Answer

1.a Three steps in the planning process:

a) Deciding which goals to pursue.
Planning begins with decisions about the wants or needs of the organization or work
group. Without a clear formulation of goals, the organization or company will use its
resources ineffectively.
b) Deciding what courses of action to adopt.
After deciding which goals to achieve, the next step is to test or analyze options or
choices of appropriate actions to achieve these goals, and
c) Deciding how to allocate resources.
The final stage in the planning process includes the development or allocation of the
best resources that have been determined and mutually agreed upon for the achievement of
organizational or company goals.

2.a Management levels and responsibilities

a) Top Manager
Terms are often used for different managers at this level, including chief executive
officer, chief executive operating, president, and vice president. Top managers are
responsible for the company as a whole. Their job is to set goals, strategies, and general
company policies, which will then be translated more specifically by the managers under
them. Examples of top managers' duties are making policies regarding market expansion
plans (expansion), policies regarding employee welfare and determining the amount of sales
achieved.
b) Middle Manager
The middle manager's job is to supervise several work units and implement plans
according to the goals and higher levels. Then they report the results of their work to a higher
level (top manager). Some examples of middle managers include a hospital clinic, a
university dean, a division manager, a factory manager, and a sales branch manager. The
middle manager position is between the top manager and the lower manager, they become a
bridge between the top manager and the middle manager.
c) First-line Manager
Is the lowest level in an organization, which leads and supervises operational personnel.
Other names for this position include supervisor, department head, and foreman. They are
responsible for one work unit and are expected to be able to complete tasks with short-term
goals in accordance with the plans of middle and top managers.
On the basis of the scope of activities managed, the function managers and general
managers. Functional managers have responsibility for only one organizational activity, such
as marketing, production, finance, human resources, research and development. Other
activities and functions are under the responsibility of other functional managers. For
example, the marketing manager is responsible for all distribution activities but must ask the
personnel manager for help with sales personnel problems.
 3.a Three Management Skills
a) Conceptual Skills
Conceptual Skills is the manager's ability to see the whole organization as a complete
entity. This Conceptual Skill includes an understanding of the cooperation of each work unit
in the organization along with an understanding of the dependence of one work unit with
other work units, changes in a work unit will also affect other work units or parts. These
skills include an understanding of the relationship between institutions, industry and society
as well as an understanding of the influence of a country's political, social and economic
conditions on its business. With these understandings, a high-level manager or Top
Management can understand the overall business conditions and take appropriate actions for
the success of the organization.
These Conceptual Skills are very important for Top Management but less important for
middle management and are not required for first level management. These Conceptual Skills
are also often referred to as Analytical Skills or Perceptual Skills.
b) Humanity Skills
Skills relating to other people or Humanity Skill is the ability of managers to interact
effectively with members of the organization and build understanding and cooperative efforts
in the team they lead. These skills will enable managers to become leaders and motivate their
employees to get better job performance. In addition, managers must also be able to utilize
the potential of their employees effectively in the company.
Communication is also one of the most important parts of this Skill. Good and effective
communication will have a positive impact on the career of the manager concerned and also
in achieving organizational goals. Skills relating to other people or Humanity Skills are
important for all levels of management in an organization or company. These skills are also
referred to as Interpersonal Skills or Human Skills.
c) Technical Skills
This technical skill is the ability or knowledge to use certain techniques in carrying out
certain tasks or jobs. Examples include the ability and knowledge to design products, repair
machines, operate machines, assemble computers, create computer programs, prepare books
and financial reports, sell products, compose songs, cook food and so on. These Technical
Skills are skills that are important for managers at the first level but are less important or not
mandatory for top management to possess.

.
4.a Kerangka Kerja Untuk Kinerja Manajerial Oleh Andrew D. Szilagyi
 Tingkat Analisis:
Masyarakat
Organisasi
Grup atau Unit
Individu

Kriteria Kinerja:
Efektivitas Kehadiran
Produktifitas Penyimpanan Pengukuran:
Kerangka Waktu: Efisiensi Kepuasan Objektif
Jangka panjang Laba Motivasi Kuantitatif
Jangka Menengah Kualitas Inovasi Subyektif
Jangka Pendek Keamanan Kemampuan beradaptasi Kualitatif
Pertumbuhan Perkembangan

Fokus:
Pemeliharaan
Peningkatan
Perkembangan

4.b Pekerjaan Manajer oleh Andrew D. Szilagyi

 Keterampilan manajemen
Teknis
Manusia
Konseptual
Diagnostik

Jenis Manajer Fungsi Manajemen Pertunjukan

Eksekutif Perencanaan Kriteria
Tingkat menengah Pengorganisasian Tingkat analisis
Garis pertama Terkemuka Fokus
Kontrol Jangka waktu
Pengukuran

Peran Manajemen
Antarpribadi
Informasional
Keputusan