Bemnet Automotive Technology

MODULE II

THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF ENGINE OPERATION

Definition of Technical Terms

01. Cycle – this is a series of events repeated in the same regular order. Events for instance
that are completed in cycle are intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust.

02. Stroke – This refers to the distance traveled by the piston from top to bottom or bottom to top.

03. Top Dead Center (TDC) – This refers to the topmost part reached by the piston during its upward
motion. This is sometimes called upper dead center (UDC).

04. Bottom Dead Center – This refers to the lowermost part reached by the piston during its
downward motion. This is sometimes called lower dead center (LDC).

05. Combustion – This is a chemical reaction in which certain elements of the fuel combine with
oxygen, causing an increase in temperature of the gases. There are actually three factors to
effect combustion or burning namely oxygen, fuel and temperature.

06. Atmospheric Pressure – This refers to the weight of air at sea level, which is generally equivalent
to 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi).

07. Revolution – This refers to one complete rotation at an axis as in the crankshaft and camshaft
equivalent to 360 degrees.

08. Compression Ratio – This refers to the ratio of the volume of fuel charge (gas) or compressed
air (diesel) at the beginning of compression stroke to the end of compression stroke
(piston is at TDC).

09. Vacuum – This is space devoid of matter.

10. Suction – This is the drawing in of fuel-air mixture or air into the engine cylinder due to the
downward movement of the piston and the vacuum created in the combustion chamber.

11. Scavenging – This refers to the process of removing burned gases inside the cylinder by means
of air that enter the engine during intake stroke.

12. Air –Fuel Ratio- The ratio of air and fuel by weight (usually in pounds) in a given mixture.

13.Turbulence – The swirling motion of air/fuel charge in the combustion chamber to effect
combustion.

14. Piston Displacement – This is the volume the piston displaces as it moves from BDC to TDC.

15. Valve Overlap – The number of degrees of the crankshaft rotation during which the intake and
exhaust valves are open at the same time.

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16. Camshaft Timing – It is the relationship between the camshaft and the crankshaft.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Engine is a machine for

converting energy into motion or
mechanical work. The energy is
usually supplied in the form of a
chemical fuel, such as oil or
gasoline, steam, or electricity, and
the mechanical work is most
commonly delivered in the form of
rotary motion of a shaft.

Type of Engines
The invention of the internal-combustion engine in the mid- to late
1800s sparked the development of the automobile. This photo shows
Internal Combustion Engine an internal-combustion engine from 1925.
Is an that burns its fuel inside the engine in the combustion chamber. Burning of fuel charge
is not seen but its product is emitted in the form of smoke. Examples are gasoline and gasoline
engines which are used in jeepneys, trucks, buses, and even ships.

External Combustion Engine

Is an engine where the fuel used is burned in a separate compartment outside the engine. The fuel is
burned to generate steam pressure delivered and causes the movement of engine parts like piston,
connecting rod and crankshaft. The application of external combustion engines are usually in big,
stationary engines like steam boilers, steam locomotive and likewise steam turbines.

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Example of an old type of steam engine use in transportation and industry. Steam engines
transfer the energy of heat into mechanical energy, often by allowing steam to expand in a
cylinder equipped with a movable piston. As the piston moves up and down (or alternatively, from
side to side), an attached arm converts this motion into parallel motion that drives a wheel.

Classification of Internal Combustion Engine

Engines are usually classified according to the form of energy they utilize, as steam, compressed
air, and gasoline; the type of motion of their principal parts, as reciprocating and rotary; the place where
the exchange from chemical to heat energy takes place, as internal combustion and external combustion;
the method by which the engine is cooled, as air-cooled or water-cooled; the position of the cylinders of
the engine, as V, in-line, and radial; the number of strokes of the piston for a complete cycle, as two-
stroke and four-stroke; the type of cycle, as Otto (in ordinary gasoline engines) and diesel; and the use
for which the engine is intended, as automobile and airplane engines. Engines are often called motors,
although the term motor is sometimes restricted to engines that transform electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Other specialized engines are the windmill, gas turbine, steam turbine, and rocket
and jet engines.

Internal combustion engines can be classified into several groups using features as
characteristics, to wit:

According to Fuel Used

1. Gasoline Engines – these are engines using gasoline as fuel which is mixed with air in
correct proportion in the carburetor to change it into vaporized form before admittance to engine
cylinder where it is charged and later on burned at the combustion chamber by means of electric spark
from the spark plug.

2. Diesel Engines – these are engine using diesel fuel as fuel which are more viscous than
gasoline. This fuel is injected in atomized form to the combustion chamber inside the engine by means
of injection pump and nozzle which is ignited by the high compressed aired of about 500 psi and 1000OF
respectively.

According to the Method of Cooling

1. Indirect Cooling System – engines with this type of cooling system are also called water-
cooled engines. In this yep, water serves as the coolant or the cooling medium which circulates in the
water jackets to absorb the heat of the engine. This passage of hot water is usually thermostatically
controlled so that water is allowed to go back to the radiator only when a certain engine temperature is
reached.

2. Direct Cooling System – engines with this type of cooling system are also called air-cold
engines. During operation, air is drawn by a blower leading to air metal fins or shrouds are the cylinders
through air ducts.

According to the Number of Cylinders

1. Single Cylinder Engine 2. Multi-Cylinder Engine

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According to Cylinder Arrangement

1. Vertical or In-line Engine – these are engines with vertical center lines of the cylinders.
In other words, the cylinders are vertically arranged one after the other in the cylinder block.

2. Horizontal Engines – these are engines with horizontal center lines of the cylinder. In other
words, cylinders (multi cylinder) are arranged horizontally opposing one another so that the pistons
move toward and away from each other during engine operation.

3. V-type Engines – these types of engine block reassembles the shape of letter “V”. Likewise,
it an engine where the cylinder axes are located in two intersection planes which permit the pistons of
each pair of cylinders to act upon the same crank.

4. Radial Engine – the cylinders are usually arranged in circular manner with the crankshaft
having only one crank upon which act five, seven or nine pistons.

According to Valve Arrangement

1. T-head Engine – this type of engine has its valve located on both sides of the cylinder block.
The intake valves all together on one side and exhaust valves all together on the other side.

2. L – head Engine – this type of engine has its intake and exhaust valves located in one of the
cylinder block. The valves are directly operated by tappets or cam followers.

3. I – head Engine – this type has all the intake and exhaust valves installed, mounted or placed
in the cylinder head. These valves are operated by rocker arms actuated directly by camshaft or cam
lobes indirectly with the use of push rods and cam followers.

According to Method of Ignition

1. Spark Ignited Engines 2. Heat Ignited Engine

According to Cycle of Operation

1. Two-Stroke Cycle Engines – these are engine where the cycle is completed in two (2) strokes
of the piston. This means that the piston has to move two
times to complete the cycle.

2. Four-Stroke Engines - these are engines where the cycle is completed in four (4) strokes of the
piston. This means that the piston has to move four (4) times to complete the cycle.

Piston Stroke

1. Intake stroke
2. Compression stroke
3. Power stroke
4. Exhaust stroke

Developed by: - Yikdem Chala. Email address: - yikomanchal@gmail.com & Telegram: - @yikdem
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 Bemnet Automotive Technology

Developed by: - Yikdem Chala. Email address: - yikomanchal@gmail.com & Telegram: - @yikdem
Automotive Expert / Industry Based Focal