Map of the Study……………………………………...……………………….22
Figure 3. Image of actual population of Bikas (Mikania cordata) ……………………………
34
Figure 4. Actual drying of Bikas (Mikania cordata) Leaves ..….…………………………….35

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LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 1: Sequential illustration of the stages involved in tissue repair (Gonzales et al. 2016)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………29
Graph 2: Strong Negative correlation between the number of drops and the days of
InflammationProcess …………………………………………………………………………..42
Graph 3: Strong Negative Correlation between the number of drops and the days of
Proliferation Process ………………………………………………………………………..…43
Graph 4: Strong Negative Correlation between the number of drops and the days of
Remodeling Process …………………………………………………………………….………
45
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CHAPTER I
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
People around the world are expose to harmful threats in their body due the needs of
striving their lives. Some encounter mild wound due to accidents and some also encounter severe
wounds. But that accident would not result to severe case if people are equipped and literate to
cure minorities in it. Wound takes place as it is the evidence of a working man. The occurrence
of wound is a common phenomenon as long as the body is exposed to environmental forces.
A lot of antiseptic were advertised to help people’s scratch or wounds heal but money
talk takes place. Arise of expensive ointment for wounds makes people living in this generation
experience an easy life but unfortunately not all individual can afford to buy it. Torrico et al.,
(2015) states that some types of wounds are significant burden on the health care system and
result in patient and caregiver stress, economic loss, and decreased quality of life. Wounds
present a substantial economic burden on health care systems, costing billions of dollars annually
in North America alone. The prevalence of wounds is a significant patient and societal health
care concern and cost-effective wound care. In times of emergency and miles away from the
hospital, medicinal plants take place.
Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as alternative to treat many disorders,
mainly due to the therapeutic constituents of the plants. The potential medicinal value of some
plant extracts in promoting wound healing comes from the ability of the extract to regenerate
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tissue at the wound sites in the shortest time possible with minimal pain and discomfort and fine
scar with high tensile strength.
Mikania cordata can be an herbal ointment from a methanolic extract evaluated on
superficial injuries showed significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp.
compared to mupirocin as shown from studies. Antioxidant activity of the extract showed
scavenging activity attributed to the presence of flavonoids and tannins. Also, a study evaluated
extract of dried leaves for anti-nociceptive, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities in animal
models. Results showed significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing in Mus
musculus, moderate cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp Artemia salina, and antibacterial
activity against test microorganisms (Siddiqui et al., 2018)
Coconut Oil also have several benefits in terms of health but its activity to improve skin
illnesses makes it possible and base that it is effective also to heal wounds. The medium chain
fatty acids in coconut oil have antimicrobial properties that can help protect against harmful
microorganisms. This is especially important for skin health, as many types of skin infections,
including acne, cellulitis, folliculitis and athlete's foot, are caused by bacteria or fun. Applying
coconut oil directly to the skin may prevent the growth of these microorganisms. This is due to
its lauric acid content, which makes up nearly 50% of the fatty acids in coconut oil and can fight
harmful microorganisms. (Link, 2017)
On that note, a wide range of biological activities has been done on Mikania cordata
and Cocos nucifera Oil. However, no scientific investigation was conducted on the wound
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healing effect from Bikas leaves and its dermal toxicity mixed with coconut oil as one rub in
healing wounds. Therefore, work was carried out to explore the potency and acceleration rate of
wound healing activity from Bikas infused-coconut oil through conducting a lab- mice
investigation.
This study aims to measure the activity of M. cordata and Cocos nucifera oil to heal
wounds. The researchers also want to establish and uncover the untapped usefulness of this
plants has to offer in pharmacology. Lastly, this study seeks to find out if M. cordata extract and
coconut oil can heal wounds in fastest way compared the normal healing process of skin. The
occurrence of wound is a common phenomenon as long as the body is exposed to environmental
forces, and the problems of treating them are as old as mankind. This study aimed at developing
an applicable and cost effective wound treatment agent using indigenous material such as
Mikania cordata infused-coconut oil to enhance the wound healing processes via animal model.
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Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
-Laboratory
Experimentation
- Collection of Samples -Shaving Mus musculus’ Bikas (Mikania
- Preparation for Infusion Back Hair
- Wound Execution cordata) Infused-
Process
-Actual Oil Infusion - Application of the Coconut (Cocos
Ointment (daily medication) nucifera) Oil
-Epithelialization
-1 to 3 weeks observation
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

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Statement of the Problem
This study aims to measure the activity of M. cordata infused-coconut oil in healing
wounds. Specifically, this research sought to answer the following specific questions.
1. What are the contents of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut oil that makes it capable to
enhance the wound healing process?
2. How does the Mikania cordata Infused Coconut oil affect the following wound healing
process in terms of:
a. Inflammation Process
b. Proliferation Process
c. Remodeling Process
3. How does the amount of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil applied in the dermal cut
correlates to the wound healing process in terms of:
1. Drops and the day/s of Inflammation Process
2. Drops and the day/s of Proliferation Process
3.Drops and the day/s of Remodeling Process

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Hypothesis
1. H 0: There is no significant evidence that the content of Mikania cordata infused-
coconut oil that makes it capable to enhance the wound healing process.
H 1: There is significant evidence that the content of Mikania cordata infused-coconut oil
that makes it capable to enhance the wound healing process.
2. H 0: There is no significant effect that the content of Mikania cordata Infused coconut
oil affect the wound healing process such as Inflammation Process, Proliferation Process
and Remodeling Process.
H 1: There is significant effect that the content of Mikania Cordata Infused coconut oil
affect the wound healing process such as Inflammation Process, Proliferation Process and
Remodeling Process.
3. H 0: There is no correlation that the amount of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil
applied in the dermal cut correlates to the wound healing process in the drops and the
day/s of Inflammation Process, Proliferation Process and Remodeling Process.
H 1: There is correlation that the amount of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil applied
in the dermal cut correlates to the wound healing process in the drops and the day/s of
Inflammation Process, Proliferation Process and Remodeling Process.

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Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will rebound significant benefits to students, parents, future
researchers and various sectors of society with regards to the wound healing activity of Bikas
Leaves. Also, this study will be undertaken to find out the activity of Mikania cordata extract
infused with Cocos nucifera oil as wound healer. Furthermore, the study will benefit the
following:
Doctors/ Veterinarian/ Biologist
The study is significant to Experts in this field like doctors in terms of producing new
product. They might conduct a study to further investigate product including the activity of Bikas
extract infused with Coconut oil in treating wounds.
Future Researchers
This study will provide baseline data needed for future researchers and to other related
studies. They will be able to improved and elaborate this study for better result and findings.
Parents
This study is relevant to parents upon know what are the benefits of Bikas Extract
infused with Coconut Oil. Thus, they can only see it on their backyards for them to have
accessible cure for themselves if one of their family got wounded.

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Patients
This research will reflect to the patients. This will help them to feel less pain while
treating their wounds. In addition, this will be a substitute when there is no medicine available.
Students
Student will benefit this study from the findings and recommendation thereof. They
will be aware that there are natural resources around them that may help to cure their wounds.
Since it came from natural supply, it is readily available if they will recognize the value of Bikas
extract and coconut oil which is inexpensive alternative way of curing wounds.
Scope and Delimitation
This study on Mikania cordata infused with coconut oil is limited to the wound healing
activity of Bikas (Mikania cordata) infused coconut oil in a dermal cut and the activity of its
content to heal wounds through experimentation and Lab-Mus musculus investigation at Bureau
of Animal Industry Laboratory, Diliman, Quezon City and the Housing Laboratory at
Bagbaguin, Caloocan City on the 10th day of January 2020. This study is delimited to another
testing procedure, the experimental group is only compared to the natural healing process of skin
and no other existing wound treatments will be used. If this experimentation will succeed, the
ointment produce by the Researchers will only verified through the use of Animal Model only.
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Definition of terms
Dermal Cut. A cut undertaken to the Mus musculus’s back in order to measure the activity of
Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil. An intended cut to damage the second layer of the skin
using Mus musculus. (Skin Injury, 2019)
Inflammation Process. The first stage in the wound-healing process. It is normally followed by
two further phases: regeneration (sometimes also referred to as proliferation) and
Remodeling. Inflammation is characterized by the classic signs of heat and redness, pain
and swelling of the wound. (Sorg et al., 2017)
Infusion. The process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in a
solvent such as oil by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent over time (a
process often called steeping) involving boiling the plant material. (Pistón et al., 2014)
Low-Heat Infusion. A type of infusion process that uses low heat to boil the infused oil.
(Klenne A., 2016)
Ointment. An alternative medication for tropical use that contains an oil base-essential.
A liquid substance that often use to cure various skin illnesses. (Shiel, 2018)
Proliferation Process. In this phase, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue
formation, epithelialization, and dermal cut contraction occur. It will be covered over with a new
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layer of skin. As the affected area continues to heal, the skin will pull the edges inward and the
dermal cut will get smaller. (Grubbs and Manna, 2018)
Remodeling Process. In this phase, the scars begun to form as the dermal cut contracts in the
Proliferation process this is where the final stage of the dermal cut healing process. (Mickelson et
al., 2017)
Wound Healing Activity. An application of the ointment where a specific dermal cut heal due
to its contents. It is the process whereby the skin repairs itself after the dermal cut. (Murthy et al.,
2013)
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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
RRL MAP
THE EFFICACY OF THE WOUND- HEALING ACTIVITY OF BIKAS
(Mikania cordata) INFUSED-COCONUT (Cocos nucifera) OIL IN A DERMAL CUT
Activity of Mikania cordata extract in Activity of Cocos nucifera oil in healing

healing wounds wounds
Sajid S. et al., (2019). A Rajagukguk H. et al., (2017). Beneficial

comprehensive review of mikania effect of application of VCO product from
Padang West Sumatra, Indonesia on
cordata (asteraceae). International Patoplasy Wound Healing, American
Journal of Life Sciences and Review, Scientific Research Journal for Engineering
vol. 4(5), 49-59. and Sciences (ASMES), 34(1), 231-236.
Siddiqui S. et al., (2018). Evaluation

of anti-nociceptive, anti-
inflammatory and antipyretic Ahmad Z. et al., (2017). Evaluation of
potential of Mikania cordata (Burm. wound closure activity of Cocos nucifera on
f.) Robinson in experimental animal Scratch Monolayer of human Dermal
Fibrolasts, vol. 56, 1657-1662.
model. Journal of Biological Science,
vol. 25, 1049-1055.
Barnabas H. et al., (2014). Safety and

Efficacy of Herbal Ointment
Link, R. (2017, April 9). Coconut Oil
formulated with Methanolic Extract
and Skin. Retrieve from
of Mikania cordata as Treatment for https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/coconut
Acute Superficial Injury. Journal of -oil-and-skin
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,
vol 2(4), 11-18.
Ali S. et al., (2011). Antibacterial and Jervas E. et al., (2015). Alternative wound
Cytotoxic Activity of Ethanol Extract of healing effects of coconut oil extract using
Mikania Cordata (Burm.F.) B.L. Robinson Wister rats. International Journal of
Leaves. Journal of Basic and Clinical Medicine and Health Profession Research,
Pharmacy,2(2), 103-107. 2(2), 3-50.
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Nayeem A. et al., (2011). Evaluation of

phytochemical and pharmalogical
properties of Mikania Cordata (Asteraceae)
leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytotherapy, vol. 3(8), 118-123.
INFUSION PROCESS PROCESS IN HEALING EXPENSIVE TREATMENTS

WOUNDS FOR WOUNDS
How to infuse oils w/ Herbs for Gonzales A. (2016). Wound Tricco A. et al., (2015). A
Natural Remedy. (2017, April Healing- A Literature systematic review of cost-
14). Retrieved from Review, 91(5):614-620.
https://nourishingjoy.com/herb- effectiveness analyses of
infused-oils/ complex wound
interventions reveals
optimal treatments for
specific wound types.
l
Retrieved from
https://bmcmedicine.bio
medcentral.com/articles/
10.1186/s12916-015-0326-
3?fbclid=IwAR0QLOf6fWdx
4mnF1g-J-JxCHcRftEIKs3y1
VVvnl9YozwNjbFnMGES4nk
I
Figure 2. RRL Map of the Study

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Synthesis of the Reviewed Studies
This chapter presents the gathered researches from different sources. These studies will
be used as a guide and support to our research. Our related literature starts with the information
about the contents of Mikania cordata mixed with VCO and its efficacy in different health cases
especially on its wound-healing activity and antibacterial constituents. The studies or related
literature gives more basis or lucos to support our study that Mikania cordata and VCO also can
be effective in healing wounds.
Activity of Mikania cordata and its Chemical Component
In addition, (Sajid et al., 2019) notes that Mikania cordata that belongs to the
Asteraceae family is a medicinal plant that has been widely distributed in Southeast Asia and
Eastern Africa. It has numerous therapeutic properties including: anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer,
bronchodilating, analgesic,antibiotic, anti-diarrheal, hepatoprotective, epidermal or skin-
protective, coagulative, anticarcinogenic, CNS-depressant, anti-stress, cytotoxic, insect and
scorpion bites etc. Mikania cordata has properties which help to counter leukotriene and platelet-
activating factor synthesis. An ethnobotanical survey found that historically, plant leaves of
Mikania cordata are used to cease bleeding. In that, Mikania cordata may help to heal wounds
because of its chemical contents and its proven activity in dealing dermal problems.
This study simply tries to convey the antibacterial content of Mikania cordata. The
researchers thought it was possible to heal wounds in that note, as it was previously established
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as antibacterial. Furthermore, one study suggested that the research supported M. cordata
conventional uses. M. cordata, claiming to have potent anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and
antipyretic effects of essential oil and leaf extracts of the genus. Species utility in the treatment
of pain, inflammation, pyrexia above and beyond dengue fever could be assisted and improved if
the combination of anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties are taken into
account. A variety of mechanisms are associated with anti-inflammatory action of medicines,
including corticosteroid-like activity, discharge of endogenous glucocorticoids, association with
prostaglandin biosynthesis, or some other inflammatory mediators (Siddiqui et al., 2018). This
plant can heal another disease if it is mixed with other chemical contents, not only to heal
wounds, but also to heal others. M.cordata has anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive ointment
enhancement to be used in the prevention of wound inflammation.
A study suggested that preliminary phytochemical testing revealed the presence of
flavonoids glycosides, saponnins sugar-reducing, carbohydrates, tannins, sterol/triterpens, 2,3-
pentanedione, glycerin, acetic acid, 2,3- butanediol, caryophyllene oxide, and a small amount of
sequelene: these are the compounds known to be considered pharmacologically important in
Mikania cordata. Tannins facilitate wound healing through several cellular mechanisms;
chelating of the free radicals and reactive species of oxygen, facilitating wound contraction and
increasing the formation of capillary vessels and fibroblasts. It is understood that flavonoids
suppress lipid peroxidation not only by preventing or slowing the onset of cell necrosis but also
by improving vascularity. It is therefore assumed that any drug that prevents lipid peroxidation
would increase the viability of collagen fibrils by enhancing the strength of collagen fibres,
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increasing the circulation, preventing the cell damage and by promoting DNA synthesis. Also
known for promoting the wound healing process are triterpenoids, tannins and flavonoids due
mainly to their astringent and antimicrobial properties, which appear to be responsible for wound
contraction and increased epithelialization rate. Skin evaluation M. cordata showed satisfactory
results without any allergic or unpleasant reactions such as itching, dryness, burning, redness,
stinging, pain or swelling after twice daily application of10 mg (6%w/w) of extract ointment on
the same skin surface for seven days. Phase II trial was initiated without observable
dermatological effect in Phase I trial (Barnabas et al., 2014). Consequently, M. cordata have a
good effect on the healing of burns and scratches such as flavonoids to reduce lipid peroxidation
and epidermis contraction tannins. These chemicals are found in M. cordata that helps the skin to
heal more quickly, like fire. Many chemicals damage our skins but are based on research M.
Cordata, do not display any kind of discomfort or awkward feeling for people using this.
Another study suggested that Mikania cordata leaves' crude ethanol extract showed better
antibacterial activity at higher concentrations against both Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria. The extract showed maximum and minimal activity against respectively Shigella
flexneri and Klebsiella sp; both of which are Gram negative bacteria. All bacteria except
Klebsiella sp had a better sensitivity to the plant extract at 800 and 1000 μg / disc, whereas no
activity was found at 500μg / disc concentrations against five bacteria among ten. In brine-
shrimp lethality bioassay, the extract did not cause any obvious in vitro toxicity as compared to
standard drug vincristine sulphate. But at higher concentration, the extract displayed antibacterial
activity that can cause the patient to have a hazardous effect. Therefore, further studies are
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needed to understand the mode of action of the individual compounds following separation from
the extract and this may lead to the future development of a new antimicrobial agent (Ali et al.,
2011).
Coconut Oil and its role in Healing Wounds
Virgin coconut oil is a new version of coconut oil with high added value in the health
food markets. The study indicated that the process of wound healing was faster compared to
control when treated with VCO. VCO-treated wound healed more quickly, as indicated by
accelerated epithelialization, in which pepsin-soluble collagen increased, indicating high
collagen cross-linking. Histopathological tests showed an increase in fibroblast cleavage and
neo-vascularization relative to controls in wounds with VCO (Rajagukguk et al., 2017).
Another study showed the role of VCO extracts to increase the proliferation and
viability of human dermal fibroblast cells in vitro wound closure test. The VCO extract contains
phytochemicals like phenolic compounds and also shows high activity of antioxidants that could
induce growth and proliferation of fibroblast cells to boost the activity of closing wounds
(Ahmad et al., 2017).
According to Link 2017, Virgin Coconut Oil can kill harmful microorganisms and moisturize
skin. It also helps the wound healing specifically reduce inflammation. In addition to improving
wound healing, its antimicrobial properties may also prevent infection, one of the major risk
factors that can complicate the healing process.

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The research that can also support this study is to highlight the benefits of Virgin Coconut Oil in
moisturizing the skin as part of the healing process and its wound healing operation. As recorded
in this study, the profound wound contraction and healing effect of coconut oil on Wister rats is a
clear indication of its ability to enhance healing by preventing infection and inhibiting sustained
inflammation. These were achieved in model animals as a result of the coconut oil's antibacterial
and antioxidant activities. Thus, coconut oil has achieved its therapeutic effect on wound healing
through its ability to overcome certain factors that combat faster wound healing (Jervas et al.,
2015).
Mikania cordata Infused-Coconut Oil
A mixture of Mikania cordata extract and Virgin Coconut Oil is possible to be effective
to heal wounds. (“How to infuse oils 2017”) states that any oil that remains liquid can be infused
with herbs. Firm oils, such as coconut oil, may also be used, but ONLY if they remain liquid the
entire time they are infusing, so the Countertop Method won't work for firm oils. In that
condition, the Researchers choose to follow the Low-Heat Method Oil Infusion. In this method,
heat is the main source to produce its oil. The combination of two solvents will be possible and
will be applied in a dermal cut of Mus musculus.
Process to Heal Wounds
Due to those mentioned studies, the researcher formulates the research title “The
wound-healing activity of Bikas (Mikania cordata) infused-coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil in a
dermal cut”. The following studies mentioned above makes our research stronger. The
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Researcher establishes related study about wounds to enrich the process of healing wounds and
how Mikania cordata-infused coconut oil be capable in healing it.
Graph 1. Sequential illustration of the stages involved in tissue repair (Gonzales et al. 2016)
Graph 1 suggested that in an exceedingly vascular inflammatory response, the lesion
blood vessels contract and also the leaked blood coagulates, contributing to the upkeep of its
integrity. The aim of the proliferative stage is to diminish the lesion tissue area by contraction
and fibroplasia, establishing a viable epithelial barrier to activate keratinocytes. This stage is the
reason for the closure of the lesion itself, which contains angiogenesis, fibroplasia, and re-
epithelialization. during this end of the lesion's healing, a trial to recover the traditional tissue
structure occurs, and also the granulation is gradually remodeled, forming connective tissue that's
less cellular and vascular which exhibits a progressive increase in its concentration of collagen
fibers. Cutaneous wound healing is a necessary physiological process consisting of the
collaboration of the many cell strains and their products. Attempts to revive the lesion induced
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by an area aggression begin very ahead of time within the inflammatory stage. In the end, they
end in repair, which consists of the substitution of specialized structures caused by the deposition
of collagen, and regeneration, which corresponds to the method of cell proliferation and posterior
differentiation through preexisting cells within the tissue and/or stem cells. These mechanisms
don't mutually exclude themselves, that is, after a skin lesion, within the identical tissue,
regeneration and repair can occur, depending on the cell strains compromised by the injury
(Gonzales et al., 2016).
The Problem or the Reason Why this Study was Conducted
The Researchers conducted this study due to its demand in the society. Medicines or
ointment for wounds literally cost expensive. The occurrence of wound is a common
phenomenon as long as the body is exposed to environmental forces, and the problems of
treating them are as old as mankind. (Tricco et al., 2015) stated that buying those expensive
wound ointments is an economic burden. It is not easy to manage wounds as it results more
complex situation that push individuals to buy expensive ointment.
This study will stop the burdens of society in dealing their wounds, an ointment that
can be seen in the yard and can be made at home.

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Chapter III
Methodology
This chapter presents the method to be used, the setting of the study, sampling technique,
instrumentation and the data gathering procedure to be used for the research
Research Design
This study employs the experimental-descriptive design in gathering data and
information which relies on statistical analysis to prove or disapprove the hypotheses of this
study. It establishes cause-effect relationship within a group/s and involves Control Group and
Experimental Group to know the activity of Mikania cordata infused-coconut oil in healing
wounds. And also it seeks to describe and investigate if the number of drops given the same
wound size and the number of days correlated to each other.
Research Locale
The study accompanies two settings. The wound execution was held on the Laboratory
of Bureau of Animal Industry at Diliman, Quezon City and the Housing of the Mus musculus for
the daily observation was located at Bagbaguin, Caloocan City.
Sample and Sampling Technique
The Researchers utilize the Stratified Sampling Technique where the Researchers
choose common characteristics of the Mus musculus that will use for the experimentation. The
Mus Musculus chosen are 6 weeks old and are all male that weighed 13 grams each. Only six
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described Mus musculus were only used, three for the experimental Group and three also for the
Control Group.
Research Instrument
Laboratory experimentation was conducted to investigate the activity of Bikas (Mikania
cordata) infused coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil in the wound healing process of a dermal cut. The
Researcher also conducted the Infusion Process to produce Bikas Infused-Coconut Oil to be used
in the research process. To measure the activity of this ointment, obsevation of the parameters
are maintained by the Researchers through the dermal cut executed at the Mus musculus back.
Data Gathering Procedure
1. The researchers asked cooperation from a veterinarian of Bureau of Animal Industry to
conduct the dermal wound (See Appendix A). The study was conducted during the 10th
day of January 2020 until it will finish. The Researchers send a parent’s consent for them
to be aware and the researcher will be obliged to cooperate and do their responsibility
during the experimentation and also on National Library Visit (See Appendix A).
2. Data Gathering Procedure for the Mus Musculus and the Wound Execution
2.1 Collection of Samples
Mus Musculus was brought in the Pet Shop at Tandang Sora, Quezon City as
referred by the BAI. Among 50 population of Mus Musculus, only 6 samples were
needed.
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2.2 Mus musculus Identification and Measuring of Sample
The researchers choose only male Mus musculus that weighs 13 grams each and
make sure a healthy sample.
2.3 Wound Execution
Materials for Wound execution Antiseptic Materials
Shaving Blade Alcohol
Forceps Betadine
Iris Scissor Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil
4 Inch Iris Scissor
Dropper
Cotton
Tape Measure
Table 1. Materials used during the Wound Execution
3. Data Gathering Procedure for the Mikania cordata Infused-Coconut Oil and the
Experimentation Process
3.1. Collection of Samples

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Mikania cordata leaves were collected in a small lot near road at Centrum, Mapulang
Lupa Valenzuela City, 5:30 A.M as it is safe, not yet absorbed polluted air and fresh
as well.
Figure 3. Image of actual population of Bikas (Mikania cordata)
Also, the Coconut Fruits were brought at Paso de Blas Market, Valenzuela City. The
Researcher makes sure that the sample was good and not young coconut.
3.2. Sample Identification
Mikania cordata plant was sent to University of Philippines, Institute of Biology
for plant Authentication.
3.3. Cutting and Measuring of Samples
One and half kilo of Mikania cordata leaf was first put into a clear basin for
measurement purposes.
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First coconut has a diameter of 43 cm., 40 cm., 40.5, and 40 cm. respectively.
Four shredded coconut flesh is equivalent to 1.2 kilogram and 2,005 ml coconut
milk, filtered using cheesecloth.
3.4. Infusion Process
The Researcher use firm oils, such as coconut oil, but the disadvantage is that if it
will remain liquid the entire time they are infusing. It is impossible because it is
firm oil so the Countertop Method won't work, only the Low-Heat Infusion. Also,
the Researchers use coconut oil because it is proven to be good in healing skin
illnesses so it is compatible for the Mikania cordata extract to infuse with.
The leaves were washed with warm water and placed it in a flat surface and cover
with a screen where the sunlight directly hit the leaves to wilt its water content.
Figure 4: Actual drying of Bikas (Mikania cordata) Leaves

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3.5. Filtration of infused Oil
Mikania cordata infused-coconut oil was filtered with the use of strainer. The
filtered oil was place in a clear container for measurement purposes and
transferred in a storage container and make sure it was clean and safe. The filtered
Mikania cordata infused coconut oil was 21 ml.
3.6. Experimentation Process (Ointment Application)
The three Mus musculus under experimental have different amount of ointment
taken given that they have the same Dermal Cut size which is 1 cm. diameter
from 2 drops, 4 drops and 6 drops respectively. Through the use of plastic
dropper, the amount of drops was maintained by the Researchers. These steps
were conducted twice a day, morning session and evening session.
NOTE: The application of Mikania cordata infused-coconut oil is applicable only for the
Mus musculus that is Under Experimental Group while the another three Mus musculus
was under Control Group. For Control Group, three Mus musculus also wounded one cm.
diameter however there is no treatment applied and let it heal on natural way as base in
healing wounds.
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Statistical Treatment
The data gathered by the Researchers were statistically analyzed. The researcher will use
tabular representations and Scatter diagram to represent the correlation of the variables in this
study. The Researcher also used the Pearson correlation coefficient in analyzing the data as the
study seeks to find out the correlation between the amount of ointment applied and the number of
days the wound healed given the same Dermal cut size. The Researcher will follow the concept
and formula of Pearson’s r Correlation as shown below:
N ( ∑ XY )−(∑ X)( ∑Y )
r= √¿ ¿ ¿
Where:
N = Number of pairs of scores

∑ XY = Sum of the products of paired scores
∑X = Sum of x scores
∑Y = Sum of y scores
2
∑ X = Sum of squared x scores
∑ Y 2 = Sum of squared y scores

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Value of r Interpretation
1.0 Perfect Positive Correlation
0.90 to 0.99 Very High Positive Correlation
0.70 to 0.89 High Positive Correlation
0.40 to 0.69 Moderate Positive Correlation
0.20 to 0.39 Small Positive Correlation
-0.20 to -0.19 Very Small Negative Correlation
-0.40 to -0.21 Small Negative Correlation
-0.70 to -0.41 Moderate Negative Correlation
-0.90 to -0.71 High Negative Correlation
-0.99 to -0.91 Very High Negative Correlation
-1.0 Perfect Negative Correlation
Table 2. Value of Correlation coefficient and its interpretation

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Chapter IV: Presentation and Interpretation of Data
This chapter comprises the analysis, presentation and interpretation of the findings
resulting from this study. The analysis and interpretation of data is based on the results of the
Daily Observation of the Experimentation Group, deals with a quantitative analysis of data.
The contents of Mikania cordata Infused-Coconut Oil that makes it capable to enhance the
Wound Healing Process
The Following are the constituents of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil that is responsible
for the wound healing.
1. Flavonoids is responsible in supressing lipid preoxidation and slowing the onset of cell
necrosis and enhancing its vascularity.preventing lipid preoxidation would increase the
viability of collagen fibrils by enhancing the strength of collagen fibrils, increasing the
circulation and preventing the DNA synthesis
2. Tannins facilitates wound healing thought several cellular mechanism namely chelating
of the free radicals and reactive species of oxygen, facilitating wound contractive and
increasing the formation of capillary vessels and Fibroblasts
3. Triterperiods have an astrigent and anti-microbial properties that appears to be
responsible for wound contraction and increasing epithelization rate.

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4. Polyphenols has the ability to inhibit fire radical scavenging activities. High polyphenol
content in virgin coconut oil maintaining the normal issue levels of lipid parameters in
tissues.
5. Vitamins A improve wound healing activities because it is required for cellular
differentation immune function and epithelial formation
6. Vitamin E plays a major lipid soluble antioxidant within the human skin. The application
of Vitamin E is useful for speeding up the wound healing process in a dermal cut.
Therefore, the contents of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil making it capable for
enhancing the wound healing process.
How Mikania cordata Infused coconut oil affect the Wound Healing Process
Mikania cordata Infused Coconut oil affects the Wound Healing Processes namely,
Inflammation Process, Proliferation Process, Remodeling Process.
a. Inflammation Process - The main contents of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut oil namely
Flavonoids, tannins, and Triterperoids have microbacterial Properties that helps the white blood
cells to protect the wound from bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) during the wound Healing
process.
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b. Proliferation Process- Mikania cordata Infused Coconut oil contains Vitamin E which is a
Major Lipid soluble antioxidant that is responsible for epithelial contraction and Speeding up the
rebuilting of damaged cells during the Proliferation Process.
c. Remodeling Process - Tannins is the one of the main contents of Mikania cordata Infused
Coconut oil and responsible for the wound healing and formation of fibroblast that makes the
wound contracts.
Correlation between the Drops of Mikania cordata and the Days for the Wound Healing
Process
X Y XY X
2
Y
2
(Drops) (Days)
2 1.5 3 4 2.25
4 1 4 16 1
6 0.5 3 36 0.25
∑ X=¿12 ∑ Y =¿ 3 ∑ XY =¿ ¿10 ∑ X 2=¿56

∑ Y 2=¿ ¿3.5
Table 3. Pearson’s Correlation table of drops and days of Inflammation Process
N ( ∑ XY )−(∑ X)( ∑Y )
r= √¿ ¿ ¿
r= -1 (Perfect Negative Correlation)

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Scatter Diagram
Graph 2. Strong Negative Correlation between the amount of drops and days of Inflammation
Interpretation
Process of Data
Given the 3 different amount of drops of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil, the
days also covered by the Inflammation process differs. The 2 drops applied covers 1 and half
days, the 4 days covers 1 day and 6 drops covers half day for the Inflammation Process.
The data shows that the days for this wound healing process takes only short duration.
The computation shows a Perfect Negative Correlation which represented as -1 in Statistics
which means the experimentation have enough evidence to show that the variable y decrease if
the variable x increase.
The Scatter Diagram shows strong Negative Correlation. It is due to the opposition of
the Variables given.
X Y XY X
2
Y
2
(Drops) (Days)
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2 8.5 17 4 72.25
4 7 28 16 49
6 5.5 33 36 30.25
∑ X=¿12 ∑ Y =¿ 21 ∑ XY =¿ ¿78 ∑ X 2=¿56

∑ Y 2=¿ ¿ 151.5
Table 4. Pearson’s Correlation table of drops and days of Proliferation Process
N ( ∑ XY )−(∑ X)( ∑Y )
r=
√¿ ¿ ¿
Scatter Diagram
Interpretation of Data
The 3 different drops given of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil, the days covered
for the Proliferation Process differs as the amount of drops differs as well. The 2 drops applied
covers 8 and half days, 4 days covers 7 days and 6 drops covers 5 and half days for Proliferation
Process. The observation shows a fast duration for this wound healing process.
The computation shows a Perfect Negative Correlation which represented as -1 in
Statistics. It means the increase of one variable, represent the increase of a factor that is directly
causing the decrease of another factor.
Graph 3. Strong Negative Correlation between the amount of drops and days of Proliferation Process
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The 3 different drops given of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil, the days covered
for the Proliferation Process differs as the amount of drops differs as well. The 2 drops applied
covers 8 and half days, 4 days covers 7 days and 6 drops covers 5 and half days for Proliferation
Process. The observation shows a fast duration for this wound healing process.
The computation shows a Perfect Negative Correlation which represented as -1 in
Statistics. It means the increase of one variable, represent the increase of a factor that is directly
causing the decrease of another factor.
The Scatter Diagram shows Strong Negative Correlation. It strongly suggests that if the
amount of drops increases, the number of days under Proliferation decreases, and vice-versa.
X Y XY X
2
Y
2
(Drops) (Days)
2 4 8 4 16
4 3 12 16 9
6 2 12 36 4
∑ X=¿12 ∑ Y =¿ 9 ∑ XY =¿ ¿ 32 ∑ X 2=¿56
∑ Y 2=¿ ¿29
Table 5. Pearson correlation table of drops and days of Remodeling Process
N ( ∑ XY )−(∑ X)( ∑Y )
r=
√¿ ¿ ¿
Scatter Diagram
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Graph 4. Strong Negative Correlation between the amount of drops and the days of Remodeling
Process
The 3 different amount of Mikania cordata infused coconut oil makes the days covered
by the Remodeling Process differ as well. The 2 drops cover 4 days, the 4 drops cover 3 days and
the 6 drops cover 2 days under Proliferation Process. The Observation shows a fast duration for
Proliferation Process.
The computation shows that the process undertaken is a Perfect Negative Correlation
which means the days of Proliferation Process and drops of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut
Oil is inversely proportional to each other.
The Scatter Diagram shows Strong Negative Correlation which means a direct
relationship exist with a decrease in one variable meeting a corresponding increase in the other.
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Coefficient Interpretation
Drops and days of -1 Perfect Negative Correlation

Inflammation Process
Proliferation Process
Remodeling Process
Table 6. Findings of the Study in Correlational SOP
Interpretation
The Data Gathered for this 2 variables shows that the number of drops correlates to the
number of days in the Wound Healing Process. As the number of drops Increases, the number of
days in Wound Healing Process decreases. If the number of drops decreases, the number of days
in wound Healing Process increases. The result shows Negative Correlation which means a
relationship between two variables wherein one variable increases as the other decreases, and
vice-versa. In statistics, 0.99 represents Very High Negative Correlation and -1 for Perfect
Negative Correlation.
The Computation shows Very High Negative Correlation that means there is an enough
reason and evidence that the independent variable makes the dependent variable have opposing
result.
Based on the Scatter Diagram, it shows Strong Negative Correlation that suggests the
Drops and Days correlated Inversely Proportional to each other.

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Chapter V
Summary of the findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter presents the summary of the findings, conclusions and recommendations based on
the data analyzed in the previous chapter.
Summary of the Findings
The salient findings of this study are as follows:
1. Contents of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil
The Content of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil such as Flavonoids, Tannins,
Triterperiods, Polyphenols, Vitamins A, and Vitamin E makes the ointment capable to heal
dermal cut. As shown in the observation (see Appendices), the mentioned contents that can be
found in Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil makes the experimental group enhance the
wound healing process given the 2 drops, 4 drops, 6 drops that heals 13 days, 11 days, and 8
days respectively. This shows that these contents have the activity to the wound healing process
compared to the Control Group that heals about 19-20 days.
2. Activity of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil in the Wound Healing Process
The contents of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil have a specific activity to wound
healing process namely Inflammation, Proliferation and Remodeling. The process shows that the
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content of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil lessen the days under the Inflammation Process,
Proliferation Process, and Remodeling Process compared to the duration of the natural healing
process in a dermal cut.
3. Correlation of drops of Mikania Cordata Infused Coconut Oil applied and days of
Wound Healing Process
The data gathered shows a Negative Correlation which means the experimentation is
successful in identifying the activity of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil in the Wound
Healing Process. It means if the amount of ointment applied in the dermal cut increases, the
lesser days for the Wound healing process to take.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:
It can be concluded that the usage of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil has a
significant effect in the Wound Healing Process. That wound healing process were Inflammtaion
Process, Proliferation Process, and Remodeling Process.
1. The researchers conclude that the contents of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil is proven
to heal dermal cut through observing the wound healing parameters.
2. In addition, the Reseachers draws that Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil respond in the
Wound healing in the dermal cut through the different function of its content in the Wound
Healing Process which are identified by the Researchers.

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3. With all counts and with proven results, the more Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil
applied in a dermal cut, the lesser days it will cover in the wound healing process as the
computations which shows a Very High Negative correlation that associates the result of the
scatter diagram which is Strong Negative Correlation that means there is an opposing
relationship between the number of drops of Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil and the days
under the wound healing process.
Recommendations
The following are recommendations derived from the output of this study.
1. The Researchers recommends the future Researchers to investigate Mikania cordata Infused
Coconut Oil not in-lined in a dermal cut specifically Lacerations that cause a complex tissue
damage to test its activity. Therefore, new strategies for the studies should be done.
2. The Researchers also suggest to the future Researchers to conduct a Comparative Study
between Mikania cordata Infused Coconut Oil and the usual treatment for wound to identify
better results.
3. The Researchers recommend that further research in pharmacology is necessary to assess more
in detail the practical application of the tested Ointment in the real application (human wound).
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References
Journal References
Ahmad Z. et al., (2017). Evaluation of wound closure activity of Cocos nucifera on Scratch
Monolayer of human Dermal Fibrolasts, vol. 56, 1657-1662.
Ali S. et al., (2011). Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Ethanol Extractof Mikania Cordata
(Burm.F.) B.L. Robinson Leaves. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy,2(2), 103-
107.
Barnabas H. et al., (2014). Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Ointment formulated with Methanolic
Extract of Mikania cordata as Treatment for Acute Superficial Injury. Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, vol 2(4), 11-18.
Gonzales A. (2016). Wound Healing- A literature Review, 91(5):614-620.
Jervas E. et al., (2015). Alternative Wound Healing Effets of Coconut Oil extract using Wistar
Rats. International Journal of Medicine and Health Profession Research, 2(2), 3-50.
Nayeem A. et al., (2011). Evaluation of phytochemical and pharmalogical properties of Mikania

Cordata (Asteraceae) leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, vol. 3(8),
118-123.
Piston et al., (2014) Infusion, decotion and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves from artichoke
(Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. Cardunculus) Food Reasearch International 64 (2014)
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150-156.
Rajagukguk H. et al., (2017). Beneficial effect of application of VCO product from Padang West
Sumatra, Indonesia on Patoplasy Wound Healing, American Scientific Research
Journal for Engineering and Sciences (ASMES), 34(1), 231-236.
Sajid S. et al., (2019). A comprehensive review of mikania cordata (asteraceae). International

Journal of Life Sciences and Review, vol. 4(5), 49-59.
Siddiqui S. et al., (2018). Evaluation of anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic
potential of Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Robinson in experimental animal model.
Journal of Biological Science, vol. 25, 1049-1055.
Website References
Grubbs and Manna (2018). Wound Pysiology. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518964/
How to infuse oils w/ Herbs for Natural Remedy. (2017, April 14). Retrieved from
https://nourishingjoy.com/herb-infused-oils/
Klenner A. (2016) How to infuse herbs into oil: Hot and Cold Method. Retrieved from
https://naturalherballiving.com/herb-oil-infusion-how-to-how-to-infuse-herbs-into-oil/
Link, R. (2017, April 9). Coconut Oil and Skin. Retrieve from
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https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/coconut-oil-and-skin
Mickelson et al., (2017) Principle of Wound Management and Wound Healing in the Exotic
Pets. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663678/
Murthy et al., (2013). Evaluation of In Vivo Wound Healing Activity of Bacopa monniera on
Different Wound Model in Rats. Retrieved From
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/972028/
Shiel, (2018). Medical Definition of Ointment. Retrieved from

https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4623
Skin Injury, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/skin-injury/
Sorg et al., (2017). Skin Wound Healing: An update on the Current Knowledge and Concepts
https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/454919
Tricco A. et al., (2015). A systematic review of cost-effectiveness analyses of complex wound
interventions reveals optimal treatments for specific wound types. Retrieved from
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-015-0326-
3?fbclid=IwAR0QLOf6fWdx4mnF1gJxCHcRftEIKs3y1VVvnl9YozwNjbFnMGES4nkI
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APPENDICES A
List of Computations
Pearson’s Correlation of drops and days of Inflammation Process
X Y XY X
2
Y
2
(Drops) (Days)
2 1.5 3 4 2.25
4 1 4 16 1
6 0.5 3 36 0.25
∑ X=¿12 ∑ Y =¿ 3 ∑ XY =¿ ¿10 ∑ X 2=¿56

∑ Y 2=¿ ¿3.5
N ( ∑ XY )−(∑ X)( ∑Y )
r= √¿ ¿ ¿
3 (10 )−(12)(3)
r= √ ¿ ¿¿
30−36
r= √(168−144 )( 10.5−9)
−6
r= √(24)(1.5)
−6
r= √36
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−6
r= 6
Pearson’s Correlation table of drops and days of Proliferation Process
X Y XY X
2
Y
2
(Drops) (Days)
2 8.5 17 4 72.25
4 7 28 16 49
6 5.5 33 36 30.25
∑ X=¿12 ∑ Y =¿ 21 ∑ XY =¿ ¿78 ∑ X 2=¿56

∑ Y 2=¿ ¿ 151.5
N ( ∑ XY )−(∑ X)( ∑Y )
r= √¿ ¿ ¿
3 (78 )−(12)(21)
r= √ ¿¿ ¿
234−252
r= √(168−144 )( 454.5−441)
−18
r= √(24)(13.5)
−18
r= √324
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−18
r= 18
Pearson’s correlation table of drops and days of Remodeling Process
X Y XY X
2
Y
2
(Drops) (Days)
2 4 8 4 16
4 3 12 16 9
6 2 12 36 4
∑ X=¿12 ∑ Y =¿ 9 ∑ XY =¿ ¿ 32 ∑ X 2=¿56
∑ Y 2=¿ ¿29
N ( ∑ XY )−(∑ X)( ∑Y )
r= √¿ ¿ ¿
3 (32 ) −(12)(9)
r= √ ¿ ¿¿
96−108
r= √(168−144 )(87−81)
−12
r= √(24)(6)
−12
r= √144
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−12
r= 12
APPENDICES B
Letter of Permission
PARENTAL CONSENT
As the parent or legal guardian of the child named below, I hereby give my full consent and
approval for my child to participate their Research on “The Wound-Healing Activity of Bitter
Vine (Mikania micrantha) infused-Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Oil in a Dermal Cut” that will be
conducted outside of the school starting December 16, 2019 until January 5, 2020. I hereby
certify that my child is fully capable of participating their research and be responsible for his/her
task
In addition, I am giving my full consent for my child’s participation during their Library
Research at National Library, Manila on the 27th day of December 2019.
I do hereby waive, release and fully aware to support their study emotionally and financially.
Laboratory: Bureau of Animal Industry Laboratory, Diliman Quezon City
Housing Address: Bagbaguin, Caloocan City
Parent/ Guardian Name:
Parent/Guardian Signature:
Noted by:
Mrs. Frances Evangelista Odal

Research Project Teacher II
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Reviewed and Verify by:
Mr. Lope L. Duque Jr.

Assistant-to-the Principal
APPENDICES C
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Letter of Plant Authentication

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APPENDICES D
Letter of BAI
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APPENDICES E
Documentation of the Research Process

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Daily Observation for Experimental Group

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CURICCULUM VITAE
STUDENT’S PROFILE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Pisao, Elona O.
Address: Dela Rosa, Phase 1 Home Centrum Subdivision, Mapulang Lupa, Valenzuela City
Age: 17
Birthday: June 07, 2002
Place of Birth: Casilda, Merida Leyte
Sex: Female
Email address: el8joy.pisao@gmail.com
Contact number: 09099753524
Father’s Name: Rogelio Pisao Occupation: DPWH Worker
Mother’s Name: Melony Pisao Occupation: Housewife
Citizenship: Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
LRN: 121721070042
Elementary School: Casilda, Elementary School
School year: 2013-2014
High School: Puerto Bello National High School
Senior High School: Paso de Blas National High School
Academic Track: STEM
Grade and Section: STEM 12- Mozart

SY: 2019-2020

Senior High School
S.Y. 2019-2020
STUDENT’S PROFILE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Christopher Ryan D. Infante
Address: 350 Fortune 5 St. Paso De Blas, Valenzuela City
Age: 17
Birthday: March 20, 2002
Place of Birth: Valenzuela City
Sex: Male
Email address: christopherryaninfante@gmail.com
Father’s Name: Robin Infante Occupation: Business
Mother’s Name: Jocelyn Infante Occupation: Housewife
LRN: 136817120383
Elementary School: Paso De Blas Elementary School
High School: Paso De Blas National High School

Senior High School
S.Y. 2019-2020
STUDENT’S PROFILE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Mark joseph A. Voz
Address: 28 Dela Cruz Comp. Paso de blas Valenzuela City
Age: 21
Birthday: Feb 19, 1999
Sex: Male
Email address: kramhpesojzov@gmail.com
Father’s Name: Felipe R. Voz Occupation: Driver
Mother’s Name: Cristina Antonio Occupation: Housewife
LRN: 123539080051
Elementary School: Gandara I Central Elementary School
High School: Ramon T. Diaz National High School

Senior High School
S.Y. 2019-2020
STUDENT’S PROFILE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Junito Ferrer
Address: Blk 7 Lot 13 Morning Ville Valenzuela city
Age: 19
Birthday: Feb 13, 2001
Place of Birth: Fabella Hospital
Sex: Male
Email address: Fjunito@yahoo.com
Father’s Name: Occupation:
Mother’s Name: Nenita Ferrer Occupation: Housewife
LRN: 136793060176
Elementary School: Canumay West Elementary School
High School: Canumay West National High School
SY: 2019-2020
Senior High School
S.Y. 2019-2020
STUDENT’S PROFILE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Denniel D. Aureada
Address: 136 M.Desotto st. Paso De Blas Valenzuela City
Age: 17
Birthday: July 12, 2002
Sex: Male
Email address: aureadadenniel12@gmail.com
Father’s Name: Arnel Aureada Occupation: None
Mother’s Name: Geraldine Deguzman Occupation: Housewife
LRN: 136817070016
Elementary School: Paso de Blas Elementary School
High School: Paso D
e Blas National High School

Senior High School
S.Y. 2019-2020
STUDENT’S PROFILE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Ma. Gellanie Thea L. Villafuerte
Address: Blk 7 Lot 17 Phase 2 Bagbaguin Caloocan City
Age: 17
Birthday: July 29, 2002
Place of Birth: Sta. Maria Bulacan
Sex: Female
Email address: gellaniethea@gmail.com
Father’s Name: Gleen Villafuerte Occupation: Electrical Maintenance
Mother’s Name: Melani Villafuerte Occupation: Housewife
LRN: 136652070640
Elementary School: Caybiga Elementary School
SY: 2019-2020
Senior High School
S.Y. 2019-2020
STUDENT’S PROFILE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Edison L. Garvida III
Address: Blk 5 Lot 10 Jade street Hiyas Homes Subdivision Parada Valenzuela City
Age: 20
Place of Birth: Fabella Hospital, Manila
Sex: Male
Email address: garvidaedisoniii@gmail.com
Father’s Name: Edison C. Garvida Jr. Occupation: Civil Engineer
Mother’s Name: Ana C. Garvida Occupation: Housewife
LRN: 403481150086
Elementary School: Children Of Mary Immaculate College
High School: Arc of the Covenant Montesorri Chamber of Learning College

Senior High School
S.Y. 2019-2020
STUDENT’S PROFILE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Vincent Del Castillo Sebuguero
Address: 371 Fortune 5 Drive Paso De Blas Valenzuela City
Age: 21
Birthday: May 4, 1998
Place of Birth: Bagong Silang Caloocan City
Sex: Male
Email address: v_sebuguero@yahoo.com
Father’s Name: Sixto B. Sebuguero Jr. Occupation: Factory Worker
Mother’s Name: Vivina Sebuguero Occupation: Housewife
LRN: 136817050159
Elementary School: Paso De Blas Elementary School
High School: Paso de Blas National High School
SY: 2019-2020
Senior High School
S.Y. 2019-2020
STUDENT’S PROFILE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Rafael P. Pasag
Address: 253 E. Miranda Street Paso de Blas, Valenzuela City
Age: 19
Birthday: September 27, 2000
Place of Birth: Quezon City
Sex: Male
Email address: rafaelpinaypasag@gmail.com
Father’s Name: June Pasag Occupation: Retired
Mother’s Name: Annabelle Pasag Occupation: HouseWife
LRN: 136817070128
Elementary School: Paso de Blas Elementary school
SY: 2019-2020
Senior High School
S.Y. 2019-2020
STUDENT’S PROFILE
PERSONAL DATA
Senior High School
S.Y. 2019-2020
STUDENT’S PROFILE
Name: Jasper C. Salvador
Address: #67 Ilang Ilang St. maysan Valenzuela City
Age: 17
PERSONAL DATA
Name:
Place ofAgliron, Jessa F.
Birth: Valenzuela
Address:
Sex: Male85 P. Santiago St.. Paso De Blas Valenzuela City
Age:
Email18address: Pro.Jcs.school@gmail.com
Birthday: November
Contact number: 19, 2000
09308400125
Sex: Female
Father’s Name: Leroy L. Salvador Occupation: Midman Client
Place of Birth:
Mother’s Name: Villasis Pangasinan
Ana Belen Cantillon Occupation: HouseWife
Email address:
Citizenship: jessaagliron@gmail.com
Filipino
Father’s Name: Jesus Agliron Occupation: Factory Worker
Mother’s Name: Rona Agliron Occupation: Housewife
LRN: 136798121026
Elementary School: Maysan Elementary School
Religion: Catholic
High School: Maysan National High School
EDUCATIONAL
School year: 2014-2018 BACKGROUND

LRN:136817120373
Academic Track:
Elementary STEM
School: Paso De Blas Elementary School
Grade year:
School and Section: STEM 12- Mozart
2013-2014
SY: 2019-2020
SY: 2019-2020

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Paso de Blas National High School 1

Senior High School

THE ACTIVITY OF BIKAS (Mikania cordata) INFUSED-COCONUT (Cocos nucifera) OIL

IN THE WOUND HEALING PROCESS OF A

Faculty of Senior High School of Paso de Blas

show the activity of Mikania cordata in the Wound Healing Process.

This thesis entitled THE ACTIVITY OF BIKAS (Mikania Cordata) INFUSED-

COCONUT (Cocos nucifera) OIL IN THE WOUND HEALING PROCESS OF A

DERMAL CUT prepared and submitted by DENNIEL AUREADA, JUNITO FERRER,

EDISON GARVDA III, CHRISTOPHER RYAN INFANTE, RAFAEL PASAG, JASPER

SALVADOR, VINCENT SEBUGUERO , MARK JOSEPH VOZ, JESSA AGLIRON,

and approval for oral defense.

JOCELYN MARIE GAHOL PATRICK DARILAG JENALYN GUILLERMO

Investigations, and Immersions.

MR. LOPE DUQUE MA. LEONORA B. JACULBIA

encouragement to throughout the duration of the research.

performing Plant Authentication. Your help are greatly appreciated.

us forget the busy and tiring hours.

lend a hand to support throughout the journey of making this research.

strength to produce this output of research.

I THE PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND

Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework……………………………………..…15

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………...16

Significance of the Study…………………………………………………...18

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies………………………………...24

Samples and Sampling Technique Used……………………………………....31

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………….………….32

Statistical Treatment of Data…………………………………...…….………..37

IV PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATON OF DATA

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. List of Computations …………………………………………………………...53

B. Letter of Permission (Parental Consent) ………………………………………..56

C. Letter of Plant Authentication……………………………………………………57

Table 1. Materials used during the Wound Execution ………………………………………33

Table 2. Value of Correlation coefficient and its interpretation…………………………….38

Table 4. Pearson’s Correlation table of drops and days of Proliferation Process……….....43

Table 6. Findings of the Study in Correlational SOP…………………………..………….…46

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study…………………….…………………………15

Figure 2. RRL Map of the Study……………………………………...……………………….22

Figure 3. Image of actual population of Bikas (Mikania cordata) ……………………………

Figure 4. Actual drying of Bikas (Mikania cordata) Leaves ..….…………………………….35

Proliferation Process ………………………………………………………………………..…43

Remodeling Process …………………………………………………………………….………

of wound is a common phenomenon as long as the body is exposed to environmental forces.

hospital, medicinal plants take place.

scar with high tensile strength.

Mikania cordata can be an herbal ointment from a methanolic extract evaluated on

activity against test microorganisms (Siddiqui et al., 2018)

harmful microorganisms. (Link, 2017)

occurrence of wound is a common phenomenon as long as the body is exposed to environmental

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Statement of the Problem

enhance the wound healing process?

process in terms of:

correlates to the wound healing process in terms of:

1. Drops and the day/s of Inflammation Process

2. Drops and the day/s of Proliferation Process

3.Drops and the day/s of Remodeling Process

1. H 0: There is no significant evidence that the content of Mikania cordata infused-

that makes it capable to enhance the wound healing process.

and Remodeling Process.