INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Final Term Examination
Course Title: Research Methodology Dated: August 18, 2020
Course Code: ES 570 Class: MS ES
Name _____________________________ Total Marks: 50

Q1 (a): Fill in the blanks with appropriate answer 17

abstract
1. Summary of paper/manuscript is called as ___________________________.
2. A process by which research studies are examined by an independent panel of researchers for
review is termed as ___________________________.
3. A method for determining the location of samples where sample locations are located at the
nodes of a geometrical grid pattern is known as ______________________ sampling.
4. An in depth investigation of a single subject or event is referred as
case study
___________________________.
5. A formal statement of question or hypothesis that implies empirical evidence is
___________________________.
6. The deviation from the truth or reliability of results due to the way(s) in which the study
is conducted is ___________________________.
7. __________________________ refers to how values in a data set are distributed around the
mean.
ranked set sampling
8. __________________________type of sampling generally requires the largest sample size.
testable proposition
9. Hypothesis test may also be called as _________________________
10. Important factor can be find out in any effect by _________________________.
11. Family of distributions commonly used to test for statistical significance in a data set is
_________________________
12. Statistical tool for investigating the relationship between an outcome variable and explanatory
multiple linear regression
variables is _________________________.
13. A single number describing the degree of relationship between two variables is regarded as
corelation coefficient
_________________________.
14. Reliability of survey results are described by _________________________.
15. The concentration of an environmental contaminant at a point over time, over an area or
over a volume is _________________________.
16. After placing all measures in numerical values (from smallest to largest) the
median
________________ value is that which comes in the middle of the distribution and the
mode
value which occurs most frequently in a series of numbers is ___________________.
(b). Fill in the column with appropriate answer 07

Sr.No Statement Answer

1 Theory + Observation + Statistics logical positivism
2 A central idea in research variable
3 ‘X’ variable independent variable
4 Taking someone’s idea without proper attribution of credit plagiarism
5 Any way of selecting a sample of entities from a population sampling
6 collection of numerical data to describe phenomenon of interest quantitative research
7 Group of people represented in a study population

Q2. Give short answers to the following 20

i. What is the purpose of statistical inference, and why are these necessary and ultimately
uncertain?
ii. What is the peer review system for scientific literature, and how does it work.
iii. What in your opinion are specific goals which can be achieved through “review of
literature”.
iv. Explain with the help of a flow chart the process of research design.
v. What are the following types of sampling: simple random, systematic random, stratified
random, cluster and multistage area?

Q3. (a) What are different types of Analysis of Variance and in what type of data sets they
can be applied. 02

(b). Differentiate between the following. 04

i. Probability Sampling and Non-probability Sampling

ii. Ranked set Sampling and Composite Sampling