TABLEOFCONTENT

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGENO

I
ntr
oduct
ion 2

1.
1Indust
rypr
ofi
l
e

Chapt
er1 1.
1.1 Wor
ldscenar
ioofsal
tindust
ry 5

1.
1.2I
ndi
anscenar
ioofsal
tindust
ry 7

1.
1.3Tami
lNaduscenar
ioofsal
tindust
ry 10

Chapt
er2 2.
1 Companypr
ofi
l
e

2.
2.1 Companydet
ail 13

2.
2.2 Hi
stor
yoft
heor
gani
zat
ion 15

2.
2.3 Or
gani
zat
ionst
ruct
ure 16

Chapt
er3 3.
1Depar
tmentPr
ofi
l
e

3.
1.1 pur
chaseDepar
tment 19

3.
1.2 pr
oduct
ionDepar
tment 21

3.
1.3Fi
nanceDepar
tment 22

3.
1.4Mar
ket
ingDepar
tment 23

Chapt
er4

4.
1SpotAnal
ysi
s 31

Chapt
er5

Concl
usi
on 33

1
 Sal
tPr
oduct
ionTr
endi
nThoot
hukudi
Dist
ri
ct

Int r
oduct ion: I ndiapr oducesnear ly24mi l
li
ont onnesofr aw salt
annual l
y,outofwhi ch20per centi sexpor tedmai nlyt oJapan,Chi na,US
andI ndonesi a.Sal tproducingst atesinI ndia,inor derofpr oduct ion,are
Gujar at,Tami lNadu,Raj asthan,Mahar asht ra,Andhr aPr adesh,Or issaand
WestBengal .Sal tl
andsar el easedoutt odi f
ferentt ypesofpr oducer s,v
iz.,
public,pr ivate,cooper ative and i ndividualmanuf acturers.The ot her
categor i
esofsal tproducersi ncludet hel icensedpr i
vat esal twor kshav ing
mor et han100acr es,thosehav i
ngbet ween10-100acr es,licensedco-
operat ivesandunl i
censedpr i
vatesal twor ks.I nTami lNadu, Thoot hukudi i
s
thelar gestpr oducerofsal twithanav erageest i
mat edpr oductionof16. 17
tonnesofsal tperannum.Thi spapergi vesacompr ehensi vepict ureoft he
currentsal tpr oduct i
on scenar ioi n Thoot hukudidi strict.The st udyi s
descr ipti
v einnat ureandi sbasedonsecondar ydat aobt ainedf rom Annual
Admi nistrati
onr eportsofTut i
corinci r
clecol l
ectedf rom t heAssi stantSalt
Commi ssioner ,SaltDepar tment ,Thoot hukudi .Thisr esear chpapershows
aclearpi ctureofsal tproduct i
ont rendsf ort eny earsf rom 2003- 04t o2012
-13 and al so r evealst he pr evaili
ng pr oduct ivi
ty condi t
ions ofsal ti n
Thoot hukudidi stri
ctwi thef fectt or ainfall.Ital sopr ov i
desi nsi ghtinto
vari
ousi mpr ov ement sthatcoul dbedonet opr omot epr oduct i
oni nt hesalt
i
ndust ryint hey earst ocome.Key wor ds:Sal tproduct ion,sal ti ndustry,
Thoot hukudi .

1.Intr
oducti
onSal t(NaCL)isoneoft heol destcommodi ti
esusedi n
man’ sfoodandoccupi esv al
uablepositioni nt hehistoryofhuman
civi
li
sati
on.Saltduri
ngt heancienttimeswasusedasani mportant
commodi tyenteri
ngintointer
nationaltr
adeal loverthewor ldandi t
wasusedasaweapont oconquerenemi esbycut t
ingi t
ssupply.As
the time advanced,uses ofsal tincreased and t he method of
producingsalthasalsounder gonesi gnificantchanges.I nmoder n
timessalthasabout14000knownusesf rom f oodtoi ndust
rytode-
i
cing.Almostsixtypercentofsaltproductionint hewhol eworldgoes
toi ndust
ri
alusage.Onl yt heremai ni
ng f ortypercenti sused f or

2
mi scel laneouspur posest hatmaj orconst i
tut est heappl i
cat i
oni nt he
form off oodaddi tives.I ndiapr oducesnear l
y240l akht onnesofr aw
saltannual ly,outofwhi ch20per centi sexpor tedmai nl ytoJapan,
Chi na,US andI ndonesi a.2.Sal tI ndust ryi nIndi aI ndi anpr otest s
agai nstt hesal tt axbegani nt he19t hcent uryandr emai nedamaj or
cont ent ious i ssue t hroughout t he per iod of Br iti
sh r ule. Sal t
Sat yagr ahabyMahat maGandhii nMar ch,1930changedt hewhol e
cont extandsal twasexcl udedf rom t axat ion.I nI ndia,sal tproduci ng
stat es,i nor derofpr oduct ion,ar eGuj arat ,Tami lNadu,Raj ast han,
Mahar asht ra,Andhr aPr adesh,Or issaandWestBengal .Theav erage
annualpr oduct ionofsal tissuf fici entt omeett her equi rement sf or
humanconsumpt ionandi ndust rialuse,l eav ingasur plusf orexpor t
.
TheSal tCommi ssi oner ’
sOr gani sat ionwi thi tsheadquar ter satJai pur
i
sheadedbyt heSal tCommi ssi oneri sr esponsi bl ef oral lact i
v iti
es.
The Sal tOr gani sation i sr esponsi blef ormoni toring pr oduct i
on,
distr i
but ion,suppl yofsal tandadmi ni strationofSal tCessAct ,1953
andRul esmadet hereunder .Sal ti smanuf acturedmai nlybysol ar
evapor at i
on ofseawat er ,sub- soi lbr i
ne and l ake br i
ne.Sea sal t
const i
tut esabout70percentoft het ot alsal tpr oduct i
oni nt he
count ry.Sal tisbei ngpr oducedi n52di strictsi nt hecount ry.Pr ivate
sect orcont inuest ocont ri
but esi gni ficant l
yi nthepr oduct ionofsal t
.
90.3percentoft hesal ti spr oducedbyt hepr ivatesect or.Publ icor
j
ointsect orcont ributesabout1. 5percentandt her est8. 2percent
byt he co-oper ative sect ordur ing 2012- 13.The cur rentannual
requi rementofsal tint hecount ryi sest i
mat edt obe60l akht onnes
foredi bleuseand65l akht onnesf ori ndust rialuse.Besi desabout15
l
akht onnesofsal ti sexpor tedev er yy ear .3.Thoot hukudi– Sal t
Capi t
alofTami lNaduI nTami lNadu,commonsal ti spr oducedi n
l
ar ge quant iti
es i nt he di strict s ofThoot hukudi ,Nagapat tinam,
Ramanat hapur am andKany akumar i.Thoot hukudidi strictpr oduces
subst ant i
alquant it
iesofedi ble sal tf orconsumpt ion basi callyi n
Sout hI ndi a.I tisoneoft hei deall ocat i
onsf orpr oduci ngsal tasi ts
cli
mat e,soi landav ailabili
tyofbr inear egr eatasset sf orpr oduci ng
qual it
ysal t.Sal tpr oduct ioni scar riedoutonanar eaof25, 000acr es
wher eabout50, 000wor ker sar ei nv olv edi nt hepr ocess,di rectlyand
3
i
ndi rect l
y, andt her egionpr oducesabout25l akht onnesofsal tev er y
year.Nor mal l
y ,saltpr oduct ionst ar tsei theri nt hef irstweekori nt he
mi ddleofFebr uar yand goeson t illSept ember .Sal tcoul d bea
fi
nishedpr oductonl ywhenwat eri nsal tpanr eser voirr eaches24
degr eebaume( densi ty).Itwoul dr equi ret hreeweeksoramont ht o
achiev eful lproduct ion.Si ncet hesal tindust ryl acksski l
ledwor kf orce,
i
ti sachal lengingt askt opr oducequal itysal t.4.Needf ort heSt udy
Salti sani mpor tantpr oductwi thoutwhi chf oodseemst ast eless.
Thoughi ti saddedi nsmal lquant itiest oourf ood,i t
spr oduct i
on
i
nv olv eshugecapi talandl abour .Thoot hukudidi st ri
cti scal l
edt he
saltcapi talofTami lNaduasi tist hel ar gestpr oducerofsal tint he
state.Ther efore,iti snecessar yt ounder st andt heper formanceand
roleofsal tindust ryi nt hear ea.Hence,t her esear cherhasmadean
attemptt ost udyt het rendsi npr oduct ionofsal ti nThoot hukudi
district.OUTREACH-AMul ti
-Discipl inar yRef er eedJour nal68|Page
SaltPr oduct ionTr endi nThoot hukudiDi strict5.Resear chObj ect i
v es
The f ollowi ng ar et he obj ectives oft he st udy 1.To know t he
product i
onofsal ti nThoot hukudidi strictf ort eny ear sf rom 2003-04
to 2012- 13 2.To know t he l and r esour ces av ailablef orsal t
product i
on 3.To under stand t he t rend of sal t pr oduct ion i n
Thoot hukudidi strictwi t
hcompar isont or ai nfal l6.Resear chDesi gn
andMet hodol ogyThepr esentst udyi sdescr iptivei nnat ur ewhi ch
reli
es excl usively on secondar y dat a and i tai ms t or ev ealt he
per f
or manceofThoot hukudidi strict ’
ssal ti ndust ryfort eny ear sf rom
2003- 04t o2012- 2013.6. 1Scopeoft heSt udySev ent yper centof
Tami lNadu' ssal tpr oduct i
oni sfrom Thoot hukudi district.Ithasl otof
under groundsal i
newat ert hatcanbeusedf orext ract ingsal tfrom
1500sal tpans.I tpr ovidesl argescal eempl oy mentt omany l
abour er s.
Thisr esear chi scar ri
edouti nt hear easofThoot hukudidi st rictasi t
muchsui t
edf orsal tpr oduct ion.6. 2Dat acol lect i
onandanal y sisOnl y
secondar ydat aobt ainedf rom t heAssi st antSal tCommi ssioner ,Sal t
Depar tment ,Thoot hukudiar e used i nt his st udy .I ti ncl udes t he
AnnualAdmi nistrationr epor tsofTut icor inci rclef or10y ear sfrom
2003- 04t o2012- 2013.Fur ther,ot hersecondar ydat ai scol lected
throughbooks,magazi nes,j our nalsandwebsi tes.Mi crosof tExcel
4
 2010i susedt oanal y
set hedata.Thet oolsusedf oranalysi
sar e
Growt hr ati
o,Av erageannualgr owthr at
e,Compoundannualgr owt h
rate,Barchar tand Li ne char t.Adequat ef indi
ngs,appr opriate
suggest ionsandconcl usi onsar egivenbasedont hev ar
ioust ools
appliedf ordataanal ysis.7.Resul t
sandDi scussionThepr esent
studymai nlyfocusesont hepr oduct
ionofsaltinThoot hukudidi
st r
ict
.
Italsor evealsthelandr esour cesavail
abil
it
yandi mpactofrainf
allon
saltpr oductionint hest udyar ea.Thechangesi npr oduct
iontrends
areal soshownwi ththehel poftherespecti
vegr owthr at
es.

CHAPTER 1

1.
1 WORLDSCENARI
OOFSALTI
NDUSTRY

Thegl obalindustr
ialsaltmar keti
swi t
nessingast eadygrowt hintermsof
consumpt i
on.The chemi calsectori s one oft he maj orend- users of
i
ndust ri
alsalt,wher ei
ti sprimaril
yusedi nt heproducti
onofChl or-
alkali
(chlor
ineandcaust i
csoda)andsy ntheticsodaash.Chl or-
alkalipr
oduction
i
st hel argestmar ketforsalt,accountingf orapproximatel
y36% ofwor l
d
consumpt i
on in 2018.Ar ound 52% oft he gl
obalconsumpt ion was
witnessedi nEastAsi a,f oll
owedbyNor t
hAmer ica(18%)andWest ern
Europe( 14%).Thegr owingdemandf orproductssuchascaust icsodaand
sodaashi sdri
vingthegr owthofChlor -
alkal
i.

Thegr owingdemandf orpotablewat erconsumpt i

onduet opopul ati
on
growt h,ri
sei nthenumberofwat er-borneai l
ments,i
ncreasei nacceptance
i
ni ndust ri
alapplicat
ionssuchasf oodpr ocessi
ng,chemi cal,t
exti
les,and
refi
ner i
eswoul df urt
hersupportt hegr owt h.APACdomi natesthemar ket
forwat ert r
eatmentwi thChina,Japan,Sout hKorea,andI ndialeadingt he
race.St ri
ctregulati
onsrelat
edtowat ertreatmentareexpect edtodr i
vet he
mar ketdemandi nseveralsectors,includingpharmaceut i
cals,chemical s,
andr efineri
es.

Thef
oll
owi
ngf
act
orsar
eli
kel
ytocont
ri
but
etot
hegr
owt
hoft
hei
ndust
ri
al

5
sal
tmar
ketdur
ingt
hef
orecastper
iod:

 Gr
owt hi
nInter
nationalTrade
 Ri
singDemandf orWat erTreatment
 Gr
owt hi
nIndustri
alProductionCapaci
ty

Thestudyconsi dersthepresentscenari
ooft heindustr
ialsal
tmar ketand
i
tsmar ketdynami csfortheperiod20192025.Itcover
sadet ai
ledov er
view
ofseveralmarketgr owthenablers,r
estr
aint
s,andtrends.Thestudyof f
ers
botht he demand and suppl y aspects ofthe mar ket.Itprofi
les and
examinesleadingcompani esandot herprominentonesoper ati
ngi nthe
market.

I
ndust
ri
alSal
tMar
ket
:

Segment
ati
on

Thisr esearchreportincl
udesadet ai
ledsegment ati
onbypr oduct,source,
applicati
on,andgeogr aphy.Thechemi calindustryisthelargestend-user.
Saltisusedasar awmat er
ialfort
hepr oducti
onofchl ori
ne,sodaash, and
caust i
csoda.Thegr owingdemandi nt heChlor-alkal
iindust
ryispr i
mar i
l
y
dri
vingt hegr owth.Fur t
her,thegrowthi nconst ruct
ionactivi
ti
esi salso
suppor ti
ng the gr owing demand f orPVC and gl ass.Industri
alsal t
const i
tutesakeycomponenti nmanufacturi
ngPVCandgl ass,hence,the
growt hinconstructi
onactivi
ti
esisli
kelytogeneratedemand i n the
regi
on.

Highwayde- icing forms t he majormar ketf orindustri

alsal tin Nor th
Amer icaandEur ope.Theappl i
cati
onofi ndust r
ialsaltcannotonl yhel pin
de-ici
ngbutal sodel ayst hef or
mat i
onofi cef oral ongt i
me.Accor dingt o
researchconduct edi nWi sconsin,theappl i
cationofsal tforsnowmel t
ing
i
sest imatedt or educeacci dentsby88%i ntheUS.Col dandf r
ostywi nters
i
nNor thAmer icaandEur opehav ealsoresul t
edi nahi ghimportofsal tfor
de-ici
ng, t
herebyi ncreasingt hemarketshare.
Thesol arsegmenti sexpect edtoaccountf orthemaj ori
tyofthev olume
shar edur i
ng t hef orecastper i
od.Thel ow-product i
on costispr i
mar il
y
responsiblef ort he gr owt h ofthe segment .Sol arsaltisexpect ed t o
witnesst hef astestgr owt hi ntermsofconsumpt i
ondur i
ngt hef orecast
period.Itisli
kel ytowi t
nesst hehighestdemandi nt heAPACr egionowi ng
tot her apidl
ygr owingpr oducti
onofhi gh-qualit
ypr oducts,especiall
yi n

6
Indi
a,Aust r
ali
a,andPaki stan.
Vacuum ev aporatedsaltsusuallyhavethehighestpuri
tylevels.
Chemi calindustr
ies,especiall
yChl or
-al
kalipr
oducti
on,requi
rehi
gh-quality
products,whi chispr i
mar il
ydr i
vingthedemandf orvacuum evaporated
products.Further
,inthef oodprocessingindust
ry,t
hedemandf r
om quality-
consciousconsumer sf
orpur eproductsI
isgrowing.

Saltminingaccount edf orappr oxi

mately32%oft hemar ketshar ein2019.
Thegr owi ngdemandf orbrinei nchemicalindustriesisexpect edt odrive
the segment .The demand i s expected to wi tness hi gh growthi n
consumpt i
ondur i
ngt heforecastperi
od,ascompar edtomi ning.Seawat er
i
spr acti
cal l
yinexhausti
bleascompar edtomi ning.Mi ni
ng,howev er,havea
restr
ict
edcapaci t
yofpr oduction.Rocksaltpr oducedi nmi neshav elower
purit
ylev elsandhav el imit
edusagei nde-icingandchemi calindustri
es.
Ther apidlygr owingmar ketforchemi calandde- i
cingispr imaril
ydr i
vi
ng
themar ketgr owth.

Seawatersal tisprimaril
yusedi noi landgasexpl orati
on,paperandpul p
i
ndustry,metalpr ocessi
ngindustrysuchasal uminum,t anni
ngandl eat her
tr
eatment ,t
extil
eanddy ei
ngindustry.Itaccount edforappr oximatel
y ,66%
oft he globalconsumpt i
on,primar il
y owing t ot he abundance i nt he
avail
abil
it
y ofsal i
ne seawater.The appl icati
on isi ncreasing inf ood
processi
ng,r efr
igerati
on,andcool ingsy stems.I tisal sousedasheat -
tr
ansfermedi a because ofl ow freezing t emperatures oras a v apor-
absorpti
onagentbecauseofl owv aporpr essure.Brinei salsoextensively
usedinsteel andaluminum industr
ies,therebydr i
vingthesegmentgr owt h.

1.
1.1I
NDI
ANSCENARI
OOFSALTI
NDUSTRY

Indi
ai sthethi
rdl ar
gestSal tproduci ngCount ryi
nt heWorldafter China
andUSA wi thGlobal annualproductionbei ngabout230mill
i
ont ones. The
growthandachi evementofSal tIndust r
yov erthelast60yearshasbeen
spectacul
ar.
 WhenI ndiaat tai
nedI ndependencei n1947,saltwasbei ng
i
mpor ted fr
om t he Uni ted Kingdom & Adens t o meeti t
s domest i
c
requi
rement. Butt oday ithas notonl y achi
eved sel
f-
suffi
ciency in
producti
onofsal ttomeeti tsdomest icrequir
ementbutalsoinaposi ti
on
ofexporti
ngsurplussal tt
of orei
gncount ries.
  
Theproduct
ionofsaltdur i
ng

7
1947was1.9mill
i
ontoneswhi
chhasi
ncr
easedt
enf
oldt
orecor
d22.
18
mil
li
ont
onesdur
ing2019-
20.

SOURCESOFSALT:

Themai
nsour
cesofsal
tinI
ndi
aar
e

·
  
  
  
  
Seabr
ine

·
  
  
  
  
Lakebr
ine

·
  
  
  
  
Sub-
soi
lbr
ineand

·
  
  
  
  
Rocksal
tdeposi
ts

MAJORSALTPRODUCI
NGCENTERS:

Seawat erisaninexhaust
ibl
esour
ceofsal t
. Saltpr
oducti
onalongthe
coastisli
mitedbyweatherandsoi
lcondi
ti
ons. Themajorsaltpr
oduci
ng
centr
esare

Mari
neSal tworks al
ongt hecoastofGuj arat(
Jamnagar,Mit
hapur,Jhakhar
,
Chi
ra,Bhav nagar,Rajul
a,Dahej,Gandhi dham,Kandla,Maliya,Lavanpur)
,
Tamil Nadu ( Tuti
corin, Vedarany am, Cov el
ong), Andhra Pr adesh
( Chinnaganjam , I skapall
i, Kr
ishnapatnam, Kakinada & Naupada) ,
Maharashtra(
Banda,Bhay andar
,Pal ghar)
,Orissa (
Ganjam,Sumadi )and
WestBengal (Contai
)

I
nlandSaltWorks 
 i
nRaj ast
hanusinglakebrineandsub-
soi
lbr
inev
iz.
SambharLake,
Nawa, Raj
as,Kuchhaman,
Sujangar
handPhal
odi

Sal
twor ks i
n Rann of Kut
ch 
 usi
ng sub-
soi
lbr
ine v
iz:Khar
aghoda,
Dhr
angadhra;
Sant
alpur
8
RockSal
tDeposi
ts 
atMandi
int
heSt
ateofHi
machal
Pradesh

Themaj
orsal
tpr
oduci
ngcent
resar
egi
veni
nMap-
1

PROFI
LE 
&STATUSOFSALTI
NDUSTRY

There are about11799 saltmanuf acturers engaged in production of

Commonsal tinanext entofabout6. 09l akhacresi ntheCount r
y.Itis
esti
mat edthat87.6percentoft hetotalnumberofsal tmanufacturersare
smal lsal
tproducers(havi
ngani ndi
v i
dualext entoflessthan10acr esfor
saltmanuf act
ure),5.8% i
sl argescal epr oducers( havi
ng an indivi
dual
extentofmor ethan100acr es)and6. 6% i smedi um scalepr oducers
(havi
ngani ndi
vidualext
entbetween10and100acr es)

 
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
Av erageAnnualPr oducti
onofSal tinI ndi
ai s215. 80l akht ones
wher easev erhi ghpr oduct i
onof240l akhtoneswasr ecordeddur i
ng2009-
10f oll
owedby221l akht onnesdur i
ng2012- 13( Upt
o2/ 13).Gujarat,Tamil
Nadu and Raj asthan ar esur pl
usSal tproducing St atesaccount ing for
about  96percentoft heCount r
y’sproduction. Gujaratcont ri
butes76. 7
percent  tot het otalpr oduct i
on,fol
lowedbyTami lNadu( 11.16%)and
Rajasthan ( 9.86%) . The r est2.28% pr oduction comes f rom Andhr a
Pradesh,Mahar ashtra,Or issa,Karnataka,WestBengal ,Goa,Hi machal
Pradesh,Di u&Daman.  Onanav er
age62%oft hetotalpr oducti
oni sf r
om
 
Lar gesaltpr oducer sf oll
owedbysmal lscaleproducer s(28%)andr estby
medi um scal epr oducers

 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
 Theaverageannualsuppliesofsaltforhumanconsumpt i
onis
about59l akhtonnesandthatforindust
ri
alconsumptionisabout107lakh
tones;60%oft hesaltforhumanconsumpt ionmov esbyr ai
land40%by
road. 88%oft hesaltfori
ndustr
ialconsumptionmov esbyr oad,10%by
rai
land 2% bycoast alshipmentt ovari
ousi ndust
ries;when thetotal

9
i
ndigenoussuppl
i
esi
staken,
72percentmov
esbyr
oad,
27%mov
esbyr
ail
and1%bysea

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Indi
aexportssur pl
usproduct
ionofsaltto thetuneofabout35
l
akht onnesonanav erage;Duri
ngtheyear2011-12,arecordexpor
tof38
l
akht onneswasachi evedprimari
l
yduet osurgeofdemandf rom Chi
na.
Othermaj orcount
ri
esi mporti
ngsaltfr
om IndiaareJapan,Bangladesh,
 
I
ndonesia,SouthKorea, Nort
hKorea,Malay
sia,
U.A.E.
,Viet
nam,Quataretc.

 
    
  
  
   
  
  
GovernmentofI ndiahasadopt edt hest rategyofUni versalSal t
IodisationandConsumpt ionforeliminationofI odineDef i
ciencyDi sorder s
(IDD)i nthecount ryundert heNationalI odineDef i
ciencyDi sor der
sCont rol
Pr ogramme( NIDDCP) . Iodineissuppl ement edi nthedi ett
hr oughI odised
Sal tforcombat ing IDD. ThePr ogrammewasst art
ed in 1962 i nit
ially
conf i
ning to Goi t
reendemi careasbutaf t
er1984 i twasi mpl ement ed
throughoutt hecount ry.
 Thusasondat easi gnif
icantpr ogresshasbeen
madeonUni versalSaltIodisati
on. Thecount r
ypr oducesabout62l akh
tonesofI odisedsal tandabout59. 7akht onesofi odi sedsaltissuppl iedfor
humanconsumpt ionagainstther equirementofabout60. 5lakht onesf or
ent i
re population. The count r
yhas cr eated mor et han adequat e sal t
i
odi sati
oncapaci tyofov er175lakht ones.

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 SaltI
ndustryislabourint
ensi
veint hecount
ry.
 About1.11lakh
l
abourersar eempl oyed dail
yint heSaltIndust
ryonanav erage.
 Sal t
Commi ssioner
’sOrganisati
onhasputinplaceanumberofLabourWel far
e
Schemesamel ior
atingthewor ki
ngandli
vi
ngconditi
onsofsal
tlabour
ers.

GOVERNMENTOFI
NDI
A’SROLEI
NDEVELOPMENTOFSALTI
NDUSTRY:

Sal
tisaCent
ralsubjecti
ntheConst
it
uti
onofIndi
aandappear
sasi
tem
No.
58oft
heUnionListofthe7t
hSchedul
e,whi
chreads:

10
a)
  
 Manuf
act
ure,
Suppl
yandDi
str
ibut
ionofSal
tbyUni
onAgenci
es;
and

b)
  Regulat
ionandcont
rolofmanuf
act
ure,suppl
yanddi
str
ibut
ionofsal
t
byotheragenci
es.

Centr
alGov ernmenti
sr esponsibl
ef orcontrol
li
ngallaspect
soft heSalt
I
ndustry.
 SaltCommissioner’sOrganisati
on,anatt
achedOf f
iceunderthe
Mini
stry ofCommer ce & I ndust
ry( DepartmentofI ndust
rialPol
icy &
Promoti
on),Gov er
nmentofIndia,i
sent r
ustedwit
htheabov et
ask.

 
  
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
   
 GovernmentofI ndi
ahasdel i
censedSaltI
ndust r
ybydeleti
ng
provi
sionsr elati
ng to SaltintheCentralExcise& SaltAct ,1944 vi
de
Fi
nanceBi llof1996- 97. I
nl i
newithGovernmentofIndi
a’sPol i
cyofand
si
mpl if
ication ofPr ocedures,the Sal
tCess Rules,1964,hav e been
amended v ide Notifi
cati
on No. GSR 639(E) dat
ed 04. 09.2001.
  Salt
Commi ssioner’sOrganizati
onplaysafaci
li
tati
ngrol
einov eral
lgrowthand
developmentofSal tIndustr
yinthecountr
y.

Thethrustoft
heSal
tCommi
ssi
oner
’sOr
gani
zat
ioncur
rent
lyi
sont
he
fol
l
owing:

·
  
  
  
  
Technol
ogi
cal
Dev
elopmentandQual
i
tyI
mpr
ovement

·
  
  
  
  
Sal
tIodi
sat
ionPr
ogr
am f
orcombat
ingI
odi
neDef
ici
encyDi
sor
der
s

·
  
  
  
  
Inf
rast
ruct
ureDev
elopmentpr
omot
ingSal
tIndust
ry

·
  
  
  
  
LaborWel
far
eSchemesf
orSal
tWor
ker
spar
ti
cul
arl
yhousi
ngunder
NAMAKMAZDOORAWASYOJNA

·
  
  
  
  
Expor
tofSal
t

11
1.
1.2TAMI LNADUSCENARI OOFSALTI NDUSTRY
2.CHENNAI :I nter mitt
entr ainfal
lcoupl ed wi t
h cy clone Gaj a and t he
Cent r
e’s t weak , whi ch has l ed t o t housands of
salt 
manuf actur ers goi ng t o cour t,has hi t saltpr oduct i
on in Tami l
Nadu.Theamountofsal tproducedbyt hest atei nt hel astt hr
eey ears
hassi gnifi
cant lycomedownl eav i
ngmanuf act urer swi thv er yl i
ttl
e
stockt osel ldur ingt heof f-season.Sal tmanuf act uredi nthest ateis
usedf ori ndust rialpur poseandi sal sor efinedandusedasedi blesal t
.
Accor ding t o of f
icial sour ces f rom t he of fice of t he deput y
commi ssionerofsal t,t hest atemanuf actur ed18l ak ht onnesi n2017-
18,16 l akht onnesi n 2018- 19 and l esst han 14 l akht onnest he
foll
owi ngy ear.Manuf act urerspoi nt edoutt hatTNi ssl owly  
l
osi ng i
ts
self-
suf fi
ciencyi nsal tpr oduct i
on.
Dur i
ngof fseason,whi chi sbet weenOct oberandMar ch,pr icesof
i
ndust rialsal tshotupdr ast i
callyfrom Rs800at onnet oar oundRs
1500at onne.“ Tocompensat ewear ei mpor ti
ngal argeamountofsal t
from Guj arat,
”sai d M Kandasaamy ,asal tmanuf act urerbased i n
Mar akk anam.I nt hepastoney ear ,TNhasi mpor ted1, 40,000t onnesof
saltfrom Guj ar at,whi chmanuf actur erscl aimi st hehi ghesti nal lthe
yearsofsal tpr oduct ion.
V Sent hi l
,secr etaryofVedar any am smal l-
scal esal tmanuf acturers
federation,bl amedt hegov ernmentf ornothel pingt or ev i
vet hepans
destroy eddur ingcy cloneGaj ai n2018.“ Af tert het sunami ,thest ate
gav eRs14, 500peracr et omanuf act urer st or eviv esal tpans, butaf t
er
thecy clone,atl east3, 000acr esofsal tpansar est i
llbur i
edundera
footofsl ush.Wer ecei vednoai dandar est ruggl ingt or ev i
vei t,
”he
said,addi ngt hatmanysmal l-
scal ei nv est orsar eal soshut ti
ngshop.
“Theynowseesal tpr oduct ionasal oss- mak ingav enue.Al so,nonew
i
nv estorsar ecomi ngf or war d,
”hesai d.

3.In2013,t heCent r
ehadst oppedr enewi ngleasesofmanuf actur ers.I
t
sai
dt hati twoul di nstead issue f resh tender s.Butthe deput y
commi ssioner’sof fi
cesai dt hatt heyar e‘prohibi
ted’f
rom doi ngso,
unti
lfurthernotice.
Asmuchas17, 500acr esofsal tpansi nTami lNadubelongt ot he
Centr
eandi templ oysmor et han60, 000wor kers.Duetot heor der
,
moret han400sal tmanuf acturerswentt ocour tandobtainedast ay
agai
nstt heor derandatl east100hav eshutshop.
“I
nTut icori
n,manymanuf acturers’leasewi l
lexpirenextyearandt hey
are preparing t o go t o cour t
.I ft he authoriti
es don’tinter v
ene,

12
 product ionwi llbesi gni f
iantlyhi t
,”sai dPDi l
eepPr ak ash,directorof
TuticorinSal tandMar i
neChemi calsLtd.
“Manuf act urers ar e l osi ng i nterest. We don’ tk now what t he
governmentwant st odo, ”sai dKandasamy .Mar akk anam,whi chused
topr oducemor et han1, 00,000t onnesofsal tay ear,pr oducedl ess
than50, 000t onnesl asty ear .Thesal tproductioni nVedar anyam and
Tuticorinhascomedownf rom 6, 08,000t onnesi n2018t o2,85,000
tonnesi n2019andf rom 14l akht onnesi n2018t oar ound10l akh
tonnesi n2019, respect ively.
I
nar ecentmeet ing,Mi ni
st ryofCommer ceandI ndust r y(saltsecti
on)
hadpr oposedt het ransf erofmanagementofsal t
-produci nglandst o
thest ategov er nment .“ I
ti sst il
lint hepi peli
ne,noconf i
rmationhas
been made y et,”sai d a seni orof fi
cialf rom t he Tami lNadu Sal t
Corpor ation.Sal tpansi nt heVedar anyam ar eaher ehav er esumed
product ionaf teraboutsi xmont hs,ast hepr ocurementpr iceshav e
goneupnowconsi derabl y.Theyhadshutdownoper ationsi nJulylast
yearduet oast eepf allinpr ocur ementpr i
ces.Usual ly,saltproduct i
on
i
nt her egi ongoesonf orni nemont hsay ear—Januar yt oSept ember .
The pr oduct i
on i s suspended dur ing the monsoon ( Octobert o
December )int hest ateaspansmost lyremai ninundat ed.
4.Pr
ocur
ementpr
icedown

5.“
Lasty
ear
,pr
oduct
ionpr
ogr
essedatasl
owpaceandcamet
oahal
t
i
nJul
yast
hepr
ocur
ementpr
icef
ellt
oabout₹450-
600pert
onne,
whi
chwasj
usthal
foft
heusualr
ate.Assal
tpanowner
sst
art
ed
wi
tnessi
nghugel
osses,pr
oduct
ioncamet
oahal
t,
”Secr
etar
yoft
he
Vedar
any
am Smal
lScal
eSal
tPr
oducer
s’Feder
ati
onVSent
hil
sai
d.

6.Duet
othi
s,sal
twasbei
ngbr
oughtf
rom Guj
aratt
oTami
lNadu,he
added.“
Thi
syear
,sal
tpr
ocur
ementpr
icer
oset
oabout₹950-
1,200
pert
onneandwor
kshav
ecommencedi
nal
lpansnow,
”hei
nfor
med.

7.Sal
tisbei
ngpr
oducedher
eonal
argescal
ebot
hforhousehol
d
consumpt
ionandcommer
cialuse.Thepr
oducei
ssentt
othemar
ket
byt
rucks,
Sent
hil
sai
d.

8.Mar
ketcondi
ti
onsandsal
tpr
oduct
ionscenar
ioi
nGuj
arat
,thel
argest
13
 pr
oducerofsal
tint
hecount
ry,det
ermi
nedemandandpr
ocur
ement
pr
ice acr
ossal
lsal
tpr
oduct
ion cent
resi
nthe count
ry,i
ncl
udi
ng
Vedar
any
am bel
t.

9.Sal
tispr
oducedonabout10,
000acr
esal
ongVedar
any
am

10. coasti
nvar
iousv
il
lages,
incl
udi
ngAgast
hyampal
l
i,Kodi
akadu,
Kadnel
vay
alandVedar
any
am.

11. Wi
tht
hepr
oduct
ionofov
er4.
5lakh t
onnesofsal
tay
ear
,
Vedar
any
am occupi
est
he second posi
ti
on i
n TamiNadu i
n sal
t
pr
oduct
ion,hesai
d.Ov
er25,
000wor
ker
sar
eengagedi
npr
oduct
ion
act
ivi
ti
esi
nthi
sar
ea.Howev
er,
dur
ing2015,
thepr
oduct
ionf
ellt
o3.
5
l
akht
onnes,
Sent
hil
added

14
 Chapt
er2

2.
1Companypr
ofi
l
e

2.
1.1companydet
ail

AlagarSalt
sPr i
vat
eLimitedi saPriv
ateincor
porat
edon05May
2009.Itisclassif
ied asNon- govtcompanyand isr egi
ster
ed at
Regi
strarofCompanies,Chennai.It
sauthor
izedsharecapi
talisRs.
1,
000,000 and i
tspaid up capit
alisRs.160,000.Itisinolv
ed in

15
Manuf
act
ureofbasi
cchemi
cal
s

AlagarSalt
sPrivat
eLimited'
sAnnualGener alMeeting(AGM)was
l
astheldon30Sept ember2019andasperr ecor
dsfrom Mini
str
yof
Corporat
eAffai
rs(MCA),
itsbalancesheetwaslastf
il
edon31Mar ch
2019.

Dir
ect
orsofAlagarSal
tsPri
vateLimit
edareGovindasamyChetti
ar
Padmanabhan,
GanesanBadr
inar
ayananandJay
aramanMadhav an.

Sodi um chl oridei nsal tisal way st hesame.I tist he" non- salt"insal t-
thei mpur iti
es-t hatmaket hedi ff
er ence.I nf act ,t hemul ti
pl i
cityof
i
mpur iti
esi nsal tandt hei rrel at ivequant iti
esar esov ariablet hat
ev er ysal tneedst obeconsi der edoni tsownmer i
t s.Exceptf or
i
nsol ubl es, theor iginofi mpur i
t i
esi st heseawat er.Sol arseasal ts, as
ar ulej ustf ewmont hsol d,ar er athersi mi l
ar .Rocksal t s,mi lli
onsof
year sol d,mayv arygr eatly,from pur et odi rty,from whi t
et obl ack.
Lake sal ts cont ai n component sl eached f rom t he gr ound oft he
sur roundi ng r ocksi nv ariablequant ities.Sal tl akechemi stryi sa
sci ence of i t s own.Cal cium sul phat ei st he most per si
st ent
compani on ofsal t
.I nr ock sal t
,cal cium sul phat ei sf ound as
anhy dr i
te, hemi hy drit
eorpol yhal ite.Gy psum i sf oundbot hinseasal t
andi nl akesal t.Nat uralbr inesar e,asar ul e,sat ur atedwi thcal cium
sul phat e.Rocksal tSeasal tLakesal tsBr inesCaSO40. 5-2%0. 5-1%
0.5-2%Sat urat edMgSO4Tr aces0. 2-0. 6%Tr acesTr acesMgCl 20. 3
-1% Tr acesCaCl 2Tr acesNa2SO4Tr acesKClTr acesNaBrTr aces
Insol ubl es1-10% 0. 1-1% 1-10% Magnesi um sal tsar eal way s
pr esenti nt heseasal t,usual lyatar at i
oofappr ox.oneandahal f
wei ghtuni tsofmagnesi um chl or i
det oonewei ghtuni tofmagnesi um
sul phat e.I nl akesal ts,magnesi um sul phat ei susual lyaccompani ed
bysodi um sul phat e,f orexampl ei nBei ji
ng2009Paper .docx2- Jun- 09
3SambharLakesal t
sf r
om Raj ast hani nIndi aori nAzr aqsal tsf rom
Jor dan.Magnesi um chl or i
de al so occur st oget herwi t
h cal cium
chl oride,f orex ampl ei ntheDeadSeabr ineswher eal sopot assi um
chl oride and sodi um br omi de ar ef ound i n except i
onal ly hi gh
concent rations.I nsol ublesar epr esenti nsal tsofal lorigi nsi ngr eat l
y
fluct uat i
ng quant iti
es.3. 1.How do i mpur iti
es i n sal tef fectt he
chemi cali ndust ry ?I nt hechemi cali ndust ry,sal ti smost lydi ssolv ed
toget herwi tht hei mpur i
ti
esi nwat erorbr ine.Pr iort of eedi ngt ot he
pr ocess,t hebr inei spur ified.Fai l
ur et opur ifyt hebr inemayhav e

16
ser i
ous,ev en l ethalconsequences.3. 1. 1.Hy drogen ev olution I n
elect rolyticcel l
s,excessi v emagnesi um causeshy dr ogenev olut i
on
ont heanode.Hy drogenandchl or inef orm anexpl osi vemi xt ure.
Expl osi oni nt hecel lsori nt hechl or inel iquef act ionmaydamaget he
equi pmentandr eleasechl or i
net ot heenv ironment .Chl or i
negasi s
highl y poi sonous.St r
ingentsaf et y measur es ar et aken i nt he
chlor alkal ii ndust ryt o av oidt hist o happen.The el imi nat ion of
magnesi um i sofpr i
meconcer n.3. 1. 2.Mer cur ybut terI mpur ebr i
nei n
mer cur ycel l
swi llcausebut terf ormat i
on.But terwi l
ldi stur bmer cur y
fl
ow,causi ngshor tci rcuit st hatbur nt heel ect rodes.Al ter nat i
v ely,a
l
ar ge el ect rode gap mustbe mai nt ai ned whi ch wi lli ncr ease t he
powerconsumpt ion.But t
err emov alwi llexposewor ker st omer cur y
vapour st hatar edamagi ngt oheal th.Di sposalofmer cur ybut teri s
cost lyand undesi r
abl ef ort he env ir
onment .3. 1.3.Cont ami nat ed
sludge Sl udge f rom br i
ne pur ificat ion i n chl oral kal ipl ant s wi th
mer cur ycel lsi scont ami nat edwi t
hmer cur y.Sl udgedecont ami nat i
on
by di still
at ion r equi res hi gh t emper atur es,i s cost ly and nev er
compl ete. The di sposal of mer cur y cont ami nat ed sl udge i s
env ironment all
yobj ect i
onabl eandv er ycost ly.Av oidingt hef or mat i
on
ofsl udgei sbet tert hanhav ingt odi sposeofi t.Thi sr equi ressal tof
highpur ity.3. 1.4.Membr anedamageCal cium andmagnesi um wi l
l
damaget hei onexchangemembr anesi rrev ersibly.Er ratici mpur ity
cont enti nsal tmaycausehar dnessbr eakt hr ought ot hemembr ane
cells.Membr anescostaf ortune.Pr icesofUSD600-1’ 000/m2hav e
beenr epor ted.Thepur ert hesal t
,t hemor er emot ei st hedangerof
membr ane damage.3. 1.5.Encr ust ation I n soda ash pr oduct ion,
excessi v esul phat er educest hev al ueoft hepr oduct .Accumul at i
ng
calci um i nt he pr ocess causes encr ust ations.Per iodi calscal e
remov ali scost lyandl eadst ol ossofpr oduct ion.Sal tmaybea
cheapcommodi ty.Buti mpur iti
esi nsal tandt heirr emov alcosti n
manycasesmor et hant hesal titsel f.Bei j
ing2009Paper .
docx2- Jun-
0943. 2.Howdoest hechemi cal i
ndust rydeal withi mpur i
tiesi nbr ine?
Int hechemi cali ndust ry,i mpur i
tiesi nbr inesuchascal cium and
magnesi um ar epr eci pi
t atedwi thchemi cal s.Sul phat esar er emov ed
eitherbypr eci pitati
onwi thbar ium orcal cium orar econt rolledby
pur gingt hebr i
ne.Themai ncostassoci at edwi thbr inepur ificationi s
thecostofchemi calr eagent sandt hei nv est mentandoper atingcost
oft he br ine t r
eat mentpl ant .I n mer cur ycel lpl ant s,t he costof
cont ami nat edsl udgedi sposalandpur gedecont ami nat ioni sal so
subst ant i
al .Int hemembr anecel lpl ant s,t hel ossofsal tinpur gei s
17
 muchhi ghert hani nt hemer cur ycellplants,reaching30%wi thasal t
feedst ockcont ainingsome0. 7%ofsul phat e.3.3.Whatdoi mpur i
ties
i
nsal tmeant ot hef ood indust ry
?Qual ityconsci ousconsumer s
demandpur epr oduct s.Asoneoft her aw mat eri
als,sal tmustf ulfil
stringentspeci f
ications,ot her wise the pr oductqual ity may get
adv er selyef fected.Cr ystalsalt,whet herst oredi nsilosorusedi na
shaker ,mustr etaini tsf r
eef lowingpr opert
ies.Magnesi um ont he
sur faceoft hesal tcry stalsabsor bshumi dit
yf r
om t heai randmakes
thesal tdamp.Si loscannotbeempt iedandshakerhol esgetbl ocked.
Thesal tl oosesmar ketandv alue.4.Sal trefini
ngbyv acuum cr y
stallisationThehi ghestst andar dsofqual i
tyar esetbyv acuum sal t.
Usual ly,v acuum sal ti s produced f rom br i
ne obt ained bycav it
y
mi ningofunder grounddeposi tsandchemi callypur if
ied.Vacuum
evapor at i
ng pl ants and t heiroper ation ar e costlyand so i st he
vacuum sal t.Wheni ti scr yst
allizedfrom br i
necont ainingupt o4%of
sulphat e,v acuum sal tcont ainssodi um sul phat e,frequent lysome
300-1’ 000ppm ormor e.Despi tethel ow calcium andmagnesi um
cont enti nt he1-10ppm r ange,v acuum sal twi l
lsel dom exceed
99.95%pur i
ty

2.
1.2 Hi
stor
yoft
hecompany

Al
garSal tsPrivateLimit
edwasanunlistedpri
vat
ecompany
i
ncorporatedon05May ,
2009.I
tiscl
assi
fiedasaprivat
eli
mit
edcompany
andislocatedi n,Tami lNadu.I
t'
saut
hori
zedsharecapital
wasINR10.
00
l
acandt het otalpaid-upcapi
talwasI
NR1. 60lac.
Thecur
rentst
atusofAl
agarSal
tsPr
ivat
eLi
mit
edi
s-St
ri
keOf
f.
Thel astrepor
tedAGM ( AnnualGener
alMeet
ing)ofAlagarSal
tsPri
vate
Limited,perourrecords,washeldon30Sept
ember ,2019.Al
so,asperour
records,it
slastbalancesheetwasprepar
edfortheperi
odendingon31
Mar ch,2019.
TheCorpor
ateIdent
if
icat
ionNumber( CIN)ofAl
agarSalt
sPr i
vateLimit
ed
i
sU24117TN2009PTC071541.Ther egister
edof
ficeofAlagarSalt
sPr i
vat
e
Li
mitedwasat257,WESTGREATCOTTONROAD, TUTI
CORI N,Tami l
Nadu.
Thestat
usofthecompanyi St
snow  ri
keOf f.

18
2.
1.3 Or
gani
zat
ionst
ruct
ure

Thecompanyi snol ongeracti

v e.Thef ol
lowingpeoplewer ethelastknown
dir
ectorsoft hecompany .
Thecompanyhas3di r
ect
orsandnor eport
edkeymanagementper sonnel
.
Thelongestser vi
ngdi r
ect
orscur rentl
yonboar dareGov i
ndasamyChet ti
ar
Padmanabhan, JayaramanMadhav anandGanesanBadr i
narayananwho
wereappoi ntedon05May ,2009.Theyhav ebeenont heboar dformor e
than12y ears.
GovindasamyChet t
iarPadmanabhan has t he l
argestnumberofot her
dir
ectorshi
pswi thaseatatat otalof4compani es.I
nt ot
al,t
hecompanyi s
connectedt o3ot hercompaniest hroughitsdirect
ors.

CIN
U24117TN2009PTC071541
INCORPORATIONDATE/AGE
05May ,2009/12yrs
LASTREPORTEDAGM DATE
30September,2019

AUTHORI
ZEDCAPI TAL
I
NR10.0Lacs
PAI
DUPCAPI TAL
I
NR1.6Lacs
I
NDUSTRY*
Manuf
act
uring(Chemi
cal
sandchemi
cal
product
s)

19
TYPE
Unl
istedPri
vat
eCompany
CATEGORY
Companyl i
mit
edbyShar
es
SUBCATEGORY
Non-govtcompany

EMAI LADDRESS
Loginforemailaddr
ess.
 Thi
sistopreventspam.
,
WEBSI TE
Websitenotknown.Cli
ckheretoletusknow.
REGISTEREDADDRESS
257,WESTGREATCOTTONROAD, TUTICORIN
TamilNadu-628002
Indi
a
Al
agarSal
tsPr
ivat
eLi
mit
edDet
ail
s
CI
N U24117TN2009PTC071541

Dat
eofI
ncor
por
ati
on 05May
,2009

St
atus Act
ive

CompanyCat
egor
y Companyl
i
mit
edbyShar
es

CompanySub-
cat
egor
y Non-
gov
tcompany

CompanyCl
ass Pr
ivat
e

Manufactur
ing(
Met
als&Chemi
cal
s,andpr
oduct
s
Busi
nessAct
ivi
ty t
hereof)

Aut
hor
izedCapi
tal 10.
0lakhs

Pai
d-upCapi
tal 1.
0lakhs

20
Pai
d-upCapi
tal
% 10.
0

Regi
str
arOf
fi
ceCi
ty Chennai

Regi
ster
edSt
ate Tami
lNadu

Regi
str
ati
onNumber 71541

Regi
str
ati
onDat
e 05May
,2009

Li
sti
ngSt
atus Unl
i
sted

AGM l
asthel
don 30Sep,
2017

BalanceSheetl
ast
updatedon 31Mar
,2020

Ar
ound124empl
oyeeswor
kedi
nshi
ftbasi
s

21
 Chapt
er.
3

3.
1Depar
tmentpr
ofi
l
e

3.
1.1pur
chasedepar
tment

Tami lNadui st het hirdl argestsal tpr oduci ngst ateinI ndi anextt oGuj arat
andRaj ast hanwi thannualpr oduct ionof19. 82l akht onnes.Thest atewas
i
nt heposi ti
onoft hesecondl argestsal tpr oduceri nI ndiabutRaj asthan
took second pl ace i n 2015- 16 as sal tpr oduct i
on was sur passed by
Raj asthan.Ther e ar e 4, 123 sal tpr oducer s engagi ng i n Tami lNadu
i
ncl udingPuducher ry( UT) ,ofwhi ch95. 70%ar esmal lsal tpr oducer swho
holdl ess t han equalt o 10 acr es ofl and f orpr oduct ion.The maj or
produci ng di stricts of Tami l Nadu ar e Thoot hukudi ,Nagapat i
nam,
Ramant hapur am, Cuddal or e, Thanj ay ur , Kancheepur am, Vi ll
upur am,
Pudukot aiandKany akumar i
.Thest ateofTami lNaduhasenoughpr oduct
toexpor tt oot herst atesorcount ri
es.Despi tear emar kabl egr owt hi n
over allsal tpr oduct i
oni nt hecount ry,t hesal tpr oduct ioni nt hest ateof
Tami lNaduhasdecl inedov ert hepastf ivey ears.Indeed, actualpr oduct i
on
ofsal tcont i
nuesf ail
ingt omeeti tspr oduct i
ont argetev enaf terrevisingthe
target .Thecor r
elationbet weenmet eor ologicaldat aandpr oduct i
onoft he
stat eisnegat ive( i
.e.-0.93843) , i
ndi cat i
ngt hatsaltpr oduct ionhasdecl i
ned
duet ohi gherr ainfallov ert hepastf ivey ears.Besi depr oducer swer ef aced
theshor tageofmanpower .Accor dingt oDi l
li
kumar( 2017) ,Tami lNaduSal t
Cor por ationwasunabl et opr oduceenoughsal tduet ot heshor tageof
wor kingst afforwor kersandaut omat edpacki nguni ts.Si mul taneousl y,t
he
cor porat ion coul d notr ecr uitst affi mmedi ately as i tf aced f inancial
const raint s.Nor mal ly,when pr oduct ion decl ines,t he pr i
ce oft he sal t
i
ncr easef ort hesameper i
od,butbyt heendof2017,bot hdemandand
priceofThoot hukudidi st r
icti nTami lNaduhasdr oppedi ntowor stov erthe
past42y ears.Thehi ghercostofpr oduct i
oncausedt hel ow demandf or
22
thepr
oducti nthest at
e.Theelectr
ici
tybil
landlabourcostar ethemain
componentsofcostofpr oduct
ionandarecompar at
ivel
yhigherthant
hose
i
nGujarat
.Forr educti
onofproduct
ioncost,i
tessenti
altoadoptpossi
bil
i
ty
ofmechanizat
ionf orpr
oducti
onli
keGujaratbutt
oadop

3.
1.2Pr
oduct
ionDepar
tment

Recent l
y,theannual wor ldpr oduct ionofsal thasexceeded250mi ll
iont ons.
Appr oxi mat elyonet hirdoft het otal ispr oducedbysol arev apor ationofsea
wat erori nlandbr i
nes.Anot hert hi r
di sobt ainedbymi ningofr ocksal t
deposi ts,bot hunder gr oundandont hesur face.Thebal ancei sobt ainedas
brines,mai nlybysol uti
onmi ning.Br inescanbeuseddi r
ect l
y( f
orexampl e
i
ndi aphr agm el ect r
olysis)ort her mal lyev apor atedt opr oducev acuum sal t.
Saltt y peWor l
dpr oduct ionSol arsal t90’ 000’000t /yRocksal t80’ 000’ 000
t/yBr i
nes80’ 000’ 000t /yTot al250’ 000’ 000t /yThepur ityofwashedsol ar
saltpr oducedi nI ndi aandChi nar each99-99. 5% ( NaCl ,dr ybases)but
solarsal tpr oducedi nAust rali
aandMexi coi s99. 7–99. 8%pur e.Thepur it
y
ofpr ocessedr ocksal tf l
uctuat esbet ween97and99%+i ntheUSAandi n
Eur ope.Vacuum sal tis usual ly99. 8 -99. 95% pur e.I fi mpur i
ties ar e
remov ed f rom sal tdi rectly,wi t
houtdi ssol ution and r ecryst all
isat ion,
subst antialcostsav i
ngscanr esul t.Si mpl ewashi ngwi l
lr emov esomeof
thei mpur iti
es.Butt hemor ey ouwash,t hemor ey oul ose.Sot hequest i
on
i
s:Howt ogethi gherpur i
tywi thl essl osses?Andst il
ldoi twithenhanced
over alleconomy ?Themostobv iousandsi mpl ewayofr emov i
ngsol ubl e
i
mpur iti
esf rom sal tisspr ayi
ngofbr ineorwat erov eral ayerofsal t-ona
heap,onascr een,onawi remeshbel tori nascr ew conv ey or.The
disadv antagei st hatt hebr i
newi l
lf l
owdownwar dst hroughapat hofl east
resist ance, formi ngchannel s.Washi ngt akespl acewi thint hechannel sbut
notBei j
ing2009Paper .
docx2- Jun- 095bet weent hem.Downwar dsf lowi ng
brinecannotdi spl acet heai rbet weent hecr ystals.Wher et hereisai r,ther e
i
snobr ineandt husnowashi ng.Thati swhyt hespr ay i
ngmet hodshav ea
l
imi tedef fi
ciency .Thepi ctureabov eshowsapl antthatdi ssolvesmor esal t
thani tisdesi gnedt opr oduce.Sal tmustbecompl etel ysubmer gedi nbr ine
tor emov ethemagnesi um cont ai ningbi t
ter ns.Suf f
icientt i
mei sneededf or
themagnesi um t ol eav et hecr ev icesi nthecr y stalsbydi ffusion.Obv i
ousl y,
verypur ebr i
nei sneededt ogett hebestpur ifi
cat ion.Butpur ebr inei s
obt ainedbydi ssol utionofsal tinwat erandt hisl eadst ol osses.Thel osses
canber educedwi thbr iner ecy cli
ng,butt hent hepur i
tyi snotachi ev ed.
Thisi st hewel lknowndi lemmaofcocur rentsal twashi ng.Equi pmentt hat
i
sf requent lyusedt osubmer get hesal tful l
yandt henl i
ftitfrom t hebr i
nei s

23
an i nclined scr ew conv ey or( classi fier).The adj acentpi ctur e showsa
classifierf ollowedbyawi r emeshdr ip- offconv ey orbel t.Hi ght urbulencei n
thecl assi fi
ercausescar ry -ov erofsal tpar t
icleswi tht hewashi ngbr inet o
theov erflowt hati sdi rectedt ot headj acentset tlingpond.Thesal tpar t i
cles
arecausi ngt hemi lkyappear anceoft hebr ine.Anot herdi sadv ant ageof
i
ncl inedscr ewconv ey ori st hef actt hatt her otat ingscr ewpushest hesal t
i
nt hedi rectionoft her ot ation.I ft hescr ew r otat esant i-
cl ockwi se,t hen,
viewedf rom t hesamedi rect ion, thesal tispushedt ot her i
ghthandsi deof
thet r
ough.Br i
nel eav i
ngt hesal twi llt henf l
ow pr efer ential l
yagai nstt he
salt,butont hesi dewher et hesal tlev eli sl ower ,thati sont hel efthand
sidef l
ow count er -
cur rent l
yt hr ough t he sal t,buti tby passes t he sal t
.
Ther efor e,thewashi ngef fecti sl imi ted.Thepi ct ur esabov eshow t hel eft
handandt her ighthandsi deoft hesamei nclinedscr ewconv eyorandt he
differencei nl ev eloft hesal t.Sal tPar tner sdev ot edmucht i
meandef f
or tt o
thesubj ectofsal tpr ocessi ng.Asar esul t,theyi nv ent edapr ocesst hat
remov esmor ei mpur iti
esf rom sal t,usesl esswat erand r ecov erst he
dissol vedsal tt or educet hel osses.Thepr ocessal sor emov ei mpur iti
es
thatar ei nsidet hesal tcry st als-bysel ect ivelycr acki ngt hecr ystalst of ree
theencl osedi mpur ities, wi thoutf or mat ionoff inest hati ncr easet hel osses.
Thepr ocessachi ev esandex ceedst hepur ityof99. 95%NaCl .Sal tPar tner s
gav et heiruni quepr ocessaname:TheHYDROSALsal tupgr adi ngpr ocess
wi t
hHYDROEXTRACTI ONofi mpur itiesf rom SALT.Bei jing2009Paper .docx
2-Jun- 0975. 1.Howcanchemi calpl ant st akeadv ant ageofsal tupgr adi ng?
Apl antt hatobt ainssal tf rom asi ngl esour cecanupgr adet hesal ti nt he
saltwor kswher ei ti spr oduced-i ti seasi ert odi sposeoft hesepar ated
i
mpur iti
est her e.Whent hesal tcomesf rom manypl aces,t hent hesal t
upgr adingcanbei ntegr atedi nt hesal tconsumi ngpl ant .Dependi ngont he
typeofsal t,eithert heHYDROSAL- XPort heHYDROSAL- XCpr ocesscanbe
select ed.The HYDROSAL- XC pr ocess i s usual lymor e economi calf or
upgr adingofl ow qual it
ysol arsal t,fordr ysal tdeposi tsorf orlakesal ts.
Sal tupgr adi nghel pst osol vet hepr obl emsassoci atedwi thcont ami nat ed
sludge and pur ge di sposal .The ov eral lsal tconsumpt ion,t he t otal
i
nv est mentandt heoper at ingcostar er educed.Wi thpur esal tofconst ant
composi ti
ont hebr i
nepl antoper ationbecomeseasi er .I nmedi um and
l
ar gerpl ant s,t hei nv est menti nasal tupgr adingpl anti sf i
nancedf r
om t he
sav ingsi nbr inepur ificationchemi cal st y picallywi thinacoupl eofy ear s.
5.2.Whycansol arsal twor ksi ncr easepr oduct ivitywi tht heHYDROSAL
process?I nsol arsal twor ks, salti shar v estedf rom cr yst all
izingpondsasa
mi xtureofsal tcr ystal sandmot herl iquorcont ai ningsol ubl ei mpur i
tiesi n
highconcent rat ions.Dur i
ngst orage,t hecont entofsol ubl ei mpur i
tiesi s
24
reduced, unt ilisbecomesconst antaf tersome6mont hs.Dur ingt hisper i
od,
thehumi dityoft hesal tont hest ockpi leisabout3%buti tdr opsdownt o
appr ox.1%t her eaf t
er.Thi sphenomenoni sknownas" r
ainwashi ng"oras
"naturalpur ificati
on" .Nat uralpur i
f i
cat ionist hemor eaccur at edescr i
ption
becauset hepur ifi
cat i
onoccur sal sowhent her eisnor ain.Bul kdensi t
yof
thesal tisabout1. 2t /m3, speci f i
cgr av i
tyofsal tcry stalsabout2. 15t /m3.
Thust hest ockpi leconsi stsbyhal fofsal tandbyhal fofai r.Magnesi um
chlorideont hesur f
aceoft hecr y stalsabsor bsmoi st uref rom t heai r.The
moi sturedi ssol vessodi um chl or ide.Sal tcannothol dmor et han3% of
moi sture.Theabsor bedmoi stur ewi tht hedilut edimpur iti
esandwi tht he
dissolvedsodi um chl or i
desl owl yf lowsoutoft hest ockpi leanddi ssipates
tot hegr ound.Thesodi um chl or i
del ossescausedbyt hi
sphenomenonar e
10-12%.Ef ficiencyofconv ent i
onal sal twashi ngpr ocessesi st ypi call
y60%
andsal tlossesr each10%.Whenconv enti
onal l
ywashedsal tisst ockpi l
ed,
the" naturalpur i
fication"cont i
nues,l eadingt oanaddi ti
onall ossofsome
5% ofNaCl .Thus,t heov erallsal tl ossesar eashi ghas15%.I naddi ti
on,
duet ov ariationsi nt het emper at ureandhumi dit
y,sal tont hest ockpi l
e
under goesmi cro-recry stalli
sat i
onoft hecr ystalsur face.I mpur iti
esont he
crystalsur face become cov er ed wi t
h sol i
d sodi um chl or ide and t he
crev i
cesi nt hecr ystals,f ullofi mpur emot herl iquor ,ar ecl osed.Muchof
thei mpur it
ies,or iginal l
yaccessi bl et opur i
fi
cat ion,wi llbecomei mbedded
i
nsi det hecr y st
als.Thi sphenomenoni swel lknown:" Oldsal ti smor e
diffi
cultt owasht hanf reshone" .TheHYDROSAL- XPpr ocesspur if
iest he
freshlyhar vest edsal tcompl etely.The" naturalpur ification"ef fectandt he
relatedsal tlossesar eel i
mi nated.Si ncet hesodi um chl or i
del ossesi nt he
HYDROSAL- XPpr ocessar eonl y2-3%,t heef fectivesal tpr oduct ionoft he
saltwor ksisi ncreased.Sal tofhi gherpur it
yandv al uei sav ailabl eont he
stockpi l
ef rom t het i
meoft hehar v estwhi chmat ter swhent hesal tis
suppl i
edt ot hechl oralkal ii
ndust ryorf orexpor ts.

25
Yiel
dandLabourPr oduct i
vity
:Sal ti ndust ryinIndiai sstil
llabour-
intensi
ve.
Major i
tyofthemaj oroper ati
onsi npr oduct i
onofsal taredonemanual l
y.
Someoft helargesal tmanuf act ur i
nguni tsar eusi ngmechani sati
ont o
perf
or m theoper ations.I twasest i
mat edt hat1. 12l akhper sonswer e
workingonanav eragei nsalti ndust ry.I twasr eportedthatsal tmaking
businessi sav er
ydi f
ficultjob,i faf fectsheal t
h,ey esandl egsoft he
workersandcompar ativelyagricul t
uralwor kandcoalwor kwer ereport
ed
more easi erthan sal twor k and t her ei si ncreasing compet iti
on for
empl oyment.Maj orityoft he sal twor kersr epor t
ed thati timpact son
chil
dreneducat ionast hewagesar ev erylow ( SAVE, Guj
arat).Sincethe
operationsareveryhar shanddi fficultwor ki
ngcondi t
ionsarekeepi ngaway
thelabourersfrom thisindust ryandt heyar emi grati
ngt ootherindustri
es.
Consequent l
y,t he yiel
d and av erage pr oduction perwor kerhas been
decli
ninginsaltindust r
y

26
3.
1.3 FI
NANACEDEPARTMENT

Thereareabout13000sal tmanufactur
ersengagedi nproducti
onof
Commonsal tinanext entofabout5. 50lakhacresintheCount r
y.Itis
estimatedthat90percentoft hetot
alnumberofsal tmanufact
urersare
smal lsal
tproducers(havi
ngani ndi
vi
dualextentofl
essthan10acr esfor
saltmanuf act
ure),5.5% i
sl argescaleproducers(havi
ng an i
ndivi
dual
extentofmor ethan100acr es)and4.5% i smedium scaleproducers
(havinganindi
vidualext
entbetween10and100acr es)
.

Av erageAnnualPr oductionofSal tinIndiais176l akht oneswher easev er

highpr oductionof199l akht oneswasr ecordedduring2005f oll
owedby
181 l akh t
onnesdur ing 2006.Guj arat
,Tami lNadu and Raj ast
han ar e
sur pl
usSal tproducingSt atesaccount ingf orabout96percentoft he
Count ry'
s production.Guj arat contri
but es 76 per cent t ot he total
product i
on,foll
owedbyTami lNadu( 12%)andRaj asthan( 8%).Ther est4%
product i
oncomesf r
om Andhr aPr adesh,Mahar ashtra,Orissa,Karnataka,
WestBengal ,Goa,HimachalPr adesh,Di u&Daman.Onanav er
age62%of
thet otalpr
oduct i
oni sfrom largesaltpr oducersfoll
owedbysmal lscale

27
pr
oducer
s(36%)andr
estbymedi
um scal
epr
oducer
s.

Theaverageannualsuppl i
esofsal tforhumanconsumpt i
oni sabout57
l
akhtonnesandt hatforindustri
alconsumpti
oni sabout83lakht ones;
57%
ofthesaltforhumanconsumpt ionmov esbyrailand43%byr oad.89%of
thesal
tf orindustr
ialconsumpt i
onmov esbyroad,7% byr ai
land4% by
coast
alshipmentt ov ar
iousindustr
ies;whenthetotali
ndigenoussuppl i
es
i
staken,69%mov esbyr oad,27%mov esbyr
ailand3%bysea.

Indi
aexportssurplusproducti
onofsaltt othetuneofabout25l akht onnes
onanav erage;duri
ngthey ear2005,ar ecordexportof38lakhtonneswas
achi
eved pr i
maril
ydue t o surge ofdemand f rom China.Ot hermaj or
countr
ies importi
ng saltfrom India are Japan,Bangladesh,I ndonesia,
SouthKorea,NorthKorea,Malaysia,
U.A. E.
,Viet
nam, et
c.

Gov er
nmentofI ndiahasadopt edt hest rategyofUni versalSal tIodizat
ion
andConsumpt i
onf oreli
mi nat i
onofI odineDef i
ciencyDi sorder s(I
DD)i nthe
countryundert heNat ionalI odineDef i
ciencyDi sordersCont rolProgram
(NIDDCP) .Iodinei ssuppl ement ed int hedi ett hrough Iodi zed Saltfor
combat ingI DD.ThePr ogr am wasst artedi n1962i niti
allyconf i
ningt o
Goiterendemi car easbutaf ter1984i twasi mpl ement edt hroughoutt he
country.Thus,as on dat e,a si gni
ficantpr ogress has been made on
UniversalSal tIodizat i
on.Thecount r
ypr oducesabout50l akht onesof
Iodi
zedsal tandabout49l akht onesofi odi zedsal tissuppl iedforhuman
consumpt i
onagai nstt her equi
r ementofabout54l akht onesf orent i
re
population.Thecount ryhascr eat edmor et hanadequat esal tiodizat
ion
capacityofov er110l akht ones.

SaltI
ndust r
yislaborintensi
veinthecountr
y.About1.4lakhlaborersare
employ eddail
yint heSal tI
ndustr
y,onanav er
age.SaltCommi ssioner
's
Organisati
on has puti n pl
ace a numberofLaborWel f
are Schemes
ameliorat
ingthewor ki
ngandliv
ingcondi
ti
onsofsal
tlaborer
s.

Gov
ernmentofI
ndi
a'
sRol
einDev
elopmentofSal
tIndust
ry
Sal
tisaCent
ralsubjecti
ntheConsti
tut
ionofI
ndiaandappear
sasi
tem
No.
58oft
heUnionListofthe7t
hSchedul
e,whi
chreads:

a)Manufact
ure,
Suppl
yandDist
ri
buti
onofSaltbyUnionAgenci
es;
and
b)Regul
ati
onandcontr
olofmanufact
ure,
supplyanddist
ri
buti
onofsal
tby

28
ot
heragenci
es.

Centr
alGov ernmenti
sr esponsibleforcontr
oll
i
ngallaspectsoftheSalt
I
ndustry.SaltCommissi
oner'sOr gani
sati
on,anatt
achedOf f
iceunderthe
Mini
stry ofCommer ce & I ndustr
y( Depart
mentofI ndust
rialPol
icy &
Promoti
on),Gov er
nmentofIndia,i
sentrust
edwitht
heabov et
ask.

GovernmentofI ndiahasde- l
icensedSaltIndustrybydeletingpr ovi
si
ons
rel
ati
ngt oSaltintheCent r
alExcise&Sal tAct ,1944videFi nanceBillof
1996-97.InlinewithGov ernmentofI ndia'sPolicyofLiberalizat
ionand
simpl
ifi
cati
on ofPr ocedures,t he Sal
tCess Rul es,1964,hav e been
amended v ide Not if
icat
ion No. GSR 639( E) dated 04.
09. 2001. Salt
Commi ssi
oner '
sOrganisati
onpl aysafacil
itatingr
oleinoverallgrowthand
devel
opmentofSal tIndustryinthecountr
y.

Thethrustoft
heSal
tCommi
ssi
oner
'sOr
gani
sat
ioncur
rent
lyi
sont
he
fol
l
owing:

 Technol ogicalDevel
opmentandQual i
tyImprovement
 S altI
odizationProgram forcombat
ingIodi
neDefici
encyDisor
der
s
 Infrastr
uctur eDevel
opmentpr omot
ingSaltI
ndustry
 LaborWel fareSchemesf orSaltWorkersparti
cular
lyhousi
ngunder
NAMAKMAZDOORAWASYOJNA
 E xportofSal t
IndianSaltIndustry-PresentStat
us
TheSal tDepar t
menti sundert heMi nistryofCommer ceandI ndustryandi s
headedbyTheSal tCommi ssi
onerofI ndia.Thedut yonsaltwasabol ished
fr
om 1stApr il1947.Foradmi nistr
ati
vepur poses,the5Regionsv iz.Gujarat
Region,Chennai Regi on,Mumbai Region, Kolkat
aRegion,RajasthanRegi on,
i
mpl ementt hepol iciesoft heSal tDepar tment.Therearesal tdepartment
l
abor at
oriesinal lregionst ohel psaltmanuf actur
erstomai ntai
nqual i
tyof
sal
t.Atst at
el evel,thedev elopmentofi ndust r
yandwel f
areofsal twor kers
i
sbei nglookedaf t
erbyI ndustryCommi ssionerateandlabordepar tment .

TheIndianSaltManufactur
ersAssociat
ionisanapexbodyofI ndiansalt
manufactur
ers.Therei s"Centr
alSaltand Mar i
ne Chemicalsr esearch
I
nsti
tut
e"atBhav nagarin Guj
arat.Theirmainfuncti
on i
st o hel p sal
t
i
ndustr
yt hr
oughtheirr
esearchwork.Thi
sinst
it
utewasestabl
ishedi n1956.
29
I
nadditiontoR&Dwor kthei nsti
tut
eprovi
destrai
ningcour
sesforsalt
manufactur
ersforsal
tpr oduct
ion&qual i
ty.Maj
ori
tyofsaltwor
ksaresti
ll
hav
ingmanual operat
ions,butl
ar gesal
tworksar
egoingformechani
zat
ion.

Edi
bleSal
t
Indiansal tindust r
yi smeet i
ngt hechal l
engeofsuppl y
ingi odi
zedsal tt o
ent i
recount ry.Thepr oduct i
onofi odizedsal tisnowmor ethan5. 0mi ll
i
on
tonsasagai nstt hetotalrequirementof6mi lli
ontonsofedi blesal t.Ther e
are900i odizationplant stheusualpr ocessofi odizati
onadopt edi sspr ay
met hodwi t
hacapaci tyof16mi ll
iont onsperannum.Ther eare42sal t
refinerieswi that otalcapacityof3. 76mi l
li
ontonsperannum l ocatedi nt he
statesofGuj arat,Tami lNadu,Ut tarPr adeshandRaj asthan.Inaddi tiont o
abov etherear etwogi antv acuum sal tplantsofcapaci tyonemi l
l
iont ons.
Otherv ari
etiesofedi blesal tconsumedi nI ndiaareI ronFor ti
fiedSal t
,
Doubl e For f ei
ted Sal t. A new pr oduct " Healt
h Sal t" Cont aini
ng
mi cronut ri
ent siodine,iron,foli
caci d,wasal socomeupnearChennaii n
Tami lNadu.

Sal
tbasedI
ndust
ry
Ther
ear efourgiantSodaAshf act
oriesinIndi
a.Totalproduct
ionofSoda
Ashisabout2. 5mi ll
iont onsperannum andi naddit
iontherearel
arge
numbersofCaust icSoda&Chl or
ineindustri
esinIndia.TheSaltbased
I
ndustr
yi s concentrated morei n Gujar
at.TotalSaltconsumption f
or
I
ndustr
iesi
s6. 5mi l
l
iont onsannum.

TheNewChemi cal
sIndust
ri
esarecomingupandexi
sti
nguni
tsar
egoi
ng
formaj
orexpansi
ons;
growthisat8%.

I
ndiai
sanetexpor t
erofSodaAshandemer gingasasi gnificantregi
onal
pl
ayer
.Thecur rentlow percapit
aSodaAshconsumpt i
onal so shows
tr
emendousgrowt hpotent
ialov
ernextfewyears.Unli
ket owor ldaverage
of56% consumptionofSodaAshbyt hegl
assi ndust
ry,theI ndianglass
i
ndust
ryonlyconsumes25%.Themaj orshar
eisusedbyI ndiandet er
gents
i
ndust
ry.

 SodaAshusesingl
ass&det
ergent
sis65%
 Glassi
ndustr
yest
imat
edtogrow@ 7%andDet
ergent@ 4.
5%ov
ert
he
next4year
s

30
 Tight nessi nthegl obaldemand-supplysituationexpected
 Ther eisgoodoppor tuni
tytoincreaseexpor t
 Lowpercapi taconsumpt i
onleavesal otofpot enti
altobetapped
 De spitet hest eepdr opindut yr at
esov ert hey ear
s,theindust
ryhas
beenabl etoef f
ectivel
ycompet ewithimpor tsandi sgearedupfor
fur t
herr eductions.
 Gr owt hofSodaAshandSal tindustr
ydi rectlyconnectedhencegood
gr owthi nsaltdemandi sexpected. 
Indiansal tindustryisgoingglobal
Saltproducti
onofI ndiais18t o20mi ll
i
ont onsperannum andI ndiaisthe
thi
rdlargestsaltmanuf act
ur eroftheWorld,aft
erChina&USA.Outoft hi
s
about3.5mi l
li
ont onssaltiswashedi nmechani zedwashi ngplantsandup
graded toi nternat
ionalst andard havi
ng purity 99.5% forChl or-Al
kali
i
ndust r
y.Themaj orquanti
tyofwashedsal tisexpor t
edt oQuat ar,Japan
and othercount ri
esand consumed byI ndianchlor-al
kaliindustry
.The
washingplantsar eincr
easingdaybydayandqual i
tyisalsoimprovingv er
y
fast.

About218020Hect
aresl
andi
sundersal
tpr
oduct
ion

 Inlastfivey earsmor ethan15Sal tWashingplant

shavecomeupto
meetr equirementforhighpur i
tysal
t.
 Nowf ewSal tWorksaref ull
ymechanizedwit
hwashingpl
ant
sandt
hey
haveachi evedthefoll
owingqual i
ty-
 i
)Sodi um Chl or
ide(
NaCl )%96. 50-97.50(onwetbasi
s)
i
i)Moi sture(H2O)%01. 50-03. 00
i
i)Calcium (Ca)%00. 03-00. 05
i
v)Magnesi um (Mg)%00. 02-00.03
v)Sulphate(So4)%00. 10-00. 15
vi
)Insolubles%00. 01-00. 03

 The pri
ce of abov
e sal
t,having puri
ty 99.
5%,af t
er taki
ng into
consi
derat
ionwashi
ngl
osses,st
evedori
ngandot herl
ogist
icexpenses
31
 withmar gi
nalpr
ofiti
sabout15t o16USDpert ononFOBTbasis.At
presentthi
squali
tysal
tisavail
ablei
nli
mitedquant
it
ybutavai
labi
li
tyi
s
i
ncreasingveryf
astasmor eandmor ewashi
ngplant
sarecomingupin
I
ndia. 
Saltexportmayseeuptr
endthisseason
(ht
tps:
//economict
imes.i
ndiat
imes.
com/ 2011-12-
08/news/30490364_1_
salt-
product
ion-
salt
-pr
ices-
sal
t-
expor
t)

According to newsar t
icl
eofEconomi cTimeson 8t h Dec.2011,Salt
producti
onhasst arted intheKut chbeltofGujaratand theSambhar -
PhalodibeltsinRaj asthan.Exportordersareexpectedtoincreasewith
demand comi ng from Chi na and South Asi
an countri
es.Saltprices
i
ncreasedpost -Japaneset sunamiearli
erthi
syearandhav ebeenstable
si
ncet hen.accordingtonewsar ti
cleofEconomicTimeson8t hDec.2011,
Saltproducti
onhasst art
edintheKutchbeltofGujaratandtheSambhar-
PhalodibeltsinRaj asthan.Exportordersareexpectedtoincreasewith
demand comi ng from Chi na and South Asi
an countri
es.Saltprices
i
ncreasedpost -Japaneset sunamiearli
erthi
syearandhav ebeenstable
si
ncet hen.

Saltpr oduct i
on in Rajast
han i
si nful
lswi ng.By mi d-
December ,t he
productionwi llbegi
nf r
om Covel
ong,Marakanam,Cuddalore,Vedaranyam,
Tuti
cor i
n and Nager coi
lin TamilNadu along wi t
h Andhr a Pradesh's
Naupadat oIsakapal
li.ByJanuary
,theproductionwillbeginfrom sout h
Gujarat ( Kambhat t o Surat
) and Palghar,Rai ,Wadal a centres of
Mahar asht r
a," said BC Rav al
,secret
ary,I ndian Sal
t Manuf acturers
Association.

Flooding,un-seasonalr ains,f
oggyweat herinChinaandAust rali
ahav e
ensuredt hedemandpi ckingupf rom Japan,Bangladesh,Nepal
,Vietnam,
IndonesiaandMal ay si
af ortheindustri
alsal
t.Expor
tsinthi
scalendaryear
(ti
lldate)hav
et ouched3. 8mi ll
i
ont onneandexpect edtocross4.3mi l
l
ion
tonnebyDecember -end.Onanav erage,I
ndiaexport
s2.5mill
iontonnesalt
.

SaltproductioninIndiaistot het uneofabout19-20mi l

li
ont onneper
annum, ofwhi chGujar
atproduces70%.I nthedomesti
cmarket,over5.
5-6
mill
iontonnei susedbytheediblesalti
ndustr
y,8.
5mill
i
ontonneisusedby
thechlor-
alkalii
ndustr
y(whichmai nlypr
oducescaust
icsoda,chl
orineand

32
sodaash)andov
er2mi
l
li
ont
onnei
nthewat
ersof
teni
ngandt
anni
ng
i
ndust
ry.

Exportcont ractswer e si gned at$35- 40 a tonne.Raw sal tpr icesar e

curr
entlyruli
nghi gherbyRs100t oRs150t hantheprev iousyear'
sRs600-
800at onne.I nther etai
l,refi
nedi odi
zedsaltwassel l
ingatRs1, 200t oRs
1,
800at onne,dependi ngont hebrandandpackagi ng,compar edt oRs
1,
000t oRs1, 200at onneatt hebeginningoft heyear.I ndi
a'sedi bl
esal t
marketis5. 5-6mi ll
iontonnewi thbr
andedsal tmarketaccount i
ngf or1.3
mill
iontonne.Wi thamar ketshar eof64%i nthebrandedsal tmar ket,Tata
Saltist hel eadi
ngpl ayer,foll
owedbyHi ndustanUni lever
'sAnnapur na,
Nir
ma' s Shudh Sal tand I TC'
s Aashirvaad Salt.On t he backdr op ofa
bal
ancedsuppl yanddemand,t hepri
cesar esupposedt oremai nst able.
Exportswi l
lbether ealgamechangeri nt hecomingday s.

Thel argestproducerofcaust i
csodai nI ndia,
GujaratAl kali
es&Chemi cals
(GACL) ,expectssaltpricestoincreasei fpre-
winterrainl ashesacr ossthe
stat
e." Wear eannual l
yexper i
encingpr e-wint
err ai
nshower s,whi chdel ay
product i
onandi ncreasepr i
cesby15- 20%.I fthereisnoshowert il
lMar ch,
thei ndustr
ywon' thav et owor r
y,"saidanof fi
cialfrom GACL.Al lmaj or
playersl i
ke GACL,I ndian Rayon,Guj aratFl uorochemi cals are on an
expansi onmode.By2014,GACLwi llincreasecaust i
csodapr oductionby
300t onneperdayf rom t hecur
rentproduct i
onof1, 100-1,150t onneperday .

Pot enti
alfortheGr owthofSaltIndust r
y
 Indiahasv erylongcoastl ineandoutoft hatGuj aratCoastl
ineisof
1600Kms
 InGuj arati naddi t
iont oexistingsalti ndustryl otofLandav ai
lable
alongt hesideofcoastf ordevelopingmor esaltwor ks.
 Cl i
mat i
ccondi t
ionsar esuit
ablef orsal
tindust ry.
 E asyAv ai
labil
it
yofski ll
edlabors
 Go odAdmi ni
strati
onofourGov t.andthei rCorporat i
on.
 Ou rlowcostofpr oduction
 Go vernmentsuppor tforcri
ti
calinfrast
ruct urefaci
liti
es.
 Mi norPor tshav eloadingcapaci ty5000t ons/ dayt o20000t ons/ day
i
nmi dst r
eam loadi ngwher easbi gpor tlikeKandl ahav eachi
evedt he
av .rat
eofl oadingof25000t ons/day .Wehav eabi gadvant
aget hat
33
 shi psoft hecapaci tyf rom 5000t onsto100, 000t onscoul dbel oaded
atourpor ts.Ther ei s pot ent i
alf ordev el
oping mor e por t
s as per
requi rement .I nsout hI ndiat her eisalsoabi gpor t
,Tut icorincloseto
sal tmanuf acturingar ea.
 No w onl y 20% i ndust ri
es hav e gone f or mechani zati
on and
moder ni
zat i
on, 50%f rom bal ancecanal sogoi mmedi ately.
 Av er agey iel
dofsal twor ksi sonl y100t onsperhect are.Thi scanbe
i
ncr easedt o300t onsperannum byadopt ingmoder nizat i
on.
Oppor tuni t
ies
 E xpor tMar ket-1)Quat ar2)Mal aysia3)Phili
ppines4)Japan5)Chi na6)
Vi etnam 7)I ndonesi a8)Nepal
 Indi a'sl ocationi sv er ysui tablet osuppl ysaltt oChina,Japan,Mi ddl
e
Eastandt oot herAsi ancount r
ies.
 Indi ahaspot ent i
altoi ncreasepr oducti
vit
yaswel lasqual it
y .
 Av ai l
abl emanpower .
 Wi ndPower -largestcoast all i
neofGuj arathaspot entialt oGener at
e
5000MW t hroughWi ndEner gy.TheSal tIndustrycanmakeuseoft hi
s
ener gyj ointl
yt hroughassoci at i
ons.
 Av ai l
abi l
ityofgoodmaj orandmi norport saswel lasofgoodanchor
poi nt s.
 T ogr abt hedev elopingmar ketofMi ddleEast.

34
 Chapt
er4

4.
1SpotAnal
ysi
s

Globaldemandf orsal twi llrise2. 9%annual lyt hrough2015t ot hesi zeof

327mi ll
ionmet ri
ct ons.Gr owt hinchemi calpr oduct ion, especi allyinChi na,
willfuel mostnewdemand.Demandwi l
l alsobenef itf rom shal egasdr ill
ing
i
nNor t
hAmer i
ca, whi chwi l
lboostchl oralkaliout puti nt heUSandCanada.
Solarev aporat ionist hemostpopul armet hodofpr oduci ngsal t,
account ing
for38%of2010i ndust r
yshi pment s.Itist hemosteconomi calmet hodof
produci ng sal tin ar easwi thf avorabl eweat hercondi tions,i ncludi ng a
numberofnat i
onsi nt heAf ri
ca/ Mideast ,Asi a/Paci f i
c,andCent r
aland
Sout hAmer icar egi ons.Sal tpr oductioni sf orecastt ogr ow f astesti nt he
Asia/ Pacifi
candAf ri
ca/ Mideastr egions,andasar esul tsol arev apor at ion
willaccountf orani ncreasingshar eofgl obalsal tout putt hr ough2015.
Rocksal tandbr inepr oductionwi l
lal sopostmoder atei ncreasest hrough
2015.Howev er,thei rrespect iver atesofgr owt hwi l
ll agsol arev apor at ion,
andt heset y pesofsal tpr oduct ionwi llcompr i
sedecr easi ngshar esof
wor l
dout put.Thet abl esal tpr oduct ioni ndust r
yi sexpect edt or emai n
l
argel yunchangedov erthenextf i
vey ear s.Duet ot hest aple-nat ur eoft able
salt,theindust r
ywasoneoft hef ewt oescapet her ecessi onunhar medas
consumer sandf oodpr ocessor smai ntaineddemandf orsal t.Ov ert he
periodt o2013, r
ev enuegr owt hwasexpect edt oi ncreasebyanannual ized
rateof0. 1% andoper atorpr of i
tmar ginsar eexpect edt or emai nheal t hy.
Howev er,indust ryr ev enuedi pped2. 8% i n2010and7. 6% i n2011,l ar gel y

35
duet oadr opinthepr iceofsal t.In2013t heindust ryisexpect edt oear n
revenueof$598. 7mi ll
ion,a2. 1% increaseon2012.Chi naaccount edf or
almost25%ofsal tdemandwor l
dwidein2010andi spr ojectedt obet he
fastestgr owingnationalmar kett hr
ough2015.I ndia’
ssaltconsumpt ionis
alsof orecasttogr ow wel labov ethewor l
dav erage.Chemi calout putby
facil
it
iesinI ndi
aisforecastt orisefasterthaninanyot hermaj orproduci ng
countr ythrough 2015,l eadi
ng t o si
zablei ncreases in associ ated salt
demand.Asi nChina,gr owthi nt hesizeofI ndia’spopul ati
onwi llalso
contributetoov er
allsal tmar ketgains.Thet ablesal tproduct i
oni ndust r
y
experiencedgr owthi nt hefivey earsto2013,despi t
er evenuev olatili
tyin
2010and2020.

 
Thel argemaj orityoft abl esal tpr oducedi nt heUSi susedi nt hepr oduct i
on
ofpr ocessedf oodssol di ngr ocer yst oresandr est aurant s.Ther emai nder ,
l
esst han20%,i susedbyhousehol dsf orpr epar i
ngmeal sandasat able
seasoni ng.Whi lesal ti nt akehasi ncreasedi nt heUSov ert hel ongt erm,i n
theshor trundemandf rom consumer sandf oodpr ocessor si sgener ally
steadyf rom y ear -to-yearandnotexposedt ol argeswi ngsi ndemand.Ov er
the lastf ivey ear s,heal th agenci es hav e made a concer ted ef fortt o
educat econsumer sont hedanger sofadi ethi ghi nsal t.Butt il
ldat e,t he
i
mpactoni ndust ryr ev enuehasbeennegl igibleandmanageabl e.Andi n
2010,Chi nawast hel argestconsumerofsal t
,pr imar ilybecauseoft he
hugesi zeofi tschemi cali ndust ry,althoughf oodpr ocessi ngandl ivest ock
saltusei sal sosubst ant ialduet ot henat ion’ s1. 3bi lli
onr esi dent s.Itwas
ment ionedt hatt heGov ernmentofI ndiahasbeenal lowi ngimpor tofr ock
saltf r
om Paki st anwi thef fectf rom 24t hMay ,1978under‘ OpenGener al
License’.Thedet ailsofi mpor tofsal tarepr esent edi nTabl e.6Tabl e.6.
Quant it
yandVal ueofSal tImpor tedYearI mpor tofSal tQuant i
ty(i ntonnes)
Value(i nRs.Lakhs)19788, 31269. 4819809, 11795. 55199017, 304
128.86200014, 934138. 232009- 1027, 864549. 782010- 1112, 298600. 00
2011- 12 17, 243 422. 98 2012- 13 18, 106 523. 81 2013- 14 17, 273 677. 61
Sour ce:1.Gov ernmentofI ndia( 2014)Annual Repor ts–2013- 14and2014-
15, MinistryofCommer ceandI ndust ry,DIPP.2.Gov ernmentofI ndi a( 2014)
AnnualRepor t-2013- 14,Sal tDepar t
ment ,Mi nistry ofCommer ce and
Industry,DI PP.Annexur e-13. 1,p. 90.I tisseenf rom t hedat apr esent edi n
Table.6t hatt hei mpor tofsal taccount edf or8. 3t housandt onnesi n1978,
whichhasi ncr easedt o17. 3t housandt onnesby2013- 14.Thev alueof

36
i
mportedsaltwasonlyRs.69.
48lakhin1978andithastouchedthefigur
e
ofRs.600.
0lakhin2010- 11andtherebydecr
easedtoRs.422.98lakhin
2011-
12andagainincreasedt
oRs.677.61l
akhduri
ngtheyear2013-
14.

Chapt
er5

CONCLUSI
ON

Itisbey onddoubtt hatGov er nmentofI ndiahasbeeni nitiatingef fortst o

i
ncr easeandi mprov ethesal tpr oduct i
onandi tsqual i
ty .Ef fort
sar eal so
madet oeducat ethesal tmanuf acturersi ngener alandsmal lproducer sin
particulart o meett he standar ds and t o compet ei nt he i nternat ional
mar kets.Recent l
yt hree “ModelSal tFar ms”wer e est ablished f ort he
product ionofsal tofgoodqual i
ty.I tisest i
mat edt hatt her ear eabout
11,931 sal twor ks ofwhi ch 681 ( 5.7 percent )ar e bi g sal twor ks
cont ri
but i
ngabout66. 0percentoft het otalsaltpr oduction.Ther emai ning
34.0288X I NDIAN JOURNALOFAPPLI ED RESEARCH Resear chPaper
Volume:5|I ssue:11|Nov ember2015|I SSN-2249- 555Xpercentoft he
saltispr oducedby11, 300smal lsaltmanuf act
urers.Att hisj unctur e, i
tist o
be r emember ed thatsal ti ndust ryi sl abour -
intensivei n nat ure,whi ch
prov i
desdi rectempl oyment ,onanav erage, to1.09l akhper sons( 2013-14)
i
nourcount r
y.Hence,smal lsal tmanuf act uri
nguni tsar et obepr otect ed
anddev elopedf orpr ovi
dinggai nfulempl oymentoppor tunities.Wor kingi n
saltindust ryexposest hewor kerstodi rectcont actwi thinhal ablesal tdust ,
saltcr y
st al
saswel lasconcent ratedbr ine,phy sicalstressofhar dmanual
37
l
abour ,di r
ectbr i
ghtsunl ightandgl areduet osunl ightr eflect
edbysal t
crystalsandbr inesur face.Howev er ,theext r
emeweat herandhar dl abour
condi t
ionsinthesal tpanscausel otofmor bidi
tiesamongt hesal twor kers.
Ther eisaneedf ormoder nizati
onandmechani zationofsal twor ksanduse
ofper sonalpr otect i
veequi pment st oov ercomet hisprobl em.I tist obe
notedt hatthepr oducti
onofi odizedsal thasbeendecr easingandt hi
s
tr
end i st o be r eversed,so t hati odine deficiencydi sor ders mightbe
prevent ed.Oneoft heimpor tantpoi nt stobenot edi sthatt heexpor tsof
saltt o Japan and Vi et nam hav e been decr easing and hence,t he
Gov ernmentofI ndiamustev olvear el
evantexpor t
-promot ionst r
ategyt o
i
ncr easet hequant i
tyofexpor tsnotonl ytoJapanandVi etnam butal sot o
othercount ri
eswhi chneedsal tandi tsby -
product sforedi bleandi ndust ri
al
purposes

 Indi
a'ssaltpr oduct
ion can be incr
eased considerablybyachi ev i
ng
averageyiel
dof300t onsperhectareandbydev elopingav ai
labl
elarge
areasinGujarat.
 Saltquali
tyrequir
edt obeimprov edingenerali
nal lsectorssmal land
bigtofeedgoodqual itysal
ttoIndianChlor-
Alkal
iIndustriesaswel las
forexport
.
 SaltIndustr
yhasv erygoodf uturehencenew ent r
epreneur sshould
grabthisopportuni
ty.

38
 ARASANSALTSPRI
VATELI
MITED,
TUTI
CORI
N-02
251,
WESTGREATCOTTONROAD ,
SHANMUGAPURAM,

THOOTHUKUDI
-02 0461-
2329957/
94
E.
MAI
L.
ar
asan20092@gmai
l
.com

23.
09.
2021
TO.
THEHEADOFTHEDEPARTMENT,
Mast
erofBusi
nessAdmi
nist
rat
ion,
PSNEngi
neer
ingcol
l
ege,
Mel
athedi
yoor,
Pal
ayam kot
tai
(p)
,

39
 Ti
runel
vel
i
-627152

Dearsi
r.
Thi
siscert
if
yt hatMr.MAHESH.R(
REG.NO.95220631020)
.Fi
nal
year
MBAst udentofy ourcoll
egeHehasbeencomplet
edt odosummer
proj
ecttounder
takepr oj
ectwor
kinourf
act
oryduri
ngtheperi
odon 28-09
-2021to27-10-
2021.
Thanky
ou

40