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iosebaSvili

biologia

XI klasi

saxelmZRvanelo grifirebulia ganaTlebis xarisxis

ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier
(brZ. N375, 18.05.2012 weli)

VDJDPRPFHPORVD[OL

2012 weli
VDJDPRPFHPORVD[OL

redaqtori: x. klau
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 sarCevi
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§1. ujredis sasicocxlo cikli ..............................................................................................7
mitozi
§2. dnm-is gaormageba _ replikacia .....................................................................................11
replikaciaSi monawile nivTierebebi
§3. hipoTeza: erTi geni _ erTi cila ...................................................................................15
§4. genetikuri kodi .......................................................................................................................19
transkripcia
translacia
§5. usqeso gamravleba ...................................................................................................................26
usqeso gamravlebis formebi
§6. sqesobrivi gamravlebis formebi . ..................................................................................30
gametebis agebuleba
gametogenezi
meiozi
§7. ganayofiereba ............................................................................................................................36
organizmebis individualuri ganviTareba _ ontogenezi
embrionuli da postembrionuli ganviTareba
§8. ujredTa diferenciacia .....................................................................................................40
ujredTa diferenciaciis molekuluri meqanizmi
§9. yvavilovan mcenareTa ganayofiereba ..........................................................................45
§10. parTenogenezi _ qalwulebrivi gamravleba .........................................................50
parTenogenezis formebi

II genetika
§11. mendelis mier dadgenili memkvidreobiTobis kanonzomierebebi ............57
hibridTa erTgvarobis kanoni
niSan-TvisebaTa daTiSvis kanoni
§12. dihibriduli Sejvareba .....................................................................................................70
mendelis III kanoni
§13. genebis SeWiduli damemkvidreba ..................................................................................75
§14. sqesis genetika .......................................................................................................................82
sqesTan SeWiduli niSnebis damemkvidreba
§15. genebis urTierTqmedeba . ..................................................................................................92
arasruli dominireba
komplementaroba, epistazi, polimeria
genTa mravlobiTi moqmedeba
§16. memkvidruli cvalebadoba ................................................................................................100
§17. aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba ........................................................................................108

III Tanamedrove genetikuri teqnologiebi

§18. bioteqnologia ........................................................................................................................111
genuri inJineria
genmodificirebuli baqteriebi
§19. genmodificirebuli mcenareebi. maTi miRebis mizani .....................................116
genmodificirebuli mcenareebis miRebis teqnologiebi
genmodificirebuli mcenareebis gamocda
§20. genmodificirebuli cxovelebi. maTi Seqmnis mizani .......................................121
cxovelTa klonireba
§21. genmodificirebuli organizmebi da ..........................................................................126
biologiuri usafrTxoeba
§22. adamianis genomis proeqti . ..............................................................................................130
genetikuri testireba medicinaSi
genetikuri testireba kriminalistikaSi
§23. genuri Terapiis meTodebi . ..............................................................................................139
veqtoris problema
Rerovani ujredebi
genuri Terapiis eTika

IV evolucia
§24. Sexedulebebi cocxali samyaros evoluciis Sesaxeb ........................................156
lamarkis evoluciuri Teoria
§25. Carlz darvini . ........................................................................................................................160
darvinis Sexeduleba xelovnur gadarCevaze
arsebobisaTvis brZola
darvinis Sexeduleba bunebriv gadarCevaze
§26. evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria ........................................................................................170
saxeoba. saxeobis kriteriumebi
populacia
§27. mikroevolucia ........................................................................................................................175
mikroevoluciis faqtorebi: mutacia, populaciuri talRebi,
izolacia, genebis nakadi da dreifi
§28. bunebrivi gadarCeva .............................................................................................................183
bunebrivi gadarCevis formebi
§29. organizmTa Seguebuloba _ bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegi ............................188
mimikria
qceviTi Seguebuloba
fiziologiuri Seguebuloba
STamomavlobaze zrunva
§30. saxeobis warmoqmnis formebi ..........................................................................................198
geografiuli saxeobaTawarmoqmna
ekologiuri saxeobaTawarmoqmna
makroevolucia
evoluciis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi
divergenciuli da konvergenciuli evolucia
§31. biologiuri progresi da regresi ................................................................................209
evoluciis mimarTulebebi _ arogenezi, alogenezi, katagenezi

V ekologia
§32. ekologia _ samecniero disciplina ...........................................................................212
§33. ekologiuri faqtorebi ......................................................................................................215
abioturi faqtorebi
klimati
sinaTle
§34. abioturi faqtorebi ............................................................................................................222
temperatura
wyali
§35. abioturi faqtorebi ............................................................................................................228
niadagi
§36. bioturi faqtorebi ..............................................................................................................236
pozitiuri, negatiuri da neitraluri urTierTobebi
§37. kvebiTi jaWvebi . .....................................................................................................................242
kvebiTi qselebi
§38. ekologiuri piramidebi .....................................................................................................246
ricxvTa, biomasisa da energiis piramidebi
§39. populaciis ricxobriobaze moqmedi faqtorebi .................................................253
populaciis dinamika
populaciis homeostazi
§40. adamianis populaciis zrda .............................................................................................260
§41. biogeoqimiuri wrebrunva .................................................................................................266
naxSirbadis cikli
§42. azotis cikli ............................................................................................................................270
§43. adamiani da garemo . ...............................................................................................................273
atmosferos dabinZureba
§44. wylisa da xmeleTis dabinZureba ..................................................................................283
§45. adamianis dadebiTi moqmedeba garemoze . ................................................................289
mavneblebis kontroli
ekosistemebis marTva: saTburebi da Tevzebis meurneoba

VI adamiani da mikroorganizmebi
§46. infeqciuri da arainfeqciuri daavadebebi ...........................................................297
paTogenebi _ virusebi, baqteriebi, protistebi,
sokoebi, Wiebi
§47. daavadebebis prevencia ......................................................................................................302
usafrTxo wyali
usafrTxo sakvebi
§48. antisxeulebi da imunuri pasuxi . ..................................................................................307
imunologiis gamoyeneba
§49. individualuri da saerTo dacva daavadebebisgan .............................................312
mZime infeqciuri daavadebebi: Sids-i da tuberkulozi
daavadebebis prevencia
Sids-isa da tuberkulozis gavrceleba msofliosa da
saqarTveloSi
§50. sasargeblo mikroorganizmebi ......................................................................................320
sokoebis gamoyeneba puris cxobasa da yvelis warmoebaSi
antibiotikebi
baqteriebis roli Rvinis warmoebaSi
fermentebis miReba genmodificirebuli baqteriebidan
 pirobiTi niSnebi

sakiTxebis CamonaTvali, romelzec unda moxdes moswavlis

yura­d­Rebis gamaxvileba

daskvniTi nawili

eqsperimenti, praqtikuli samuSao. tabulebis, cxrilebis,

diag­ramebisa da eqsperimentis Sedegebis analizi

kiTxvebi

testebi

rTuli kiTxvebi

davaleba masalis irgvliv: referati, referatis prezentacia

modeli

girCevT

sakvanZo sityvebi internetSi informaciis mosaZieb­lad.

internetmisamarTebi

gakveTilis teqstSi CarTuli kiTxva

gakveTilis teqstSi CarTuli cda

I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§1
ujredis sasicocxlo cikli
mitozi

Tavisive msgavsis warmoqmna, yvela cocxali arsebis aucilebeli Tvisebaa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva organizmi sxvadasxvagvarad mravldeba,
gamravlebis safuZveli ujredis gayofaa.
ujredis gayofa erTujrediani organizmebisTvis maTi gamravlebis sa-
Sualebacaa. mravalujredian organizmebSi ki ujredebis intensiuri gayofa
aucilebelia, raTa erTaderTi ujredidan miliardobiT ujredebis Semcve-
li organizmi ganviTardes. amasTan, ujredebis mudmivi gayofa aucilebelia,
raTa axalwarmoqmnilma ujredebma Secvalon daRupuli ujredebi, sxvadasx-
va dazianebis dros ki aRadginon organoebi da qsovilebi.
eukariotuli ujredis gayofis ZiriTadi xerxi mitozia. mitozuri gayo-
fis Sedegad dediseuli ujredi or Svileul ujredad iyofa.
dediseuli ujredis daniSnulebaa, mitozuri gayofis dros gadasces
Svileul ujredebs misTvis da misi saxeobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qromoso-
muli kompleqti. amis misaRwevad mitozis win dediseuli ujredebi didxans
emzadebian. mosamzadebel etaps interfaza hqvia. ujredis mitozuri gayofa
da interfaza erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. maTi erToblioba mo-
cemuli ujredis sasicocxlo cikls Seadgens.
ujredis sasicocxlo cikli ujredis sicocxlis periodia, warmoqmnidan
mis Svileul ujredebad dayofamde.
ujredis sasicocxlo ciklis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia ujredis
tipze da mis saarsebo garemoze. baqteriul ujredebs SeuZliaT yovel 20
wuTSi erTxel gayofa, nawlavis epiTelis ujredebs _ yovel 8-10 saaTSi, xaxvis
fesvis wveris ujredebs _ yovel 20 saaT-
Si, xolo nervuli sistemis ujredebis um-
ravlesoba arasdros iyofa.
RviZlSi arian ujredebi, romlebic xan­
gr­Zlivad imyofebian interfazaSi da mxo­
lod krizisul situaciebSi iyofian. ma­
ga­liTad, RviZlis nawilis qirurgiuli
mo­­cilebisas, es ujredebi intensiur gam­
rav­­lebas iwyeben da swrafad aRadge­nen
uj­­re­de­bis im raodenobas, romelic sa­Wi­
roa am organos normaluri funqcionire­
mitozi bis­Tvis.
interfaza rogorc ilustraciaze xedav, ujre-
ujredis sasicocxlo cikli dis sasicocxlo ciklSi mniSvnelovan
dros interfaza ikavebs.

7
 erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi procesi, romelic interfazaSi xdeba, dnm-is
sinTezia, amitom am fazas S faza uwodes (ingl. Synthesis). dnm-is sinTezi in-
terfazis Sua periodSi mimdinareobs.
S fazamde yoveli qromosoma dnm-is erTi molekulisgan Sedgeba. dnm-is
molekulas aqvs unikaluri unari, warmoqmnas Tavisive msgavsi, anu gaormag-
des. Tu rogor axerxebs dnm-is molekula amas, Sen mogvianebiT gaigeb.
gaormagebis Sedegad yovel qromosomaSi dnm-is ori, absoluturad iden-
turi molekula _ qromatidi warmoiqmneba. interfazaSi qromatidebi abur-
dul Zafebs hgvanan.
interfazis periodebs S fazamde da mis Semdeg G1 da G2 asoebiT aRniSna­
ven (ingl. Gap _ intervali, naprali). GG 1 fazaSi intensiurad mimdinareobs
dnm-is sinTezisTvis saWiro fermentebisa da sxva struqturuli cilebis
sinTezi, warmoiqmneba ribosomebi. am fazaSi ujredi zomaSi matulobs.
G2 fazaSi ujredSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs metaboluri procesebi: sin-
Tezdeba cilebi da atf, ormagdebian mitoqondriebi, qloroplastebi da
centriolebi.
Tu mitozuri gayofis mimdinareobisas, mikroskopSi sxvadasxva dros
Caixedav, verc ki warmoidgen, rom erTi da igive ujreds akvirdebi, imdenad
gansxvavebul suraTs dainaxav.
mitozi uwyveti procesia, romlis yoveli faza SeumCnevlad gadadis Sem-
dgom fazaSi, magram misi aRweris moxerxebulobisTvis mas oTx fazad yofen.
mitozi profaziT iwyeba. is mitozis yvelaze xangrZlivi fazaa. am dros
cvlilebebi xdeba rogorc birTvSi, ise citoplazmaSi. birTvi izrdeba mo­
culobaSi, yoveli qromosomis qromatidebi iwyeben spiralurad daxvevas.
isini imdenad ixvevian, rom sawyisi sigrZis mxolod 4% xdebian. TiToeul
qromosomas ukve gansazRvruli, sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli forma aqvs. misi
Semcveli qromatidebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia centromerebiT da erT
mTlian qromosomas qmnian. interfazaSi gaormagebuli ujredis centris
centriolebi Sordebian erTmaneTs da miemarTebian polusebisken. ujredis
birTvSi qrebian birTvakebi, birTvis membrana iSleba da birTvis garsi qreba.
centriolebidan gamomavali mikromilakebi iwyeben gayofis TiTistaris war-
moqmnas. zogierTi mikromilaki birTvidan citoplazmaSi gadmosuli qro­
mosomebis centromerebs ukavSirdeba da isini ujredis centrisken gadaaqvs,
zogier­Ti ki sawinaaRmdego polusidan gamosul mikromilaks.
am momentidan iwyeba mitozis meore faza _ metafaza, romelSic qromo-
somebi ekvatorul sibrtyeSi erT mwkrivad ise lagdebian, rom sapirispiro
polusebidan gamosuli Zafebi ukavSirdebian TiToeuli qromosomis sxva­
dasxva qromatids.
rodesac surT, Seiswavlon qromosomebis struqtura, ricxvi, zoma da
forma, dasakvirveblad swored mitozis am fazas irCeven, vinaidan qromo-
somebi yvelaze kargad metafazaSi Canan.
metafazas anafaza mosdevs. anafazaSi Svileuli qromosomebi erTmaneTs
scildebian. motoruli cilebiT qromosomebi mikromilakebis `liandagze~
centriolebisken moZraoben. amavdroulad, mikromilakebi mokldebian. Tum­
ca, is mikromilakebi, romlebic qromosomebTan ar arian dakavSirebuli,

8
 interfaza da mitozi

interfaza profaza

2 3 4

metafaza anafaza telofaza

grZeldebian, rasac ujredis formis Secvla mohyveba _ isic grZeldeba.

1 ramdeni qromosoma da ramdeni qromatidi iqneba metafazaSi adamianis
ujredSi?
amrigad, ujredis sxvadasxva polusze aRmoCndeba erTnairi genetikuri
informaciis Semcveli qromatidebi, anu Svileuli qromosomebi.
mitozis bolo faza telofazaa. polusebze miRwevis Semdeg qromati­
debis Zafebi iwyeben gaSlas _ despiralizacias. sinaTlis mikroskopSi kar­
gad SesamCnevi struqturebidan isini isev Txel, Zafisebr warmonaqmnebad
gar­daiqmnebian. TandaTan warmoiqmneba birTvis membranebi, birTvakebi, ya­
libdeba ori birTvi. or momaval ujreds Soris organoidebic gadanawildebi-
an. telofazis bolos citoplazma iyofa. aqtinis monawileobiT citoplazma
uj­redis Sua nawilSi viwrovdeba da orad iyofa. sabolood ori erTnairi
ujredi erTmaneTisgan gamoiyofa.
2 ramdeni qromosoma da ramdeni qromatidi iqneba adamianis axlad war-
moqmnil Svileul ujredebSi?
amrigad, mitozi dediseuli ujredidan iseTi ori ujredis warmoqmnis
procesia, romlebic raodenobrivadac da Tvisobrivadac, anu genetikuri in-
formaciis Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc erTmaneTis, ise dediseuli
ujredis identurebi arian.

9
 periods ujredis erTi gayofidan meore gayofamde ujredis sa-
sicocxlo cikli hqvia. is interfazasa da mitozs moicavs. mito­zi
ujredis gayofis iseTi xerxia, romlis Sedegad miRebul Svileul
ujredebs raodenobrivad da Tvisobrivad erTnairi genetikuri
informacia gaaCnia da is zustad iseTia, rogoric dediseul uj­
reds hqonda.

1. mitozuri gayofis sxvadasxva fazaSi myofi ujredebi Senc Se-

giZlia dainaxo. amisTvis:
a. qinZisTaviT gaCxvlite nivris kbili da moaTavse wylian sin-
jaraSi ise, rom misi fuZe wyalSi iyos. sinjara datove 3-4 dRe.
b. nivris kbils ramdenime 1-2 sm sigrZis fesvi ganuviTardeba.
frTxilad moaWeri am fesvebs wverebi.
g. moaTavse fesvis moWrili nawilebi sinjaraSi, romelSic asxia
ZmarmJava. daaxure Tavi sinjaras da datove mTeli Rame oTa­
xis temperaturaze.
d. meore dRes pincetiT Zalian frTxilad gadaitane fesvis na­
wilebi petris finjanSi, sadac gamoxdili wyali asxia. gamoc­
vale finjanSi wyali ramdenjerme.
e. gadaitane fesvis wverebi sinjaraSi, romelSic asxia maril­
mJavas erTmoluri xsnari da gaaCere 3 wT 600C temperaturaze.
v. gadaitane fesvis wverebi sinjaridan petris finjanSi, ro­mel­
Sic gamoxdili wyali asxia. gamocvale finjanSi wyali ramden-
jerme.
z. gadaitane fesvis wverebi sinjaraSi, romelSic asxia fiolge-
nis reaqtivi da Tavi daaxure. dadgi gril, bnel adgilas (um-
jobesia macivarSi) sul mcire, 2 saaTi.
T. amoiRe erTi wveri da moaTavse sasagne minaze erT wveT Zmar­
mJavaSi.
i. moaWeri wvers bolo 1-2 mm. darCenili nawili gadaagde.
k. daafare anaTals safari mina. preparati moaTavse brtyel ze­
dapirze, zemodan daafare ramdenime fena filtris qaRaldi
da daaweqi cera TiTiT. ecade, rom safari mina adgilidan ar
daiZras.
l. daakvirdi preparats mikroskopis mcire da did gadidebaze da
ipove ujredebi, romlebic mitozis sxvadasxva stadiaze imyo­
febian.
m. Caixate birTvebi mitozis sxvadasxva fazaSi da gaukeTe war­
werebi.

10
 2. suraTze mitozis fazebi araswori TanmimdevrobiTaa ganla-
gebuli.

1 3
2 4

CamoTvlili variantebidan romeli asaxavs fazebis swor Tanmim-

devrobas?
a. 1, 4, 3, 2; b. 3, 1, 2, 4; g. 3, 1, 4, 2; d. 4, 3, 2, 1.

1. rasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli interfazaSi gansakuTrebiT

didi raodenobiT mitoqondriebis warmoqmna?
2. ujreduli ciklis romel fazaSi Sedgeba qromosoma ori qro-
matidisgan?
3. adamianis erTi somaturi ujredis dnm-is saerTo masa GG1 fa-
zaSi daaxloebiT 6X10-9 mg-ia. gamoTvale mitozis bolos erT
Svileul ujredSi yvela qromosomis dnm-is masa.
4. interfazas zogjer ujredis ciklis mosvenebis periods uwo-
deben. daeTanxmebi am mosazrebas?
5. diagrama giCvenebs ujredis sa­
si­cocxlo cikls. Seecade amo­
icno ciklis TiToeuli etapi.
daasabuTe, ras efuZneba Seni va­
raudi.

1. dnm-is ramden molekulas Seicavs somaturi ujredis TiToeu-

li qromosoma profazisa da telofazis stadiebze:
a. profazaSi _ 1, telofazaSi _ 1;
b. profazaSi _ 1, telofazaSi _ 2;
g. profazaSi _ 2, telofazaSi _ 1;
d. profazaSi _ 2, telofazaSi _ 2.

11
 2. dnm-is ramden molekulas Seicavs somaturi ujredis TiToeu-
li qromosoma metafazisa da anafazis stadiebze:
a. metafazaSi _ 1, anafazaSi _ 1;
b. metafazaSi _ 1, anafazaSi _ 2;
g. metafazaSi _ 2, anafazaSi _ 1;
d. metafazaSi _ 2, anafazaSi _ 2.

3. gadawere teqsti rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli frazebi:

telofazas Sebrunebul profazas uwodeben, radgan mitozis
am fazis dros xdeba ................... garsis warmoqmna. ................... de-
spiralizdebian, TiTistaras Zafebi ...................

simsivnis sawinaaRmdego qimioTerapiaSi gamoyenebuli preparati

A xels uSlis cila tubulinis polimerizacias, meore preparati
B ki _ mis depolimerizacias. axseni:
a. ratom aqvT maT simsivnis sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba?
b. rogor aferxebs preparati A ujredis gayofas?
g. mitozis romel fazaze moqmedebs is?
d. rogor aferxebs preparati B ujredis gayofas?
e. mitozis romel fazaze moqmedebs is?

zrdasruli organizmebis zogierTi ujredebi, magaliTad, nei-

ronebi da limfocitebi ar iyofian. maTi ujreduli cikli mTavr­
deba apoptoziT _ daprogramirebuli sikvdiliT. zogierT Sem-
TxvevaSi apoptozs organizmis sxva ujredebic eqvemdebarebian.
apoptoziT icileben kuds bayayis Tavkombalebi, mwerebis Wupre-
bi ki zedmet qsovilebs zrdasrul organizmad gardaqmnian. apop-
tozi exmareba organizms, moicilos daavadebuli da daberebuli
ujredebi.

ujredis sasicocxlo cikli _ life cycle of a cell; mitozi _ mitosis;

interfaza _ interphase; qromatidi _ chromatid; profaza _ pro-
phase; metafaza _ metaphase; anafaza _ anaphase; telofaza _
telophase.

12
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§2
dnm-is gaormageba _ replikacia
replikaciaSi monawile nivTierebebi

pirveli kiTxva, romelic dnm-is ormagi spiralis modelis avtorebs da­

us­ves, aseTi iyo: Tu modeli sworad asaxavs dnm-is struqturas, maSin axse­
niT, rogor axerxebs aseTi molekula misi erT-erTi mTavari funqciis Ses-
rulebas _ ujredis mitozuri gayofisas, Svileul ujredebs gadasces masSi
arsebuli genetikuri informacia?

3
1 3

2 2
dnm-is gaormageba uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezis mixedviT
1. nukleotidebi; 2. Zveli jaWvebi; 3. axali jaWvebi.

j. uotsonma da f. krikma kidev erTi Tamami da uCveulod martivi hipo-

Teza wamoayenes. maT dauSves, rom ujredis gamravlebisas dnm-is molekula
or polinukleotidur jaWvad iSleba da Semdeg ujredSi arsebuli nukle-
otidebisgan TiToeul maTganze axali jaWvebi Sendeba. ase miiReba dnm-is
er­Ti molekulisgan misi msgavsi ori erTnairi dnm-is molekula, romelsac
Svileuli ujredebi Rebulobs.

13
 dReisTvis es hipoTeza mravali eqsperimentiTaa dadasturebuli. ukve
sa­yovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom dnm-s aqvs unikaluri unari, warmoqmnas zus­
taDd Tavisi msgavsi meore molekula, anu gaormagdes. cnobilia am procesis
monawile yvela nivTiereba, romelzec j. uotsonsa da f. kriks warmodgenac
ki ar hqondaT.
Zalian martivad Tu aRvwerT, dnm-is gaormagebis rTuli procesi Semdeg
ZiriTad etapebs moicavs:
1. specialuri fermenti _ helikaza (ingl. Helix _ spirali) dnm-is or
jaWvs Soris arsebul wyalbadur bmebsa da am bmebiT `gakeril~ ormag spi-
rals or polinukleotidur jaWvad Slis;
2. calkeuli Tavisufali nukleotidebi, romlebic yovelTvis arian bir­
T­v­Si, `eZeben~ Sesabamis komplementarul mewyvileebs TiToeul jaWvze da
maT wyalbaduri bmebiT ukavSirdebian;
3. fermenti _ dnm-polimeraza kovalenturi bmebiT `gadaakerebs~ erTma-
neTs axlad mierTebul nukleotidebs da axal `Svileul~ jaWvebs warmoqmnis.
4. gaormagebis procesis damTavrebis Semdeg miiReba nukleotiduri Sed-
genilobis mixedviT absoluturad identuri dnm-is ori molekula. TiToeu-
li maTgani erT `Zvel~ da erT `axal~ `Svileul~ polinukleotidur jaWvs
Se­i­cavs.
dnm-is gaormagebis process replikacia uwodes (ingl. Replication _ aslis
aReba, gadaReba).
replikacia Zalian hgavs ukve arsebuli Targis mixedviT, raRac axali ma-
salis Seqmnis process. Zveli jaWvi TiTqos erTgvari Targia _ matrica axa-
li jaWvisTvis. aseTi tipis reaqciebs matriculi reaqciebi ewodeba.

dnm-is molekulas gaormagebis unari aqvs. ferment helikazas mo-

qmedebiT dnm-is molekula or jaWvad iSleba. TiToeul jaWvze
ferment dnm-polimerazas moqmedebiT axali, Svileuli jaWvebi
Sendeba.

1957 wels f. stali da m. mezelsoni Seecadnen, eqsperimentulad

gamoecadaT j. uotsonisa da f. krikis Teoriuli mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom dnm-is molekulas gaormagebis unari aqvs.
dnm-is replikacias f. stali da m. mezelsoni baqteriebSi akvir­
debodnen. mecnierebi baqteriebs azotis mZime izotopis _ 15N-is
Semcvel sakveb areSi amravlebdnen (A). maTi azriT, am pirobebSi
baqteriebSi unda warmoqmniliyo mZime azotiT `datvirTuli~
dnm-is molekula. is gacilebiT mZime unda yofiliyo baqteriebis
im dnm-Tan SedarebiT, romelic Cveulebriv azots _ 14NN-s Seicavs.
Semdeg maT A baqteriebi gadahqondaT 14NN-is Semcvel sakveb areSi
da oci wuTiT ayovnebdnen (B). am drois ganmavlobaSi baqteriebi
erTxel gayofas aswrebdnen.

14
amis Semdeg mecnierebi gamohyofdnen dnm-s baqteriebis A da B
jgufidan da acentrifugebdnen. centrifugirebis Sedegi ase ga­
moiyureboda:

15
N 14
N

A B

A B

dnm
A B
dnm
dnm

A B

warmoidgine, rom am samecniero jgufis erT-erTi wevri xar.

CaerTe eqsperimentis daskvnebis gamotanis procesSi.

1. sqematurad warmoadgine uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezis mi­

xedviT, A baqteriebis 15N-is Semcveli dnm-is gaormageba 14N-ian
garemoSi. wiTeli da lurji feris xazebiT aRniSne A da B Bbaq­
teri­ebis dnm-is ormagi spiralis `mZime~ da `msubuqi~ jaWvebi.
2. centrifugirebis principebidan gamomdinare, dnm-is moleku-
lis romeli maxasiaTebeli gansazRvravs sinjaris fskeridan
misi fraqciis (zoli sinjaraSi, romelic dnm-s Seicavs) daci­
lebis manZils?

3. ratom `damsubuqda~ B baqteriebis

dnm? C A B
mecnierebma eqsperimenti gaagrZeles
_ daayovnes B baqteriebi kidev 20 wu­
Tis ganmavlobaSi 14N-ian sakveb areSi
(C). gamoyves maTgan dnm da daacen-
trifuges. centrifugis sinjaraSi
ori fraqcia warmoiqmna.
4. Seadgine B baqteriebis dnm-is rep-
likaciis sqema C baqteriebis warmo-
qmnisas, uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezis mixedviT.

15
 5. Seadare C baqteriebis dnm-is jaWvebi A da B baqteriebis dnm-is
jaWvebs.
6. am monacemebis mixedviT, mosalodneli iyo aseTi mdebareobis
ori fraqciis gaCena centrifugis sinjaraSi? axseni, ratom?
7. gauZlo Tu ara uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezam eqsperimentul
gamocdas?
namdvilad xdeba dnm-is erT `Zvel~ jaWvze meore `axali~ jaW-
vis aSeneba?
8. warmoidgine, rom mogitanes centrifugis sinjara (X), romelSic
baqteriis dnm garkveul pozicias ikavebs. Seadare X dnm-is cen-
trifugirebis Sedegi A, B, C baqteriebis dnm-e­bis centrifu-
girebis Sedegs da gvipasuxe: rogori azotis Semcvel sakveb
areSi mravldeboda es baqteria?

X A B C

ilustracia asaxavs dnm-is replikaciis process.

moniSne masze:
a. azotovani fuZeebi;
b. wyalbaduri bmebis adgili;
g. ferment helikazas moqmedebis adgili;
d. ferment dnm-polimerazas moqmedebis adgili;
e. `Svileuli~ jaWvi.

replikacia _ replication
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio22.swf

16
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§3
hipoTeza: erTi geni _ erTi cila

gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi mecnierebma wamoayenes hipoTeza

saxelwodebiT `erTi geni _ erTi cila~, romelsac SemdgomSi `erTi geni _
erTi polipeptidi~ ewoda.
am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, genebi, romlebic dnm-is garkveul monakveTebs
warmoadgenen, Tavis funqciebs fermentebisa da cilebis sinTezis gziT axor­
cieleben. TiToeuli geni erTi konkretuli cilis sinTezzea pasuxismgebeli
da Tu raime mizezis gamo geni Seicvala, cvlileba cilamac unda ganicados.
hipoTezis Semowmeba amerikelma mecnierebma l.polingma da h.itanom sca­
des.
erT-erTi seriozuli memkvidruli daavadebisas, romelic namgliseburi
anemiis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, eriTrocitebi kargaven diskos formas da
naxevarmTvaris, namglis formas iZenen.
deformirebuli eriTrocitebi advilad iSlebian, rac anemiisa da or-
ganizmis saerTo sisustis mizezi xdeba. garda amisa, uCveulo formis eriT­
rocitebi iWedebian wvril kapilarebSi da sisxlis normalur moZraobas
afer­xeben. amis gamo organoTa umravlesoba veRar maragdeba energetikuli
nivTierebebiTa da JangbadiT, rac sabolood adamianisTvis umZimesi Sedege-
biT mTavrdeba.

eriTrocitebis daSla sisxlZarRvebis daxSoba

fizikuri anemia gulis tvinis Tirkmlis fitvebis

sisuste ukmarisoba dazianeba dazianeba dazianeba

gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
dambla pnevmonia
daqveiTeba

17
 mecnierebi Seecadnen gaerkviaT, ra iyo eriTrocitebis deformaciis
mizezi. maTi varaudiT, SesaZloa, eriTrocitebis formis cvlileba misi mTa-
vari nivTierebis _ hemoglobinis struqturis cvlilebasTan yofiliyo da-
kavSirebuli. am sakiTxSi garkveva maT elqtroforezis meTodis gamoyenebiT
SeZles.

- - - -

eleqtroforezis + + + +
aparati eleqtroforezis mimdinareoba

eleqtroforezis principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: gansxvavebuli zo-

misa da eleqtruli muxtis mqone nivTierebebi eleqtrul velSi moZrao-
bisas sxvadasxva manZils gadian.
eleqtroforezis aparatSi moTavsebulia Jelesmagvari nivTierebis-
gan _ gelisgan damzadebuli firfita. gels badisebri struqtura aqvs.
am badeSi gadaadgilebas sxvadasxva zomis molekula gansxvavebulad axer­
xebs.
gelis firfitaze gamosakvlevi nivTierebis xsnars awveTeben. firfi­
tis erT bolos uaryofiTad damuxtul eleqtrodTan aerTeben, xolo mo­
pirdapires _ dadebiTad damuxtulTan. eleqtruli denis CarTvis Semdeg
xsnarSi arsebuli nivTierebebi moZraobas iwyeben. nivTierebis moZraobis
siCqare da mis mier ganvlili manZili am nivTierebis zomasa da muxtzea
damokidebuli.
uaryofiTad damuxtuli nivTierebebi dadebiTad damuxtuli eleq­t­
rodisken miemarTebian da firfitis boloSi aRmoCndebian, xolo dade­
biTad damuxtulebi firfitis zeda nawilSi rCebian. Tumca, didi zomis
uaryofiTi muxtis mqone molekulebi ver Zleven gelis winaaRmdegobas da
Cerdebian.
patara zomis molekulebi advilad Zvrebian gelis badeSi da firfitis
bo­losken miiswrafvian, Tumca, es swrafva, SesaZloa, maTi muxtis sididem
da­abrkolos.
eleqtruli denis CarTvidan ramdenime saaTSi nivTierebebi sabolood
daikaveben gansazRvrul adgils firfitaze. gelis garkveuli nivTiere-
bebiT damuSavebis Semdeg es adgilebi zolebis, anu fraqciebis saxiT ga-
moCndeba. am suraTs eleqtroforegrama hqvia.

18
 janmrTeli (1) da namgliseburi anemiiT daavadebuli
adamianis (2) hemoglobinis eleqtroforegramebis Se- -
darebisas aRmoCnda, rom isini dadebiTad damuxtuli
eleqt­­rodisken moZraobisas sxvadasxva manZils gadi­an.
2
mec­­­nierebma ivaraudes, rom daavadebuli adamianis hemo­
glo­­­­binis molekula naklebad aris damuxtuli uar­yo­fi­ 1
Tad da amitom gadis SedarebiT nakleb manZils.

amis mizezis garkveva ramdenime wlis Semdeg sxva mec-

nierma, v. ingremma moaxerxa. man orive saxis hemoglobi-
nis aminomJavuri Sedgeniloba gamoikvlia. aRmoCnda, rom
janmrTeli (I) da daavadebuli (II) adamianis hemoglobini
mxolod erTi aminomJaviT gansxvavdeba. am uzarmazar mo­ +
lekulaSi, romelic 574 aminomJavas Seicavs, rigiT meeqvse
adgilas mdgomi aminomJava glutaminis Canacvleba aminom-
Java valiniT mTlianad cvlis hemoglobinis struqturas,
rac mZime SedegiT mTavrdeba.

II

saqme imaSia, rom valini hidrofoburi aminomJavaa.

`wylis moZule~ aminomJavas CarTva hemoglobinis mo­
lekulaSi mis xsnadobas amcirebs da is ileqeba. ga­mo­
leqili hemoglobini ki eriTrocitis deformacias iw­
vevs.
ram Seamcira namgliseburi anemiiT daavadebuli
adamianis hemoglobinis Zvradoba eleqtroforezis
dros?
am ori eqsperimentiT naTlad dadasturda is mosaz-
reba, rom genebis cvlileba cilis struqturis cvli-
lebas iwvevs, rac sabolood ama Tu im daavadebis saxiT
vlindeba. l. polingi
namgliseburi anemia iyo pirveli daavadeba, romlis
molekuluri meqanizmis axsna SeZles mecnierebma. am damsaxurebis gamo po­
lingi molekuluri medicinis fuZemdeblad iqna aRiarebuli.
molekuluri medicina medicinis farTo dargia, romelic iyenebs fizi-
kur, qimiur, biologiur da samedicino teqnologiebs im molekuluri meqa-
nizmebis aRmosaCenad da Sesaswavlad, romlebic genetikur daavadebebTan
arian dakavSirebulni.

19
 genebi Tavis funqcias cilebis sinTezis gziT axorcieleben.

1. warmoidgine, rom gelze datanilia xsnari, romelic sxvadasxva

cilis narevs warmoadgens. cilebi erTmaneTisgan zomebiTa da
muxtiT gansxvavdebian. `CarTe~ eleqtroforezis aparati da
gviCvene, rogor gadanawildebian cilis molekulebi gelze.
-
didi zomis cila dadebiTi muxtiT

saSualo zomis cila uaryofiTi muxtiT

mcire zomis cila uaryofiTi muxtiT

mcire zomis cila dadebiTi muxtiT

+
1 2
2. eleqtroforezis dros, gelis pirvel da -
meore bilikze erTi da igive cilam, ra-
tomRac, sxvadasxva manZili gaiara. am ci-
lis molekulisTvis pirvel SemTxvevaSi
gavlili manZili, misi zomidAAanANA da muxti-
dan gamomdinare, normad iTvleba.
rogor fiqrob, ratom Seferxda meore ci-
la? ra SeiZleboda mas `mosvloda~ eleq­
troforezamde?

3. davuSvaT, rom ilustracia cilis moleku- +

laze saWmlis momnelebeli ori fermentis
moqmedebis Sedegs asaxavs. pirvel bilikze 1 2 3
-
cilis molekulaa, meoresa da mesameze ki
_ am cilaze sxvadasxva fermentis moqme­
debis Sedegad warmoqmnili cilis fragmen­
tebi.
a. ra ewodeba am fermentebs?
b. cilis ramden ubans `utevs~ TiToeuli
maTgani?
g. rogor fiqrob, saWmlis momnelebeli sis­te­
mis romel ganyofilebaSi moqmedeben isi­ni?
+

eleqtroforezi _ electrophoresis

20
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§4
genetikuri kodi
transkripcia
translacia

rogorc gairkva, dnm-Si Cawerili informacia sxva araferia, Tu ara brZa­

neba ama Tu im saxis cilis sinTezis Sesaxeb.
sainteresoa, ra enaze `laparakobs~ es mbrZanebeli molekula? ra saxis
`asoebisgan~ Sedgeba misi `sityva~?
dnm nukleotidebisgan Semdgari polimeria, cila ki _ aminomJavebisgan,
rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom dnm-Si nukleotidebis garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT
ganlageba unda gansazRvravdes cilis molekulaSi aminomJavebis mdebareo-
bas. magram rogor karnaxobs oTxi saxis nukleotidisgan Semdgari dnm oci
saxis aminomJavis sxvadasxva raodenobiTa da TanmimdevrobiT CarTvas cilis
molekulaSi?
rogorc Cans, unda arsebobdes raRac kodi, anu pirobiTi niSani, romelic
erT konkretul aminomJavas Seesabameba. dnm-is aseT signals mis molekula-
Si erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT ganlagebuli sami nukleotidi _ e.w. tripleti
warmoadgens. dnm-is am `kodur sityvas~ kodoni uwodes.
1 ramdeni saxis tripleti SeiZleba warmoiqmnas oTxi saxis nukleotidma?
2 sakmarisia es raodenoba oci aminomJavas kodirebisTvis?
3 SeiZleba, `koduri sityva~ ori nukleotidisgan Sedgebodes?
amrigad, dnm-is garkveul ubanSi _ genSi devs tripletebis saxiT daSi-
fruli brZaneba erTi cilis sinTezis Sesaxeb. brZanebis adresati ki riboso­
maa, romelic citoplazmaSi mdebareobs. swored ribosomaze xdeba aminomJa-
vebisgan cilis molekulis awyoba. amis gamo, mas `cilis sinTezis fabri­kac~
ki Searqves.
sainteresoa, rogor gadadis informacia birTvidan citoplazmaSi? albaT,
unda arsebobdes informaciis gadamtani molekula. aseT Suamaval molekulad
erT-erTi saxis ribonukleinis mJava _ informaciuli rnm gvevlineba.
ujredSi arsebobs rnm-is sami forma: informaciuli (i-rnm), transpor-
tuli (t-rnm) da ribosomuli (r-rnm). dnm-isgan gansxvavebiT, samive maTgani
erTjaWviani polinukleotidia, romelic dezoqsiribozis nacvlad ribozas
Seicavs, xolo Timinis nacvlad _ uracils. samive saxis rnm emsaxureba dnm-
is brZanebis sisruleSi moyvanas.
dReisTvis mecnierebi ukve kargad erkvevian am brZanebis realizaciis ur-
Tules da mravaletapian procesSi, romelic sqematurad ase SeiZleba gamoixa-
tos:

transkripcia translacia
dnm rnm cila

21
 termini transkripcia gadaweras niSnavs.
genSi Cawerili informaciis gadawera i-rnm-
Si xdeba. swored is warmoadgens Suamavals
birTvsa da citoplazmas Soris. 1
vnaxoT, rogor mimdinareobs es procesi.
dnm-is patara monakveTSi _ genSi wyde-
ba wyalbaduri kavSirebi komplementarul
nuk­leotidebs Soris da ormagi spirali am
uban­Si ixsneba. dnm-is `gaSiSvlebul~ nukle­
otidebs birTvSi arsebuli Tavisufali nuk-
leotidebi komplementarobis principis mi­ 3
xedviT uerTdebian.
4 romeli nukleotidi moZebnis da dau- 2
kavSirdeba dnm-is adenins?
fermenti rnm-polimeraza gadaakerebs
nuk­leotidebs da i-rnm-is molekula mza-
daa. is dnm-is molekulas scildeba, tovebs
birTvs da citoplazmaSi ribosomebisken mie-
marTeba.
5 rogor axerxebs i-rnm-is sakmaod didi
molekula birTvidan Tavis daRwevas, mas xom
citoplazmisgan birTvis garsi gamohyofs?

transkripcia
1. dnm-is molekula;
2. geni;
3. i-rnm-is molekula.
1

ujredi uamrav ribosomas Seicavs, romlebic

3 r-rnm-isa da cilebisgan aris aSenebuli. TiToeu-
li ribosoma ori _ didi da mcire suberTeulis-
gan Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTs mxolod cilis
sinTezis procesSi uerTdebian.
i-rnm-is mier motanili brZanebis mixedviT
2 ribosomaze cilis sinTezis process translacia
ewodeba, rac Targmnas niSnavs. am procesSi nukle-
otidebis enaze Cawerili brZaneba aminomJavebis
1. ribosomis didi
enaze iTargmneba.
suberTeuli; saqme isaa, rom aminomJavas ar SeuZlia amoic-
2. ribosomis mcire nos sakuTari kodoni i-rnm-is molekulaze _ mas
suberTeuli; `nukleotidebis ena ar esmis~. saWiroa `Tarjima­
3. i-rnm.
ni~ molekula, romelic orive enaze saubrobs.
ase­Ti molekula t-rnm-ia.

22
 am mcire zomis molekulas ori
funqciuri ubani aqvs. erTi ub­ 3
niT is konkretul aminomJavas
2
ier­Tebs, xolo meore ubniT, ro­
mel­sac antikodoni hqvia, i-rnm-Si
mo­cemuli aminomJavas Sesabamis
ko­­dons amoicnobs.
6 rogori nukleotiduri t-rnm
Sed­geniloba unda hqondes kodon- 1. antikodoni;
sa da antikodons? 2. aminomJavas ubani;
3. aminomJava.
aminomJavebiT datvirTuli
t-rnm-ebi ribosomisken miemar­Te­ 1
bian.
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
4 3 4 3 13
4 3 4 3 5 5
5 5 6 7 8
6 7 8 6 7 8 7 8
9 6 9
9 12 9 10 10
10 10 11 11
1 11 3 11 12 12 12

2 5

4
translacia
II III IV
1. ribosoma; 2. i-rnm; 3. t-rnm; 4. kodoni; 5. anti-kodoni; 6. cilis molekula.

ribosomas did suberTeulze ori ubani _ erTgvari niSa gaaCnia, romel­sac

aminomJavebiT datvirTuli t-rnm-ebi ikaveben. am droisTvis i-rnm ukve ribo­
somis mcire suberTeulTan aris dakavSirebuli da translaciis proce­si iwyeba.
t-rnm-Ta antikodonebi i-rnm-is Sesabamis kodonebs ukavSirdebian. es t-rnm-
ebs niSebSi saimedod afiqsirebs da ori aminomJava erTmaneTis gverdiT aR­­­­moCn­
deba. maT erTmaneTs peptiduri bmiT fermenti gadaakerebs. aminomJava­s­­gan gaTa-
visuflebuli t-rnm tovebs ribosomas. amis Semdeg ribosoma i-rnm-is gas­wvriv
erTi tripletiT win gadaadgildeba. gamoTavisuflebul, cariel ni­Sas amino­
mJavebiT datvirTuli sxva t-rnm daikavebs, romlis antikodoni niSis mopirda-
pired mdgar i-rnm-is kodons Seesabameba. cilis molekulas axla kidev erTi ami-
nomJava miemateba. ribosoma isev erTi tripletiT waiwevs win. ase, nabij-nabij
`siaruliT~ gaivlis ribosoma mTel i-rnm-s da mis boloSi aRmoCndeba. am dros
cilis sinTezi ukve dasrulebulia.
7 cilis sinTezis romel etapze imyofeba ribosoma ilustraciis pirvel
situaciaSi? ramdeni tripleti aqvs mas ukve gavlili?
8 ilustraciis romeli situacia asaxavs polipeptiduri bmis warmoqm-
nis process?

23
 cilis molekulaSi erTi aminomJavas CarTvas dnm-is molekulaSi
sami nukleotidis garkveuli Tanmimdevroba _ tripleti kar-
naxobs. dnm-is molekulaSi devs tripletebis saxiT daSifruli
brZaneba cilis molekulis sinTezis Sesaxeb. brZanebis sisruleSi
moyvanas sxvadasxva saxis ribonukleinis mJavas molekulebi em-
saxurebian. genSi Cawerili brZanebis gadawera i-rnm-Si xdeba. am
process transkripcia ewodeba. ribosomebTan aminomJavebi t-rnm-s
miaqvs. i-rnm-is mier motanili brZanebis mixedviT cilis sinTezis
process translacia ewodeba.

1. dReisTvis ukve dadgenilia i-rnm-is kodonebi yvela aminomJa­

vasTvis. pirveli kodonis gaSifvra 1961 wels m. nirenbergma
moaxerxa. man daasinTeza poliuracili, anu polinukleotidi,
romelic monomerad mxolod uracils Seicavda. es xelovnuri
i-rnm mecnierma Seitana areSi, romelic cilis sinTezisTvis
aucilebel yvela komponents Seicavda. is varaudobda, rom
sinTezirebul cilaSi mxolod is aminomJava unda CarTuli-
yo, romlis kodoni uuu triplets Seesabameba. eqsperimentis
Sedegad mecnierma miiRo polipeptidi, romelic mxolod ami-
nomJava fenilalaninisgan Sedgeboda.

fenil-
Tirozini cisteini
alanini
serini
stopkodoni stopkodoni
leicini
stopkodoni triftofani

histidini
leicini prolini arginini
glutamini

asparagini serini
izoleicini
treonini

meTionini lizini arginini

startkodoni

asparaginis
mJava
valini alanini glicini
glutaminis
mJava

* start-kodoni aug cilis sinTezis dawyebis niSania.

* stop-kodoni uaa, uag, uga cilis sinTezis damTavrebas miuTiTebs.

24
 a. warmoidgine, rom Senc monawileob am eqsperimentSi. Seitane
sinjaraSi yvela is nivTiereba, romelic am cilis sinTezis­
Tvisaa aucilebeli.
b. yuradRebiT daakvirdi cxrils da gvipasuxe, ratom `dasWirda
bunebas~ 20 aminomJavasTvis 64 kodonis Seqmna?

2. ilustraciaze genis patara segmentia. daasaxele misi Sesaba­

misi i-rnm-is kodonebi, t-rnm-ebis antikodonebi.

T g a g g a c T T a c g T T a

3. Seni mizania daasinTezo aseTi pirveladi struqturis mqone

cila:

lizini _ glicini _ serini _ Tirozini _ prolini _ leicini _ histidini

warmoadgine am cilis xelovnuri i-rnm-is nukleotiduri Sedge-

niloba.
1. ra warmoadgens matricas i-rnm-Tvis?
2.
a. transkripciisa da translaciis dros ujredSi didi cvli-
lebebi xdeba: moZraobs i-rnm da t-rnm, ribosomebi, iqmneba
uamravi axali qimiuri bma _ sinTezdeba cilisa da rnm-is
molekulebi. yvelafer amas energia sWirdeba. romeli organo­
idi amaragebs ujreds energiiT da romeli procesis xarjze?
b. wina kiTxvis (2-a) pasuxidan gamomdinare, rogor koreqcias
Seitandi im eqsperimentSi, romliTac Sen nirenbergis cdis
gameoreba gadawyvite?

1. cilis sinTezisas ribosoma ki ar misri-

alebs i-rnm-ze, aramed nabij-nabij ga­
daadgildeba. misi nabijis sigrZe erTi
tripletia. ra moxdeba, ribosomam rom
`waiborZikos~ da sami nukleotidis nacv-
lad ors gadaabijos?
2. aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, sad `aereva~
nabiji ribosomas _ cilis sinTezis da­
wyebisas Tu procesis damTavrebisas? pa-
suxi daasabuTe.
transkripcia _ transcription
translacia _ translation
http://biostudio.com/demo_freeman_protein_synthesis.htm

25
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§5
usqeso gamravleba
usqeso gamravlebis formebi

Cvens planetaze binadari cocxali organizmebi, maTi mravalferovnebis,

agebulebisa da cxovrebis nirs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis miuxedavad, or­
gvarad _ usqesod da sqesobrivad mravldebian.
usqeso gamravleba dedamiwaze gamravlebis uZvelesi formaa. usqeso gam-
ravlebisas STamomavlebis warmoqmnaSi mxolod dediseuli organizmi mona­
wileobs _ iyofa misi sxeulis erTi an ramdenime ujredi. warmoiqmnebian
Svi­leuli individebi, romlebic dediseul organizms hgvanan _ misi aslebi
arian.
ujredis gayofiT mravldebian baqteriebi. gamravlebis win baqteriis
dnm-is erTaderTi molekula _ misi e.w. qromosoma ormagdeba. dnm-is gaorma-
gebis paralelurad, dnm-is or molekulas Soris Cndeba membranisa da ujre-
dis kedlisgan warmoqmnili tixari. is baqteriis ujreds or nawilad hyofs
_ warmoiqmneba ori Svileuli, absoluturad erTnairi baqteria.

baqteriis gamravleba amebas gamravleba

ujredis gayofiT mravldebian agreTve rogorc cxoveluri, ise mcena-

reuli warmoSobis protistebi. maTi ujredi mitozurad iyofa.
mravali mcenare sporiT mravldeba. spora dediseuli organizmis erTi
specializebuli ujredia. spora garedan dafarulia mkvrivi garsiT, rome­
lic icavs maT tenis dakargvisgan, maRali an dabali temperaturisa da sxva­
dasxva qimiuri zemoqmedebisgan. xmeleTis mcenareebis sporebi pasiurad ga-
daitaneba qariT, wyliT, cocxali arsebebiT. spora moxvdeba ra xelsayrel

26
pirobebSi, garss ixsnis, mravaljer iyofa mitozurad da axal organizmad
yalibdeba.

1
sporebi

gvimrebi sporebs foTlebze,

sokoc sporebiT mravldeba sporangiumebSi (1) iviTareben

1 daasaxele mcenareebi, romlebic sporebiT mravldebian.

2 baqteriebsac aqvT sporebis warmoqmnis unari. ra daniSnuleba aqvT
baqteriis sporebs?
Tu megobarTan romelime oTaxis mcenare mogewona, gasamravleblad mas
Tesli ki ara, foToli an patara ylorti sTxove. saxlSi is wylian WurWelSi
moaTavse da daelode mis dafesvianebas. dafesvianebis Semdeg ki Carge miwian
qoTanSi. es mcenaris vegetatiurad gamravlebis erT-erTi xerxia. vegetati-
uri gamravleba sxeulis nawilebiT gamravlebaa. yvelaze xSirad vegetatiu-
rad mcenareebi mravldebian, risTvisac mcenare praqtikulad yvela organos
_ fesvs, Reros da foTlebs an maT nawilebs iyenebs.
xSirad mcenare vegetatiuri gamravlebisTvis specialurad saxeSecvlil
ylortebs _ gorgls, bolqvs, fesuras warmoqmnis, romelSic damaragebuli
aqvs sakvebi nivTierebebi. am nivTierebebs mcenare kvirtebidan axali mcena-
ris ganviTarebas axmars.
bolqvebiT mravldeba narcisi, tita, wiwibura, xaxvi.
gorglze ganviTarebuli kvirtebi gor­glis mdidar marags aRmocenebis­
Tvis iyenebs.
marwyvi mxoxavi ylortebiT _ pwkale-
biT sakmaod did teritorias moedeba xol­­­
me. tirifis motexili toti xelsayrel
pi­­­­robebSi Tu moxvda, niadagSi fesvs gai­
ke­­Tebs da sul male totidan axali mcena-
re iwyebs ganviTarebas.
zogierTi mcenare fesvebze ylortebs
_ fesvis amonayars iviTarebs. fesvis amo­
nayriT mravldeba alubali, iasamani, Jo­
lo. marwyvis gamravleba pwkaliT

27
 vegetatiuri gamravlebiT warmoqmnil axal mcenareebs zustad iseTi
niSan-Tvisebebi aqvT, rogorc mSobliur mcenareebs.
vegetatiurad mravldeba zogi cxove­lic. magaliTad, hidra dakvirtviT
mravl­deba. mis sxeulze ramdenime uj­redi iwyebs dayofas da TandaTan dedi-
seul hidraze kvirti _ patara hidra gamoizrdeba, romelsac warmoeqmneba
sa­cecebiani piri da `dedis~ nawlavis Rrus­Tan dakavSirebuli nawlavis Rru.
rodesac `deda~ hidra sakvebs moi­povebs, misi nawili patara hidraSic xvdeba
da piriqiT _ patara hidra na­davls `dedas~ uyofs. sul male patara hidra
gamoeyofa dediseul organizms da damoukideblad, iqve Soriaxlos iwyebs
cxovrebas. am momentidan `deda~ da `Svili~ erTmaneTis konkurentebi arian.

hidras dakvirtviT gamravleba

zogierTi cxoveli sxeulis ramdenime nawilad _ fragmentad gayofis

gziT mravldeba. TiToeuli nawilidan axali individi viTardeba.

zRvis varskvlavas gamravleba fragmentaciis gziT

usqeso gamravlebisas swrafad xdeba saxeobis individTa ricxvis zrda.

usqeso gamravleba SesaZlebels xdis, saxeobam Taobebis manZilze SeinarCu-
nos misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi.

usqeso gamravlebisas STamomavlebis warmoqmnaSi mxolod dedi-

seuli organizmi monawileobs. Svileuli organizmebi yvelafriT
dediseul organizmebs hgvanan _ misi aslebi arian. ujredis ga­
yofiT, sporebiT, sxeulis nawilebiT gamravleba usqeso gamrav-
lebis xerxebia.

28
1. qoTnidan miwianad amoiRe mcenare, romlis gamravlebac gsurs.
ecade, fesvebi ar dauziano. frTxilad moacile fesvebs miwa.
Tu es rTulia, SegiZlia miwa wyliT Camorecxo. fesve­bis kona
gayavi ise, rom orive nawilSi miwiszeda nawilebi sakmao raode­
nobis iyos. fesvebis gasayofad danac SegiZlia ixmaro. Carge
gadayofili nawilebi sxva qoTnebSi, Seavse miwiT da morwye.
2. Suaze gaWeri kombostos Tavi da daakvirdi. rogor fiqrob,
mcenaris romeli organoebi qmnian mas?
3. SeiZine yvavilebis maRaziaSi narcisis an titas bolqvebi.

titas bolqvi narcisis bolqvi

qoTani nawilobriv Seavse miwiT. dade masze bolqvi da msu­

buqad daaweqi xeliT, niadags rom kargad Seexos. bolqvebi ar
unda exebodes erTmaneTs da qoTnis kideebs. Seavse qoTani mi-
wiT ise, rom bolqvis zeda mesamedi ar daifaros. Warbad daas-
xi wyali da aRmocenebamde bnel adgilas moaTavse.

1. mwvane foTlebis amosvlis Semdeg xaxvis bolqvi iCuteba. ra-

tom?
2. baqteria ujredis gayofiT mravldeba. SeiZleba mis gayofas
mitozuri vuwodoT?
3. izrdeba Tu ara genetikuri mravalferovneba saxeobis SigniT
usqeso gamravlebisas?

USearCie swori pasuxi:

usqeso gamravlebisas:

a. STamomavlobas aqvs mxolod dediseuli organizmis Tvisebebi;

b. STamomavloba gansxvavdeba mSobliuri organizmebisgan;
g. STamomavlobis warmoqmnaSi monawileobs mxolod erTi indi-
vidi;
d. STamomavlobis warmoqmnaSi monawileobs ori individi.

I. mxolod a; II. mxolod b; III. a da d; IV. a, b da g; V. a da g.

usqeso gamravleba _ asexual reproduction; vegetatiuri gamravleba

_ vegetative reproduction; spora _ spores; dakvirtva _ budding.

29
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§6
sqesobrivi gamravlebis formebi
gametebis agebuleba
gametogenezi
meiozi

sqesobriv gamravlebaSi, usqeso gamravlebisgan gansxvavebiT, ori indi-

vidi _ mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi monawileobs. am dros yoveli momdevno
Taoba ori specializebuli ujredis _ gametebis SDerwymiT warmoiqmneba. ga­
metebis Camoyalibeba mdedrisa da mamris sasqeso organoebSi mimdinareobs.
ganayofierebis dros xdeba mSoblebis genetikuri informaciis gaerTianeba,
ris wyalobiTac STamomavlebSi genetikuri mravalferovneba izrdeba.
Tu saxeobis SigniT arseboben mdedri da mamri individebi, saxeobas
calsqesians uwodeben. arsebobs orsqesiani _ hermafrodituli saxeobebi,
rom­­lis individebi orive sqesis gametebs warmoqmnian. magaliTad, nawlavR-
ruianebi, brtyeli da rgolovani Wiebi, zogierTi moluski hermafroditia.

calsqesiani
saxeobebi

hermafrodituli
saxeobebi

hermafroditebs is upiratesoba aqvT, rom maT TviTganayofiereba SeuZli-

aT. es mniSvnelovania, magaliTad, parazituli Wiebis _ soliterebisTvis.
rogorc wesi, maspinZlis nawlavSi erTi soliteri binadrobs. albaToba imi-
sa, rom is sqesobriv partniors Sexvdeba, minimaluria. magram Tu gamoCnda
aseTi SesaZlebloba, hermafroditi jvaredin ganayofierebas mimarTavs, e.i.
sxva­dasxva individis gametebi erwymian erTmaneTs.
cxovelebSi mamrobiTi gametebi _ spermatozoidebi saTesleebSi war-
moiqmneba, xolo mdedrobiTi gametebi _ kvercxujredebi _ sakvercxeebSi.
kvercxujredebi ovaluri an sferuli formis, SedarebiT didi zomis,
sakvebi nivTierebebis maragis Semcveli ujredebia.
ZuZumwovrebis kvercxujredebi, Tevzis kvercxujredebTan SedarebiT,
pataraa. Tevzis kvercxujredi _ qviriTis marcvali bevr samarago nivTiere-
bas Seicavs. gacilebiT didia frinvelebis kvercxujredi. magaliTad, qaTmis
kvercxujredis diametri sakvebi nivTierebiT _ yviTriT, daaxloebiT 3 sm-
ia, xolo zvigenebis erT-erTi saxeobis _ 23 sm.

30
 spermatozoidi Zalian patara da moZravia. Zu­
6 5
Zumwovrebis spermatozoids aqvs Tavi, yeli da ku­ 1
di. Tavis nawils TiTqmis mTlianad qromosomebis
Semcveli birTvi avsebs. citoplazma ujredSi Za­ 4 2
lian cotaa. Tavis wina nawilSi membraniT Semo­
sazRvruli, hidrolizuri fermentebis Semcveli
akrosomaa, romelic aucilebelia kvercxujredis
garsis gasaxsnelad _ sxvagvarad ganayofiereba
SeuZlebelia.
1 spermatozoidebis yelSi bevri mitoqondriaa
koncentrirebuli. axseni amis SesaZlo mizezi. 3
sasqeso ujredebis warmoqmnis, ganviTarebisa
da formirebis process gametogenezi hqvia. spermatozoidi
vnaxoT, rogor mimdinareobs ovogenezi _ kver­ 1. Tavi; 2. yeli; 3. kudi;
cxujredebis warmoqmnis procesi da spermato­ 4. birTvi; 5. akrosoma;
genezi _ spermatozoidebis warmoqmnis procesi. 6. membrana.
maT Soris bevri ram aris msgavsi, magram gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos game­
togenezis I da II fazebis mimdinareobebs Soris msgavseba.

spermatogenezi ovogenezi

gamravlebis faza

zrdis faza

momwifebis faza
mimarTulebiTi
sxeulakebi

spermatozoidebi kvercxujredi

gametogenezi gamravlebis faziT iwyeba. am fazaSi sasqeso jirkvlebis

pirveladi sasqeso ujredebi mravaljer mitozurad iyofian.
zrdis fazaSi pirveladi sasqeso ujredebi wyveten gayofas da zomaSi ma­
tuloben.
amis Semdeg ujredebi gadadian momwifebis fazaSi, sadac isini meiozurad
iyofian. meiozuri gayofis daniSnuleba gametebSi qromosomTa ricxvis ga­
naxevrebaa, raTa maTi Serwymisas kvlav aRdges saxeobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
qromosomuli kompleqti.

31
 meiozi ori, erTmaneTis momdevno gayofisgan _ pirveli da meore meio­
zuri gayofisgan Sedgeba. meiozis orive gayofa igive fazebs moicavs, rasac
mitozi.
meiozi I

interfaza profaza I metafaza I anafaza I telofaza I

meiozi II pirveli meiozuri gayofis win, iseve ro­

gorc mitozis dros, qromosomebSi ormag­
deba dnm-is raodenoba.
pirveli meiozuri gayofis profazaSi
spi­­ralizebuli qromosomebi pouloben Ta­
vis `partnior~ homologiur qromosomas da
profaza II mas mWidrod Caegrixebian. am process koni­
ugacia hqvia. koniugaciis dros zogjer ho­
mologiur qromosomebs Soris monakveTebis
gacvla _ krosingoveri xdeba. amis Semdeg
qromosomebi erTmaneTs Sordebian.
pirveli meiozuri gayofis metafazaSi
metafaza II ho­m ologiuri qromosomebi erTmaneTis pi­
ris­pir ujredis ekvatorul sibrtyeSi gan­
lagdebian. qromosomebis centromerebs mi­
kromilakebi ukavSirdebian.
pirveli meiozuri gayofis anafazaSi ho­
mologiuri qromosomebi erTmaneTs scilde­
anafaza II
bian da TiTistaras Za­febs isini ujredis
polusebisken gadaaqvT.
amgvarad, mitozisgan gansxvavebiT, erT­
maneTs homologiuri qromosomebi scilde­
bian da ara erTi qromosomis Svileuli qro­
mosomebi.
telofaza II
pirveli meiozuri gayofis anafazas, te­
lofaza mosdevs. warmoiqmneba ori Svile­u­
li ujredi.
2 daakvirdi ilustracias. qromosomTa rogor kompleqts Seicavs Ti­
Toeuli maTga­ni? dnm-is ramden molekulas Seicavs TiToeuli qromosoma?
pirvel meiozur gayofas swrafad mosdevs meore meiozuri gayofa, ro­
melsac interfaza da Sesabamisad, dnm-is gaormageba win ar uZRvis.
meore meiozuri gayofis profazaSi irRveva orive ujredis birTvis gar­

32
si da qromosomebi citoplazmaSi gadadian. qromosomebis centromerebs Ti­
Tistaras Zafebi ukavSirdeba.
meore meiozuri gayofis metafazaSi orive ujredis qromosomebi ekva­
torul sibrtyeSi lagdeba.
meore meiozuri gayofis anafazaSi TiTistaras Zafebi mokldeba. qromo­
somebis Semcveli qromatidebi erTmaneTs Sordebian da ujredis polusebi­
sken gadaitanebian. qromatidebi damoukidebel qromosomebad gardaiqmnebian.
meore meiozuri gayofis telofazaSi TiToeuli ujredidan miiReba or-
ori ujredi qromosomTa haploiduri raodenobiT. sabolood, meiozis das­
rulebisTvis, sawyisi, pirveladi sasqeso ujredidan warmoiqmneba oTxi hap­
loiduri ujredi, qromosomTa ganaxevrebuli raodenobiT.
mamrebis oTxive haploiduri ujredi momwifebis fazaSi spermatozoi­
de­bad yalibdeba _ warmoeqmnebaT Solti da SeuZliaT moZraoba. es oTxive
sper­matozoidi srulfasovania da SeuZlia kvercxujredis ganayofiereba.
mdedrebSi kvercxujredebis momwifebisas meiozuri gayofa gansxvave­
bulad mimdinareobs. citoplazma Svileul ujredebs Soris araTanabrad
nawildeba. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT citoplazma mxolod erT uj­
redSi xvdeba, saidanac sicocxlisunariani kvercxujredi yalibdeba, danar­
Ceni sami ujredi, e.w. mimarTulebiTi sxeulakebi ki iRupeba.
mxolod erTi kvercxujredis warmoqmnisa da sami genetikurad srul­
fasovani ujredis daRupva ganpirobebulia erT ujredSi mTeli samarago
sakvebi nivTierebis Senaxvis aucileblobiT. es maragi saWiroa Canasaxis gan­
viTarebisTvis.

sqesobriv gamravlebaSi mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi individi mona­

wileobs. spermatozoidebisa da kvercxujredebis Camoyalibebis
pro­cess gametogenezi hqvia. meiozi or gayofas moicavs, romlis
Se­degadac miRebul gametebs qromosomTa ganaxevrebuli raode­
noba aqvs.

1. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse.

ujredis
procesi
gayofis tipi
Sedgeba ujredis ori gayofisgan
somaturi ujredebis tipuri gayofaa
ujredis gayofis win xdeba qromosomebis gaormageba
Sedgeba mxolod erTi gayofisgan
xdeba krosingoveri
ar xdeba homologiuri qromosomebis koniugacia
xdeba qromosomebis ricxvis ganaxevreba
warmoqmnil ujreds aqvs qromosomTa
diploiduri nakrebi

33
 2. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi. Seadare erTmaneTs mitozi da mei­
ozi. upasuxe kiTxvebs.

kiTxvebi mitozi meiozi

ra cvlileba mimdinareobs birTvSi
gayofis dawyebamde?
romeli fazebi aqvs gayofas?
damaxasiaTebelia Tu ara homologiuri
qro­mosomebis koniugacia?
qromosomTa ra raodenobas iRebs
yoveli Svileuli ujredi?
romel ujredebSi mimdinareobs
aRniSnuli procesi?

1. romel gayofas gagonebs meore meiozuri gayofis procesi?

2. ratom warmoiqmneba ovogenezis procesSi oTxi ujredi, Tu
sabolood mxolod erTi unda gadarCes?
3. aris Tu ara erTi qromosomis ori qromatidis genuri Sedgeni­
loba erTnairi? ratom migaCnia ase?
4. ra process asaxavs sqema? am sqemis romeli detali gamogad­
geba mitozis martivad warmosadgenad?

1. CamoTvlili procesebidan, romlis dros Sordebian erTma­

neTs qromosomis qromatidebi?
a. mitozis;
b. pirveli meiozuri gayofis;
g. meore meiozuri gayofis.
I. mxolod a; II. mxolod b; III. a da g; IV. b da g.
2. gadawere rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli sityvebi:
a. sasqeso ujredebis gayofis procesi, romlis drosac qromo­
somebis raodenoba orjer mcirdeba, aris ............. .
b. pirveli meiozuri gayofis profazaSi homologiuri qromo­
somebis monakveTebis gacvlas hqvia ............. .
g. ujredis mosamzadebeli periodi gayofisTvis aris ............. .
d. homologiuri qromosomebis gadajvaredinebas ewodeba ........... .
e. qromosomTa ormag nakrebs hqvia ............. .
v. qromosomTa erTmag nakrebs hqvia ............. .

34
3. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da aRniSne gametogenezis romel
fazebSi mimdinareobs mitozisa da meiozis procesebi.
a. gamravlebis faza;
a b g
b. zrdis faza;
mitozi
g. momwifebis faza.
meiozi

4. oTaxis buzis sasqeso ujredSi I meiozuri gayofis telofazis

bolos dnm-is 12 molekulaa. dnm-is ramdeni molekula iqnebo­
da ujredSi:
interfazis dasawyisSi da II meiozuri gayofis telofazis bolos?
a. 24 da 6; b. 12 da 12; g. 12 da 6; d. 6 da 6.
I da II meiozuri gayofis profazis bolos?
a. 24 da 24; b. 24 da 12; g. 12 da 12; d. 12 da 6.

5. CamoTvlili procesebidan, rodis Sordebian erTmaneTs qro­

matidebi?
a. I meiozuri gayofisas; b. II meiozuri gayofisas; g. mitozuri
gayofisas.
I. mxolod a; II. mxolod b; III. a da g; IV. b da g.

6. davuSvaT, zrdis zonaSi m raodenobis kvercxujredi da sper­

matozoidia. ramdeni kvercxujredi da spermatozoidi iqneba
mom­wifebis zonaSi?
a. kvercxujredi m, spermatozoidi m;
b. kvercxujredi 4m, spermatozoidi m;
g. kvercxujredi 2m, spermatozoidi 2m;
d. kvercxujredi m, spermatozoidi 4m.

7. drozofilas mdedrobiTi pirveladi sasqeso ujredi Seicavs

8 qromosomas. ramden qromosomas Seicavs misgan warmoqmnili
3 mimarTulebiTi sxeulaki?
a. TiToeuli oTxs;
b. erTi oTxs da ori rva-rvas;
g. ori oTx-oTxs da erTi rvas;
d. TiToeuli rvas.

sqesobrivi gamravleba _ sexual reproduction; meiozi _ meiosis; ko­

niugacia _ conjugation; krosingoveri _ crossing over; gametogene­
zi _ gametogenesis.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio17.swf
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120112/anim0043.swf
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio19.swf
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ba9LXKH2ztU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtWctNQ_Vho&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6hn3sA0ip0

35
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§7
ganayofiereba
organizmebis individualuri ganviTareba _ ontogenezi
embrionuli da postembrionuli ganviTareba

ganayofiereba gametebis Serwymis procesia. ganayofierebis Sedegad

kvercx­­ujredisa da spermatozoidis qromosomebi erT birTvSi aRmoCnde­
bian. warmoiqmneba zigota _ axali organizmis pirveli ujredi.
garegani ganayofiereba mdedris organizmis gareT, rogorc wesi, wyalSi
xdeba. Tevzebi, amfibiebi, moluskebis umravlesoba, zogierTi Wia gametebs
wyalSi gamoyofen da ganayofiereba iqve xdeba.
Sinagani ganayofiereba praqtikulad xmeleTis yvela da wyalSi mcxovreb
zogierT organizms axasiaTebs. spermatozoidisa da kvercxujredis `Sexve­
dris~ adgili mdedris sasqeso gzebia.
spermatozoidisa da kvercxujredis kontaqts ganapirobebs kvercxuj­
redis mier gamoyofili qimiuri nivTierebebi. es nivTierebebi aaqtiureben
spermatozoidebs da amave nivTierebebiT `amoicnoben~ isini kvercxujre­
debs.
ZuZumwovrebSi ganayofiereba mdedris kvercxsavalebSi xdeba. saSvilos­
nosken mimavali, jer kidev Camouyalibebeli kvercxujredi iq xvdeba sperma­
tozoids. momavali kvercxujredis birTvi am dros imyofeba I meiozis meta­
fazaSi. kvercxujredi sxva ujredebiTaa garSemortymuli.
rodesac spermatozoidi kvercx­uj­
reds uaxlovdeba, misi gareTa membrana
da akrosomis membrana irRveva. akroso­
mis fermentebi Sli­­an kvercxujredis
garemomcvel uj­­re­debs. amis Semdeg
spermatozoidi kvercxujredis membra­
nas ukavSirdeba. akrosomis fermentebi
axla kvercxujredis membranas Slian da
spermatozoidi masSi iWreba. kvercxuj­
redi ikeTebs sqel garss, romelic
SeuRwevadia sxva spermatozoidisTvis.
kvercxujredSi SeRweuli sperma­
tozoidi aaqtiurebs kvercxujreds _
ganayofierebis procesi
is amTavrebs II meiozur gayofas da mom­
wifebul kvercxujredad gardaiqmneba.
amis Semdeg spermatozoidisa da kvercx­ujredis birTvebi erTmaneTs er­
wymian. amrigad, warmoqmnil ujredSi _ zigotaSi aRdgeba somaturi ujre­
debisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qromosomTa diploiduri nakrebi. zigota iwyebs
mitozurad gayofas da dasabams aZlevs sxeulis yvela qsovilsa da organos.

36
 organizmebis individualuri ganviTareba

ganviTarebis process, romelsac individi gadis zigotis warmoqmnis mo­

mentidan sikvdilamde, ontogenezi hqvia.

ontogenezi

embrionuli periodi postembrionuli periodi

periods, zigotis warmoqmnidan individis dabadebamde an gamoCekamde, em­

brionuli periodi hqvia.
embrionuli ganviTarebis pirvel etapze zigota iwyebs mitozur gayo­
fas. pirveli gayofis Semdeg miRebul or erTnair ujreds blastomeri hqvia.
blastomerebi erTmaneTs ar scildebian, isini iyofian kidev erTxel da war­
moqmnian ukve oTx ujreds. mesame gayofis Semdeg oTxi blastomeridan rva
miiReba. Semdgomi gayofiT warmoiqmneba sul ufro da ufro meti blasto­
meri. gayofa Zalian swrafad xdeba, blastomerebi zrdas ver aswreben. isini
TandaTan erT Sred ganlagdebian da warmoqmnian buStis formis Canasaxs _
blastulas.

zigota blastula
3 1
2 1. blastomerebi;
2. eqtoderma;
3. entoderma;

gastrula

Canasaxis ganviTarebis adreuli stadiebi

blastulis erT-erT polusze kedlis ujredebi RruSi Cazneqas iwyeben.

ase warmoiqmneba Canasaxis ujredebis meore _ Siga Sre. miRebul orSrian Ca­
nasaxs gastrula ewodeba.
Canasaxis ujredebis gare Sres eqtoderma hqvia, xolo Sigas _ entoderma,
gastrulas SigniT warmoqmnil Rrus ki pirvelad nawlavs uwodeben.
Canasaxis ganviTarebis Semdeg etapze eqtodermasa da entodermas Soris
warmoiqmneba mesame Sre _ mezoderma. Canasaxis am stadias neirula hqvia. nei­

37
rulas stadiaze iwyeba momavali cxovelis qsovilebisa da organoebis Camo­
yalibeba.
eqtodermisgan viTardeba nervuli firfita, romelic Semdgom nervul
milad Camoyalibdeba. xerxemliani cxovelebis nervuli milidan warmoiqm­
neba zurgisa da Tavis tvini.
eqtodermisgan viTardeba agreTve mxedvelobis, ynosvisa da smenis orga­
noebi, aseve kanis garegani Sre.
entodermis ujredebi warmoqmnian mils _ momaval nawlavs, xolo nawla­
vis gamonazardebi SemdgomSi gardaiqmneba RviZlad, kuWqveSa jirkvlad da
filtvebad.
cxovelebis organoebis didi nawili mezodermisgan warmoiqmneba. misgan
viTardeba xrtilovani da Zvlovani ConCxi, Tirkmelebi, kunTovani, sasqeso
da gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistema.
individis dabadebis an gamoCekvis momentSi mTavrdeba embrionuli da
iwyeba ganviTarebis postembrionuli periodi.
postembrionuli ganviTareba SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.

organizmis postembrionuli ganviTareba

pirdapiri ganviTareba arapirdapiri ganviTareba - metamorfozi

arasruli metamorfozi sruli metamorfozi

pirdapiri ganviTarebis dros iCekeba an ibadeba organizmi, romelic age­

bulebiT hgavs mSobels da misgan mxolod zomebiTa da organoebis arasruli
ganviTarebiT gansxvavdeba. am gziT vi­
Tardebian, magaliTad, qvewarmavlebi,
frinvelebi, ZuZumwovrebi, uxerxem­
loebs Soris _ wurbelebi, obobebi,
kaliebi.
arapirdapir ganviTarebas metamor­
fozs (berZ. metamorphosis _ cvlileba,
gardaqmna) uwodeben. metamorfoziT
mimdinare ganviTarebis dros kvercxi­
dan iCekeba larva, romelic zrdasrul
cxovelTan SedarebiT ufro marti­
vadaa agebuli. mas gaaCnia specialuri
larvuli organoebi. metamorfozis
pro­cesSi larva damoukideblad ikve­
kus pirdapiri ganviTareba beba, izrdeba, TandaTan uqreba lar­
vuli struqturebi da warmoiqmneba

38
zrdasruli cxovelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli organoebi.
ganasxvaveben metamorfozis or tips.
metamorfozi arasrulia, rodesac cxoveli gadis ganviTarebis sam fa­
zas: kvercxi _ larva _ zrdasruli organizmi. ase viTardebian, magaliTad,
nawlavRruianebi, kibosnairebis umravlesoba, rgolovani Wiebi.
sruli metamorfozi oTx fazad mimdi­
nareobs. es fazebia: kvercxi _ larva (mat­
li)_ Wupri _ zrdasruli mweri (imago).
kvercxi
Wupri mosvenebis gansakuTrebuli, Suale­
duri stadiaa, romlis drosac larvuli
larva organoebi qreba da mweri zrdasrul or­
ganizmad gardaiqmneba.
amfibiebis larvuli formaa _ Tavkom­
bala, romelsac, Tevzebis msgavsad, la­
Wupri yuCebis xvre­lebi, gverdiTi xazi, orsak­
niani guli da sisxlis mimoqcevis erTi
wre aqvs. metamorfozis procesSi, ro­
melic farisebri jirkvlis hormonis mo­
qmedebiT mimdinareobs, gaiwoveba kudi,
Wiamaias ganviTareba sruli qreba gverdiTi xazi, Cndeba kidurebi, vi­
metamorfoziT Tardeba filtvebi da sisxlis mimoqcevis
meore wre.

bayayis ganviTareba peplis ganviTareba

1 ganviTarebis romeli forma axasiaTebs bayays?

2 ganviTarebis romeli forma axasiaTebs pepelas?
arapirdapir ganviTarebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mjdomare an
parazituli cxovrebis niris mqone cxovelebisTvis. maTi moZravi larvebi
saxeobis gansaxlebas uzrunvelyofen. garda amisa, zogierTi cxovelis lar­
va da misi zrdasruli forma gansxvavebul pirobebSi cxovrobs da sxvadasxva
sakvebiT ikvebeba. es ki aqveiTebs maT Soris konkurencias sakvebisa da sabi­
nadro adgilisTvis. magaliTad, peplebi ikvebebian neqtriT, xolo maTi ma­
tlebi mcenareTa foTlebiT. Tavkombalebi jer mcenareuli sakvebiT ikvebe­
bian, xolo mogvianebiT _ wvrili uxerxemlo cxovelebiT.

39
 ganayofiereba gametebis Serwymis procesia. ganyofierebisas aR­
dgeba saxeobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qromosomTa diploiduri
kom­­pleqti. individualuri ganviTarebis process zigotidan sikv­
di­­lamde, ontogenezi hqvia. ontogenezi or periods _ embrio­
nulsa da postembrionuls moicavs. arsebobs postembrionuli
gan­viTarebis ori gza: pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.

1. aiRe rezinis burTi, gaCxvlite, Sezniqe muStiT erTi mxridan

da gamodevne haeri. risi modeli Seqmeni?
2. ipove wyvilebi:
1. barZayis Zvali; a. eqtoderma;
2. kapilarebi; b. entoderma;
3. sasmeni Zvali; g. mezoderma.
4. filtvebi;
5. kuWi;
6. didi naxevarsferoebi;
7. cxviris Zgide;
8. pankreasi;
9. sicilis kunTi.

3. fqvilis CrCils arapirdapiri ganviTareba axasiaTebs. misi gan­

viTarebis stadiebs SeiZleba TviTonac daakvirde. dade po­
lieTilenis parkiT (Tavi magrad ar moukra, odnav Ria datove)
simindis an xorblis fqvili. Tu fqvils siTboSi dadeb, Sei­
Zleba Sedegi ufro swrafad miiRo. cota xanSi parkze SeniSnav
patara nasvretebs, fqvilis garSemo ki mofarfate peplebsac
SeamCnev. kargad daakvirdi fqvils. lupac gamoiyene.
saidan gaCndnen peplebi fqvilSi?
savaraudod, ra SeiZleba aRmoaCino fqvilSi?
gaceri fqvili da daakvirdi fqvilis narCens sacerze. gagi­
marTla?
Seadgine da Caixate fqvilis CrCilis sasicocxlo ciklis sqe­
ma.

4. igive dakvirveba SeiZleba awarmoo zamTris tansacmlis Sesa­

nax saTavsSi, Tu CrCilis peplebs dainaxav. kargad gadasinje
tansacmeli, gansakuTrebiT _ Salisa da bewvis.
Tu CrCilis peplebi SeniSne, `vin~ iqneba iq aucileblad?
gaiTvaliswine, rom matlebi tansacmels azianeben.
rogor fiqrob, aqvs Tu azri mxolod peplebis Tavgamodebul
xocvas?

40
1. rogori ganviTareba axasiaTebs koRos? ZaRls?
2. TuTis abreSummxvevias parkebs peplis gamofrenamde mduRare
wyalSi yrian Wuprebis dasaxocad. ratom iqcevian ase sastikad?
3. zRvispira qalaqebSi, da­sav­leT
saqarTvelosa da Tbi­li­sis zo­
gierT adgilebSi, ga­z­af­xulidan
gvian Semodgo­mamde mosaxleoba
Sewu­xebu­lia koRoebiT. rogor
fiq­rob, ra unda iyos amis mi­ze­
zi?
4. marjnis polipebi mimagrebul
cxov­rebas ewevian. maTi larvebi
moZravebi arian.
ra mniSvneloba aqvs amas saxeo­
bisTvis?
5. Canasaxis romeli Sridan viTar­
deba badura? mxedvelobis ner­vi?
Tvalis mamoZra­ve­­beli kun­Te­bi?
Tvalis mkve­bavi sisxl­ZarRvebi?

koRos ganviTareba

gadawere rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli sityvebi:

zigotis mravaljeradi ............. gayofis Sedegad warmoiqmneba
erTSriani Canasaxi, romelsac ............. ewodeba. misi CazneqviT war­
moiqmneba orSriani Canasaxi ............. . entoderma Canasaxis .............
Srea, xolo eqtoderma ............. . Canasaxis mesame Srea ............. .

ganayofiereba _ fertilization; ontogenezi _ ontogenesis; metamor­

fozi _ metamorphosis; embrionaluri periodi _ embrionic period.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXpAbezdOho
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NhA9SHunKs&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZIyQGdgPho&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2gilSwvQik&feature=related

41
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§8
ujredTa diferenciacia
ujredTa diferenciaciis molekuluri meqanizmi

yoveli mravalujrediani organizmi arsebobas erTi ujredidan _ zi­

gotidan iwyebs. zigotis dayofis pirvel etapze ujredebi erTmaneTisgan
sruliad ar gansxvavdebian. Canasaxis ganviTarebasTan erTad ujredebi gan­­
sxvavebul Tvisebebs iZenen da zrdasrul organizmSi ukve garkveuli fun­q­
ciebis Sesasruleblad arian specializebuli, anu diferencirebuli. magali­
Tad, nervuli ujredis funqcia informaciis miReba da gadacemaa. sa­amisod
neirons dendriti da aqsoni gaaCnia; kunTovani ujredis funqcia moZrao­
baSi monawileobaa, amitom es grZeli ujredebi SekumSvad cilebs Seicaven;
Zvlovani qsovili organizmis sayrdenia, amitom masSi myari mineraluri niv­
Tierebebia CarTuli.

nervuli qsovili kunTovani qsovili Zvlovani qsovili

cxadia, aseT Zlier Tvisebriv cvlilebebs ujredebSi mimdinare qimiuri

procesebis Rrma da maTTvis specifikuri gardaqmnebi unda edos safuZvlad.
qsovilTa diferenciaciis molekuluri meqanizmis asaxsnelad ori hipo­
Teza iyo wamoyenebuli.
erT-erTis Tanaxmad, diferenciaciis procesSi ujredebi genebis nawils
kargaven da mxolod im genebs inarCuneben, romlebic maTi funqciebis Ses­
rulebas uzrunvelyofen. magaliTad, kunTovani ujredebi mxolod im ge­
nebs Seicaven, romlebSic SekumSvadi cilebis sinTezzea brZaneba. sanerwy­
ve jirkvlis ujredebSi mxolod nerwyvSi Semaval cilebze pasuxismgebeli
genebia moTavsebuli, sxva genebi am ujredebSi ubralod ar arseboben.
es hipoTeza maleve iqna uaryofili, rogorc ki dagrovda monacemebi,
rom erTi organizmis yvela ujredi erTi da igive raodenobis dnm-s Seicavs.
meore hipoTezis Tanaxmad, mravalujrediani organizmis nebismier
ujredSi sruladaa SenarCunebuli genebis is krebuli, romelsac zigota
Tavdapirvelad Seicavda. diferenciaciis procesSi xdeba mocemuli ujre­
disTvis `arasaWiro~ genebis gamorTva da aqtiur mdgomareobaSi mxolod is

42
genebi rCebian, romlebic ujreds misTvis specifikuri funqciebis Sesrule­
baSi exmarebian.
am hipoTezis sisworeSi dasarwmuneblad saWiro iyo iseTi eqsperimentis
mofiqreba, romelic saSualebas miscemda ukve garkveuli funqciebis Sesas­
ruleblad daspecializebul ujreds, gamoevlina misi mTliani genuri Sesa­
Zleblobebi, anu aemoqmedebina `gamorTuli~ genebi, Tuki isini marTla arse­
bobdnen diferencirebul ujredSi.
teqnikurad es amocana sakmaod rTuli Sesasrulebeli aRmoCnda, Tumca,
mkvlevarebma mainc SeZles misi gadawyveta.
­­­­maT ultraiisferi sxivebis ze­
moqmedebiT daSales bayayis kvercx­ 1 3 4
2
ujredis birTvi, rome­lic Seicavda
srul genetikur instruqcias baya­
yis organizmis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
ubirTvo uj­redSi, sadac mxolod am
instruqciis ganxorcielebisTvis
5
aucilebeli nivTierebebi darCa,
maT Tavkombalas nawlavis ujredi­
dan gamoyofili birTvi gadaitanes.
6
amiT kvercxujredSi axali brZaneba
gaCnda. eqsperimenti ga­saocari Se­
degiT dasrulda _ birTvis trans­
plantaciis Sedegad kvercxujredi­
dan Tavkombala gamoiCeka, ro­melic
Semdeg zrdasrul bayayad ga­daiqca.
am eqsperimentiT erTmniSv­ne­ 7
lovnad dadasturda, rom yo­veli
diferencirebuli ujre­di orga­
4
nizmisTvis damaxasiaTe­beli genebis
mTel nakrebs Se­icavs, anu organiz­
mis yvela uj­­redi, ge­­nebis Semcve­
lobis Tval­­­saz­ri­siT, erTnairia.
aqedan gamomdinare, organizm­
Si unda arsebobdes raRac meqanizmi,
ro­melic mis sxvadasxva uj­­redSi ge­­ 8
ne­bis gansxvavebul aq­ti­vo­bas gaakon­
trolebs.
aseTi urTulesi meqanizmi marT­­
lac arsebobs, romelic ge­­ne­bis moq­
medebis yvela etaps akon­­­tro­­lebs _ birTvis transplantaciis
eqsperimenti
transkripcii­dan trans­­laciamde.
1. transkripciis kontroli. in­ 1. bayayis kvercxujredi; 2. birTvi;
3. ultraiisferi sxivi; 4. Tavkombala;
formacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor 5. ubirTvo kvercxujredi; 6. nawlavis
un­da warimarTos saqmianoba, uj­re­ ujredi; 7. Canasaxi; 8. zrdasruli bayayi.
di specialuri informaciuli mo­

43
le­­ku­le­bis saSualebiT iRebs. isini mo­
ce­­muli uj­redis cila-receptoreb­ze
citoplazma 1
zemoqme­debiT agzavnian signals dnm-
Si moTavsebul, e.w. gen-regulato­re­
bamde. es genebi ar Seicaven informa­
cias ci­lebis sinTezis Sesaxeb. maTi
dan­iS­­nuleba cilebis sinTezze pasu­
xismge­beli genebis CarTva-gamorTvaSi
mdgo­mareobs. kontrolis es etapi gu­
lisx­mobs kontrols imaze, Tu romeli
geni unda CairTos, anu romeli genis 8
citoplazma
transkripcia unda moxdes.
2. transkripciis Semdgomi kont­ 2
roli. am etapze kontroldeba, Tu ra
siCqariT unda datovos warmoqmnilma
7
i-rnm-ma birTvi da gadaadgildes ci­
toplazmaSi.
3. translaciis kontroli. am dros
regulirdeba i-rnm-is `sicocxlis xan­ birTvi 6
grZlivoba~ da aseve, ribosomebTan mi­si
dakavSirebis unari.
4. translaciis Semdgomi kontro­ 3
li. sinTezis Semdeg cilis molekula
garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdis mis­ 4 5
Tvis specifikuri funqciis SesaZenad.
kontrolis meqanizmis bolo etapi am genebis aqtivobis kontroli
gardaqmnebs aregulirebs. 1. sasignalo molekula; 2. receptori;
3. dnm; 4. geni-regulatori;
5. geni; 6. i-rnm; 7. ribosoma; 8. cila.

mravalujredian organizmebSi qsovilebi garkveuli funqciebis

Sesasruleblad arian specializebuli. am ujredebSi sruladaa
SenarCunebuli organizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli genebis sruli
krebuli. Tumca, aqtiuri mxolod is genebia, romlebic mocemuli
ujredebis specifikuri funqciebis Sesrulebas uzrunvelyofen.
yovel organizmSi arsebobs meqanizmi, romelic sxvadasxva ujred­
Si genebis gansxvavebul aqtivobas akontrolebs.

44
1. gadaixate sqema rveulSi. miuTiTe, romeli genebi aris `CarTu­
li~ kuWqveSa jirkvalSi, hipofizSi da Zvlis wiTel tvinSi?

pankreasi hipofizi Zvlis wiTeli tvini

insulinis geni

zrdis hormonis geni

hemoglobinis geni

1. xSirad, mkvlevarebi uj­red­­

Si aseT suraTs aw­y­­­­de­­­bian
_ i-rnm-is mo­le­­­­ku­­­las­Tan
ramdenime ri­­­­­­­­­­­­b­o­­­somaa dakav­
Sirebu­li. aseT kompleqss
po­­li­­so­­ma ewo­­deba.
a. rogor fiqrob, ra daniSnu­
leba aqvs polisomas?
b. ra SemTxvevaSi warmo­iq­mneba
is ujredSi?
g. regulaciis romeli etapi polisoma
akontrolebs polisomebis
warmoqmnas?

2. ujredi misi saqmianobis warmarTvis Sesaxeb informacias sa­

signalo molekulebis saSualebiT iRebs. romel aseT infor­
maciul molekulebs icnob? ra ewodeba zogadad aseT nivTi­
erebebs?
3. romeli qsovilebis genebis transkripcia xdeba androgenebis
zemoqmedebiT?
4. romeli sasignalo molekuliT xdeba ilustraciaze warmod­
genil organoTa qsovilebSi genebis transkripcia gardatexis
asakSi.

sarZeve jirkvali menji sakvercxe

45
 5. romeli sasignalo niv­
Tierebis araswori mo­
qmedebis Sedegia akro­
megalia?

akromegalia

6. ribosomaze sinTezirebuli insulinis

molekula grZeli polipeptiduri jaW­
via, romelsac hormonaluri aqtivoba
ar gaaCnia. insulinis molekulis gasaaq­
tiveblad, erT-erTi fermenti mas poli­
peptidur jaWvebad xleCs.
genebis regulaciis romel etapze xdeba
es cvlileba?

insulini

1. Tavkombalaze Catarebul eqsperiments kritikosebi gamo­uCn­d­

nen. isini eqsperimentatorebs cdis dagegmvas uwunebd­nen. ma­Ti
azriT, Sedegi damajerebeli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iq­ne­­boda,
Tu gadasanergad eqsperimentSi zrdasruli bayayis birT­vi iq­
neboda gamoyenebuli.
rogor fiqrob, raSi eparebodaT eWvi kritikosebs?

2. daasaxele ujredi, romelSic translaciisa da transkripciis

procesi saerTod ar mimdinareobs. axseni, ras efuZneba Seni
mosazreba.

3. rogor gesmis termini i-rnm-is `sicocxlis xangrZlivoba~?

ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos is maRali an dabali?

46
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§9
yvavilovan mcenareTa ganayofiereba

yvavilovan mcenareTa ganayofierebis rTuli procesi mtvris marcvlis

butkos dingze moxvedriT iwyeba. mtvris marcvlebs uswormasworo zedapiri
aqvT, rac maT dingze amagrebs. dingze maT dafiqsirebas xels uwyobs aseve
dingis ujredebis mier warmoqmnili sqeli, mwebavi siTxe, romelic saqarozas
Seicavs. am siTxis zegavleniT mtvris marcvali gaRivebas iwyebs.

mtvris marcvlebi butkos dingze

aRmoCnda, rom mtvris marcvlisa da butkos ujredebis urTierToba sak­­

maod rTuli procesia, romelic specifikuri qimiuri nivTierebebiT re­gu­­
lir­deba. Tu mtvris marcvals distilirebuli wyliT gavrecxavT, is ga­Ri­
vebis unars kargavs. Tu siTxes davakoncentrirebT da mtvris marcvals am
xsna­riT davamuSavebT, igi gaRivebis unars aRidgens.
dadgenilia, rom yvavilovan mcenareTa umravlesobaSi arsebobs `akrZal­
va~ TviTdamtvervaze _ butko cnobs `sakuTar, Sinaur~ mtvris marcvals da
ukrZalavs mas ganayofierebaSi monawileo­
bas. mtvrianebis amocnobaSi dingis ujre­
debis receptorebi monawileobs, rom­elic 2
cilebisa da naxSirwylebis rTul komp­
3
leqss warmoadgens.
jvaredini damtvervisas `akrZalva~ ixs­ 4
neba da mtvris marcvali gaRivebas iwyebs.
momwifebuli mtvris marcvali sami uj­ 1
redisgan Sedgeba. maT Soris, ori spermiaa. 1. mtvris
mesamis dayofiT ki mtvris mili warmoiqm­ marcvlis
gaRiveba; 5
neba. misi wveros ujredebi gamoyofen fer­
2. dingi;
mentebs. isini gzadagza Slian dingisa da 3. mtvris
svetis qsovilis ujredebs da gzas ukvala­ mili;
ven mtvris mils naskvisken. 4. sveti;
5. naskvi.

47
 bolos da bolos, mtvris mili TeslkvirtSi patara xvreliT _ mikropi­
leTi SeaRwevs da iq ixsneba. masSi myofi ori haploiduri ujredi _ spermia
TeslkvirtSi Tavisufldeba. sainteresoa, rom spermiebi, yvela sxva mcena­
reuli ujredebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar arian dafaruli ujredis kedliT. maT
mxolod membrana akravT gars. erT-erTi maTgani kvercxujreds anayofi­
erebs da diploidur zigotas warmoqmnis, romlisganac Canasaxi viTardeba.
meore spermia TeslkvirtSi e.w. centralur, diploidur ujreds erwymis.
misgan triploiduri ujredi warmoiqmneba, romlis dayofiT triploiduri
qsovili _ endospermi yalibdeba. masSi Canasaxis zrda-ganviTarebisTvis
aucilebeli nivTierebebi maragdeba. ase gardaiqmneba Teslkvirti Teslad.

1
4
5

2 6

yvavilovan mcenareTa ganayofiereba

1. mtvris marcvali; 2. centraluri ujredi; 3. kvercxujredi; 4. spermia;
5. mtvris mili; 6. ganayofiereba.

axladwarmoqmnili Tesli hormonis saSualebiT atyobinebs mcenares, rom

ganayofierebis procesi damTavrebulia. amis sapasuxod, yvavilis TiTqmis
yvela nawili Wkneba, xmeba da cviva, rCeba mxolod butko, romelsac mcena­
re uxvad amaragebs sakvebi nivTierebebiT. es nivTierebebi butkos kedlebSi
maragdeba, misi kedlebi msxvildeba da nayofsafars warmoqmnis. butko nayo­
fad gadaiqceva. nayofSi moqceuli Tesli daculia dazianebisgan da, rogorc
wesi, uzrunvelyofilia gavrcelebis mravalgvari saSualebebiT.
rogorc ki Tesli Sesaferis garemoSi moxvdeba,
2
is gaRivebas iwyebs. Teslebis umravlesobas aucile­ 1
blad sWirdeba wyali, Jangbadi da siTbo. sainteresoa,
ratom ver viTYardeba Canasaxi am pirobebis gareSe?
Tesli garedan mkvrivi da nivTierebebisTvis gaum­
tari kaniTaa dafaruli. mis SigniT Canasaxia. iqvea
misTvis gankuTvnili, damaragebuli nivTierebebi _
3
cilebi, naxSirwylebi, lipidebi, Tumca, Canasaxi maT
ver iTvisebs, radgan es nivTierebebi Canasaxis ujre­ Tesli
debSi maTi membranebis gavliT ver aRweven. maTi daS­ 1. kani; 2. Canasaxi;
la mxolod fermentebs SeuZliaT. 3. sakvebi nivTierebebi.

48
 fermentebi ki mxolod wylian garemoSi da siTboSi arian aqtiuri. garda
amisa, Canasaxma zrda-ganviTareba rom daiwyos, mas energia esaWiroeba. ener­
gia im nivTierebebis daSliT unda gamoiyos aerobuli sunTqvisas, romlebic
masSi membranebis gavliT SeaRweven. aerobuli sunTqva ki mxolod Jangbadis
monawileobiT mimdinareobs. ase rom, wyali, Jangbadi da siTbo fermentebis
muSaobis aucilebeli pirobaa.
TeslSi wyali mikropiles gavliT Sedis da osmosiT endospermis ujre­
debSi aRwevs. ujredebi iberebian, amitom Teslis kani skdeba. wylian garemoSi
fermentebi muSaobas iwyeben da cilebs aminomJavebamde, naxSirwylebs gluko­
zamde, lipidebs ki glicerinamde da cximovan mJavebamde Slian. es nivTierebe­
bi Canasaxis ujredebSi Sedian da maTgan isev cilebi, lipidebi da naxSirwylebi
sinTezirdeba, romlebic Canasaxis
ujredebis zrdas xmardeba. pirve­
lad Teslidan fesvaki gamodis,
romelic niadagidan wyalsa da
mineralebs STanTqavs. mxolod
amis Semdeg amoizrdeba Teslidan
patara Rero foTlebiT. rogorc
ki is niadagidan Tavs daaRwevs,
iwyeba fotosinTezis procesi da
mcenare ukve damoukidebel kveba­
ze gadadis. ase rom, Teslis masis
kleba da mcenaris zrda erTmane­
Tis paralelurad mimdinareobs.
mcenaris aRmoceneba

damtvervis procesi specifikuri qimiuri nivTierebebiT regu­

lirdeba. mtvris marcvalSi arsebuli spermiebi samtvre miliT
Teslkvirtamde aRweven. kvercxujredis ganayofierebiT Canasaxi
warmoiqmneba, centralur ujredTan spermiis Serwymis Sedegad ki
_ endospermi, romelSic CanasaxisTvis saWiro nivTierebebi ma­
ragdeba. Teslis gaRivebisTvis aucilebelia siTbo, Jangbadi da
wyali, radgan fermentebi mxolod am pirobebSi muSaoben.

1. SegiZlia Zalian martivi proceduriT daakvirde mtvris mar­

cvlis gaRivebisa da samtvre milis warmoqmnis process. amisTvis
Sen dagWirdeba: sinaTlis mikroskopi, romelime yvavilis mt­
vrianebi, 20%-iani saqarozas xsnari, romelic Seicavs 0,01%-
ian natriumis borats da saRebavi _ neitraluri wiTeli.
daawveTe sasagne minaze saqarozas xsnaris ramdenime wveTi da
Seurie mas saRebavi. gadaitane wveTSi mcenaris mtvris marcv­
lebi da ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi daakvirdi mikroskopSi
mtvris marcvlis cvlilebebs.

49
 2. ilustraciaze sami yvavilis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa.

A B C

a. romel yvavils SeiZleba ewodos hermafroditi?

b. romeli maTgania calsqesiani?
g. am yvavilebidan Seqmeni hermafroditi da calsqesiani mcena­
reebis martivi sqematuri suraTi.
3. daakvirdi garemos da aRricxe calsqesiani da hermafrodi­
ti mcenareebi. procentulad gamoiangariSe, romeli maTgani
gvxv­deba ufro xSirad.
4. ilustraciaze mocemu­
li yvavilebidan, erTi
qariT imtvereba, meore
ki mwerebiT. orive maT­
gans gaaCnia Seguebu­
loba, riTac is Tavidan
icilebs TviTdamtver­
A B vas. amoicani es mcena­
reebi da axseni, rogor
icileben isini TAavidan
TviTdamtvervas.

1. butkoSi zogjer erTi, zogjer ki ramdenime

Teslkvirtia (1). isini butkoze patara xidakiT
emagrebian. am xidaks placentas (2) uwodeben.
axseni, ratom daarqves am gamonazards placen­
ta, ra daniSnuleba SeiZleba hqondes mas?

2. mtvris marcvlis gareTa sqeli kedeli Sedgeba 2

bunebaSi arsebuli erT-erTi yvelaze mdgra­ 1
di nivTierebisgan, romelsac sporopolenini
daarqves. is imdenad mdgradia, rom miliono­
biT wlebs uZlebs da ar iSleba. mecnierebis
mimarTulebas, romelic sporebs swavlobs, pa­
li­nologia ewodeba. rogor fiqrob, ra daskv­
nebis gakeTebaSi exmareba mecnierebs mtvri­
anebis Seswavla?

50
3. aRwere, rogor warmoiqmneba mravalTesliani nayofi.

1. daasaxele TviTdamtvervis dadebiTi mxareebi.

2. rogor pirobebs Seuqmni Tesls, rom is didxans ar gaRivdes?

1. calsqesiani mcenareebi iSviaTad gvxvdebian. cxovelTa samya­

roSi ki calsqesianoba farTodaa gavrcelebuli. axseni amis
mizezi.
2. babuawveras mtvrianebi gacilebiT adre mwifdeba, vidre misi
Teslkvirtebi. axseni amis mizezi.
3. mecnierebi miiCneven, rom qariT damtverva mcenarisTvis ener­
getikulad naklebad momgebiania, mwerebiT damtvervasTan Se­
darebiT. axseni, ra aqvT mxedvelobaSi mecnierebs?
4. rogor fiqrob, rogor unda imtverebodes mcenare, Tu misi
dingis ujredebi mtvrianebis amomcnob receptorebs ar Sei­
caven?

moiZie informacia, garemoSi gavrcelebis ra saSualebebi gaaCnia

sxvadasxva yvavilovan mcenares da warmoadgine referatis saxiT.

mtvris marcvali _ pollen

damtverva _ Ppollination
Tesli _ seed
aRmoceneba _ germination
http://sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/angiosperm.html
http://edurite.com/kbase/double-fertilization-animation

51
I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba
§10
parTenogenezi _ qalwulebrivi gamravleba
parTenogenezis formebi

XVIII saukuneSi Sveicarielma mecnierma Sarl

bonem gamravlebis manamde ucnobi da ucnauri
forma aRwera. Sarl bone ganaTlebiT iuristi
iyo, Tumca, usazRvrod iyo gatacebuli ento­
mologiiT _ mwerebis Semswavleli mecnierebiT.
is mcenareTa parazitebis _ bugrebis gamravle­
bas akvirdeboda da misda gasaocrad SeniSna,
rom zafxulSi agrerigad momravlebuli bugre­
bi ufrToebi iyvnen da gaunayofierebeli kver­
cxebidan iCekebodnen. gamravlebis am formas
parTenogenezi uwodes, rac qalwulebriv gam­
ravlebas niSnavs (berZ. parTenos _ qalwuli,
genezis _ dabadeba). Sarl bone
aRmoCnda, rom gamravlebis es forma uxerxemlo cxo­
velebis bevr saxeobas axasiaTebs. parTenogeneziT mravl­
deba, magaliTad, dafniebis, WianWvelebis, futkrebis,
lokokinebis, brtyeli Wiebis zogierTi saxeoba.
Zalze iSviaTia parTenogenezi xerxemlian cxoveleb­
Si, Tumca, cnobilia Tevzebisa da qvewarmavlebis gark­
veuli saxeobebi, romlebic gamravlebis am formas mimar­
Taven.
cxovelebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT xSiria parTe­
no­genezi mcenareebSi. es movlena 1839 wels londonTan
axlos, erT-erT botanikur baRSi sruliad SemTxveviT
bugrebi aR­moaCines. iq izrdeboda avstraliuri warmoSobis or­
saxliani mcenare _ alqornea. mis erT egzemplarze mxo­
lod butkoebiani yvavilebia, meoreze ki _ mxolod mtvrianebiani. botanikur
baRSi marto mdedrobiTi egzemplarebi iyo, romlebmac, mecnierTa gasakvi­
rad, nayofebi da Teslebi warmoqmnes. SemdgomSi gairkva, rom parTenogene­
zurad mravldeba vardebis, citrusebis, marcvlovnebis sxvadasxva saxeoba.
ase mravldeba yvelasTvis kargad nacnobi babuawverac.
mecnierebma parTenogenezis ramdenime forma daadgines.
haploiduri parTenogenezisas kvercxujredi, Cveulebriv, gadis orive
meiozur gayofas da Canasaxi haploiduri kvercxujredidan spermatozoidis
Serwymis gareSe viTardeba. aseTi gaunayofierebeli haploiduri kvercxuj­
redidan viTardeba, magaliTad, orqidea, kartofili, Tambaqo.

52
 diploiduri parTenogenezisas kvercxujredi meiozurad ar iyofa. is
diploiduri ujredia da misgan spermatozoidis monawileobis gareSe vi­
Tardeba axali organizmi. ase mravldebian, magaliTad, dafniebi.
obligatur parTenogenezs iseT parTenogenezs uwodeben, romelic mo­
cemuli saxeobis gamravlebis erTaderTi formaa. ase mravldeba mwerebis
zogierTi saxeoba.
fakultaturi parTenogenezis dros saxeoba ZiriTadad sqesobrivad,
ganayofierebuli kvercxujredidan mravldeba da parTenogenezs mxolod
Zalian iSviaTad mimarTavs. misTvis parTenogenezi gamravlebis saTadarigo
formaa.
vnaxoT, rogor mravldebian bugrebi _ bones sayvareli dakvirvebis obi­
eqtebi. isini zafxulSi, rodesac sakvebi uxvadaa, uamrav gaunayofierebel
kvercxs deben. maTgan ufrTo mdedrebi iCekebian, romlebsac Sors gafrena ar
sWirdebaT da xarbad woven foTlebis wvens. gvian SemodgomiT bugrebi ganayo­
fierebul kvercxebs deben. zamTargamovlili am kvercxebidan gazafxul­ze
frTiani mdedrebi viTardebian, romlebic Sors frenen da axal-axal mcena­
reebze qmnian parTenogenezuri ufrTo mdedrebis koloniebs.
ginogenezi parTenogenezis erT-erTi Taviseburi formaa. am dros kver­
cxujreds Canasaxis warmosaqmnelad spermatozoidi mainc sWirdeba, magram
ara gasanayofiereblad, aramed mxolod stimulirebisTvis. ginogenezisas
spermatozoidi kvercxujredSi iWreba, magram is ukvalod ise gaiwoveba ci­
toplazmaSi, rom misi birTvi kvercxujredis birTvs ar Seerwymis. ginogene­
zis Sedegad mxolod mdedri individebi Cndebian, amitom parTenogenezis am
formas mdedrobiT parTenogenezs uwodeben. ase mravldeba tropikuli pa­
tara Tevzi _ molinezia.
androgenezisas kvercxujredSi erTdroulad ori spermatozoidi aR­
wevs. maTi birTvebi erTmaneTs erwymian da dasabams aZleven Canasaxis ganviTa­
rebas. kvercxujredis birTvi ki Canasaxis warmoqmnaSi ar monawileobs. is
nad­gurdeba. androgeneziT mravldeba saharis kiparisi.

1 2
3 ginogenezi

mdedri individi

androgenezi

mamri individi

1. kvercxujredi; 2. kvercxujredis birTvi; 3. spermatozoidi.

53
 parTenogenezs qalwulebriv gamravlebas uwodeben imis gamo, rom
Canasaxis ganviTareba gaunayofierebeli kvercxujredidan xde­
ba. gamravlebis es forma, umetesad, uxerxemlo cxovelebisa da
mcenareebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. Zalze iSviaTad, is Tevzeb­
sa da qvewarmavlebSic gvxvdeba. ganarCeven haploidur, diploi­
dur, obligatur da fakultatur parTenogenezs. parTenogene­
zis gansakuTrebuli formebia ginogenezi da androgenezi.

indoneziuri giganturi vara­

ni yvelaze didi xvlikia de­
damiwaze. is 80 kilograms da
zo­gjer ufro metsac iwonis.
Cve­ulebriv, varanebi sqesob­
rivad mravldebian da sqesTa
Se­fardeba maT populaciaSi
aris 3,5:1, mamrebis sasargeb­
lod. magram bunebrivi katak­
lizmebis Sedegad, magaliTad,
Tu Stormis Semdeg, kunZulze
mamrebis ricxvi Semcirda, varanebi parTenogenezs mimarTaven.
mdedri gaunayofierebel kvercxebs debs. maTi naxevari Z sasqe­
so qromosomas Seicavs, naxevari ki _ W-s (varans mdedrobiTi
heterogameturoba axasiaTebs. mdedrebi ZW sasqeso qromoso­
mebs Sei­caven, mamrebi ki _ ZZ). amis Semdeg kvercxebSi iwyeba
qromosome­bis gaormageba. WW qromosomebis Semcveli diploi­
duri kvercxujredidan ganviTarebuli Canasaxi iRupeba. rCebian
mxolod ZZ qromosomebis Semcveli kvercxujredebi, romlebi­
danac mamrebi viTardebian.
mecnierebi varanis parTenogenezur gamravlebas londonis zoo­
parkSi daakvirdnen.
a. ra saxis parTenogenezi axasiaTebs varans? (haploiduri, dip­
loiduri, obligaturi, fakultaturi)
b. ratom gamravlda varani zooparkSi parTenogenezurad?
g. sqemis saxiT warmoadgine varanis parTenogenezuri gamravleba.

1. mecnierTa erTi nawili parTenogenezs usqeso gamravlebis

erT-erT formad Tvlis, meore nawili ki mas sqesobrivi gam­
ravlebis gansakuTrebul formad miiCnevs.
a. ivaraude am mecnierTa argumentebi.
b. mecnierTa romeli nawilis azri migaCnia ufro marTebulad?

2. zogierTi mecnieri hermafroditi organizmebis gamravlebas

parTenogenezuri gamravlebis erT-erT formad miiCnevs. eTanx­
mebi maT mosazrebas?

54
gadawere rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli sityvebi:
androgenezisas mxolod .......... sqesis individebi ibadebian, ami­
tom par­Tenogenezis am formas .......... parTenogenezs uwodeben.

1. vercxlisfer karCxanas sxva­da­

sxva kvercxujredSi sxva­dasxva
dros sxvadasxva saxeobis Tev­­
zis spermatozoidebi iWrebod­
nen. Tumca, amis Sedegad yo­vel­
T­vis ibadebodnen karCxanebi,
romlebic mdedrebis srul as­
lebs warmoadgendnen.
a. rogor mravldeba vercxlisferi karCxana?
b. aRwere karCxanas gamravleba da warmoadgine sqemis saxiT.
g. ratom ar aqvs mniSvneloba imas, romeli saxis spermatozoidi
SeiWreba mis kvercxujredSi?

2. mecnierebma SeZles, xelovnurad gamoewviaT parTenogenezi Tu­­

Tis abreSummxveviaSi. maT TuTis abreSummxvevias kvercxujre­
debis birTvebi maRali temperaturiT daazianes da Semdeg
kvercxujredebSi or-ori normaluri spermatozoidi Seiyva­
nes.
a. ra saxis parTenogenezi gamoiwvies xelovnurad mecnierebma
Tu­Tis abreSummxveviaSi?
b. dafiqrdi, ra mizani unda hqonodaT mecnierebs am sakmaod Sro­
matevadi samuSaos Sesasruleblad?
g. sqematurad aRwere xelovnuri parTenogenezi TuTis abreSum­
mxveviaSi.

3. komerciuli interesebidan gamomdinare, amerikis SeerTebu­

li Statebis erT-erT kvleviT dawesebulebaSi indaurebs xe­
lovnurad anayofierebdnen. mkvlevarebma SeniSnes, rom Zalze
iSviaT SemTxvevebSi indaurebi gaunayofierebeli kvercxebi­
danac iCekebodnen. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi indauri mamri iyo.
a. moifiqre, Teoriulad romeli saxis parTenogeneziT SeiZleba
mravldebodes indauri, Tu parTenogenezuri Taoba yovel­
Tvis mamria?
b. zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi, parTenogenezis romel formas
unda hqondes adgili?

55
 4. floridis erT-erT zooparkSi
zvigenma, romelic 3 weli imyo­
feboda mamrTan kontaqtis gare­
Se, naSieri dabada. am faqtis
ko­­­mentirebisas, mecnierebma da­­
na­­­nebiT aRniSnes: imis gamo, rom
zvigenebs nadirobiT vanad­gu­­
rebT, isini did xarks uxdi­an bune­
bas _ iZulebulni arian, saxeobis
gadarCenisTvis uka­­naskneli Sansi
gamoiyenon da parTe­nogenezurad
gamravldnen.
ax­seni, ras gulisxmobdnen mec­
nie­­­rebi? ra uaryofiTi mxare aqvs
parTenogenezur gamravlebas?

5. raSi mdgomareobs parTenogenezis biologiuri daniSnuleba?

parTenogenezi _ parthenogenesis
ginogenezi _ ginogenesis
androgenezi _ androgenesis

56
II genetika
§11
mendelis mier dadgenili memkvidreobiTobis kanonzomierebebi
hibridTa erTgvarobis kanoni
niSan-TvisebaTa daTiSvis kanoni

genetika mecnierebaa, romelic memkvidreobiTobasa da cvalebadobas

Seiswavlis. memkvidreobiToba organizmis unaria, gadasces Tavisi niSan-
Tvisebebi da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi momdevno Taobebs. cvalebadoba
organizmis unaria, individualuri ganviTarebis procesSi SeiZinos axali
niSan-Tvisebebi.
am samecniero disciplinis saxelwodeba xmarebaSi ingliselma natura­
listma, uiliam betsonma Semoitana. sinamdvileSi genetikis fesvebi Soreul
warsulSi midis.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis monacemebiT, ukve 6000 wlis win adamianebs es­
modaT, rom zogierTi fizikuri niSani SeiZleba erTi Taobidan meores ga­
dacemoda.

asirieli qurumebi ritualur niRbebSi gamosaxuleba qvaze mowmobs, rom

finikis palmis yvavilebis xelovnur SuamdinareTSi 6000 wlis win
damtvervas axdenen. awarmoebdnen cxenebis moSenebas.

memkvidreobiTobis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb pirvel ideebs gamoTqvamdnen

berZeni mecnierebi _ demokrite, hipokrate, platoni, aristotele. gadar­
Ceva naxsenebia homerosis, virgiliusisa da sxva antikuri mwerlebis nawar­
moebSi. Cv.w.aR-mde I saukuneSi celsusi werda: `Tu xorblis mosavali cudia,
saTesled saukeTeso TavTavebi unda SearCioT~.
Zveli xalxebi stiqiuri genetikosebi, ufro sworad, seleqcionerebi iyv­
nen. isini sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da mcenareebis gamoyvanas uxso­
vari droidan eweodnen. adamianebi gadaarCevdnen im cxovelebs, romlebic
iZleodnen rZesa da sxva sakveb produqtebs, aseve im cxovelebs, romelTa
gamoyeneba SeiZleboda sanadirod, tvirTis gadasazidad, megzurad, sada­

57
rajod. dasaTesad irCevdnen didi nayofisa da uxvmosavliani mcenaris Tes­
lebs. aseTi gziT miRebul mcenareebsa da cxovelebs isini mravali Taobis
manZilze ajvarebdnen.
Semonaxulia werilobiTi mtkicebuleba imisa, rom uZveles civilizacia­
Si ukve mimdinareobda muSaoba mcenareebisa da cxovelebis seleqciaSi.
adamianSi memkvidruli daavadebebis gadacemis pirveli monacemebi moi­
poveba TalmudSi. Talmudi ebrauli wesiT cxovrebis kanonebis krebulia. am
krebulSi miTiTebulia im biWebis windacveTis saSiSroebaze, romelTa ufros
Zmebsa da biZebs, dedis mxridan, aReniSAnebodaT sisxlis Seudedebloba.
miuxedavad amisa, niSan-TvisebaTa memkvidreobiT gadacemis kanonzomi­
erebis dadgenaze aravis ufiqria.
mcenareTa SejvarebaSi pirveli, saguldagulod gaazrebuli cdebi Caata­
ra germanelma botanikosma, iozef kiolroiterma 1761-66 wlebSi. mixakebsa
da Tambaqoze Catarebuli cdebiT igi mivida daskvnamde, rom STamomavlebis
Camoyalibebasa da niSnebis gadacemaSi Tanabrad monawileobs orive mSobeli.
genetikis ganviTarebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda frangi mecnieris,
Sarl nodenis eqsperimentebs. man Sejvarebisas STamomavlebSi memkvidru­
li niSnebis damemkvidrebis raodenobrivi Seswavla gadawyvita. S. nodens aq
imedgacrueba eloda. arasworma meTodurma midgomam _ erTdroulad mra­
vali niSnis Seswavlam, ar misca mecniers Sedegebis swori interpretaciis sa­
Sualeba. igi iZulebuli gaxda, uari eTqva cdebis gagrZelebaze.
sul sxvagvarad miudga memkvidreobiTobis kanonzomierebebis Seswavlas
gregor mendeli.
gregor mendeli kvlevebs avgustinelTa mo­
nasterSi atarebda. am monasterSi igi berad iyo
aRkvecili da sasuliero da pedagogiur moRva­
weobas eweoda.
mendels monastris senakSi mowyobili hqonda
patara samxece, sadac sxvadasxva cxovels ajva­
rebda. sul male monastris xelmZRvanelobam
aukr­­Zala es saqmianoba, magram mas ar miutovebia
mcenareebTan da futkrebTan muSaoba. igi akvir­
deboda adgilobriv, kviprosis, egviptur da
amerikul futkrebs, aSenebda yvavilebs, amynob­
da msxlebs, swavlobda bolokis, kombostosa da
bardis mavneblebs. gregor mendeli
mendelma gadawyvita, gamoekvlia, Tu ra kanon­
zomierebiT gadascemen memkvidrul niSnebs mSo­
blebi STamomavlebs. kvlevis obieqtis SerCevi­
sas, man arCevani bardaze gaakeTa.
es ar iyo SemTxveviTi arCevani. jer kidev
bardis mavneblebze muSaobisas, mendelma SeamC­
nia, rom arsebobs memkvidruli niSnebiT gansx­
vavebuli bardis mravali jiSi. am jiSebs aqvs kar­
gad SesamCnevi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, advilia avgustinelebis monasteri

58
maTi movla-moSeneba, iZleva mravalricxovan STamomavlebs. amasTan, mravl­
deba TviTdamtverviT, Tumca, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia maTi jva­
redini damtverva xelovnurad.
mendelma cdisTvis mxolod TiTo niSniT gansxvavebuli wyvilebi SearCia.
igi sul Svid niSans akvirdeboda da yoveli wyvili erTmaneTisgan mxo­lod
erTi alternatuli (kontrastuli, urTierTgamomricxavi) niSniT gansx­
vavdeboda: magaliTad, erTi jiSis mcenares wiTeli yvavilebi hqonda, mis me­
wyviles ki _ TeTri; erTi grZelReroiani (2 m-mde) iyo, meore ki _ mokleRe­
roiani (60 sm-mde) da a.S.
mendelis mier cdisTvis SerCeuli Svidi wyvili niSani

yvavilebis yvavilis Reros Teslis Teslis nayofis nayofis

ganlageba feri sigrZe forma feri forma feri
Reroze

gverdiTi TeTri grZeli gluvi yviTeli martivi yviTeli

kenwruli wiTeli mokle danaoWebuli mwvane danawevrebuli mwvane

monastris ezoSi gamoyofil nakveTze sami wlis manZilze mendeli gul­

modgined Tesavda SerCeul jiSebs da darwmunda, rom yoveli jiSi, TviTdam­
tverviT gamravlebisas, Taobebis manZilze mxolod Tavis msgavs STamomav­
lebs iZleoda. e.i. isini wminda jiSebi iyvnen. magaliTad, Taobebis manZilze
grZelReroiani mcenarisgan miRebuli Teslebidan mxolod grZelReroiani
mcenareebi izrdeboda, mokleReroianebidan ki _ mokleReroianebi.
mendeli Sejvarebas, anu hibridizacias atarebda gansazRvruli niSnebiT
gansxvavebul mSobliur jiSebs (P) Soris da akvirdeboda Sesaswavli niSnebis
gamovlenas momdevno TaobebSi (F) _ hibridebSi.
mendels cdebi saguldagulod hqonda mofiqrebuli. Tu misi winamorbe­
debi cdilobdnen, damemkvidrebis kanonzomierebebi erTdroulad mraval
niSanze SeeswavlaT, mendelma Tavisi kvleva mxolod erTi gansxvavebuli niS­
nis memkvidreobiT gadacemaze dakvirvebiT daiwyo.
igi erTmaneTs ajvarebda erTi niSniT gansxvavebul wminda jiSebs. Sejva­
rebas, romlis drosac mSobliuri formebi erTmaneTisgan mxolod erTi niS­
niT gansxvavdebian, monohibriduli hqvia.
mendeli miRebul Sedegebs zustad aRricxavda. man icoda, rom miRebuli

59
Sedegebi sarwmuno mxolod maSin iqneboda, Tu mas xelT STamomavalTa didi
raodenoba eqneboda. magram erTi mSobliuri wyvilis SejvarebiT miRebuli
STamomavlebis ricxvi arcTu ise didi iyo. amitom igi erTmaneTs ajvarebda
mraval mSobliur mcenares. praqtikulad, es iyo calkeuli cdis mravali as­
li. amitom, kanonzomierebis dasadgenad man gaaerTiana mravali SejvarebiT
miRebuli Sedegebi ise, TiTqos es erTi Sejvarebis Sedegi iyo.
Tvali mivadevnoT mendelis mier Catarebul erT-erT cdas. men­delma
grZelReroiani bardis jer ki­dev ga­
bardis yvavilis xelovnuri, uSlel yvavilebs, mtvris mar­cvlebis
jvaredini damtverva momwifebamde, mtvrianebi moaWra. am
yvavilebs man maSinve zemodan patara
1 parkebi Camoacva, raTa but­koebi dac­
uli yofiliyo SemTxveviTi damtver­
visgan. butkoebis momwifebis Semdeg,
mendelma butkos din­gebze funjiT
gadaitana mokleReroiani bardis yva­
1. mtvriana; vilebidan aRebuli mtve­ri.
2 2. butko;
3. nayofi; Semodgomaze mendels ukve xelT
4. Tesli.
3 hqonda hibridTa Teslebi. Teslebi
man gazafxulze daTesa da daelo­
da mcenaris gazrdas. yvela mcenare
4 grZelReroiani gaizarda, e.i. isini
erT-erTi mSoblis msgavsi iyvnen.

analogiuri Sedegi miiRo mendel­

ma danarCeni eqvsi wyvili niSnis Sem­
TxvevaSic _ es kanonzomiereba arc
erTxel ar darRveula. pirvel (F1)
TaobaSi yvela individs erT-erTi
mSoblis niSani hqonda, meore niSani
ki arsad Canda. mendelma niSans, ro­
P: X melmac daTrguna meore niSnis gamov­
lena, dominanturi uwoda, xolo
daTr­gunuls _ recesiuli.
mendelma am kanonzomierebas hib­
ridTa erTgvarobis wesi uwoda. dRe­
isTvis am wess mendelis pirvel kanons
uwodeben.
mendelma es wesi Semdegnairad Ca­
moayaliba: erTi niSniT gansxvavebuli
wminda mSobliuri jiSebis Sejvarebi­
sas F1 TaobaSi miRebuli hibridebi
F1 erTnairia da isini erT-erTi mSoblis
niSans iReben memkvidreobiT.

60
 mendelma gaagrZela cdebis seria. mas ainteresebda, rogor moxdeboda
niS­nebis damemkvidreba momdevno FF2 TaobaSi.
amis gasarkvevad igi F1 Taobis grZelReroiani mcenaris yvavilebs TviT­
damtvervis saSualebas aZlevda an xelovnurad mtveravda F1 Taobis sxva
grZelReroiani mcenaris mtvriT.
mendelma daTesa am SejvarebiT miRebuli Teslebi. igi sruliad darw­
munebuli iyo, rom FF2 Taobis yvela mcenaris Rero grZeli iqneboda. mende­
lis molodini ar gamarTlda; aRmocenebuli bardebis daaxloebiT 3/4-s (787
bardas) grZeli Rero, xolo 1/3-s (277) _ mokle Rero hqonda, anu niSnebi
daiTiSa.

F1

F2

mendelma Caatara analogiuri cdebis mTeli seria alternatiuli niS­

nebis mqone jiSebis sxvadasxva wyvilebze.

61
F2 Taobis hibridebSi dominantur da recesiul niSnebs Soris Tanafardoba

F2 Taoba
niSani dominanturi X recesiuli dominanturi : Sefardeba
recesiuli

yvavilis
feri X 705:224 3,15:1

yvavilebis
ganlageba X 651:207 3,14:1

Teslis
feri X 6022:2001 3,01:1

Teslis
forma X 5474:1850 2,96:1

nayofis
forma X 882:299 2,95:1

nayofis
feri X 428:152 2,82:1

Reros
sigrZe X 787:277 2,84:1

F2 Taobis hibridebSi, yvela SemTxvevaSi, dominanturi da recesiuli niS­

nebis mqone hibridebs Soris Tanafardoba Seadgenda 3:1.
aqedan gamomdinare, mendelma gaakeTa kidev erTi daskvna: F1 Taobis hi­
bridebis TviTmtverviT an erTmaneTTan SejvarebiT F F 2 TaobaSi xdeba niSan-
TvisebaTa daTiSva gansazRvruli raodenobrivi TanafardobiT da is Sead­
gens 3:1. am kanonzomierebas mendelis II, anu daTiSvis kanoni uwodes.
1 daakvirdi cxrilis monacemebs. ra SemTxvevaSia monacemebi yvelaze ax­
los daTiSvasTAn 3:1. rogor fiqrob, ratom?
mendeli Seecada, aexsna miRebuli Sedegebi. man ivarauda, rom yoveli niS­
nis gamovlenas ori memkvidruli faqtori uzrunvelyofs. Cven mier ganxi­
lul konkretul SemTxvevaSi, Reros sigrZes gansazRvravs ori faqtori,
romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc erTnairi (orive grZelis an orive mokles
ganmsazRvreli), aseve urTierTgamomricxavic (erTi grZelis da erTi mokles
ganmsazRvreli).

62
 mendelis azriT, gametebSi _ kvercxujredsa da spermiebSi, am wyvilidan
mxolod TiTo faqtori unda moxvedriliyo. kvercxujredisa da spermiis
Serwymisas, zigotidan ganviTarebul mcenareSi am niSnis gamovlena damokide­
buli unda iyos imaze, Tu romeli faqtorebi aRmoCndeba erTad zigotaSi.
mendelma ivarauda, rom es faqtorebi zigotaSi erTmaneTs ar ereva,
isini gancalkevebulad _ diskretulad inaxeba da aseve gadaecema Semdgom
Taobebs. F1 Taobis hibridebSi recesiuli niSnis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi,
ubralod, daTrgunulni iyo dominanturiT. F2 Taobis hibridebs Soris rece­
siuli individebis gaCena ki imaze miuTiTebda, rom zigotaSi erTad moxvda
ori erTnairi recesiuli faqtori.
mendelma ver SeZlo faqtoris raobis axsna _ qromosomebisa da genebis,
mitozisa da meiozis procesebi xom gacilebiT mogvianebiT sxva mecnierebma
aRmoaCines.
1902 wels u. satonma da t. boverma, sakuTari eqsperimentuli monacemebi­
Ta da mendelis Sromaze dayrdnobiT, wamoayenes memkvidreobiTobis qromo­
somuli hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmadac, mendeliseuli `memkvidruli faqto­
rebi~ lokalizebulia qromosomebSi. mogvianebiT ki, 1909 wels, amerikelma
ge­netikosma Tomas morganma cdebiT daadastura es hipoTeza. am faqtors geni
danielma mecnierma vilem iohansenma uwoda.
dReisaTvis ukve cnobilia, rom informacia individis niSan-Tvisebis Se­
saxeb qromosomaSi arsebul genebSia moTavsebuli. geni qromosomebis dnm-is
molekulis garkveuli fragmentia. is Seicavs informacias organizmis niSnis
an Tvisebis Sesaxeb.
dadgenili iqna, rom yoveli saxeoba qromosomaTa gansazRvrul raodeno­
bas, anu qromosomaTa kompleqts Seicavs.

qromosomebis raodenoba sxvadasxva organizmSi

adamiani _ 46 alubali _ 28 barda _ 14 mdinaris kibo _ 116

ZaRli _ 78 zambaxi _ 72 qaTami _ 78 koRo _ 6

marwyvi _ 38 indauri _ 82 mzesumzira _ 32 Rori _ 38

63
 kompleqtis TiToeul qromosomas Tavisi mewyvile qromosoma aqvs. maga­
liTad, bardas 14 qromosoma aqvs da is 7 wyvils Seadgens. wyvil qromosomebs
homologiuri qromosomebi hqvia. homologiuri qromosomebi ara mxo­lod
garegnulad emsgavseba erTmaneTs, aramed maTi qromosomebis erTsa da imave
lokusSi, anu ubanSi erTi da imave niSnis ganmsazRvreli genia lokalizeb­
uli. magaliTad, Tu homologiuri wyvilis erTi qromosomis gansazRvrul
lokusSi bardis Reros sigrZis ganmsazRvreli geni mdebareobs, misi mewy­
vile qromosomis imave lokusSi aucileblad bardis Reros sigrZis ganmsaz­
Rvreli geni iqneba moTavsebuli. xolo Tu imave qromosomis sxva lokusSi
bardis nayofis Seferilobis ganmsazRvreli genia, mis mewyvile qromosoma­
Si, imave adgilas nayofis Seferilobis geni iqneba.

aleluri genebi

yvavilis yvavilis
Seferiloba Seferiloba

araaleluri
genebi

Reros Reros
sigrZe sigrZe

aleluri genebi

homologiuri qromosomebis wyvili

erTi da imave niSnis ganmsazRvreli geni, SesaZloa, sxvadasxvagvarad ga­

movlindes. magaliTad, bardis Rero SeiZleba iyos grZelic da moklec, bar­
dis nayofis Seferiloba _ yviTelic da mwvanec.
genebs, romlebic gansazRvraven erTi
da imave niSnis sxvadasxvagvar gamovle­
nas, aleluri genebi, anu alelebi hqvia.
gametebis warmoqmna meiozis pro­
cesSi xdeba. am dros homologiuri qro­
mosomebi erTmaneTs Sordeba. gametaSi
gadadis yoveli homologiuri wyvilidan
mxolod erTi qromosoma, e.i. bardis mier
meiozi
warmoqmnil gametebSi iqneba 7 qromosoma
da, Sesabamisad, am qromosomebSi lokali­
zebuli yoveli wyvili alelidan TiTo
aleli.
gametebi
sqemaze bardis TiToeuli wyvili ho­
mologiuri qromosoma sxva­dasxva feriT
meiozis dros homologiuri
aris mocemuli, erTi da igive niSnis ganm­
qromosomebisa da alelebis sazRvreli alelebi ki _ xazebiT.
gadanawileba gametebSi

64
 davuSvaT, kvercxujredi Seicavs grZeli Reros ganmsazRvrel alels, xo­
lo spermia _ mokle Reros ganmsazRvrel alels. ganayofierebisas zigotaSi
aRmoCndeba sigrZis ganmsazRvreli genis orive aleli _ grZelic da moklec.
rogori iqneba am zigotidan ganviTarebuli mcenare, damokidebulia imaze, Tu
romelia dominanturi da romeli recesiuli aleli. Cven mier ganxilul Sem­
TxvevaSi, grZeli Reros ganmsazRvreli aleli dominanturia, xolo mokles
ganmsazRvreli _ recesiuli, amitom mcenare grZelReroiani iqneba.
erTi individis yvela qromosomaSi lokalizebuli genebis erTobliobas
genotipi hqvia. mocemuli genebis garegnul, xilul gamovlenas ki fenotipi.
amrigad, mendelis mier gamoTqmuli varaudi faqtorebis arsebobis Sesa­
xeb, romlebic, rogorc xedav, alelebs Seesabameba, swori aRmoCnda.
mendelma Sejvarebis sqemebis Sesadgenad SemoiRo recesiuli da dominan­
turi alelebis aRniSvna. dominantur alels igi laTinuri alfabetis didi
asoTi aRniSnavda (magaliTad, A, B, C, D.....), xolo mis Sesabamis recesiuls _
pataraTi (a, b, c, d......).
Sejvarebis sqemis warmodgenisTvis Semdegi simboloebi gamoiyeneba:
P _ mSobliuri individi; _ mdedri individi; _ mamri individi; X _
Sejvareba; G _ gametebi; F1 _ hibridTa pirveli Taoba; F2 _ hibridTa meore
Taoba, miRebuli F1 Taobis hibridTa SejvarebiT.
imis gamo, rom gametebis Serwymis albaToba Tanabaria, Serwymis yvela
SesaZlo variantis warmosadgenad penetis cxrils iyeneben. am cxrilSi mam­
robiT gametebs horizontalur svetSi weren, xolo mdedrobiTs _ ver­
tikalurSi. maTi gadakveTis adgilas iwereba zigotaSi am niSnis mixedviT
alelebis SesaZlo SeTanwyoba, anu STamomavlis genotipi mxolod am niSnis
mixedviT.
mendelis Cven mier ganxilul cdebs simboloebisa da penetis cxrilis
dax­marebiT warmogidgenT.
imis gamo, rom grZeli Rero dominanturi niSania, mas aRvniSnavT A asoTi,
xolo recesiul mokles _ a asoTi.
grZelReroiani wminda jiSis mcenaris genotipi am niSnis mixedviT iqneba
AA, xolo mokleReroianis _ aa.

P: X

G:
F1
yvela Aa grZelReroiania

65
 P: X

G:
F2

rogorc xedav, AA genotipis mSobelma mxolod erTi tipis _ A alelis

Semcveli gametebi mogvca. meore _ aa genotipis mSobelma mxo­lod a alelis
Semcveli gametebi warmoqmna.
individebs, romlebic mocemuli niSnis erTnair alelebs Seicaven da
ami­tom erTnairi alelebis Semcvel gametebs warmoqmnian, am niSnis mixed­
viT homozigoturi organizmebi (homozigoti) hqviaT.
F1 TaobaSi miRebuli Aa genotipis mqone hibridebi ori tipis gametebs
iZlevian, romelTagan naxevari A alelis, xolo naxevari a alelis Semcvelia.
individebs, romlebic ama Tu im niSan-Tvisebis ganmsazRvrel or sxva­da­
sxva alels Seicaven da amitom sxvadasxva alelis Semcvel gametebs warmo­
qmnian, am niSnis mixedviT heterozigoturi organizmebi (heterozigoti)
hqvi­aT.
2 AA, Aa, aa, Bb, BB, bb genotipis mqone individebidan, romelia ho­
mozigoturi da romeli heterozigoturi organizmi?
3 ramdeni tipis gametebs warmoqmnian AA, Aa, aa, Bb, BB, bb genotipis
mqone organizmebi?
4 rogor organizmebSi gamovlindeba fenotipurad recesiuli geni _
homozigoturSi Tu heterozigoturSi? ratom?
5 rogor organizmebSi amJRavnebs Tavis moqmedebas fenotipurad domi­
nanturi geni _ homozigoturSi Tu heterozigoturSi? ratom?
6 fenotipisa da genotipis ramdeni varianti miiRo mendelma F2 TaobaSi
da rogori TanafardobiT?
garegnuli niSnis, anu fenotipis mixedviT mendelma miiRo grZelRero­
iani da mokleReroiani mcenareebi.
7 SegiZlia Tu ara, zustad ivaraudo mokleReroian bardaSi alelTa Se­
Tanwyoba Reros sigrZis mixedviT?
rac Seexeba grZelReroian mcenares, mas alelTa ori gansxvavebuli Se­
Tanwyoba aqvs: homozigots _ AA, xolo heterozigots _ Aa.
rogor unda moxdes garCeva, grZelReroiani mcenare homozigotia Tu he­
terozigoti?

66
 mendelma aseTi ram moifiqra: grZelReroiani barda Seajvara recesiul
homozigot mokleReroian individTan. igi varaudobda, rom Tu grZelRe­
roiani barda homozigoti A iyo, STamomavlobis 100% erTnairi unda yofili­
yo, e.i. niSnis daTiSva ar unda momxdariyo. xolo heterozigoti Aa grZel­
Reroiani bardis SemTxvevaSi, F1 TaobaSi unda gamoCeniliyo mokleReroiani
individebic.
aseT Sejvarebas mogvianebiT gamaanalizebeli Sejvareba uwodes.
penetis cxrilis gamoyenebiT, sqematurad warmoadgine homozigoti
da heterozigoti grZelReroiani bardebis gamaanalizebeli Sejvarebis Se­
degebi. swori iyo Tu ara mendelis varaudi?
miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze mendeli darwmunda Tavis varaudSi, rom
memkvidruli faqtorebi, rogorc dominanturi, ise recesiuli, erTmaneTSi
ar ireva da Tavisuflad gadadis gametebSi. isini `Seupovrad inarCuneben Ta­
vis individualobas~ Taobidan TaobaSi.

monohibriduli SejvarebiT mendelma aRmoaCina memkvidreobiTo­

bis kanonzomierebebi. isini cnobilia mendelis I da II kanonis sa­
xelwodebiT: erTi wyvili niSniT gansxvavebuli wminda jiSebis
Sej­varebisas F1 Taobis hibridebi erTnairia da isini erT-erTi
mSob­lis niSans imemkvidreben; F1 Taobis hibridTa TviTdamtver­
viT an erTmaneTTan SejvarebiT F2 TaobaSi, mSobelTa sawyisi ni­
San-Tvisebis mixedviT, adgili aqvs daTiSvas TanafardobiT 3:1.

1. rogor fiqrob, ra unda yofiliyo imis mizezi, rom mendeli

sakvlev obieqtad iyenebda ara cxovelebs, aramed mcenareebs?
2. rogoria mSoblebisa da maTi Svilebis genotipebi, Tu:
a. qeraTmiani dedisa da muqTmiani mamis yvela Svili muqTmiania;
b. cisferTvala mamisa da TaflisferTvala dedis zogi Svili
cisferTvalaa, xolo zogi _ TaflisferTvala;
3. CamoTvlilia adamianis ramdenime niSnis ganmsazRvreli geni:
Tmis muqi Seferilobis, sqeli tuCebis, xuWuWi Tmis, qera Tmis,
Taflisferi Tvalebis, didi Tvalebis.
a. gansazRvre, maT Soris romelia aleluri genebi?
b. romeli genisTvis ar aris mocemuli misi aleli?
4. dedasa da Svils rezus-uaryofiTi (r) sisxli aqvT. rogori
fenotipi da genotipi eqneba bavSvis mamas am niSnis mixedviT?

1. albinosi da normaluri Seferilobis (#I) Tagvebis Sejvare­

biT gaCnda 6 normaluri Seferilobis wruwuna. amis Semdeg
igive albinosi Tagvi Seajvares normaluri Seferilobis sxva
TagvTan (II). am SejvarebiT gaCenil wruwunebs Soris zogierTi
albinosi iyo.

67
 a. rogori genotipebi aqvs cdaSi gamoyenebul Tagvebs?
b. rogori iqneba STamomavlobaSi Ta­na­fardoba Seferilobis mi-
xedviT meore wyvilis Sejvarebisas?

2. rezus-dadebiTi sisxli dominanturi niSania, cacioba _ re­

ce­siuli. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse.

niSani individis genotipTa SesaZlo

variantebi

rezus-dadebiToba (A)
rezus-uaryofiToba (a)
memarjveneoba (B)
cacioba (b)

3. TeTri da ruxi Seferilobis qaTmebis SejvarebiT miRebuli

mTe­li STamomavloba ruxi aRmoCnda. frinvelebis fermaSi
surdaT, rom yvela qaTami ruxi Seferilobis yofiliyo. am
mizniT maT Seajvares FF 1 TaobaSi miRebuli ruxi qaTmebi. mox­
da daTiSva: wiwilebis daaxloebiT 3/4 ruxi iyo, xolo 1/4 _
TeTri. F2 TaobaSi ruxi qaTmebis nawils AA genotipi aqvs, xo­
lo nawils _ Aa. rogor unda gaarkvion fermaSi ruxi qaTmis
genotipi, isini xom fenotipurad erTnairi arian?

4. moswavlem SeiZina Savi da TeTri zazunebis ori wyvili. pirvel

wyvils gauCnda 12 Savi naSieri, xolo Savi da TeTri zazunebis
meore wyvilis SejvarebiT gaCnda 6 Savi da 5 TeTri naSieri.
rogoria mSoblebis genotipi TiToeuli Sejvarebisas?

P: P:
X X

F1 F1

12 cali 6 cali 5 cali

68
5. bususiani nayofebis mqone atmis TviTdamtverviT miiRes 122
mcenare, romelTagan 91-ma ganiviTara bususiani nayofi, xolo
31-ma _ gluvi.
a. gansazRvre mSoblebis genotipebi.
b. rogor gametebs warmoqmnis mSobliuri forma?
g. gansazRvre STamomavlebis genotipebi.
d. 91 bususiani nayofis mqone mcenaridan ramdenia heterozigoti?

6. warmogidgenT monohibri­du­
li Sejvarebis msvlelobis P: X
ilustracias sami Taobis
manZilze. miuwere genotipe­ F1
bi TiToeul individs. gvipa­
suxe, rogor xdeba F2 Taobis
X
yoveli hibridis TviTdam­
tverviT gamravlebisas misi F2
niSnis damemkvidreba F3 Tao­
baSi.

7. Tu wyvils SeeZina cisfer­

Tvala da SavTvala Svilebi,
maSin maTi genotipi SeiZle­
ba iyos:
I. AA X aa; II. AA X Aa;
III. aa X Aa; IV. Aa X Aa.
a. III da IV; b. mxolod IV;
g. mxolod I; d. I da II. F3 F3 F3 F3

8. Savi cxvrebis SejvarebiT STamomavlebSi miiRes TeTri da Savi

bat­­knebi.
a. romeli genia dominanturi?
b. rogoria mSoblebis genotipebi?
g. rogori genotipebi eqnebaT STamomavlebs?

memkvidreobiToba _ heredity; monohibriduli Sejvareba _ mono-

hybrid cross; geni _ gene; niSani _ trait; Tviseba _ feature; genotipi
_ genotype; fenotipi _ phenotype; aleluri genebi _ allelic genes;
homozigoturi organizmi _ homozygous organism; heterozigo­
turi organizmi _ heterozygous organism; dominireba _ dominance.

http://www.siskiyous.edu/class/bio1/genetics/monohybrid_v2.html
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/mendel/men-
del.html

69
II genetika
§12
dihibriduli Sejvareba
mendelis III kanoni

organizmebi erTmaneTisgan mravali niSniT gansxvavdebian. amitom, erTi

wyvili niSnis memkvidreobiT gadacemis kanonzomierebis dadgenis Semdeg,
mendelma gadawyvita Seeswavla, Tu rogor xdeba mSoblebidan STamomavlebSi
ori (da meti) gansxvavebuli niSnis memkvidreobiT gadacema.
Sejvarebas, romlis dros mSobliuri individebi erTmaneTisgan ori niS­
niT gansxvavdebian, dihibriduli hqvia.
dihibriduli SejvarebisTvis mendelma gamoiyena bardis wminda jiSis
mcenareebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan Teslis formiTa da feriT gansxvavde­
bodnen. man gluvi da yviTelTesliani barda danaoWebul da mwvaneTeslian
bardasTan Seajvara.
F1 TaobaSi yvela hibridi gluvi da yviTelTesliani iyo. am SedegiT men­
delma daaskvna, rom Teslis yviTeli Seferiloba dominirebs mwvaneze, xolo
Teslis gluvi forma _ danaoWebulze.
hibridebis Teslebidan aRmo­cenebul mce­
P: X nareebs mendelma TviTdamtvervis saSualeba
misca. F2 hibridTa Teslebis daTvalierebi­
sas man aRmoaCina, rom Teslebis nawils mSo­
F1 blebis fenotipebi hqonda, xolo nawils _
sruliad axali, kerZod, Teslebis 9/16 gluvi
X da yviTeli iyo, 3/16 _ danaoWebuli da yvi­
Teli, 3/16 _ gluvi da mwvane, xolo 1/16 _
da­n­aoWebuli da mwvane, anu adgili hqonda
F2 fe­notipebis daTiSvas SefardebiT 9:3:3:1.
miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros men­
delma yuradReba miaqcia imas, rom daTiSva
mxo­lod Teslis feris mixedviT iyo _12 (yviTeli) : 4 (mwvane), anu 3 : 1. ase­
Tive fenotipur daTiSvas hqonda adgili Teslis mxolod formis mixedviTac
_ 12 (gluvi) : 4 (naoWiani), anu 3 : 1.
aqedan gamomdinare, mendeli mivida im daskvnamde, rom STamomavlebSi
erTi niSnis daTiSva sulac ar aris damokidebuli meore niSnis daTiSvasTAan.
daTiSvisas yoveli niSani ise `iqceva~, rogorc monohibriduli Sejvarebis
dros.
sqematurad warmovadginoT mendelis mier CaAtarebuli es cda.
Teslis gluvi forma, radgan is dominanturi niSania, aRvniSnoT R asoTi,
danaoWebuli _ r asoTi, Teslis dominanturi yviTeli Seferiloba _ Y aso­
Ti, xolo mwvane _ y -iT.

70
 wminda jiSis homozigoti dominanturi gluvi da yviTelTesliani mcena­
ris genotipi am niSnebis mixedviT iqneba RRYY, xolo homozigoti recesiuli
danaoWebuli da mwvaneTesliani mcenaris _ rryy.
orive homozigoti mSobeli erTi tipis gametebs warmoqmnis. aseTi game­
tebis Serwymisas, yvela STamomavali erTnairi iqneba rogorc fenotipurad,
ise genotipurad _ fenotipurad gluvi da yviTeli, xolo genotipurad ori
niSniT heterozigoturi, anu diheterozigoti.

R Y r y

R Y r y

R Y R Y R Y R Y r y r y r y r y

R Y

r y
am niSnebiT diheterozigotur organizmSi gametebis warmoqmnis proces­
Si, sxvadasxva homologiur qromosomaSi mdebare yoveli aleluri wyvili­
dan, gametaSi TiTo-TiTo gadadis.

R Y

r y

R Y R y r Y r y

imis gamo, rom pirvel meiozur gayofaSi dediseuli da mamiseuli qromo­

somebis gadanawileba gametaSi SemTxveviTia, R aleli Tanabari albaTobiT
SeiZleba moxvdes gametaSi, rogorc Y, isE y alelTan erTad. zustad aseve, r
aleli gametaSi SeiZleba moxvdes Y an y alelTan erTad. amitom dihetero­
zigoti hibridi oTxnair gametas _ RY, Ry, rY da ry warmoqmnis.
ganayofierebis dros, erTi organizmis oTxi tipis gametidan yoveli maT­
gani Tanabari albaTobiT SeiZleba Sexvdes sxva organizmis oTxi tipis ga­
metidan nebismiers.

71
 mendelis mier Catarebuli dihibriduli Sejvarebis sqema ase gamoiyureba:
P: X r y r y
R Y r y
R Y R Y
R Y r y R Y
r y r y
G: R Y R Y r y r y R Y R Y
R Y
r y r y
R Y _ 100 %
F1
r y
X
R Y R Y

r y r y

G: R Y R y r Y r y R Y R y r Y r y

R Y R y r Y r y

R Y R Y R Y R Y
R Y
R Y R y r Y r y

R Y R y R Y R y
R y
R y R y r y r y

R Y R Y r Y r Y
r Y
r Y r y r Y r y

R Y R y r Y r y
r y
r y r y r y r y
F2

72
 amrigad, dihibriduli Sejvarebis dros, hibridTa meore TaobaSi yoveli
niSan-Tvisebis damemkvidreba danarCenebisgan damoukideblad xdeba. es ka­
nonzomiereba mendelis III kanonis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.
mendelma cdebi mxolod 10 wlis dauRalavi Sromis Semdeg daamTavra.
mis­ma orma, arc Tu didi zomis statiam, romelSic asaxuli iyo uzarmazari
Sro­mis Sedegebi, sruliad Secvala biologebis Sexeduleba memkvidreobiTo­
baze da misca biZgi genetikis ganviTaArebas. Tumca, am Sromebis wardgenisas,
mendelis Tanamedrove mecnierTa erTi wrisTvis is gaugebari darCa.
mendelis Sromebis gamoqveynebidan TiTqmis 40 wlis Semdeg, sami biolo­
gi sxvadasxva evropul qveyanaSi _ karl korensi germaniaSi, hugo de frizi
holandiaSi da erix Cermaki avstriaSi, erTmaneTisgan da, rac mTavaria, men­
delisgan damoukideblad mividnen zustad igive daskvnebamde, rac mendelis
SromebSi iyo Camoyalibebuli. miuxedavad amisa, maT erTxmad aRiares men­
delis pirvelaRmomCenis ufleba.

dihibriduli Sejvareba ori niSan-TvisebiT gansxvavebuli indi­

videbis Sejvarebaa. dihibriduli Sejvarebis Sedegebis analizis
safuZvelze mendelma Camoayaliba kanonzomiereba, romelsac men­
delis III kanons uwodeben. am kanonis Tanaxmad, dihibriduli Se­
jvarebis dros F2 Taobis hibridebSi niSan-Tvisebebi erTmaneTis­
gan damoukideblad memkvidreoben.

rogor gametebs warmoqmnian ; da genotipebis mqo­­

ne individebi?

1. adamianSi polidaqtilia (mravalTiTianoba) dominanturi ni­

Sa­nia, albinizmi _ recesiuli.

polidaqtilia albinizmi

rogoria orive anomaliis mqone bavSvis dabadebis albaToba

ojaxSi, sadac mSoblebi am niSnebis mixedviT diheterozigote­
bi arian?

73
 2. xveulTmian, uWorflo mamas da sworTmian, Worflian dedas
hyavT sami Svili. samive Worfliani da xveulTmiania. rogori
genotipebi aqvT mSoblebs am niSnebis mixedviT?
3.
a. TuTis abreSummxvevias mdedri pepela, romlis sada Seferi­
lobis muxluxo ikeTebs yviTel parks, Seajvares zoliani mux­
luxosa da TeTri parkis mqone mamrTan. hibridebma ganiviTa­res
zoliani muxluxoebi da yviTeli parkebi. rogoria mSoblebisa
da STamomavlebis genotipebi?

P:
X

F1: 100%

b. TuTis abreSummxvevias peplebis SejvarebiT miRebuli 266

muxluxodan, 64 iyo zoliani da iviTarebda yviTel parks, 65
iyo zoliani da iviTarebda TeTr parks, 67 iyo sada Seferilo­
bis da iviTarebda yviTel parks, xolo 70 iyo sada Seferilo­
bis da iviTarebda TeTr parks. rogori fenotipi da genotipi
aqvT mSoblebs?
4. xveulTmiani (E) yru (a) vaJi daqorwinda sworTmian (e) nor­
maluri smenis (A) mqone qalze. rogori STamomavlobaa mosa­
lodneli, Tu viciT, rom orive mSobeli homozigotia?
5. adamianSi yru-munjoba recesiuli niSania, xolo podagra (ma­
ri­lebis dagroveba saxsarSi da misi deformacia) _ dominan­
turi. gansazRvre yru-munji (a) da podagrisadmi midrekili (B)
bavSvis dabadebis albaToba, Tu deda yru-munjia da ar aqvs po­
dagra, xolo mamas normaluri smena da metyveleba aqvs, magram
daavadebulia podagriT.
adamianSi axlomxedveloba (M) dominirebs normalur mxedveloba­
ze (m), xolo Taflisferi Tvali (B) _ cisferze (b). axlomxedve­
li da TaflisferTvala mSoblebis erTaderT Svils normaluri
mxedveloba da cisferi Tvalebi aqvs. gansazRvreT am ojaxis sa­
mive wevris genotipi.

dihibriduli Sejvareba _ dihybrid cross.

http://www.siskiyous.edu/class/bio1/genetics/dihybrid_v2.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvTt-azvHsA&feature=related

74
II genetika
§13
genebis SeWiduli damemkvidreba

mendelis Sromebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, genetikuri kvleva bevrma mec­

nierma daiwyo. maT Soris iyvnen isini, visac sjeroda mendelis mier dadge­
nili kanonzomierebebisa da isinic, visac eWvi epareboda maTSi.
amitom mecnierebma gadawyvites gaemeorebinaT mendelis cdebi sxvadasx­
va organizmSi. umravlesobam aRiara, rom es kanonebi atarebda zogad xasiaTs
da vrceldeboda rogorc mcenareebze, ise cxovelebze.
miuxedavad amisa, wlebis manZilze dagrovda uamravi faqti imisa, rom
mendelis kanonebi sulac ar aris universaluri da, rac mTavaria, is ar mar­
Tldeba ara marto sxva mcenareebisa da cxovelebis SemTxvevaSi, aramed TviT
bardazec ki.
1906 wels betsonma da penetma, surnelovan bardaze cdebis dros, Tavisda
gasakvirad, aRmoaCines, rom bardis ori niSnis _ mtvris marcvlis formisa
da yvavilebis feris _ damemkvidreba ar eqvemdebareboda mendelis kanonebs.
kerZod, adgili ar hqonda niSan-TvisebaTa damoukidebel damemkvidrebas _
es niSnebi erTad gadaecemoda. betsonma da penetma ver SeZles maT mier aR­
moCenili faqtis axsna.
kaliis erT-erT saxeobaSi niSnebis damemkvidrebis Ses­
wavlisas, setonma daadgina: mendelis niSnebis damoukide­
blad damemkvidrebis wesi vrceldeba mxolod im niSnebze,
romelTa genebi lokalizebulia sxvadasxva wyvil qromo­
somaSi. radgan organizmis niSnis ganmsazR­vre­li genebis
raodenoba bevrad metia qromosomaTa ra­­­o­­denobaze, se­
tonma ivarauda, rom erT qromosoma­Si lo­­ka­lizebuli ara­
aleluri genebi erTad unda memkvid­re­­obdes, anu SeWidu­
li unda iyos.
SeWidulobis fenomenis Seswavla da axsna amerikelma
genetikosma Tomas morganma da misma moswavleebma SeZles.
Tomas morgani maT kvlevis obieqtad xilis patara buzi _ drozo­fi­la
SearCies. kvlevisTvis xelsayreli TvisebebiT, amaze uke­
Tesi cxovelis natvrac ar SeiZleboda, man bardasac ki
ajoba, radgan:
 drozofilas moSeneba advilia laboratoriul piro­
bebSi. morgani mas kolbaSi amravlebda da kvebavda ba­
nanis piureTi.
drozofila  drozofila Zalze nayofieria _ erTi mdedri iZleva
ramdenime aseul STamomavals. is ToTxmet dReSi ukve
zrdasrulia da SeuZlia gamravleba, e.i. drozofilas

75
 erT Taobas meorisgan ori kvira aSorebs da weliwadSi daaxloebiT 20-25
Taobas iZleva.
 drozofilas sul 4 wyvili qromosoma aqvs.
 eTeriT daZinebul drozofilaze advilia misi garegnuli niSnebis lu­
piT daTvaliereba.
T. morganma Seajvara ruxi normalurfrTiani da Savi CanasaxovanfrTiani
buzebi. am Sejvarebis Sedegad F F 1 TaobaSi yvela STamomavali ruxi norma-
lurfrTiani, ori aleluri geniT heterozigoti aRmoCnda.
1 mendelis romel kanons Seesabameba mi­
P: X Re­buli Sedegi?
X 2 drozofilas romeli niSnebia domi­
nanturi? recesi­u­li?
FF1 Taobis hibridebis erTmaneTTan Sejva­
F1 rebiT, mendelis III kanonis Tanaxmad, F F 2 Tao­
baSi morgans unda mieRo daTiSva 9:3:3:1, anu
STamomavalTa 9/16 _ ruxi normalurfrTi­
ani, 3/16 _ ruxi CanasaxovanfrTiani, 3/16 _
Savi normalurfrTiani da 1/16 Savi Canasa­xo­
X
vanfrTiani unda yofiliyo.
morganma ki monohibriduli Sejvarebis
msgav­­si Sedegi miiRo: STamomavlebis 75% ru­xi
normalurfrTiani aRmoCnda, xolo 25% _ Sa­
F2 vi CanasaxovanfrTiani, e.i. STamomavlebs hqon­
daT mSoblebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSne­bi,
axali kombinaciebi ki ar gamovlinda.
75% 25% morganma gadawyvita FF1 Taobis hibridTa
genotipis dadgena.
morganma FF1 Taobis ruxi (A) normalurfrTiani (B) di­
heterozigoti mdedri Seajvara Sav (a) CanasaxovanfrTian
a b
(b) dihomozigot recesiul mamrTan.
morgani varaudobda: Tu ucnobi genotipis mdedri di­ A B
heterozigotia da sxeulis Seferilobisa da frTis sigr­ A B
Zis genebi sxvadasxva wyvil homologiur qromosomebSia a b 25%
moTavsebuli, maSin STamomavlebs Soris daTiSva fenoti­
pis mixedviT Semdegnairad unda moxdes:
A b
A b
P: a b 25%
a B
A B a b a B
X 25%
a b
a b a b a b
a b
G: AB Ab aB ab ab 25%
a b
F1
e.i. STamomavlebs Soris fenotipis mixedviT daTiSva unda iyos 1:1:1:1.

76
 morganma sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi miiRo.
hibridebSi gamovlinda oTxi gansxvavebuli fenotipi, magram araTana­
bari raodenobiT. mSoblebis niSnebis mqone individebi gacilebiT meti iyo,
axlad warmoqmnili niSnebis mqone individebTan SedarebiT, kerZod: 41,5%
ru­xi normalurfrTiani aRmoCnda, 41,5% _ Savi CanasaxovanfrTiani, 8,5% _
ruxi CanasaxovanfrTiani da 8,5% _ Savi normalurfrTiani.
imis gamo, rom mSoblebis niSNnebis mqone individebi gacilebiT meti ra­
odenobiT aRmoCnda STamomavlebs Soris, morganma ivarauda, rom ruxi Se­
feriloba da frTebis normaluri sigrZe, iseve, rogorc Savi Seferiloba da
Canasaxovani frTebi, raRacnairad aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. isini
erTad gadaecema, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, erTmaneTTan SeWidulia.
miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze, morganma daaskvna, rom niSnebis SeWidu­
li damemkvidreba aixsneba am niSnebis ganmsazRvreli genebis erT qromosoma­
Si mdebareobiT. amitom, gametebis warmoqmnis procesSi, meiozis dros es genebi
erTmaneTs ar Sordeba. isini STamomavlobas erTad, SeWidulad gadaecema.
erT qromosomaSi lokalizebuli genebis erTad damemkvidrebas morgan­
ma SeWiduli damemkvidreba uwoda, xolo erT qromosomaSi lokalizebul
genebs _ SeWiduli genebi.
maSin, ratom gaCnda hibridebs Soris mcire raodenobiT individebi, rom­
lebsac mSobliseuli niSan-Tvisebebis axali kombinaciebi axasiaTebdaT? ga­
modis, rom genebis SeWiduloba sulac ar aris absoluturi, sruli?!

erT qromosomaSi lokalizebuli sxeulis Seferilobisa da frTis sigrZis ganmsazR­

vreli genebis SeWiduloba sruli rom yofiliyo, morgans aseTi Sedegi unda mieRo:

P: X a b

A B a b A B
A B
a b a b a b 50%
a b
G: AB ab ab a b
a b 50%
F1
e.i. STamomavlebs Soris fenotipis mixedviT daTiSva unda iyos 1:1.

gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom gametebis warmoqmnis procesSi, meiozis

dros homologiuri qromosomebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba da gadajvaredin­
de­­ba. zogjer gadajvaredinebis adgilas qromosomebi wydeba. es gawyve­ta wa­­
mie­ria. nawyvetebi myisierad icvleba _ erTi qromosomis nawils meo­ris na­­
wili uerTdeba. amis Sedegad genebma, romlebic homologiuri wyvilis erT
qro­mo­so­maSi arian moTavsebuli da SeWiduli amave qromosomis sxva geneb­

77
Tan, meore homologiur qromosomaSi SeiZleba gadainacvlos. am process kro­
singoveri hqvia.

A Aa a A Aa a A Aa a

B Bb b B bB b B b B b
krosingoveris procesi meiozis dros

rogorc Cans, morganis mier Catarebul gamaanalizebel SejvarebaSi mded­­

ris homologiurma qromosomebma krosingoveri ganicada da nacvlad ori ti­
pis gametisa (AB, ab), oTxi tipis (AB, Ab, aB da ab) gameta warmoqmna. amitom
­

hqondaT STamomavlebs oTxi saxis fenotipi.

A a sqematurad warmogidgenT F1 Taobis diheterozigoturi

mdedri drozofilas gamaanalizebel Sejvarebas.
B b meiozi

A A a a P:
X
B B b b
A B a b
A Aa a
a b a b
B bB b A B

A A a a
A b
a B
B b B b
a b
A A a a
G: A B A b a B a b a b
B b B b

A A a a

B b b
B
F1 A B A b a B a b
gametebis warmoqmna a b a b a b a b
mdedr drozofilebSi 41.5% 8.5% 8.5% 41.5%

78
 morganma da misma moswavleebma drozofilaze cdebis mTeli seria Caata­
res. maT, genTa am ori wyvilis garda, drozofilaSi gamoavlines sxva SeWidu­
li genebic: sxeulis ruxi Seferilobisa da wiTeli Tvalis, sxeulis yviTeli
Seferilobisa da TeTri Tvalis.
ratom ar waawyda mendeli SeWidulobis movlenas?
mendelma bardis Svidi wyvili niSani Seiswavla da Svidive niSnis ganmsazR­
vreli geni SemTxveviT sxvadasxva wyvil homologiur qromosomaSi aRmoCnda.
mendels bardis erTiT meti niSanic rom Seeswavla, aucileblad waawydeboda
SeWidulobis movlenas da, TavisTavad cxadia, niSan-TvisebaTa damoukide­
blad daTiSvis kanonebamde ver mividoda. mendeli am mxriv Zalze `iRbliani~
aRmoCnda.

erT qromosomaSi lokalizebul genebs SeWiduli genebi hqvia. isi­

ni SeWidulad gadaecema STamomavlebs. genTa arasruli SeWidu­
loba krosingoveriT aris ganpirobebuli. krosingoveri meiozis
dros homologiuri qromosomebis ubnebis gacvlas hqvia. erT qro­
mosomaSi lokalizebuli genebi Seadgens SeWidulobis jgufs.

1. gansazRvre, rogor gametebs warmoqmnian organizmebi, ro­mel­

Tac Semdegi genotipebi gaaCniaT: ;

2. sqemaze erTi organizmis ori homologiuri qromosomis wyvi­

lia warmodgenili:
a. ramdeni qromosoma aRmoCndeba me­­
iozis Semdeg am organizmis erT ga­
A a metaSi?
b. ramdeni tipis gametas warmoqmnis es
b B organizmi?
g. daasaxele genebi, romlebic erTma­
neTisgan damoukideblad damemkvidr­
C C D d
debian?
d. daasaxele genebi, romlebic SeWidu­
lad damemkvidrdebian?

3. Seajvares Seferili gluvTesliani da uferuli danaoWebul­

Tesliani simindi. miiRes 5 010 Seferili gluvi da 5 017 ufe­
ruli, danaoWebuli marcvali. rogor axsni am Sedegs, Tu cno­
bilia, rom Seferili Tesli da gluvi forma dominanturi
niSnebia?

79
 4. drozofilebSi Tvalis wiTeli Seferilobis aleli (B) do­mi­ni­
rebs mewamuli (Zowisferi) Seferilobis alelze (b), xolo grZe­
li frTis ganmsazRvreli aleli (A) _ mokle frTis alelze (a).
orive niSnis mixedviT heterozigoti mdedri Seajvares Zowis­
ferTvalebian moklefrTian mamrTan.F F1 TaobaSi miRebuli iyo:

Tvalis feri frTebis sigrZe individebis ricxvi

wiTeli grZeli 111

wiTeli mokle 115
Zowisferi grZeli 122
Zowisferi mokle 117

rogor migaCnia, am monacemebis mixedviT SeWidulia Tu ara es

ori wyvili geni?

5. mcenare arabidopsisis ylortebis mwvane Seferiloba (A) do­

mi­nirebs yviTel ferze (a), xolo yvavilis Seferili gvirgvi­­
ni (B) _ TeTrze (b).
mwvaneylortiani Sefe­
ril­yvaviliani mcena­re
P:
Sea­jvares yviTelylor­ X
ti­an TeTri yvavilebis
mqone mcenaresTan. FF1
Ta­­­­o­baSi yvela hibrids
hqon­da mwvane ylorti F1
da Seferili yvavilebi.
hib­ridebi Seajvares yvi­­­
Teli ylortisa da TeT­
ri yvavilis mqo­ne mce­ X
naresTan. am Se­jvare­bis
Sedegad mox­da da­TiSva:

ylortebis feri yvavilis feri individebis ricxvi

mwvane Seferili 97
mwvane TeTri 10
yviTeli Seferili 17
yviTeli TeTri 100

axseni miRebuli Sedegebi. gansazRvre mSoblebisa da STamomav­

lebis genotipebi.

80
 6. Seajvares bocvrebis ori jiSi. erTi jiSisTvis damaxasiaTebe­
lia angoris bewvi da sada (erTi feris) Seferiloba, xolo meo­
resTvis _ normaluri bewvi da Wreli Seferiloba. F F 1 Taobis
yvela hibrids hqonda normaluri bewvi da Wreli Seferiloba.

P:
X

F1

F1 hibridebis genotipis dasadgenad Caatares gamaanalizebe­

li Sejvareba. Sejvarebis Sedegad F2 Taobis hibridebs Soris
moxda daTiSva:

bewvis xarisxi bewvis Seferiloba individebis ricxvi

angora sada 38

normaluri Wreli 41

angora Wreli 4

normaluri sada 7

axseni miRebuli Sedegebi. gansazRvre mSoblebisa da STamomav­

lebis genotipebi.

SeWiduli genebi _ linked genes.

81
II genetika
§14
sqesis genetika
sqesTan SeWiduli niSnebis damemkvidreba

morgani cdebs, ZiriTadad, drozofilebze atarebda. drozofilebis

di­di umravlesoba wiTelTvala iyo. wiTelTvala drozofilebs Soris, Za­
lian iSviaTad TeTrTvala drozofilebi Cndebodnen. am niSnis warmomav­
lobaSi gasarkvevad, morganma wi­
TelTvala buzi TeTrTvalasTan
P: X Seajvara. F F 1 TaobaSi yvela buzi
wi­TelTvala aRmoCnda. amis Semdeg,
man erTmaneTs Seajvara F F 1 Taobis
wiTel­Tvala mdedri da mamri bu­
zebi. FF2 Taobis STamomavlebis 3/4
F1 wiTel­Tvala aRmoCnda, xolo 1/4 _
TeTr­­Tvala. morganis yuradReba
mi­­ipyro iman, rom yvela TeTrTva­
la drozofila mamri iyo. swored
X aman afiqrebina morgans, rom mded­
risa da mamris qromosomebs Soris
gansxvaveba unda yofiliyo.
drozofilas ujredebis ga­mo­
F2 kv­leviT dadginda, rom mded­ri­sa da
mamris qromoso­mebi gan­­­sxvavebulia
_ sami wyvili qro­mo­­­soma orive
sqess erTnairi aqvs, xolo er­­Ti wyvili _
gansxvavebuli. kerZod, mdedrs ori erT­
nairi Cxirisebri X qromosoma aqvs, xolo
mamrs _ erTi aseTive X Cxi­ri­­sebri da me­
ore moxrili y qromosoma.
pirvelma samma wyvilma qromosomam mi­
iRo autosomebis, xolo sxvadasxva sqesis­
Tvis gansxvavebulma qromosomebma sasqe­
so qromosomebis saxelwodeba.
morganma, gaiTvaliswina ra cdebis Se­
degebi, daukavSira isini meiozis process
da mivida Semdeg daskvnamde: mdedri dro­
zofila, sasqeso qromosomebis Semcvelo­ X X X y
bis mixedviT, warmoqmnis erTi tipis game­ mdedri da mamri drozofilas
tebs _ mxolod X qromosomis Semcvels. qromosomTa kompleqti

82
mamr drozofilaSi ori tipis gameta warmoiqmneba _ naxevari maT Soris Sei­
cavs X, naxevari ki y qromosomas. amitom, mdedr drozofilas homogameturs,
xolo mamrs ki heterogameturs uwodeben. sasqeso qromosomebis garda, ro­
gorc mdedrs, ise mamrs, gametebSi aqvs agreTve TiTo qromosoma, yoveli da­
narCeni sami wyvili autosomidan.

P:
X

X X X y
G:

X X X y

X X X y X X X y
drozofilebSi gametebis warmoqmnisa da
ganayofierebis procesebi

ganayofierebis dros spermatozoidebisa da kvercxujredebis Serwyma

SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebs. momavali organizmis sqesi damokidebulia imaze,
X Tu y qromosomis Semcveli spermatozoidi ga­anayofierebs kvercxujreds,
e.i. organizmis sqesi ganisazRvreba ganayofierebis momentSi da damokidebu­
lia zigotis qromosomul kompleqtze.
ganixilaven mamrobiTi heterogameturobis or variants. erT SemTx­
vevaSi, mamrobiTi gametebis 50% X qromosomis mtarebelia, xolo 50% _ y
qromo­somis. aseTi tipis mamrobiTi heterogameturoba (Xy) damaxasiaTebe­
lia ZUuZ­ uUmwovrebisTvis, TevzebisTvis, moluskebisTvis, xoWoebisa da baR­
linjoebisTvis.
mamrobiTi heterogameturobis meore variantia, roca gametebis 50% X
qromosomis Semcvelia da 50% saerTod ar Seicavs sasqeso qromosomas. ase­
Ti mamrebi (X0) hyavT peplebs, obobebs, kutkaliebs.
mdedrobiTi heterogameturobis erT-erTi variantis dros, mdedrebi
war­moqmnian 50% X qromosomis Semcvel da 50% y qromosomis Semcvel game­
tebs. he­terogameturobis meore variantis dros, mdedrobiTi gametebis 50%
X qro­mosomis mtarebelia, xolo 50% ar Seicavs sasqeso qromosomas.

83
 mamrobiTi
warmomadgenlebi
heterogameturoba

X X X y

X X X 0

mdedrobiTi heterogameturobis pirveli varianti, anu Xy damaxasiaTe­

belia frinvelebisTvis, qvewarmavlebisTvis, kudiani amfibiebisa da TuTis
abreSummxveviasTvis, xolo meore varianti X0 _ CrCilisTvis.

mdedrobiTi
warmomadgenlebi
heterogameturoba

X y X X

X 0 X X

adamianis ujredebSi 23 wyvili qromosomaa. mdedrsa da mamrs 22 wyvili

autosoma erTnairi aqvs, sasqeso qromosomebi ki gansxvavebuli _ mdedrs
XX, xolo mamrs _ Xy.
1 sqematurad warmoadgine adamianSi gametebis warmoqmnisa da ganayo­
fierebis procesi. ra SemTxvevaSi ibadeba gogona? vaJi? rogoria daba­debul
gogonebsa da vaJebs Soris Tanafardoba?
agrZelebdnen ra cdebs drozofilaze, morganma da misma TanamSromlebma
SeniSnes, rom sasqeso qromosoma gansazRvravs ara marto sqess, aramed niS­
nebsac. es niSnebi sqesTan erTad SeWidulad memkvidreoben.
im niSnebis damemkvidrebas, romlis ganmsazRvreli genebi mdebareobs X
da y qromosomebSi, sqesTan SeWidul damemkvidrebas uwodeben.
sasqeso qromosomebSi lokalizebuli genebi fenotipurad mdedrebsa da
mamrebSi sxvadasxvagvarad gamovlindeba: Tu individi homogameturia (XX),
X qromosomebSi aris niSnis ganmsazRvreli genis ori aleli, romlis mixed­
viTac, is SeiZleba iyos homozigotica da heterozigotic. niSnis gamovle­
na damokidebuli iqneba dominantoba-recesiulobaze. heterogametur in­

84
dividSi ki gamovlindeba is niSani, romlis ganmsazRvreli alelic iqneba X
qromosomaSi, radgan y qromosomaSi ar moipoveba X qromosomaSi lokalize­
buli genebis alelebi. magaliTad, adamianis X qromosoma Seicavs sisxlis
Sededebis ganmsazRvrel H alels. misi recesiuli h aleli iwvevs mZime daa­
vadebas _ hemofilias (sisxlis Seudedebloba). mamakacis bedi _ janmrTeli
iqneba is Tu hemofiliiT daavadebuli, mTlianadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu
romel X qromosomas miiRebs igi dedisgan _ H Tu h alelis Semcvels; mas
xom y qromosomaSi am genis aleli ar gaaCnia.
amave qromosomaSia daltonizmis, kbilis formisa da zomis ganmsazRvre­
li genebi. maTi Sesabamisi ubnebi y qromosomaSi ar aris.
daltonizmi memkvidruli daavadebaa. avadmyofs darRveuli aqvs ferebis
aRqmis unari _ igi ver arCevs wiTelsa da mwvane fers. ferebis normaluri

ferebis daltonizmiT daavadebuli

normaluri aRqma adamianis mier aRqmuli ferebi

aRqmis D aleli da daltonizmis ganmsazRvreli d aleli lokalizebulia X

qromosomaSi. daltonizmiT ufro xSirad mamakacebi avaddebian. Tumca, dad­
genilia, rom am alelis mtarebeli qalebi arian da vaJebi mas swored dedis­
gan Rebuloben.
vnaxoT, rogor xdeba daltonizmis da­mem­kvidreba adamianSi.
sqesTan SeWiduli damemkvidrebis sqematurad warmodgenisas gamoiyene­
ba sasqeso qromosomebis simboloebi, masSi lokalizebuli alelebis miniS­
nebiT, magaliTad, XD, Xd.
daltonizmis genis mtarebeli qali XD Xd colad gahyva janmrTel mama­
kacs. rogoria albaToba imisa, rom am qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebuli Svile­
bi _ vaJebica da gogonebic janmrTelebi an daavadebulebi iqnebian?
daltonizmis alelis mtarebeli qali fenotipurad janmrTelia, vina­id ­ an
daltonizmis recesiuli d aleli, ferebis normalurad aRqmis dominan­turi
D alelis arsebobisas, ar gamovlindeba. gametebis warmoqmnisas kvercxujre­
debis naxevari iqneba D alelis, xolo meore naxevari d alelis Sem­c­veli.
mamakacs, romelic janmrTelia, eqneba XDy genotipi. X qromosomaSi dal­
tonizmis d aleli rom yofiliyo, mamakaci daavadebuli iqneboda. y qromo­
somaSi ki am niSnis ganmsazRvreli aleli (arc D da arc d) ar aris.

85
 sqematurad warmogidgenT am qorwinebas:

X X X y D y
X
P: D d
X D
X X X Xy
D D D D

X X X y
G: D d D X X X Xy
d D d d

D D D d D d
F1

1 SesaZlebelia, am qorwinebiT daibados daltonizmiT daavadebuli go­

gona?
2 rogoria gogonebis genotipebi?
3 SesaZlebelia, am qorwinebiT daibados daltonizmiT daavadebuli va­
Ji? janmrTeli vaJi?
hemofiliiT daavadebulebs aReniSnebaT sisxl­
denisa da sisxlCaqcevisadmi midrekileba. hemo­
filia X qromosomasTan SeWiduli recesiuli
daavadebaa. am dros sisxli ar deddeba. sul um­
niSvnelo nakawrmac SeiZleba, sisxldena gamoi­
wvios da adamiani daiRupos. hemofiliiT ufro
xSirad mamakacebi avaddebian, qalebi _ Zalze
iSviaTad. Tumca, dadgenilia, rom am genis mtare­
blebi qalebi arian da mas vaJebi memkvidreobiT
dedisgan Rebuloben _ dedisgan da arasodes
mamisgan.
hemofiliis alelis mtarebeli qali (XHXh) fenotipurad janmrTelia, vi­
naidan recesiuli h hemofiliis aleli, dominanturi alelis arsebobisas ar
gamovlindeba. gametebis warmoqmnisas, kvercxujredebis naxevars gadaecema
X qromosoma H dominanturi H aleliT, romelic sisxlis normalur Sededebas
gansazRvravs. kvercxujredebis meore naxevars ki gadaecema X qromosoma
recesiuli h aleliT, romelic daavadeba hemofilias ganapirobebs.
davuSvaT, rom hemofiliis alelis mtarebeli qalis meuRle janmrTelia.
mis genotipSi ori sasqeso qromosomaa: X qromosoma, romelic H alels Sei­
cavs da y qromosoma, romelsac H alelis homologiuri ubani ara aqvs. Sesa­
bamisad, mas ar eqneba arc H da h aleli. am mamakacis genotipia XHY. sasqeso

86
ujredebis momwifebisas, spermatozoidebis erTi naxevari miiRebs X qromo­
somas H aleliT, xolo meore naxevari y qromosomas alelis gareSe.

H y
X X X y X
P: H h
X H
X X X Xy
H H H H

X X X y
G: H h H X X X Xy
h H h h

X X XX Xy Xy
H H H h H h
F1

4 SesaZlebelia Tu ara, gogonebs Soris iyvnen hemofiliiT daavadebulebi?

5 rogoria am gogonebis genotipebi?
6 SeiZleba Tu ara, am qorwinebis Sedegad daibadon janmrTeli vaJebi?
daavadebuli vaJebi? rogoria daavadebuli vaJebis dabadebis albaToba?
hemofiliis dedis xaziT gadacemaze miuTiTebdnen TalmudSi, sadac we­
ria: `Tu erT dedas ori vaJi daeRupa windacveTiT, maSin mesame vaJi windacve­
Tisgan gaTavisuflebulia~.
7 iqneba mesame vaJi windacveTisgan gaTavisuflebuli, Tu is sxva meuR­
lisgan eyola qals?
8 iqneba mesame vaJi windacveTisgan gaTavisuflebuli, Tu is mamakacs
sxva qalisgan eyola?
9 TalmudSi miniSnebulia agreTve im axalSobili vaJebis windacveTis
saSiSroebaze, romelTa axlo naTesavebs windacveTisgan hqondaT sisxldena.
romeli naTesavebi igulisxmeba?
didxans iTvleboda, rom adamianis y qromosoma, romelic X qromosomaze
bevrad ufro pataraa, `carie­lia~, anu masSi ar aris ama Tu im ni­San-Tvisebaze
pasuxismgebeli ge­nebi.
dReisTvis dadgenilia, rom ada­
mianis y qromosomaSi, mamakacis sas­
qeso niSnebis ganmsazRvreli ge­n­ebis
garda, lokalizebulia yuris bibi­
los Tmianobis erT-erTi formisa
da TiTebs Soris apkis arsebobis (an
TiTebis Sezrdis) genebi. orive geni
recesiulia da mas y qromosomasTan
SeWiduli hqvia.

87
 10 TiTebs Soris apkis mqone mamakaci daqorwinda janmrTel qalze. aris
Tu ara realuri Sansi imisa, rom am ojaxSi dabadebul bavSvebs _ gogonebsac
da biWebsac ar eqnebaT TiTebs Soris apki?
kbilis minanqris Zlieri, mkveTri cveTa gan­
pirobebulia X qromosomaSi lokalizebuli do­
minanturi geniT. y qromosomaSi misi homologi­
uri ubani ar aris.
11 SeiZleba Tu ara mSoblebs, romelTac kbi­
lebis aseTi daavadeba aqvT, normaluri kbi­le­bis
mqone vaJi eyoloT? pasuxi sqematurad daasa­bu­
Te.
drozofilebSi Tvalis Seferilobis geni lokalizebulia X qromosoma­
Si, misi homologiuri ubani y qromosomaSi ar aris. Tvalis wiTeli Seferi­
lobis W aleli dominirebs TeTri Seferilobis w alelze.
wiTelTvala mdedri drozofila Seajvares TeTrTvala mamrTan. F1 Tao­
baSi yvela STamomavali _ mdedrebica da mamrebic, wiTelTvala iyo.
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rogoria maTi mSoblebis genotipebi am niSnis
mixedviT?
wiTelTvala mdedri drozofila SeiZleba iyos XWXW an XWXw genotipis
mqone. is, rom niSnis daTiSva ar moxda da yvela STamomavali wiTelTvalaa,
imas niSnavs, rom mdedri homozigotia, anu XWXW genotipis mqone. mamri Xwy
genotipis iqneboda, vinaidan TeTri Seferiloba recesiuli niSania da sxva­
gvarad es niSani ar gamovlindeboda.

Xw y
P:
X
XW XW Xw XW y
XWXW Xw y

G: XW XW Xw XW y
W
X XW Xw
y

rogorc sqemidan Cans, yvela STamomavali _ mdedrica da mamric wiTel­

Tvala miviReT, rac imas mowmobs, rom mSobelTa genotipebi sworad iqna
gansazRvruli.
1 TeTrTvala mdedri drozofilas wiTelTvala mamrTan SejvarebiT, FF1
TaobaSi yvela mdedrs hqonda wiTeli Tvalebi, xolo mamrs _ TeTri. rogo­
ria mSoblebisa da hibridebis genotipebi?

mdedrisa da mamris organizmi erTmaneTisgan sasqeso qromoso­me­

biT gansxvavdeba. sqess, romelsac erTnairi ori X sasqeso qro­­
mo­soma aqvs da amitom X qromosomis Semcvelobis mixedviT erTi

88
tipis gametebs warmoqmnis, homogameturi ewodeba. sqess, ro­­mel­
sac gansxvavebuli sasqeso qromosomebi aqvs da amitom ori ti­­pis
gametebs warmoqmnis, ewodeba heterogameturi. organizmis sqe­si
ganayofierebis momentSi ganisazRvreba. is niSnebi, romlis ganm­
sazRvreli genebi mdebareoben sasqeso qromosomebSi, sqesTan
SeWi­dulad damemkvidrdeba.

1. rogor gametebs warmoqmnian Xay, XAXa, XWXW, XwY organizmebi.

2. Tu geni SeWidulia X sasqeso qromosomasTan, gogonas gadae­
cema is Tu vaJs?
3. qali aRelvebulia. man Seityo, rom mis meuRles, meuRlis Zma­
sa da mamas bavSvobaSi gakeTebuli aqvT operacia TiTebs So­
ris apkis salikvidaciod. qalma medikosebs kiTxviT mimarTa,
daimemkvidrebdnen Tu ara mamisgan Svilebi am daavadebas. ro­
gor fiqrob, ra pasuxs miiRebda igi?
4. eTanxmebi Tu ara gamoTqmas: janmrTeli Svilebi mxolod
janmrTel mSoblebs SeiZleba hyavdeT. pasuxi daasabuTe.
5. qali, romlis meuRle da vaJiSvili daltonizmiT iyvnen daa­
vadebulni, daavadebuli Svilis dabadebaSi meuRles adana­
Saulebda. marTali iyo Tu ara qali?
6. aris Tu ara damokidebuli autosomebSi ganlagebuli daa­
vadebis ganmsazRvreli genebis gadacema imaze, Tu romeli
mSobelia misi mtarebeli?

1. adamianSi dominanturi P geni gansazR­

vravs mdgrad raqits, romelic sqesTan Se­­
Widulad damemkvidrdeba. rogoria avad­
myofi bavSvebis dabadebis albaToba Tu:
a. deda heterozigotia raqitis ganmsaz­R­
vre­­li genis mixedviT, mama ki _ jan­mr­
Teli.
b. deda janmrTelia, mama ki _ daavadebuli.

raqitiT
daavadebuli

2. frinvelebSi mdedri hetero­

gameturia (Xy), mamri ki _ ho­
mogameturi (XX). iadonebis Sej­
varebisas mi­iRes mwvane mam­­rebi
da ya­visferi mdedrebi. bum­bu­
lis Seferilobis ge­ni SeWidu­
lia X qromosomasTan.

89
 rogori fenotipi da genotipi eqnebodaT mSoblebs, Tu cno­
bilia, rom mwvane (A) Seferiloba dominirebs yavisferze (a)?
mdedris y qromosomaSi bumbulis Seferilobis geni ar aris
lokalizebuli.

3. drozofilas sxeulis yvi­

Te­li Seferiloba gan­saz­­R­
vrulia recesiuli a ale­ P: X
liT, xolo ruxi _ am genis
do­­minanturi A aleliT. y
qro­mosomaSi feris ganmsaz­
Rvreli geni ar aris loka­ F1
lizebuli.
ruxi mdedris yviTel mamr­
Tan SejvarebiT, F F 1 Ta­obis
hibridebs ruxi sxe­uli hqon­ X
daT. am hib­ri­debis erT­ma­neT­
Tan Se­jvarebiT, F2 Ta­o­ba­Si yve­
la mdedri ru­xi Se­­fe­rilobis
F2
iyo. mamrebs So­­­­ris Seferi­lo­­
bis mi­­xed­viT moxda daTiSva
Ta­nafar­do­­­biT 1:1.
a. rogoria mSoblebis genotipebi?
b. rogoria F1 da FF2 Taobis hibridebis genotipebi?

4. janmrTeli qali colad gahyva hemofiliiT daavadebul mama­

kacs. maT SeeZinaT hemofiliiT daavadebuli vaJi. rogoria
albaToba imisa, rom Tu vaJi kidev SeeZinebaT, isic hemofili­
iT iqneba daavadebuli?

5. saofle jirkvlebis uqonloba adamianSi memkvidreobiT gadae­

cema, rogorc X qromosomasTan SeWiduli recesiuli niSan-
Tviseba.
saofle jirkvlebis mqone vaJma colad SeirTo qaliSvili,
romlis mamas ar gaaCnda saofle jirkvlebi, xolo dedas da
mis winaprebs hqondaT. rogoria albaToba imisa, rom am qor­
winebis Sedegad dabadebul bavSvebs _ gogonebsac da vaJeb­
sac ar eqnebaT saofle jirkvlebi?

6. sqemaze warmodgenilia evropis samefo gvaris oTxi Taobis

sagvartomo nusxa, romelic saTaves iRebs inglisis dedofal
viqtoriasgan (XIX saukune).

90
 dedofali
viqtoria

I princi alberti

II
alisa leo- beatrisa
poldi

III
irena frid- aleq- nikoloz II viqtoria alfons leo-

morisi
rixi sandra (ruseTis evgenia XII poldi
mefe) (espan. mefe)

IV
voldemari henrixi anastasia uflisw. tremadoni alfonso
aleqsi

— janmrTeli qali
— janmrTeli mamakaci
— hemofiliis genis mtarebeli qali
— hemofiliiT daavadebuli qali
— hemofiliiT daavadebuli mamakaci

a. aris Tu ara `damnaSave~ inglisis dedofali viqtoria imaSi,

rom ruseTis ufliswuli aleqsi hemofiliiT iyo daavadebu­
li, xolo espaneTis mefis, alfons XII-is ori vaJi, alfonso da
tremadoni, am daavadebiT daiRupa?
b. ramdeni iyo hemofiliiT daavadebuli vaJi da qali viqtorias
Svilebs, SviliSvilebsa da SvilTaSvilebs Soris?
g. romeli mSoblisgan miiRes daavadebis geni hemofiliiT daa­
vadebulma vaJebma?
d. romeli mSoblisgan miiRes daavadebis geni mtarebelma qaliS­
vilebma?

daltonizmiT daavadebul adamianebs adre saWesTan jdoma ekrZa­

lebodaT. dReisTvis aseTi SezRudva aRar aris, vinaidan arsebobs
specialuri saTvale, romelic daltonizmiT daavadebuls fe­
rebis aRqmaSi exmareba.

autosoma _ autosome; sasqeso qromosoma _ sex chromosome;

sqesTan SeWiduli niSnebi _ sex linked traits.

91
II genetika
§15
genebis urTierTqmedeba
arasruli dominireba
komplementaroba, epistazi, polimeria
genTa mravlobiTi moqmedeba
Cven mier ganxilul magaliTebSi genebi ise iqceva, rogorc calkeuli er­
Teulebi. yoveli maTgani gansazRvravs erTi romelime niSnis ganviTarebas
da ar aris damokidebuli sxvaze. magram bunebaSi sakmaod xSiria SemTxvevebi,
roca erTi niSani yalibdeba ori da meti geniT, zogjer ki genebis mTeli kre­
buliT.
yoveli genis gamovlena damokidebulia mis garemomcvel sxva genebze.
erTmaneTze urTierTqmedebas axdens rogorc aleluri, ise araaleluri ge­
nebi. dominantoba da recesiuloba aleluri genebis urTierTqmedebis tipu­
ri magaliTia. miuxedavad amisa, xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac heterozigotur
mdgomareobaSi dominanturi aleli srulad ver Trgunavs recesiul alels
da F
F 1 TaobaSi gamovlenili niSani atarebs Sualedur xasiaTs. damemkvidrebis
aseT saxes arasruli dominireba hqvia.
wiTelkenkriani da TeTr­­ken­k­
P: X riani marwyvis SejvarebiT, F1 Ta­
obaSi yvela hibrids vardisfe­ri
kenkra aqvs. hibridebSi arc er­
Ti Seferi­loba ar dominirebs _
vlin­deba Sualeduri feri.
arasruli dominire­bis SemTx­
G:
vevaSi, ise, rogorc sru­li domini­
rebis dros, F1 Ta­obis hibridebi
fenotipisa da genotipis mixed­
F1
viT erT­nairia. sruli dominire­
bisas, FF 2 TaobaSi fenotipis mi­­
xed­viT daTiSva aris 3:1, xolo
X genotipis mixedviT _ 1:2:1. aras­
ruli dominirebisas, F2 Tao­­ba­Si
daTiSva fenotipisa da ge­no­tipis
G: mixed­viT erTnairia da aris 1:2:1.
arasrulia dominireba wiTeli
F2 da TeTryvaviliani gulisabas Se­
jvarebisas. F1 Taobis hibridebi
vardisferyvavilianebi arian, xo­
lo F2 TaobaSi mcenareebs wiTeli,
vardisferi da TeTri yvavilebi hqonda 1:2:1 SefardebiT.

92
 rogor SeiZleba am movlenis axsna?
aRmoCnda, rom erTi mSobliuri mcenaris orive A alelSi Cadebulia in­
formacia im fermentis Sesaxeb, romelic pasuxismgebelia wiTeli feris pig­
mentis sinTezze. amitom, pigmenti didi raodenobiT gamomuSavdeba da yvavi­
lebs wiTeli feri aqvs.
meore mSobliuri mcenaris a alelma ganicada mutacia _ fermentma da­
karga aqtivoba da pigmenti ar gamomuSavdeba. amitom, aa alelebis mqone
mSobliuri mcenaris yvavilebi TeTria.
Aa alelebis Semcveli hibridebis mxolod erT _ A alelSia `momuSave
fermenti~, meore a alelSi ki ara. amitom, heterozigotebSi wiTeli pigmen­
tis raodenoba orjer mcirdeba da Seferil­
oba vardisferia.
rodesac ajvareben andaluziuri wminda
P: X jiSis Sav da TeTr qaTmebs, F1 Taobis yvela hi­
bridi cisferi ibadeba. bumbuli Zalian lamaz
mocisfro fers Rebulobs, Savi da TeTri win­
wklebis Serevis gamo.
1 rogor unda moiqces fermeri, Tu mas
F1 surs, rom fermaSi mxolod cisferi qaTmebi
hyavdes?
aleluri genebis urTierTqmedebis maga­
liTia kodominirebac, romelic naTlad Cans
sisxlis jgufis damemkvidrebis dros. rogorc ici, zogierTi niSnis ganmsaz­
Rvrel gens alelis ramdenime varianti gaaCnia. es alelebi lokalizebulia
wyvili homologiuri qromosomis erTsa da imave lokusSi. yovel diploidur
organizmSi am genis mxolod ori alelia. niSnis gamovlena damokidebulia
imaze, Tu alelur genTa romeli
sisxlis genotipebis SesaZlo wyvili aRmoCndeba individSi.
jgufebi variantebi dadgenilia, rom adamianis sisx­
I 0 0
J J lis oTx jgufs gansazRvravs J genis
sami aleli _ J0, JA, JB. diploidur
II J0 JA an JA JA zigotaSi or-orad kombinirebisas,
III J0 JB an JB JB maT SeuZliaT warmoqmnan eqvsi sa­
xis genotipi: J0J0; J0JA; JAJA; J0JB;
A B
IV J J JBJB; JAJB.
J0J0 genotipis mqone adamianebs
sisxlis I jgufi aqvT. A da B aleli 0 alelis mimarT dominanturia, amitom,
J0JAA da JAJAA genotipebis SemTxvevaSi, adamianebs sisxlis II jgufi, xolo J0JB
da JBJBB genotipis SemTxvevaSi III jgufi aqvT.
imis gamo, rom A da B alelebi dominanturebi arian, isini erTmaneTs ver
Trgunaven. amitom orive aleli erTnairi xarisxiT moqmedebs fenotipze da
JAJB genotipSi erTad arsebobisas sisxlis sxva _ IV jgufs gansazRvravs. am
movlenas kodominireba hqvia.
davuSvaT, dedas da mamas I jgufis sisxli aqvT. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, maT
Svilebs sxva jgufis sisxli hqondeT?

93
 warmovadginoT sqematurad es qorwineba:

J0 J0
J0 J0 J0 J0 J0
P: X
J0 J0
G: J0 J0 J0

J0 J0

ra Tqma unda, am mSoblebs ar SeiZleba eyoloT sxva jgufis sisxlis mqone

Svilebi _ yvelas I jgufis sisxli eqneba.
2 mSoblebs IV jgufis sisxli aqvT. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, maT eyoloT
Svilebi sxva jgufis sisxliT?
gansakuTrebiT rTulia araaleluri genebis urTierTqmedeba.
komplementarul, anu damatebiT moqmed genebs miekuTvneba iseTi ara­
aleluri genebi, romlebic, genotipSi erToblivi arsebobisas, ganapirobe­
ben axali niSnis ganviTarebas.
araaleluri genebis aseTi urTierTqmedeba atarebs komplementarobis
_ urTierTSevsebis, urTierTdamatebis saxelwodebas.
magaliTad, TeTryvaviliani surnelovani bardis sxvadasxva jiSis Sejva­
rebiT miRebul yvela hibrids wiTeli yvavili aqvs. es moulodneli `efeqti~
ewinaaRmdegeba mendelis yvela kanonzomierebas. bardis yvavilis TeTri Se­
feriloba xom recesiuli niSania.
F1 Taobis hibridebis TviTdamtvervisas F2 Taobis hibridebSi yvavilis
Seferilobis mixedviT aRiniSna daTiSva 9:7. wiTeli yvavili hqonda mcenare­
Ta 9/16, TeTri _ 7/16.
rogor SeiZleba aixsnas FF1 da FF2 TaobaSi miRebuli Sedegebi?
aRmoCnda, rom surnelovani bardis yvavilebis wiTel Seferilobas gan­
sazRvravs ori dominanturi aleli. arc erT maTgans, magaliTad, arc A-s da
arc BB-s ar SeuZlia damoukideblad, calke warmoqmnas wiTeli feris pigmen­
ti anTociani. wiTeli feris yvavilebis warmosaqmnelad aucilebelia geno­
tipSi erTdroulad orive dominanturi alelis arseboba, vinaidan A aleli
ganapirobebs pigmentis ufero winamorbedis _ propigmentis sinTezs, xolo
B aleli im fermentis sinTezs, romlis zemoqmedebiTac propigmenti pigment
anTocianad gardaiqmneba.
rogori genotipebi aqvs TeTryvavilian surnelovan bardas yvavilis
Seferilobis mixedviT?
warmovadginoT sqematurad TeTryvaviliani surnelovani bardis ori ji­
Sis Sejvareba. maTi genotipebia aaBBBB da AAbb. am mcenareebs aqvT TeTri yva­
vilebi, vinaidan aseTi genotipebis mqone mcenareebSi aris mxolod erTi do­
minanturi aleli.

94
 P: X
AAbb aaBB aB aB

G: Ab Ab aB aB Ab
AaBb AaBb
X
F1 Ab
AaBb AaBb AaBb AaBb

AB Ab aB ab F1
G: AB Ab aB ab
AB Ab aB ab

F2 AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb

Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb

aB
AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb
ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

F1 Taobis diheterozigot mcenareebs aqvT rogorc A, ise B aleli. es

orive aleli erTad miiRebs monawileobas yvavilis wiTeli Seferilobis
warmoqmnaSi, amis gamo yvela mcenare wiTelyvaviliania.
FF2 TaobaSi mxolod cxra hibridia orive dominanturi alelis mflobeli,
amitom maTi yvavili wiTelia. danarCeni Svidi hibridi moklebulia erT-erT
dominantur alels. maT ara aqvTAB A an B aleli, amitom maTi yvavili TeTria.
swored amitom gamovida erTob ucnauri Sefardeba 9:7.
3 rogori iqneba daTiSva fenotipis mixedviT FF1 TaobaSi TeTryvaviliani
bardebis Sejvarebisas, Tu orives genotipia AAbb? Sejvareba warmoadgine
sqematurad.

epistazi genTa urTierTqmedebis iseTi tipia, romlis drosac erTi genis

aleluri wyvilis gamovlena iTrguneba sxva araaleluri genis wyviliT.
qaTmebSi bumbulis Seferiloba ganisazRvreba ori geniT: C geni akon­
trolebs Seferilobis warmoqmnas, c _ upigmentobas; J geni qromosomTa sxva
wyvilidan Trgunavs C genis moqmedebas, anu pigmentis warmoqmnas, j gens ki
daTrgunvis unari ar gaaCnia.
Seajvares TeTri Seferilobis qaTmis ori jiSi _ leghorni da viandoti.
cnobilia, rom leghornebSi C da J geni warmodgenilia dominanturi alele­
biT, xolo viandotebSi _ recesiuli c da j alelebiT.

95
 CCJJ genotipis mqone leghor­
X nis jiSis qaTmebs, C dominanturi
P: alelis arsebobis miuxedavad, Te­
Tri feri aqvT, vinaidan C alelis
CCJJ ccjj moqmedeba iTrguneba J aleliT. ccjj
genotipis mqone viandotis jiSis
G: CJ CJ cj cj
qaTmebis TeTri feri ki ganpiro­
bebulia c recesiuli aleliT, ro­
F1 X melic upigmentobas gansazRvravs.
F1 TaobaSi yvela qaTams hqonda
CcJj CcJj TeTri Seferiloba, vinaidan C Se­
ferilobis aleli daTrguna J gen­
G: CJ Cj cJ cj CJ Cj cJ cj ma _ ar misca C alels gamovle­nis,
anu Sefervis warmoqmnis saSuale­
CJ Cj cJ cj ba.
F1 TaobaSi miRebuli TeTri he­
CJ CCJJ CCJj CcJJ CcJj terozigoti qaTmebis erTmaneT­
Tan SejvarebiT F2 Taobis hibri­
Cj CCJj CCjj CcJj Ccjj debSi moxda daTiSva.
4 daakvirdi ilustracias.
cJ CcJJ CcJj ccJJ ccJj gan­sazRvre STamomavlobis feno­
tipebi. gamoCndebian F2 TaobaSi Se­
cj CcJj Ccjj ccJj ccjj ferili qaTmebi?

F2

mravali raodenobrivi da zogierTi Tvisobrivi niSani mcenareebSi, cxo­

velebsa da adamianebSi ganisazRvreba ara erTi, aramed ramdenime wyvili
urTierTmoqmedi geniT. magaliTad, simaRle, sxeulis masa, msxvili rqosani
pirutyvis wveladoba, kvercxismdebeloba qaTmebSi, kanis feri adamianSi da
sxv.
zogjer erTi niSani yalibdeba erTnairi moqmedebis ramdenime genis ur­
TierTqmedebiT. am movlenas polimeria hqvia.
polimeriis magaliTad ganvixiloT adamianis kanis feris damemkvidreba.
kanis feri ganisazRvreba pigment melaninis arsebobaze pasuxismgebeli oTxi
geniT. es genebi lokalizebulia oTx wyvil
sxvadasxva qromosomaSi. genebi erTad moq­
medeben. amitom maT aRniSnaven erTi da igive
asoTi.
rac ufro metia genotipSi melaninis ar­
se­bobaze pasuxismgebeli dominanturi ale­
le­bi, miT muqia kani.
Savkanian adamians aqvs am gene­bis rvave
do­­­­mi­nanturi aleli (A1 A1 A2 A2 A3 A3 A4 A4).
TeTr­kanian adamians ara aqvs arc erTi domi­

96
nanturi aleli: (a1 a1 a2 a2 a3 a3 a4 a4). Savkanianisa da TeTrkanianis Svilebi
mSoblebisgan memkvidreobiT miiReben oTx dominantur da oTx recesiul
alels da maTi kanis feri iqneba Sualeduri.
5 rogori iqneba Savkanianisa da TeTrkaniani mSoblebis Svilebis geno­
tipi? eqneba Tu ara maT yvela Svils kanis erTnairi Seferiloba?
sakmaod xSirad, erTi geni zegavlenas axdens niSnebis mTel kompleqsze.
magaliTad, sisxlis jgufis ganmsazRvreli J genis alelebi, sisxlis jgufebis
garda, gansazRvravs jgufebis mixedviT adamianis mdgradobas revmatoidu­
li, onkologiuri da infeqciuri daavadebebis mimarT.
mcenareebSi wiTelyvavilian mcenareTa umravlesobas Reroc wiTeli aqvs,
xolo TeTryvavilianebs _ mwvane.
geni, romelic drozofilis TvalSi pigmentis uqonlobas gansazRvravs,
amasTanave, aqveiTebs nayofierebas, gavlenas axdens zogierTi Sinagani orga­
nos Seferilobaze, amcirebs sicocxlis xangrZlivobas. genis aseT moqmede­
bas genTa mravlobiTi moqmedeba hqvia.
aqedan gamomdinare, genotipi ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc calkeu­
li genebis meqanikuri jami. genebi erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben.

yoveli genis gamovlena damokidebulia genotipis sxva genebze.

erTmaneTze urTierTqmedebas axdenen, rogorc aleluri, ise
ara­aleluri genebi. dominantoba da recesiuloba, arasruli do­­
minireba aleluri genebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegia. ganarCeven
ara­aleluri genebis urTierTqmedebis sam ZiriTad tips: komp­
lemen­tarobas, epistazs da polimerias. genis zegavlenas erTdro­
ulad ramdenime niSanze, genis mravlobiTi moqmedeba ewodeba.

1. erTmaneTs ajvareben devispi­

ras homozigot wiTelyvavi­
lian da TeTryvavilian mcena­ P:
res. F1 Taobis yvela hibrids
vardisferi yvavili aqvs. am
hibridebis erTmaneTTan Se­
jvarebiT, F2 TaobaSi aRiniS­ F1
neba daTiSva: mcenareTa erT
nawils aqvs wiTeli yvavili,
or nawils _ vardisferi da
erT nawils _ TeTri.
axseni Sejvarebis Sedegi. da­ F2
were mSoblebisa da STamomav­
lebis genotipebi.

2. dedas I jgufis sisxli aqvs, mamas _ IV jgufis. saWiroebis Sem­

TxvevaSi, romeli mSobeli gamodgeba donorad maTi Svilebis­
Tvis?

97
 3. muqi wiTeli marcvlis mqone xorbals aqvs A1 A1 A2 A2 genotipi,
TeTrmarcvlians _ a1 a1 a2 a2.

P: X

A1 A1 A2 A2 a1 a 1 a 2a 2

rogori genotipebi eqnebaT maT hibridebs F1 TaobaSi. iva­ra­

ude, rogori feris marcvali eqneba miRebul mcenareebs?

4. cxenebSi dominanturi C aleli

gansazRvravs yorana (Sav) fers,
xolo recesiuli c _ JRals. es
Seferilobebi gamovlindeba mxo­
lod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu genotip­
Si ar aris J dominanturi aleli
meore aleluri wyvilidan. Tu ge­
notipSi J alelia _ cxeni TeT­ri
Seferilobisaa. ra feri eq­nebaT
CcJj genotipis mqone cxenebis SejvarebiT dabadebul kvicebs?
ra hqvia genebis aseT urTierTqmedebas?

5. zogjer araalelur recesiul gens epistazuri moqmedeba axa­

siaTebs dominanturi alelis mimarT.
Tagvebis bewvis feris gamovlenaSi ori aleli monawileobs.
erTi maTgani B gansazRvravs ruxs Seferilobas, meore b _
Savs, meore aleluri wyvili ki am Seferilobis arsebobis an
ararsebobis ganmsazRvrelia, kerZod, dominanturi C aleli
ganapirobebs B da b genebis fenotipur gamovlenas, xolo
recesiuli c aleli saerTod Trgunavs bewvis Seferilobas da
miiReba albinosebi.

ruxi albinosi Savi

Seajvares ori diheterozigotuli ruxi Tagvi. rogori STa­

momavlebi miiReba am Sejvarebis Sedegad?

98
6. erT-erTi saxeobis TuTiyuSebSi bumbulis Seferilobas gan­
sazRvravs ori wyvili araaleluri geni. genebi ar aris SeWidu­
li. bumbulis yviTeli Seferiloba ganpirobebulia dominan­
turi A aleliT, xolo cisferi _ dominanturi B aleliT. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu TuTiyuSs genotipSi aqvs orive dominanturi A
da B aleli, is mwvanea. orive wyvilis mixedviT recesiuli ho­
mozigotebi TeTrbumbulianebi arian.

yviTeli cisferi mwvane TeTri

a. genTa rogor urTierTqmedebas aqvs adgili TuTiyuSis Seferi­

lobis gansazRvraSi?
b. rogori genotipebi unda hqondeT yviTel, cisfer, mwvane da
TeTr TuTiyuSebs?
g. erTmaneTs Seajvares diheterozigoti mwvane TuTiyuSebi.
rogori STamomavlobaa mosalodneli am SejvarebiT?

7. gulisabas yvavilebis Seferilobis damemkvirdeba arasruli

dominirebiT xdeba da heterozigotebi vardisferebi arian,
normaluri simaRle ki srulad dominirebs jujaze. erTma­
neTs Seajvares homozigoti wiTelyvaviliani normaluri si­
maRlis mqone da TeTryvaviliani juja mcenareebi.
a. rogori genotipebi aqvs mSobliur formebs?
b. rogor gametebs warmoqmnian isini?
g. rogori genotipebi da fenotipebi eqneba STamomavlobas?
d. rogori iqneba fenotipuri da genotipuri daTiSva, Tu erT­
maneTs Seajvares pirveli Taobis hibridebi? pasuxi daasabu­
Te.

gaarkvie Seni da Seni mSoblebis sisxlis jgufi. ivaraude maTi

genotipebi. amaSi dagexmareba Seni da-Zmis sisxlis jgufis garkve­
va (ra Tqma unda, Tu gyavs).

arasruli dominireba _ incomplite dominance; komplementaroba_

complementation; epistazi _ epistasis; polimeria _ polymery.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0BjEglOpcY&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHFYRgZIDBY&feature=related

99
II genetika
§16
memkvidruli cvalebadoba

rogori didic ar unda iyos msgavseba mSoblebsa da STamomavlebs Soris,

is arasdros aris absoluturi _ maT Soris yovelTvis aris gansxvaveba. amis
mizezi cvalebadobaa.
cvalebadoba organizmis unaria, SeiZinos axali niSnebi da Tvisebebi in­
dividualuri ganviTarebis procesSi. am Tvisebis gamoa, rom arsebobs gansx­
vaveba erTi saxeobis individebs Soris.
arsebobs cvalebadobis ori saxe:

cvalebadobis saxeebi

memkvidruli aramemkvidruli

memkvidruli cvalebadoba genotipis cvlilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. is

xSirad memkvidreobiT gadaecema Taobebis manZilze.
ganarCeven memkvidruli cvalebadobis or saxes:

memkvidruli

mutaciuri cvalebadoba kombinaciuri cvalebadoba

XX saukunis dasawyisSi holandielma bo­

tanikosma da genetikosma, hugo de frizma
mcenare enoTeras memkvidreobiTobis Ses­
wavlisas SeniSna tipuri formidan mkveTri
gadaxrebis warmoqmna. STamomavlebs Soris
Cndebodnen giganturi an Zalian dabali,
Zlieri an susti Reros mqone mcenareebi.
es gadaxrebi memkvidreobiTi iyo. ni­San-
Tvisebis ucabed, mkveTr cvlilebas, ro­
me­lic memkvidreobiT gadaecema, hugo de
friz­­ma mutacia uwoda.

100
 mutaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili gadaxrebi enoTeraSi

giganturi dabali mZlavrReroiani sustReroiani

genebis molekuluri struqturis gaSifvris Semdeg, ukve molekulur

doneze gaxda SesaZlebeli mutaciis movlenis axsna, romelsac mecnierebi
adre mxolod fenotipuri cvlilebebis doneze akvirdebodnen.
molekuluri biologiis TvalTaxedviT, mutacia dnm-is nukleotiduri
Sedgenilobis nebismieri cvlilebaa, romelic fenotipurad SeiZleba arc ki
gamovlindes. cvlileba SeiZleba Seexos dnm-is SedarebiT did ubans an mis
mcire monakveTs.
ganarCeven genur, qromosomul da genomur mutaciebs.

mutacia

genuri qromosomuli genomuri

genuri mutaciebi. erTi genis farglebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes ram-

denime saxis mutacias: erTi nukleotidis meoreTi Secvlas; zedmeti nukle-
otidis CarTvas genSi; erTi nukleotidis amovardnas genidan; mezobeli nuk-
leotidebis adgilebis gacvlas; nukleotiduri Tanmimdevrobis absolutur
darRvevas genis SedarebiT did monakveTze.
ra Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves genis nukleotiduri Tanmimdevrobis aseT cvli-
lebebs?
vTqvaT, normaluri geni aseT nukleotidur Tanmimdevrobas Seicavs:

a_g_a_T_a_c_g_T_g_c_T_g_c_a_T
maSin i-rnm-s Semdegi struqtura eqneba:

u_c_u_a_u_g_c_a_c_g_a_c_g_u_a

translaciis Sedegad miiReba cila, Semdegi aminomJavuri TanmimdevrobiT:

serini _ meTionini _ histidini _ asparaginis mJava _ valini

axla warmovidginoT, rom genidan me-5 nukleotidi amovarda:

a_g_a_T_c_g_T_g_c_T_g_c_a_T

101
 warmoadgine aseTi genis Sesabamisi i-rnm-isa da cilis molekulis
struqtura. Seadare is normaluri genis mier kodirebul cilas. rogor fiq­
rob, Seasrulebs Tu ara aseTi cila misTvis damaxasiaTebel funqcias?
adamianSi genuri mutaciebi mravali memkvidruli daavadebis gamomwvevia.
diuSenis sindromi ganpirobebulia im genis mutaciiT, romelic pasuxis­
mgebelia kunTovani ujredis membranis erT-erTi cilis _ distrofinis sin-
Tezze. daavadebis dros boWkoebis mTlianobis darRveva miofibrilebis daS-
las iwvevs.
daavadebis ZiriTadi simptomebi 2-5 wlis asakidan vlindeba. daavadebuli
bavSvi gvian iwyebs siaruls, ar SeuZlia sirbili, xtoma. mogvianebiT aReniS-
neba TeZoebisa da menjebis, mxris sartylis, zurgisa da muclis kunTebis
mzardi sisuste. bavSvi savarZels an logins aris mijaWvuli.
daavadebulebs cvlilebebi gulis kunTSic aReniSnebaT. isini mxolod
20-35 wlamde cocxloben. sikvdilis mizezi xSirad gulisa da diafragmis
muSaobis darRvevaa.
suraTze xedav texasis mkvidrs, tom mekers, ro-
melic am di­­agnoziT ukve 50 welia coc­xlobs. es
uiS­viaTesi gamo­naklisia.
qromosomuli mutaciebi. zog­jer qromosoma mis
gar­kveul nawils kargavs (delecia), zogjer frag-
menti 1800-iT Se­mobrundeba (inversia), xandaxan qro­­­
mosomis garkveuli fragmenti or­­­mag­deba (dublika-
cia), xan arahomologiuri qromosomebi erTmaneTs
mo­nakve­Tebs ucvlian, xan ki erTi qromosomis nawili
an mTlianad qro­mosoma sxva qromosomas ukavSirde-
ba (translokacia). aseTi cvlilebebi qromosomebis
tom mekeri
normalur struqturas arRvevs.
roca delecia me-5 wyvil qromosomaSi xdeba, viTardeba sindromi, ro­
melsac `katis knavili~ ewodeba. daavadebuli bavSvebis tirili katis kna­
vils hgavs, rac xorxis xrtilebis cvlilebebiTaa ganpirobebuli. bavSvebi
CamorCebian gonebrivi ganviTarebiT, aqvT mTvarisebri saxe da monRoloi-
duri Tvalis Wrili. aReniSnebaT mikrocefalia (tvinis zoma gacilebiT pa-
taraa normaze, mocemuli asakisTvis). aseTi bavSvebi, Cveulebriv, sqesobrivi
simwifis miRwevamde iRupebian.
genomuri mutaciebi. genomuri mutacia aris dauzianebeli struqturis
mqone qromosomebis ricxvis cvlileba genotipSi. zogjer, meiozis proce-
sis normaluri darRvevis gamo, ujredSi SeiZleba qromosomebis raodenoba
Seicvalos _ masSi erTiT meti an naklebi qromosoma aRmoCndes an qromo-
somebis raodenoba jeradad gaizardos.
1 rogor dairRva meiozis procesi, Tu organizmSi aRmoCnda erTiT meti
qromosoma?
2 rogor dairRva meiozis procesi, Tu organizmSi qromosomTa ricxvi
2-jer gaizarda?
qromosomTa ricxvis darRvevas Tan axlavs darRvevebi organizmis ganvi-

102
TarebaSi. zogjer, aseTi uxeSi da Zlieri cvlilebis gamo Canasaxi iRupeba.
3 gaixsene, rogoria daunis, terner-SereSevskis sindromiT daavadebu­
lebis genotipebi? ra darRvevebi aReniSnebaT maT?
me-18 wyvilSi erTi zedmeti qromosomis arseboba adamianSi iwvevs ed­
vard­­sis sindroms. am sindromiT daavadebuli bavSvebi xSirad asakovan de­
debs uCndebaT. daavadebulebi Zalian patara woniT ibadebian, aReniSnebaT
saxis qalas, gulis, Zvlovani sistemisa da sasqeso organoebis mravali paTo-
logia. bavSvebis daaxloebiT 60% sami Tvis asakamde iRupeba.
mutacia SeiZleba moxdes sasqeso an somatur ujredebSi.
sasqeso ujredebSi momxdari mutaciebi ar moqmedebs im organizmis niSan-
Tvisebebze, romelSic mutacia warmoiqmneba. is momdevno TaobebSi mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi gamovlindeba, Tu ganayofierebaSi is gameta miiRebs monawi­
leobas, romelSic mutacia moxda.
somatur ujredSi momxdari mutacia sqesobrivi gamravlebis dros mem-
kvidreobiT ar gadaecema. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu usqeso gamravlebisas axali
organizmi viTardeba iseTi ujredidan an ujredTa jgufidan, romlebic mu-
taciur gens Seicaven, es mutacia SeiZleba STamomavlebs gadaeces.
sainteresoa, ratom xdeba mutacia? ra aris misi gamomwvevi mizezi?
gairkva, rom mutacia, SesaZloa, mravalma fizikurma da qimiurma agentma
gamoiwvios. maT mutagenebi uwodes.
fizikuri faqtorebidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sxvadasxva saxis
gamosxiveba. maTgan Zlieri mutagenuri zemoqmedebiT rentgenisa da ultrai-
isferi sxivebi xasiaTdeba.

cnobilia, rom dnm-is polinukleotidur jaWvSi ori Timinis molekula

erTmaneTis mezoblad aRmoCnda, mzis ultraiisferi gamosxiveba maT azoto-
van fuZeebs kovalenturi bmebiT akavSirebs. amis gamo Timini veRar axerxebs
mopirdapire jaWvis komplementarul fuZesTan dakavSirebas da dnm-is
molekula `maxinjdeba~.

103
 T g a g g a c T T a c g T T a

a c T c c T g a a T g c a a T

normaluri geni

T g a g g a c T T a c g T T a

a c T c c T g a a T g c a a T

geni, romelmac ganicada mutacia

qimiur mutagenebs mravali iseTi naerTi
mi­­ekuTvneba, romelTanac adamians mudmivi
kon­­­taqti aqvs. mutagenebs SeiZleba Seicavdes
sak­vebi, medikamentebi, kosmetika. dadgenilia,
rom Zlier qimiur mutagenebs Seicavs sigare-
tis kvamli, pesticidebi, sasuqebi.
azotovan sasuqebSi Semavali azotmJava
kuWSi moxvedrisas azotovan mJavad gardaiqm-
neba, romelic Zlier damJangav Tvisebebs iZens
da dnm-Si citozins uracilad gardaqmnis.

u u

T g a g g a c T T a c g T T a

a c T c c T g a a T g c a a T

u u u u

amgvarad, mutaciis gamo ujredi replikaciis, transkripciisa da trans-

laciis dros Secdomebs uSvebs. magram Secdomebi yovelTvis rodia saziano.
is zogjer, SeiZleba, sasargebloc ki aRmoCndes. garemo pirobebis mudmivi
cvlilebebi aseve gamudmebiT moiTxovs axal niSan-Tvisebebs organizmisgan.
Tu mutacia SemTxveviT iseT Tvisebas SesZens organizms, romelic zustad
pasuxobs garemos axal moTxovnebs, maSin is aseT garemoSi advilad adap-
tirdeba.

104
 garemoSi adaptaciis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba
aqvs memkvidreobiTi cvalebadobis erT-erT formas, romelsac kombinaci-
uri cvalebadoba ewodeba.
kombinaciuri cvalebadobis erT-erTi mizezi meiozis procesSi geneti-
kurad mravalferovani gametebis warmoqmnaa.
vnaxoT, rogor uzrunvelyofs meiozi gametebis mravalferovnebas.
simartivisTvis davuSvaT, rom organizmis diploiduri kompleqti Sei-
cavs oTx qromosomas, dediseuli qromosomebi wiTelia, xolo mamiseuli _
mwvane.
ilustracia giCvenebs, Tu rogoraa damokidebuli gametebis warmoqmna
homologiuri qromosomebis ganlagebaze pirveli meiozuri gayofis metafa-
zaSi.
ganvixiloT homologiuri qromosomebis SemTxveviTi ganlagebis I da II
varianti.

I
I II

marTalia, homologiuri mwvane da wiTeli qromosomebi formiTa da zo-

miT erTmaneTs hgavs, magram isini aleluri genebis Semcvelobis mixedviT
gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, wiTel qromosomaSi SeiZleba ijdes Tvalis Savi
feris ganmsazRvreli aleli, mwvaneSi ki _ cisfris.
I variantSi orive wiTeli qromosoma marcxnivaa, xolo orive mwvane _
marjvniv. amitom meiozis Sedegad warmoqmnil oTxive gametas aqvs an mxolod
wiTeli, an mxolod mwvane qromosomebi.
II variantSi meiozuri gayofis Sedegad warmoiqmneba gametebi, romlebsac
orive feris qromosomebi aqvs, Tanac ise, rom zogi maTgani Seicavs mrgval
wiTel da Cxirisebr mwvane qromosomas, xolo meore naxevari _ mrgval
mwvanesa da Cxirisebr wiTel qromosomas.
rogorc xedav, oTxi qromosomis Semcvelma ujredma oTxi sxvadasxva ti-
pis gameta warmoqmna.

105
 zogadad, yoveli saxeobisTvis gametebSi qromosomTa kombinacia 2n-is
tolia. n aris mocemuli saxeobisTvis damaxasiaTebel qromosomTa haploi-
duri ricxvi. Cven mier ganxilul SemTxvevaSi is 22 anu 4-is tolia.
imis gamo, rom adamianebs 23 wyvili homologiuri qromosoma aqvT, game­
tebSi kombinaciebis raodenoba 223-is, anu 8 milionis tolia. es ki imas niS-
navs, rom yovel gametaSi dediseuli da mamiseuli qromosomebi 8 milionnairi
kombinaciiT SeiZleba dalagdnen. kvercxujredebisa da spermatozoidebis
SemTxveviT Serwymisas ki maT SeuZliaT warmoqmnan diploiduri zigota qro-
mosomTa 64 trilioniani sxvadasxva kombinaciiT.
nurc krosingovers daiviwyeb. is kombinaciuri cvalebadobis meore mniS-
vnelovani faqtoria. am procesis dros homologiuri qromosomebi xom erT-
maneTs genebs ucvlian. amitom, ar unda gagikvirdes, rom dedamiwaze ar moi-
Zebneba ori absoluturad erTnairi adamiani.

cvalebadoba cocxali organizmebis unaria, garemo faq­to­rebis

zemoqmedebiT SeiZinos axali niSnebi da Tvi­sebebi. arsebobs mem-
kvidruli da aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba. memkvidruli cva-
lebadoba genotipis cvlilebebiTaa gamowveuli. garemos zemo-
qmedebiT organizmis genetikuri masalis ucabed cvlilebebs,
romlebic memkvidreobiT gadaicema, mutacia ewodeba. mutacias
sxvadasxva saxis fizikuri da qimiuri faqtorebi iwvevs. maT mu-
tagenebi hqviaT. kombinaciuri cvalebadobis dros organizmSi
axali niSnebis warmoqmna, gamravlebis dros zigotaSi mSoblebis
genebis axali kombinaciebis warmoqmnis Sedegia.

1. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dnm, rogorc wesi, didi raodeno-

biT citozins Seicavs, ra saxis mutacias unda velodeT azo-
tovani sasuqis Semcveli sakvebis miRebisas?
2. delecias, zogjer, letaluri (sasikvdilo) efeqti aqvs. imoq-
medebs Tu ara saboloo Sedegze is faqti, Tu sad mdebareobs
es nukleotidi _ dnm-is molekulis Tavsa Tu boloSi. axseni,
ratom?
3. zog mutacias `Cum mutacias~ uwodeben. aseTia, magaliTad, uac
tripletSi citozinis uraciliT Canacvleba. daakvirdi i-rnm-
is kodonebis cxrils da gvipasuxe, ratom ewodeba aseT muta­cias
`Cumi~?. raSi vlindeba es `siCume~? daasaxele sxva sa­xis `Cumi~
mutaciebi.
4. ra daemarTeba cilis molekulas, Tu igive triplet uac-Si
ci­tozinis nacvlad adenini Caenacvleba? dairRveva am dros
`siCume~?
5. ra SemTxvevaSi gagiCndeba eWvi, rom azotovani sasuqis Sem­cv­ el
bostneuls yidulob? Tu mainc SeiZen aseT bostneuls, rogor
moacileb mas sasuqs?

106
6. qromosomaTa normaluri kompleqtis mqone mSoblebs SeeZinaT
Svili, romlis ujredebSi gamovlenili iyo sami X qromosoma.
cvalebadobis romel tips miekuTvneba es cvlileba?

orma albinosma, romlebic ar iyvnen naTesavebi, iqorwines. maT Se­

eZinaT rogorc albinosi, ise normaluri pigmentaciis mqone Svi­
l­ebi. rogor axsni miRebul Sedegs, Tu cnobilia, rom albinizmis
gamomwvevi geni recesiulia.

damtkicebulia, rom mcenareuli zeTebi, romlebsac sakvebis mom­

zadebisas viyenebT, maRal temperaturaze didi xnis duRilis Sem­
deg mutagenur Tvisebebs iZenen. amitom Tavi SeikaveT erTxel ga­
cxelebuli zeTis mravaljeradad gamoyenebisgan.

cvlebadoba _ variability; memkvidruli cvalebadoba _ hereditary

variability; genuri mutaciebi _ gene mutations; qromosomuli muta-
ciebi _ chromosome mutations; genomuri mutaciebi _ genome mu-
tations; kombinaciuri cvalebadoba _ combinative variation.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAGxp9j5rtc
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio18.swf

107
II genetika
§17
aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba

memkvidruli cvalebadobisgan gansxvavebiT, aramemkvidruli anu modi-

fikaciuri cvalebadoba ar aris gamowveuli genotipis cvlilebiT da amitom
is memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema. modifikaciuri cvalebadobis dros icvleba
mxolod organizmis fenotipi, im garemo pirobebis moqmedebiT, romelSic is
binadrobs.
fenotipis Camoyalibebaze garemos zegavlenas S. bone swavlobda. man
cdebis farTo seria Caatara 120 sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareze. mcenareebis
TiToeul egzemplars igi or Tanabar nawilad Wrida. cxadia, am orive nawils
erTnairi genotipi hqonda. erT nawils igi rgavda parizis botanikur baRSi
_ rbili, Tbili klimatis pirobebSi, meore nawils ki _ maRal mTebSi. pariz-
Si gazrdil mcenares Rero maRali hqonda, xolo mTaSi gazrdils _ Zlier
damoklebuli da TiTqmis miwaze garTxmuli. Reros Secvlili forma war-
moadgenda Seguebulobas mTis mkacr pirobebSi saarsebod.
botanikur baRSi da mTaSi gazrdili mcenaris Teslebis erTnair piro-
bebSi daTesvisas isini erTnairi gaizardnen. aqedan gamomdinare, bonem gaa-
keTa daskvna, rom garemo pirobebis moqmedebam maTi genotipis cvlileba ar
gamoiwvia.
analogiuri cdebi bonem cxovelebzec Caatara. cxovelebSi Znelia erT-
nairi genotipis individebis moZebna _ erTnairi genotipi mxolod erTi
kvercxidan ganviTarebul tyupebs aqvT. rqosani pirutyvis aseTi tyupebis
sididesa da maT ganviTarebaze kvebis racionis moqmedebis Sesaswavlad, bonem

108
aseTi kvleva Caatara. man cxra sxvadasxva jiSis tyupi furebi or jgufad
dayo da TiTo jgufSi tyupebidan TiTo xbo Seiyvana. pirveli jgufis furebs
is dabadebidan gaZlierebulad kvebavda, meore jgufis furebs ki _ mwirad.
aRmoCnda, rom gaZlierebul kvebaze myofi furebis wona mniSvnelovnad
aRemateboda mwirad nakvebi tyupiscalebis wonas. amasTan, sxvadasxva jiSis
tyupebs Soris wonaSi gansxvaveba sxvadasxvagvari iyo. igive pirobebma nak-
lebi xarisxiT imoqmeda maT simaRleSi zrdaze _ gansxvaveba tyupebs Soris
TiTqmis ar iyo.
amiT bone kidev erTxel darwmunda, rom fenotipis Camoyalibebaze, geno-
tipTan erTad, garemo moqmedebs. Tumca, sxvadasxva jiSis erTi da igive niSani
sxvadasxvagvarad reagirebs garemos erTnair pirobebze.
garemo faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gamowveul fenotipur cvlilebebs
modifikaciurs uwodeben.
rogorc wesi, modifikacia adaptaciur xasiaTs atarebs da aZlevs or-
ganizms saSualebas, ukeT Seeguos garemo pirobebs. magaliTad, Tu Tagvebi,
romlebic mTis maxloblad barSi saxloben, mTaSi gadasaxldebian, maT sisxl-
Si eriTrocitebis raodenoba moimatebs.
1 ra aris TagvebSi eriTrocitebis momatebis mizezi? rogor eguebian am
cvlilebiT isini Secvlil garemos?
2 moifiqre, barSi daSvebisas rogor Seicvleba eriTrocitebis raode-
noba Tagvebis sisxlSi.
modifikacias jgufuri xasiaTi aqvs. magaliTad, primulas yvavilebs oTa­­­
xis pirobebSi (18-20οC) wiTeli Seferiloba aqvs.
tenia­nobisa da temperaturis 30-35οC-mde gazrdi­
sas, iTrguneba Seferilobaze pasuxismgebeli gene­
bis moqmedeba da primulas yvavilebi TeTrdeba.
Tu mcenares davabrunebT oTaxis pirobebSi, pri­­
mula isev wiTlad ayvavildeba.
3 ra Sedegs unda movelodeT, Tu sxvadasxva pi-
robebSi gazrdil TeTryvavilian da wiTelyvavil-
ian primulas Teslebs erTnair temperaturul pi-
robebSi davTesavT?

modifikacias mimarTulebiTi xasiaTi aqvs _ garemos moqmedebiT niSne-

bi erTi romelime mimarTuUlebiT icvleba. magaliTad, yvela janmrTeli Ria
feris adamiani mzis sxivebis moqmedebiT irujeba; sasuqebiT mdidar bostanSi
daTesili yvela mcenare ufro didi zomebs aRwevs.
modifikaciuri cvalebadobis intensivoba damokidebulia misi gamom­
w­vevi faqtoris Zalasa da moqmedebis xangrZlivobaze. kunTovani sistemis
ganviTarebis xarisxis damokidebuleba varjiSis sixSiresa da intensivobaze
amis damajerebeli magaliTia.
garemo pirobebis moqmedebiT niSnebi icvleba, magram xom ar SeiZle-
ba, niSani usazRvrod icvlebodes? arsebobs Tu ara niSnis cvlilebis raime

109
zRva­ri? magaliTad, kvebis racionis gavleniT, mkveTrad izrdeba msxvil-
fexa rqosani pirutyvis wveladoba. magram arsebobs racionis momatebis
zRva­ri, romlis zeviT, rogorc ar unda vkveboT Zroxa, misi wveladoba aRar
moimatebs. gansazRvruli niSan-Tvisebis modifikaciuri cvalebadobis far-
glebs am niSan-Tvisebis reaqciis norma ewodeba. reaqciis normas genotipi
gansazRvravs.
reaqciis norma genetikurad mkacradaa gansazRvruli da memkvidreobi-
Ti xasiaTi aqvs. TAaobidan TaobaSi memkvidreobiT gadaecema ara TviT niSnis
sidide, aramed am niSnis reaqciis norma. magaliTad, broileris jiSis wi-
wilebis wona SeiZleba Seicvalos 400 gramidan 1,8 kilogramamde, magram jer
aravis unaxavs amaze mcire an didi zomis wiwilebi.
4 wonis daklebis mizniT, adamianebi sxvadasxva dietas mimarTaven. erTi
da imave dietiT zogi metad iklebs wonaSi, zogi naklebad. ifiqre:
a. riT daamtkiceb, rom dietiT wonis dakleba modifikaciuri cvaleba-
dobaa.
b. ratom ar iklebs erTi da imave dietiT sxvadasxva adamiani erTnairad?
zogierTi niSnis cvalebadobis farglebi sakmaod farToa, zogierTis _
viwro. rogorc wesi, raodenobriv niSnebs _ foTlis zomas, qaTmis kvercxis­
mdeblobas, adamianis wonas, simaRles, ZuZumwovrebis sxeulSi cximis dagro­
vebas _ farTo reaqciis norma aqvs, xolo Tvisobriv niSnebs _ bewvis fers,
rZis cximianobas, yvavilis agebulebas _ ufro viwro.
Tu organizmebs ama Tu im niSnis zrdis an klebis mixedviT ganvalagebT,
maSin miiReba mocemuli niSnis cvalebadobis rigi, romelsac variaciuli
rigi ewodeba. es rigi Sedgeba calkeuli variantebisgan. varianti aris niSan-
Tvisebis ganviTarebis calkeuli gamovlena. variaciuli rigis SedgeniT Se­
saZlebelia individis raime niSnis reaqciis normis, anu am niSnis modifi-
kaciuri cvalebadobis farglebis dadgena.
SevadginoT erTi jiSis lobios marcvlebis sigrZis cvalebadobis vari-
aciuli rigi. gavzomoT 50 cali Teslis sigrZe. vTqvaT, gazomviT dadginda,
rom es ricxvi cvalebadobs 13 mm-dan 20 mm-mde. variantebi SevitanoT cxri-
lis pirvel rigSi.
ganvsazRvroT sxvadasxva variantis Sexvedris sixSire. magaliTad, ram-
denjer gvxvdeba 15 mm sigrZis Tesli da monacemebi CavweroT cxrilis meore
rigSi. ase moviqceT yvela variantisTvis.

lobios Teslis sigrZis

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
variantebi (mm).

TiTieuli variantis
2 4 6 13 14 7 3 1
Sexvedris sixSire

rogorc aRmoCnda, yvelaze maRalia saSualo sigrZis marcvlis Sexvedris

sixSire, xolo dabali _ yvelaze mokle an yvelaze grZeli marcvlis.
variaciuli rigis safuZvelze igeba variaciuli mrudi _ yoveli varian-
tis Sexvedris sixSiris grafikuli asaxva.

110
 aage lobios Teslis sigrZis variaciuli mrudi. ordinatTa RerZze
daitane variantebis Sexvedris sixSiris maCveneblebi, xolo abscisTa RerZ­
ze _ variantebi. mrudis monacemebiT gansazRvre mocemuli niSnis saSualo
sidide.
5 ra SeiZleba iyos lobios Teslis zomis cvlilebis mizezi?

organizmis niSan-Tvisebebis cvlilebas, romelic warmoiqmneba

garemo faqtorebis moqmedebiT, misi genotipis cvlilebis gareSe,
modifikaciuri cvalebadoba hqvia.

gadaitane rveulSi da daakavSire isrebiT qvemoT CamoTvlili

mov­lenebi cvalebadobis saxeebTan.

Cinuri primula 30°C -ze da ufro maRal

temperaturaze ikeTebs TeTr yvavilebs,
xolo gacilebiT dabal temperaturaze genuri mutacia
_ vardisfers.

Sereuli qorwinebiT daibada TeTrkaniani

gogona da Savkaniani vaJi.
qromosomuli
bayayis Tavkombalas nawlavis sigrZe, mutacia
mxolod mcenareuli sakvebiT kvebisas,
orjer metia im Tavkombalas nawlavis
sigrZeze, romelic cxoveluri sakvebiT
ikvebeba. kombinaciuri
cvalebadoba
qromosomaSi moxda misi erT-erTi nawilis
gaormageba.

zamTris dadgomasTan erTad, cxovelebma modifikaciuri

Seicvales bewvis Seferiloba da sixSire. cvalebadoba

janmrTel mSoblebs SeeZinaT mglis

sasiani bavSvi.

1. daasaxele cvalebadobis tipebi, romlebmac qaTmebis Sejvare­

bisas STamomavlebSi axali fenotipis individebis gaCena ga­
moiwvia.

111
 2. ra mniSvneloba unda hqondes sisxlis gadasxmis sadgurisTvis
im qalaqis sisxlis jgufis variaciuli rigis codnas, sadac es
sadguria?
3. mamakacma colad SeirTo plastikuri operaciebiT `galamaze-
buli~ qali. unda hqondes mas imedi, rom maTi Svilebi daimem-
kvidreben dedis `Selamazebul~ niSnebs?
4. TbilisSi bevri gogona mTeli wlis manZilze garujulia. amas
isini solariumis saSualebiT axerxeben. ras urCevdiT maT?

1. cvalebadobis romel formas ekuTvnis identuri tyupebis gan­

sx­vaveba simaRleSi da zRvis piras dasvenebis Sedegad garu­
juli kani:
a. kombinaciur cvalebadobas;
b. aramemkvidrul cvalebadobas;
g. mutacias.

2. romeli debulebaa swori:

a. reaqciis normas fenotipi gansazRvravs;
b. garemo pirobebis moqmedebiT niSan-Tvisebebis cvlileba usa­
z­Rvro ar aris.
g. niSan-Tvisebebis modifikaciuri cvalebadobis farglebs mxo­
lod garemo pirobebi gansazRvravs.
d. yvela niSan-Tvisebas farTo reaqciis norma aqvs.

eqimisTvis cnobilia sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufSi arteriuli wne­

vis reaqciis norma. rogor fiqrob, ra mniSvneloba aqvs am maCvene-
bels diagnozis dasasmelad?

modifikaciuri cvlebadoba _ environmental variability

variaciuli rigi _ variation row
variaciuli mrudi _ variation curve
reaqciis norma _ reaction norm

112
III Tanamedrove genetikuri teqnologiebi
§18
bioteqnologia
genuri inJineria
genmodificirebuli baqteriebi

bioteqnologia

memkvidreobiTobis molekuluri meqanizmebis garkvevam axali epoqa dai-

wyo bioteqnologiaSi.
martivad Tu vityviT, bioteqnologia aris adamianis mier cocxali orga-
nizmebis gamoyeneba, misTvis saintereso produqtebis misaRebad, risTvisac
is xelmisawvdom sxvadasxva xerxsa da saSualebas mimarTavs.
aseTi saqmianobiT adamiani Tavisi ganviTarebis Zalian adreul etape-
bzec iyo dakavebuli: is iSinaurebda gareul cxovelebs da Tavs samosiTa da
sakvebiT uzrunvelyofda; velur mcenareebs sacxovrebelTan axlos rgavda,
uvlida da mosavals Rebulobda.
arc Tu didi xnis win, sxvadasxva saxelmZRvaneloebsa da enciklopedieb-
Si bioteqnologiis erT-erT aseT ganmartebas amoikiTxavdi: bioteqnologia
aris mikroorganizmebisa da sxva cocxali organizmebis gamoyeneba adamianis
mier komerciuli interesebis mqone produqtebis sawarmoeblad.
XXI saukuneSi bioteqnologiis ganmarteba sul sxvagvarad JRers: biote-
qnologia aris molekuluri biologiis erT-erTi ganxra, romelic iyenebs
genur inJineriasa da sxva dnm-teqnologiebs mikroorganizmebis, mcenaree­
bisa da cxovelebis dnm-is modificirebisTvis, raTa maTi niSan-Tvisebebi sa-
surveli mimarTulebiT Secvalos, komerciuli interesebis mqone pro­duq­
tebis sawarmoeblad.
Tanamedrove bioteqnologia ramdenime mimarTulebad iyofa:
samedicino bioteqnologia gulisxmobs cocxali organizmebis gamoyene-
bas adamianTa mkurnalobis sxvadasxva meTodSi.
farmakologiuri bioteqnologia iyenebs cocxal organizmebs samkurna-
lo preparatebis dasamzadeblad.
sasoflo-sameurneo bioteqnologia qmnis mavneblebisa da garemo piro-
bebisadmi mdgrad mcenareebsa da sxvadasxva daavadebebis mimarT Seuval,
maRalproduqtiul cxovelTa jiSebs.
industriuli bioteqnologia eZebs gzebs cocxali organizmebis saSu-
alebiT axali qimiuri nivTierebebisa da sawvavis misaRebad.
bioteqnologias momavlis mecnierebad miiCneven, romelic Seexeba da
gaaumjobesebs adamianis sicocxlisa da saqmianobis yvela sferos. aseTi
revoluciuri gadatrialebisTvis bioteqnologias myar safuZvels funda-
menturi mecnierebebi uqmnian.

113
 molekuluri biologia

citologia genetika fiziologia seleqcia qimia

bioteqnologia

mcenareebi cxovelebi diagnostika medikamentebi fermentebi

genuri inJineria

Tanamedrove bioteqnologiis safuZveli 1 2

genuri inJineriaa. genuri inJineria niSnavs
erTi organizmis genis CaSenebas meore orga- 4
nizmis dnm-is molekulaSi. aseT dnm-s rekom-
binaciul dnm-s uwodeben, xolo organizms,
3
romelic rekombinaciul dnm-s Seicavs _
genmodificirebuls. genmodificirebul or-
ganizms misTvis adre sruliad ucxo, axali
Tviseba uCndeba.
am, saTqmelad advili, magram teqnikurad
rTuli proceduris Catareba mxolod mas
Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli, rac gairkva, rom
zogierTi baqteriis ujredi ori saxis dnm-s
Sei­cavs. erTi baqteriis qromosomis Sedgeni-
lobaSi Sedis, xolo meore SedarebiT mcire
zomis, cikluria da mas plazmidi hqvia. plaz-
mids qromosomuli dnm-isgan damoukidebeli
replikaciis unari gaaCnia. plazmidian baqte-
rias xandaxan `mamr~ baqteriasac uwodeben,
radgan mis plazmids uplazmido `mdedr~ baq-
teriaSi gadasvla SeuZlia.
am ori Tvisebis gamo plazmidebi da re-
striqtazebi genuri inJineriis iaraRad iqc-
nen.
restriqtazebi fermentebia, romlebic dnm-
Si nukleotidebis garkveul, maTTvis spe­­ci­fiur 1. `mamri~ baqteria;
2. `mdedri~ baqteria;
Tanmimdevrobebs cnoben da mas am ad­gilebSi Wri- 3. qromosomuli dnm;
an, amitom am fermentebs `mo­le­kulur makrat­ 4. plazmidi.
lebsac~ uwodeben.

114
 A B 2
2 1
1

restriqtazebis moqmedeba
1. dnm-is molekula; 2. restriqtazebi.

genuri inJineriis pirvel etapze baqteriebidan, mcenareebidan, cxovele-

bidan an adamianis dnm-dan restriqtaziT sasurvel gens amoWrian. Semdeg
baqteriidan plazmids gamoyofen, igive restriqtaziT axla mis garkveul
ubans Wrian da masSi sasurveli geni gadaaqvT. `molekulur webod~, romelic
axal gens plazmidSi afiqsirebs, sxva saxis fermentebi _ ligazebi gamoiye­
neba.
miRebul rekombinaciul plazmids baqteriasTan erTad aTavseben.
plazmidi baqteriis ujredSi aRwevs da aseTi baqteria ukve genmodificirebu­
lia. plazmids, romelmac baqteriaSi axali geni Seitana, veqtors uwodeben.
baqteria gamravlebas iwyebs, masTan erTad plazmidic mravldeba da er-
Ti genidan aTasobiT misi identuri geni warmoiqmneba.

1 3

4
2

6
genmodificirebuli
baqteriis miReba
1. baqteria;
2. plazmidi;
3. ujredi sasurveli geniT;
4. ujredis dnm;
5. rekombinaciuri plazmidi;
6. genmodificirebuli baqteria.

115
 genmodificirebul baqteri­ebs
did re­zervuarebSi cxovelqmede­ 1
bisa da swrafi gamravlebisTvis op­
timalur pirobebs uqmnian da maT­gan
sasurvel produqts didi ra­o­de­ 2
nobiT Rebuloben.
baqteriis mTavar momuSave man-
qanad gamoyenebis gziT miRebulia
insulini, adamianis zrdis hormoni, genmodificirebuli
baqteriidan cila-produqtis miReba
xaris somatotropini, vaqcinebi, sim-
sivnis nekrozis faqtori, epidermi­ 1. genmodificirebuli baqteria;
2. cilovani produqti.
sis zrdis faqtori.
Teoriulad, baqteriaSi nebismi­
eri organizmis nebismieri genis Setanaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, baqteriis
ujredSi plazmidis saSualebiT adamianis nebismieri geni SeiZleba Cainer­
gos. organizmis genebis mTel am koleqcias, romelsac rekombinaciuli baq­
te­riebi Seicaven, `genebis biblioTeka~ Searqves.
am biblioTekidan zogierTi `wigni~ adamianma ukve sakmaod warmatebiT
gamoiyena sxvadasxva genetikuri daavadebis samkurnalod.

2 2 2 2
1

genebis biblioTeka
3 1. dnm-is molekula;
2. A, B, C da D genebi;
3. rekombinaciuli baqteria
_ erT-erTi `wigni” genebis
biblioTekidan.

bioteqnologia aris molekuluri biologiis ganxra, romelic iye­

nebs genur inJineriasa da sxva dnm-teqnologiebs cocxali orga-
nizmebis dnm-is modificirebisTvis, raTa maTi Tvisebebi sasurve-
li mimarTulebiT Secvalos. genuri inJineria erTi organizmis
genis CaSenebaa meore organizmis dnm-Si. struqturas, romelsac
axali geni Seaqvs organizmSi, veqtors uwodeben.

116
1. rekombinaciul dnm-s xSirad qi­
meras uwodeben. gaecani ber­­Znul
miTs am arsebis Se­sa­xeb da gvipa-
suxe, ratom Se­er­qva rekombinaci-
ul dnm-s aseTi saxeli?

2. sqematurad warmoadgine insuli-

nis miReba genuri inJineriiT.

3. adamianis piris RruSi binadrobs baqteria Streptococus mutans,

romelic Cvens organizms garkveuli saxis mikrobebis SeRwe­
visgan icavs. Tumca, is problemebsac gviqmnis. Wamis Semdeg,
Tu kbilebs Soris sakvebi darCa, es baqteria narCenebSi arse-
bul glukozas rZis mJavad gardaqmnis. mJava minanqars Slis da
kariesis mizezi xdeba.
genuri inJineriiT miiRes am baqteriis iseTi
forma, romelic glukozas rZis mJavad ar
gardaqmnis. jerjerobiT mas stomatologebi
ar iyeneben. misi gamocda cxovelebSi mimdina­
reobs.
a. Seni azriT, ra mimarTulebiT xdeba am baqte-
riis gamocda?
b. warmoidgine, rom eswrebi konferencias, ro­
melzec genmodificirebuli Streptococus mu-
tans-is gamoyenebis Sesaxeb msjeloben. ra kiTxvebs dausvamdi
am samuSaos avtorebs?

1. rogor fiqrob, ra mizniT da vin iyenebs xaris somatotropins?

2. celulaza fermentia, romelic celulozas Slis. es fermenti
ZuZumwovrebis umravlesobas ar gaaCnia. genuri inJineriis gziT
miRebuli celulazaTi fermerebi arian dainteresebuli. ro-
gor fiqrob, ra mizniT iyeneben fermerebi am ferments?
3. moifiqre, romeli daavadebebisa da dazianebis SemTxvevaSi Sei-
Zleba iyos gamoyenebuli epidermisis zrdis faqtori?
4. rogor fiqrob, ra gziT Rebulobdnen insulinsa da adamia-
nis zrdis hormons, sanam genuri inJineriis gziT gaxdeboda
misi miReba SesaZlebeli? Seadare es ori gza erTmaneTs da im-
sjele, ra gzas mianiWebdi upiratesobas da ratom.

restriqtazebs, romlebsac genur inJineriaSi iyeneben, mecniere-

bi baqteriuli ujredidan gamoyofen. termini `restriqcia~ ra-
Racis SezRudvas, Sekavebas niSnavs. moifiqre, risTvis sWirdebaT
baqteriebs restriqtazebi, vis winaaRmdeg iyeneben am iaraRs?

rekombinaciuli dnm _ Recombinant DNA;

http://sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/dnalibrary.html

117
III Tanamedrove genetikuri teqnologiebi
§19
genmodificirebuli mcenareebi. maTi miRebis mizani
genmodificirebuli mcenareebis miRebis teqnologiebi
genmodificirebuli mcenareebis gamocda
genmodificirebuli mcenareebis miRebis mizania:
 gazardon mcenaris winaaRmdegobis unari mavneblebisa da parazitebis
mimarT;
 gazardon mcenaris gamZleoba garemos araxelsayreli pirobebis (maRali
an dabali temperatura, wylis deficiti, mwiri niadagi) mimarT;
 Seqmnan maRali kvebiTi Rirebulebis mcenareebi, romlebic Seicaven nax-
Sirwylebis, cilebis, cximebis, vitaminebis dabalansebul raodenobas.
mecnierebi fiqroben, rom mxolod am miznebis warmatebiT ganxorcie­le­
bis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli sasursaTo deficitTan gamklaveba, rome­lic
msoflios uaxloes aTwleulebSi emuqreba.
genmodificirebuli mcenareebis miRebas, baqteriebTan SedarebiT, mniS-
vnelovani sirTule axlavs Tan. saqme isaa, rom mcenare miliardobiT ujreds
Seicavs da rekombinaciuli dnm yvela maTganSi unda aRmoCndes. amitom gen-
modificirebul mcenareTa mi­­­­
sa­Rebad gansxvavebuli teq­no­ 1 3
logia gamoiyeneba. veq­to­rad
aq agrobaqterium-is plazmids iye­ 2
4
neben. es er­TaderTi baqteriaa,
romlis plazmids mcenareul
uj­redebSi SeRweva SeuZlia da
isic, mxolod gar­kveul mcena- 5
reTa ujredebSi.
mcenaris fesvis an Reros
wverodan iReben qsovilis Txel
fenas (0,5 mm) da agrobaqterium- 6
is rekombinaciul plaz­midTan
erTad garkveuli Sedgenilobis genmodificirebuli
mcenaris miReba
siTxeSi aTavseben. 7
ramdenime xnis Semdeg uj­re­ 1. agrobacterium;
2. plazmidi;
debi gadaaqvT areSi, romelic 3. ujredi sasurveli
mcenaris normaluri ganviTa- geniT;
rebisTvis aucilebel sakvebsa 4. ujredis dnm;
da hormonebs Seicavs. ujrede­ 5. rekombinaciuri
bi gamravlebas iwyeben da qso- 8 plazmidi;
6. mcenaris ujredebi;
vils warmoqmnian. am meTods 7. qsovilur kultura;
qso­viluri kulturis miRebis 8. mcenaris aRmonaceni.
meTodi hqvia.

118
 qsovilidan mcire xanSi mcenaris organoebi iwyeben ganviTarebas. fesvis
warmoqmnisTanave mcenareebi saTburSi gadaaqvT. am meTodiT erTi mcenari-
dan ganusazRvreli raodenobis genetikurad identuri genmodificirebuli
mcenareebis miRebaa SesaZlebeli, wlis nebismier dros.
magram agrobaqterium-is plazmidebi yvela saxeobis mcenareSi ver aRweven.
maTi genmodificirebisTvis metad saintereso
me­Todi gamoiyeneba, romelic `genis Tofis~ sa­
xel­wodebiTaa cnobili. es Tofi oqros pawawina,
TvaliT uxilav tyviebs isvris. tyvia garedan
sasurveli genis Semcveli dnm-iTaa dafaruli.
tyviebs mcenaris qsovilis Txel fenebs esvrian.
`natyviar~ qsovils hormonebis Semcvel sakveb
areSi aTavseben da misgan genmodificirebuli
mcenareuli organizmi yalibdeba. am gziT aris
miRebuli genmodificirebuli vaSli, stafilo,
zeTisxili, Tambaqo. dReisTvis msoflioSi 100-ze
meti saxis genmodificirebuli mcenare arsebobs.

`genis Tofi~

genmodificirebuli bostneuli

genmodificirebuli `oqros brinji~, ro­

melsac ase yviTeli Seferilobis gamo uwo­
des, beta-karotins Seicavs. es nivTiereba
didi raodenobiTaa yviTeli feris xilsa
da bostneulSi. beta-karotini Zalze mniSv­
nelovani naerTia. is adamianis organizmSi
A vitaminad gardaiqmneba, romelsac zrdis
vi­tamins uwodeben. misi nakleboba iwvevs e.w.
qaTmis sibrmaves _ mxedvelobis daqveiTebas
sibneleSi, aseve kanisa da lorwovani garsis Cveulebrivi da oqros brinji
dazianebas. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, A
vitamini A monawileobs ujredis genetikuri aparatis regulaciaSi _ aregu-
lirebs ujredebis diferencirebis process.
pomidvris yinvagamZleobis gasazrdelad, masSi erT-erTi arqtikuli Te-
vzis geni Seiyvanes.
genmodificirebul kartofilSi Canergili geni iseT cilas gamoimuSa­

119
vebs, romelic misi mavneblis _ kolorados xoWos sxeulSi toqsikur niv-
Tierebad gardaiqmneba. amis gamo kartofils xoWo aRar ekareba.
CineTSi 3,8 milioni heqtari genmodificirebul bambas ukavia, romlis
nayofs misi mavnebeli Wia veRar anadgurebs.
amerikaSi soiasa da marcvleulis naTesebis naxevarze genmodificire­
buli mcenareebi mohyavT. maTSi Seyvanili mikrobis genis gamo, es mcenareebi
toqsins gamoimuSaveben da amitom mavneblebi da parazitebi veRar azianeben.
msoflios mraval qveyanaSi genmodificirebuli marcvleulis naTesebs
uzarmazari farTobebi ukavia.

53% aSS
17% argentina
11% brazilia
6% kanada
4% indoeTi
3% CineTi
2% paragvai
1% samxreT amerika
3% danarCeni qveynebi

genmodificirebuli marcvleulis naTesebi msoflios

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

amJamad intensiuri muSaoba mimdinareobs iseTi genmodificirebuli mce­

nareebis Seqmnaze, romlebic `nebas darTaven~ azotfiqsator baqteriebs, da­
saxldnen maT fesvebze. bunebrivad es baqteriebi mxolod parkosnebis _ lo­
bios, soias, ionjas fesvebze binadroben.
ras warmoadgenen azotfiqsatori baqteriebi? ratom daimsaxures maT
aseTi yuradReba?
yvela mcenares normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisTvis didi raodenobiT azo­
ti esaWiroeba.
1 gaixsene, ratom?
azots mcenare niadagidan mineraluri marilebis saxiT Rebulobs. magram
niadagis saTesad xangrZlivad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, masSi marilebis ra-
odenoba TandaTan klebulobs.
2 rogor aisaxeba es mosavalze?
3 ra xerxs mimarTaven mosavlianobis gasazrdelad?
haeri 78% molekulur azots Seicavs, magram mcenareebi mas ver iyene-
ben. molekulebi azotis gamoyenebas mxolod azotfiqsatori baqteriebiT
axerxeben. isini am azots mcenarisTvis advilad SesaTvisebel formad _
NH3-ad gardaqmnian da mcenares, romelzec saxloben, mudmivad amarageben
sasi­cocxlod aucilebeli qimiuri elementiT.

120
 4 mecnierebi varaudoben, rom am proeqtis warmatebiT ganxor­
cielebis SemTxvevaSi mcenareuli produqti mniSvnelovnad gaiaf­
deba. ifiqre, ratom?
mcenareTa genmodificirebas garkveuli siZneleebic axlavs
Tan. gaur­kve­velia, rogor `miiRebs~ mcenareSi CarTul ucxo gens is
garemo, romelSic mce­nare izrdeba da ra gavlenas moaxdens axali
geni masze. amitom genmodifi­ci­rebul mcenareTa warmoebis erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani da aucilebeli eta­­­pi misi garemoSi gamocdaa.
gamocda gulisxmobs mcenaris daTesvas da xan­­grZliv dakvirvebas
imaze, avlens Tu ara sasurvel Tvisebas mcenare moce­mul garemoSi
da ra gavlenas axdens is am garemoSi binadar sxva cocxal orga-
nizmebze _ xom ar icvleba raime mcenareTa da cxovelTa popula-
ciebSi. mxo­­lod aseTi gamocdis `warmatebiT Cabarebis~ SemTxveva-
Si eZleva ufleba bi­oteqnologiur kompanias, awarmoos da gayidos
genmodificirebuli mcenare.

mcenareTa genmodificirebis mizania Seqmnan mcenareebi, romleb-

sac aqvT maRali winaaRmdegobis unari mavneblebis, parazitebis,
garemos araxelsayreli pirobebis mimarT. aseve gazardon maTi
produqtiuloba da kvebiTi Rirebuleba. mcenareTa genmodifici-
rebisTvis veqtorad agrobaqterium-is plazmids iyeneben. zogierT
mcenareSi axali genis Canergva `genis Tofis~ meTodiT xorciel-
deba. dReisTvis msoflioSi 100-mde sxvadasxva saxis genmodifici-
rebuli mcenare arsebobs. genmodificirebul mcenareTa warmoe-
bis aucilebeli etapi maTi garemoSi gamocdaa.

1. ra gavlenas axdens adamianis janmrTelobaze azotovani sasu­

qebis Warbi gamoyeneba mosavlianobis gazrdis mizniT?
2. bamba CineTSi mniSvnelovnad gaiafda. ra aris amis mizezi?

1. 1987 wlidan 2002 wlis CaTvliT aSS-Si, sadac mcenareTa gen-

modificirebiT udidesi kompaniebia dakavebuli, 8000-mde ne-
barTva gaica sxvadasxva saxis genmodificirebul mcenareTa
gamosacdelad. imsjele, ra iyo genmodificirebuli mcenaree-
bis gamoyvanis mTavari motivacia.

53% mavneblis mimarT gamZleoba

parazitebis mimarT winaaRmdegoba
42%
gaumjobesebuli sakvebi Rirebuleba

7%

121
 2. msoflioSi simindis naTesebis 61% da bambis naTesebis 83%
genmodificirebul mcenareebze modis.
evropis kavSiri acxadebs, rom erT-erTi saxis genmodificire-
buli simindi garkveuli saxeobis peplebs anadgurebs did bri-
taneTSi. mecnierTa azriT, Tu ase gagrZelda, es mdinareebSi
sicocxlis mospobas gamoiwvevs. amitom isini krZalaven aseTi
genmodificirebuli simindis dasaTesad Semotanas evropaSi.
Seni azriT, ra kavSiri SeiZleba hqondes pepelebis ganadgure-
bas mdinareSi sicocxlis mospobasTan?
3. indoeTis soflis meurneobidan nacionaluri Semosavlis erTi
mesamedi bambis kulturaze modis. genmodificirebuli bamba
gacilebiT iafia. 2007 wels indoeTSi aseTi faqti moxda: Zro­
xam erT-erTi saxis genmodificirebuli bamba SeWama, ramac misi
sikvdili gamoiwvia. fermerma sasamarTloSi iCivla. Seni azriT:
a. indoeTma uari unda Tqvas genmodificirebuli bambis warmoe-
baze?
b. Zroxis sikvdili erTeuli SemTxvevaa, romelzec yuradRebis
miqceva ar Rirs?
g. am faqts SeiZleba garemosTvis Sorsmimavali arasasurveli
Sedegi mohyves?
4. aSS iZulebulia avstraliidan Seiyvanos futkrebi mcenareTa
dasamtverad, radgan iq futkrebis ricxvma mniSvnelovnad ik-
lo. amis mizezad genmodificirebuli mcenareebi saxeldeba.
a. zemoT motanili magaliTebi erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs ima-
ze, rom msofliom saerTod uari unda Tqvas mcenareTa genmo­
dificirebaze? gaiTvaliswine, rom kompetenturi mecnieruli
mo­nacemebiT, uaxloes aTwleulebSi msoflios bevr qveyanaSi
mo­saxleobas sakvebi produqtebis deficitis gamo SimSili elis.
es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas ganviTarebad qveynebSi.
b. Seni azriT, ra aris zemoT motanili arasasurveli faqtebis
mizezi? rogor SeiZleba maTi Tavidan acileba?
5. amerikis, indoeTisa da evropis qveynebis gamocdilebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, Tu saqarTvelo, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,
gadawyvets romelime genmodificirebuli produqtis moyva-
nas, raSi unda iyos darwmunebuli upirveles yovlisa?
romeli qveynebisTvis aris sasicocxlod aucilebeli `oqros brin-
jis~ moyvana? moiZie informacia da dawere referati Temaze: `saqa-
rTveloSi gavrcelebuli xorblis jiSebi~ Semdegi gegmis mixedviT:
1. xorblis sxvadasxva jiSis kvebiTi Rirebuleba;
2. jiSebis gamZleoba parazitebisa da mavneblebis mimarT;
3. jiSebis gamZleoba garemos faqtorebis mimarT;
4. jiSebis mosavlianobis maCveneblebi.

rekombinaciuli dnm _ Recombinant DNA;

www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204/ES%20docs/animations/
transgenic_plants.swf

122
III Tanamedrove genetikuri teqnologiebi
§20
genmodificirebuli cxovelebi. maTi Seqmnis mizani
cxovelTa klonireba

cxovelTa genmodificireba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT xdeba:

pirveli mimarTulebis mizania, gazardos da gaaumjobesos cxoveluri pro­
duqciis xarisxi. magaliTad, miRebul iqnas xSirmatyliani cxvari; Rori, rom-
lis xor­ci nazi da naklebcximiani iqneba; Zroxa, romelic bevr da cximian rZes
moiwvelis.
meore mimarTulebis mizania, Seiqmnas iseTi cxovelebi, romlebic maTTvis
sruliad ucxo, magram adamianisTvis saWiro nivTierebebs gamoimuSaveben mag-
aliTad, aseTma cxovelma SeiZleba rZeSi gamoyos adamianis romelime cila,
hormoni an fermenti, romelsac samkurnalo daniSnuleba aqvs. aseT cxovelebs
`farmacevtuli qarxnebic~ ki Searqves.
genmodificirebuli cxovelebis miRebas mcenareebTan SedarebiT kidev
ufro meti sirTuleebi axlavs. cxovelur somatur ujredebs, mcenareuli
ujredebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar aqvT unari warmoqmnan mTliani organizmi.
erTaderTi cxoveluri ujredi, romlisganac ganayofierebis Semdeg mTliani
organizmi viTardeba, kvercxujredia. amitom genmodificirebuli cxovelebis
misaRebad sruliad gansxvavebuli teqnologiebiT sargebloben.
erT-erTi aseTi teqnologiaa axladganayofierebul kvercxujredSi sa­­­sur­­
veli genis uSualo ineqcia. cxovelis kvercxujreds xelovnurad ana­yo­fi­ere­
ben. Semdeg, uwvrilesi nemsiani SpriciT kvercxujredSi sasurveli ge­ni SeaqvT.
kvercxujredi, romelic ucxo gens Seicavs, `surogati~ dedis sa­S­vilos­noSi
gadaaqvT. garkveuli xnis Semdeg ibadeba genmodificirebuli cxo­veli.

1
4
2 genmodificirebuli
cxovelis miReba
1. dnm sasurveli geniT;
2. geni;
3 3. Sprici sasurveli geniT;
6 4. ganayofierebuli kvercxujredis
5 `donori~ Tagvi;
7
8 5. ganayofierebuli kvercxujredi;
9 6. kvercxujredis birTvi;
7. spermis birTvi;
8. `surogati~ deda;
9. genmodificirebuli Tagvi.

123
 am gziT genmodificirebuli pirveli cxoveli iyo Tagvi, romelic 1981
wels miiRes. mas Semdeg es cxoveli farTod gamoiyeneba eqsperimentebSi,
romelTa mizania ama Tu im genis funqciis Seswavla. aseTi eqsperimentebi
saSualebas aZleven mecnierebs gaerkvnen adamianis mravali genetikuri daa-
vadebis warmoSobis mizezebSi.
kvercxujredSi genis uSualod ineqciis gziT genmodificirebul cxo­
velTa miRebis cda xSir SemTxvevaSi uSedegod mTavrdeba. ucxo geni iSviaTad
erTveba kvercxujredis dnm-Si, aseve ver kontroldeba dnm-Si misi CarTvis
adgili.

cxovelTa klonireba

cxoveluri produqciis gazrdisa da xarisxis gaumjobesebisTvis gamoi­

yeneba erT-erTi Tanamedrove teqnologia _ kvercxujredSi somaturi uj­
redis mTliani birTvis gadatana.
gaixsene bayayis Tavkombalaze Catarebuli eqsperimenti, romelic qso-
vilTa diferenciaciis problemaSi gasarkvevad iyo dagegmili. am eqsperi-
ments, garda Teoriulisa, sxva udidesi mniSvnelobac hqonda. gaCnda Sansi
imisa, rom ganayofierebis gareSe, mravalujrediani organizmis erTi soma-
turi ujredidan Seqmniliyo am organizmis absoluturad identuri arseba
_ kloni. Tumca, am ideas maSin skeptikurad uyurebdnen. bevri mecnieri Tvli­
da, rom ar SeiZleboda bayayze Catarebuli cdis Sedegebis ganzogadeba yve-
la cxovelze da msgavsi ram ZuZumwovrebSi warmoudgenlad miaCnda.
1997 wels msoflio aalaparaka eqsperimentma, romelic ZuZumwovris
klo­­nis gamoyvaniT damTavrda. mecnierebma erTi cxvris (I) birTvamoclil
kverc­xu­ jredSi meore cxvris (II) sarZeve jirkvlis ujredis birTvi Seitanes.
susti eleqtruli gaRizianebiT kvercxujredi aiZules dayofa daewyo da
is mesame cxvris (III) _ `surogati dedis~ saSvilosnoSi gadaitanes. Canasaxma
iq ganviTarebis yvela etapi gaiara da samyaros moevlina pirveli klonire-
buli ZuZumwovari, romelsac msoflioSi `yvelaze cnobili cxvari~ uwodes.
cxvars doli daarqves.

I II

dolis miRebis sqema

1. kvercxujredi;
1 3 2. birTvamoclili kvercxujredi;
3. sarZeve jirkvlis ujredi;
4 4. birTvis gadanergva sarZeve
2 jirkvlis ujredidan birTvamo-
III clil kvercxujredSi;
5 5. biTvgadanergili kvercxujre-
doli di.

124
 1 rogor fiqrob, klonirebaSi gamoyenebuli sami cxvridan romelia do-
lis namdvili deda _ romlis aslia doli? axseni, ratom fiqrob ase.

doli da misi doli `surogat dolis klonirebis proeqtis

erT-erTi batkani dedasTan~ erTad avtori l.vilmuti

am eqsperimentidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg mecnierebma SeZles sxva ZuZum-

wovrebis _ Zroxis, Roris, Txis klonis gamoyvanac.
2 ra gansxvavebas xedav klonirebulsa da genmodificirebul cxovelebs
Soris?
klonirebis process didi siZneleebi axlavs. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rode-
sac cxovelebi sxvadasxva defeqtiT ibadebian. maT umravlesobas dabali si-
cocxlisunarianoba gaaCnia.
doli Tavidan normalurad viTardeboda, man eqvsi batkanic ki gaaCina.
magram xuTi wlis asakSi mas jer arTriti daemarTa, ris gamoc normalurad
veRar moZraobda, bolos ki filtvis simsivniT daavadda. dolim mxolod 6
weli icocxla, cxvris saSualo sicocxlis xangrZlivoba ki 12 welia.
cxovelTa klonirebisa da genmodificirebis problemebi am procesSi
genebis araswor aqtivirebas ukavSirdeba. mecnierebma jer-jerobiT ver Se-
Zles yovelTvis sworad marTon isini xelovnur pirobebSi.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gamo, msoflios bevr qveyanaSi SiSiT uyureben
cxovelTa genmodificirebas. mosaxleobas surs darwmunebuli iyos, rom
genmodificirebuli cxoveluri produqtebis gamoyeneba zians ar miayenebs
mis janmrTelobas.

cxovelTa genmodificirebis mizania gaizardos da gaumjobesdes

cxoveluri produqciis xarisxi da aseve, Seqmnan iseTi cxovelebi,
romlebic samkurnalo daniSnulebis mqone nivTierebebs gamoi-
muSaveben. cxovelTa genmodificirebis erT-erTi gza ganayofi-
erebul kvercxujredSi axali genis uSualo ineqciaa. bioteqno-
logiaSi gamoiyeneba agreTve kvercxujredSi somaturi ujredis
birTvis mTliani gadatana, anu klonirebis meTodi. cxovelTa gen-
modificirebisa da klonirebis procesSi yovelTvis ver xerxdeba
genebis aqtivobis swori marTva.

125
 1. genmodificirebuli cxovelebidan aris miRebuli adamianis
hormoni _ eriTropoetini da sisxlis Sededebis erT-erTi faq­­
tori.
a. rogor fiqrob, romeli daavadebis samkurnalod iyeneben sisx­
lis Sededebis am faqtors?
b. eriTropoetinis zegavleniT Zlierdeba Zvlis wiTeli tvinis
fun­qciebi. daakvirdi hormonis saxelwodebas da ifiqre, ro­­
meli daavadebis samkurnalod SeiZleba iyos is gamoyenebuli.
2. fermeris Semosavali mTlianadaa damokidebuli didi raode-
nobiT maRali xarisxis produqciis warmoebaze. moismine er-
Ti amerikeli fermeris azri Zroxebis mo­Se­nebis tradiciuli
meTodis Taobaze, romlis mixedviT cxovelebs Sesajvareblad
mxolod kargi fenotipuri maCveneblis mixedviT irCeven.
`es yvelaferi samorineSi ruletis borblis datrialebas
hgavs. Tqven sruliad SemTxveviT an igebT, an agebT, an Zalian
iS­vi­aTad, yvelaze didi Tanxis _ jek-potis _ mflobeli xde­
biT.~ axseni, ratom aris seleqciis Zveli meTodi aseTi didi
riskis Semcveli.
1. cxovelTa seleqciis erT-erTi Tanamedrove meTodia `sin-
jaraSi ganayofiereba~. adamianisTvis sasurveli memkvidruli
niSan-Tvisebis mqone Zroxis organizmSi (I) SeyavT hipofizis
hormoni, romlis zegavleniT ramdenime kvercxujredi erT-
droulad mwifdeba. momwifebul kvercxujredebs aTavse-
ben sakveb areSi da mas sasurveli Tvisebebis mqone xaris (II)
spermatozoidebiT anayofiereben. spermatozoidebis Senaxva
garkveul pirobebSi ramdenime wlis manZilzec ki SeiZleba.
zigotis oTx ujredad dayofis stadiaze ujredebs erTmane-
Tisgan acalkeveben da isev sakveb areSi abruneben. TiToeuli
ujredi, zigotis msgavsad, Tavidan iwyebs dayofas. maTgan emb­
rionebi yalibdeba, romlebic sxvadasxva `surogati de­dis~(III)
organizmSi gadaaqvT.

`sinjaraSi ganayofierebis~
meTodi
kvercxujredi
spermatozoidi
Canasaxi
Canasaxis ujredebi

126
 a. Seadare erTmaneTs seleqciis tradiciuli da `sinjaraSi ga-
nayofierebis~ meTodebi da CamoTvale `sinjaraSi ganayofie­
rebis~ meTodis upiratesobani.
b. Tu amerikeli fermeris terminologias gamoviyenebT, mcir­
deba Tu ara `wagebis~ Sansi `sinjaraSi ganayofierebis~ dros?
2. evropaSi mosaxleobis nawils, cxovelTa dacvisa da sxvadasx-
va arasamTavrobo organizaciebs amoralurad miaCniaT da
eWvis TvaliT uyureben cxovelebis gamoyenebas eqsperimen­
tebSi. isini moiTxoven sakuTari mTavrobisgan, mudmivad saq-
mis kursSi amyofos mosaxleoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra mizniT
tardeba cdebi cxovelebze. Sens winaSea monacemebi, romlebic
asaxa­ven Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv did britaneTsa da ni­
derlandebSi. gaecani monacemebs da gvipasuxe:

100
90
80 Tagvebi
70 mecniereba Tevzebi
60 ganaTleba frinvelebi
50
diagnostika ZuZumwovrebi
40
30 medicina virTagvebi
20 reptiliebi
10
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

a. romel cxovelebze tardeba ZiriTadad eqsperimentebi?

b. aris Tu ara saSiSroeba imisa, rom cxovelebze Catarebuli
eqsperimentebis Sedegad am qveynebSi genmodificirebuli sa­
kve­bis raodenoba gaizrdeba?
g. gamoiyeneba Tu ara eqsperimentuli cxovelebi kosmetikuri,
saojaxo moxmarebis, alkoholuri da Tambaqos produqciis da­
samzadeblad?
d. ra aris am eqsperimentebis ZiriTadi mizani?
e. amarTlebs mizani saSualebebs _ cxovelebze Catarebuli cde­
bi aaxlovebs im dros, rodesac SesaZlebeli iqneba adamianis
gankurneba mravali saSiSi daavadebisgan?
fermerebi ZiriTadad mdedri individebis miRebiT arian dainte­
resebulni.
a. rogor ggonia, ratom?
b. iZleva `sinjaraSi ganayofiereba~ imis garantias, rom am meTo-
dis gamoyenebiT aucileblad mdedri individi daibadeba?
g. romeli meTodiTaa SesaZlebeli cxovelTa gamravlebisas sa-
surveli sqesis individis miReba?

http://content.tutorvista.com/biology_11/content/media/cloning.swf

127
III Tanamedrove genetikuri teqnologiebi
§21
genmodificirebuli organizmebi da biologiuri
usafrTxoeba

2005 wlis zafxulSi msoflios janmrTelobis dacvis saerTaSoriso or­

ganizaciam gamoaqveyna sami wlis kvlevis Sedegebi, romelic genmodifi­ci­­re­
bul sakvebs exeba. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen msoflios sasursaTo pro­duq­­te­­bis
organizacia, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, ekonomikuri gan­vi­Tarebi­­sa
da TanamSromlobis organizacia da sxva avtoritetuli saerTaSo­riso or­
ganizaciebi.

am dokumentis daskvniT nawilSi miTiTebulia im potenciur sargebelsa

da riskebze, romelic Tan sdevs genmodificirebuli organizmebis gamoyene-
bas sasursaTo produqtebis warmoebaSi.
daskvnis mixedviT, genmodificirebuli organizmebi gamoirCevian maRali
produqtiulobiT, kvebiTi RirebulebiTa da xarisxiT, rac xels uwyobs mo-
saxleobis janmrTelobisa da cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas. Sedegi gan-
sakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa ganviTarebad qveynebSi.
dokumentSi xazgasmulia agreTve genmodificirebuli organizmebisa
da maTgan miRebuli sakvebi produqtebis usafrTxoebis mkacri Sefasebis
aucilebloba.
daskvnis mixedviT, sanam genmodificirebuli organizmebi miiReben ne-
barTvas warmoebasa da gayidvaze, saWiroa maTze damyardes xangrZlivi kon-
troli. aseve aucilebelia kontroli samomxmareblo bazarze produqtis
gasvlis Semdeg. mxolod aseTi midgoma aacilebs risks, rogorc adamianis
janmrTelobas, aseve garemos biomravalferovnebas.
dokumentSi naTqvamia, rom es riski Sefasebuli iyo yvela im genmodifi­
cirebuli mcenarisTvis, romelsac neba daerTo warmoebisa da gayidvisTvis
da, rom genmodificirebuli sakvebi produqtebi usafrTxoebis Tvalsazri­
siT ufro metad aris Seswavlili, vidre Cveulebrivi produqtebi.

128
 msoflio jandacvis organizacia rekomendacias iZleva imaze, rom genmo­
dificirebuli produqciis warmoebisas momavalSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas
ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri mdgomareoba, aseve
kul­tura da religiuri Sexedulebebi, vinaidan qveynebi Zalze gansxvavdebi-
an erTmaneTisgan am parametrebiT.
msoflio jandacvis organizaciis azriT, Tanamedrove bioteqnologiebis
gamoyenebiT XXI saukuneSi adamianis keTildReobis STambeWdavi gaumjobese-
ba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba
Seqmnis ekologiur da adamianis janmrTelobis dacvis efeqtur garantiebs.
dReisTvis arsebobs TxuTmetamde saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, romelic gen­
modificirebuli produqtebis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva aspeqts aregulirebs.
2000 wels msoflios 130 qveyanam xeli moawera SeTanxmebas, romelic gare-
mos biousafrTxoebis karTaxenas SeTanxmebis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.

am SeTanxmebis mizania daicvas garemos biomravalferovneba im potenci-

uri riskisgan, romelsac genmodificirebuli organizmebi Seicaven da Seqm-
nas usafrTxoebis garantiebi. is ganviTarebad qveynebs saSualebas aZlevs,
daicvan balansi ekonomikur problemebsa da adamianis janmrTelobas Soris.
am SeTanxmebis mixedviT, qveyanas aqvs ufleba akrZalos genmodificirebu-
li organizmebis importi (magaliTad, marcvleuli, bamba), Tu mecnierulad
erTmniSvnelovnad ar aris dadasturebuli misi usafrTxoeba. agreTve aqvs
ufleba, moiTxovos mwarmoebeli mxarisgan zusti cnobebi im riskis Sesaxeb,
romelic genmodificirebuli organizmis qveyanaSi Semotanas da gamoyenebas
axlavs Tan.

129
 2003 wels evropis parlamentma ratificireba gaukeTa biousafrTxoebis
dokuments, romelic aregulirebs genmodificirebuli sakvebiT saerTaSo­
riso vaWrobas da daawesa am produqtis etiketirebis wesebi. am wesebis Tanax-
mad, nebismieri sakvebi, romelic 0,9% genmodificirebul produqts Seicavs,
etiketirebuli unda iyos.
importirebuli genmodificirebuli tvirTi unda Seicavdes nukleotid­
Ta garkveul usafrTxo Tanmimdevrobas, erTgvar niSans, romelic ganasxva­
vebs am produqts sxva produqtisgan. es, problemebis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi,
gaaiolebs mis droul amoRebas sakvebi qselidan.
tvirTi aseTive saxiT unda Seicavdes informacias produqtis mwarmoe-
bel kompaniaze da imaze, Tu ra saxis genmodificireba Cautarda mocemul
organizms.
genmodificirebuli sakvebis etiketirebaze evropasa da amerikis Seer­
Tebul Statebs Soris azrTa mkveTri sxvadasxvaobaa. amerikis SeerTebuli
Sta­tebi miiCnevs, rom aseTi sakvebis usafrTxoeba dadasturebulia saerTa­
Soriso organizaciebis mier. etiketireba mosaxleobaSi kidev ufro gaaZli­
erebs eWvs imaze, rom es produqtebi raRaciT gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi pro­
duqtebisgan da sabolood negatiur damokidebulebas Camoayalibebs maT
mi­marT. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis azriT, swored aseTi damokidebu­
le­bis gamo zambiam, mozambikam da zimbabvem uari Tqves genmodificirebuli
pro­duqtebis Semcvel humanitarul daxmarebaze.
msoflio savaWro organizacia eTanxmeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
pozicias da miiCnevs, rom etiketireba arRvevs saerTaSoriso vaWrobis we-
sebs da xels uSlis saerTaSoriso vaWrobas.

DdReisTvis arsebobs mravali saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, ro­mel­

Ta mizania, daicvas garemos biomravalferovneba im potenciuri
riskisgan, romelsac genmodificirebuli organizmebi Seicaven
da Seqmnas adamianis janmrTelobis dacvis efeqturi garantiebi.

1. karTaxenas SeTanxmebis erT-erTi punqti moiTxovs, rom impor­

tirebul genmodificirebul mcenares gaaCndes dokumenta-
cia, sadac garkveviT iqneba miTiTebuli, ra mizniT Semoaqvs
igi qveyanas _ dasaTesad Tu sakvebad. gvipasuxe:
a. ratom aris aucilebeli miznis aseTi dakonkreteba?
b. ra Seicvleba imiT, Tu sakvebad importirebul marcvleuls
qveyanaSi dasaTesad gamoiyeneben an piriqiT? daasabuTe Seni
mosazreba.
2. rogor fiqrob, SemoaRwia saqarTveloSi genmodificirebuli
pomidvris romelime jiSma? hkiTxe movaWreebs, ra jiSis pomi-
dors hyidian da romeli qveynidanaa is importirebuli.

130
1. arsebobs genmodificirebuli sakvebis sami kategoria:
 sakvebi, romelic TviTon warmoadgens genmodificirebul or-
ganizms (simindi, brinji, xorbali, soia, kartofili, banani).

 sakvebi, romelic Seicavs cocxal genmodifici-

rebul organizms (iogurti Seicavs genmodi-
ficirebul rZemJava baqteriebs).
 sakvebi, romelic warmoadgens genmodificireb-
uli organizmidan damzadebul produqts (jemi,
ketCupi, ludi, puri, zeTi).

Sen brinjis yidva gsurs. gTavazoben Cveulebrivsa da `oqros

brinjs~ da gaqvs arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba:
a. romel maTganze SeCerdeba Seni arCevani? axseni, ratom?
b. rogori iqneboda Seni gadawyvetileba ukidures CrdiloeTSi
rom cxovrobde? daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.
2. yinvagamZle pomidvris garda, Seqmnilia genmodificirebuli
pomidori, romelic uCveulod mkvrivi rbilobisa da sqeli
kanis gamo Sor manZilze gadazidvebisas ar ziandeba.
warmoidgine, rom Sen monawileob gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi,
romelic saqarTveloSi am ori saxis pomidvris moyvanas gu-
lisxmobs. am ideis momxreTa argumentebi aseTia: pomidvris
siiafe, yinvagamZleoba da meqanikuri mdgradoba. gvipasuxe:
a. miemxrobi am ideas?
b. Tu es mizanSewonilad ar migaCnia, daupirispirdebi oponentebs?
g. dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi, rogori iqneba Seni argumentebi?
ketCupis, jemisa da zeTis SeZenisas, yuradRebiT gaecani etike­
tebs maTi mwarmoebeli qveynisa da produqtis Sedgenilobis Sesa­
xeb. ifiqre, SeuZlia saqarTvelos soflis meurneobas sakuTari
mosaxleobis dakmayofileba am saxis aragenmodificirebuli pro­
duqtiT?
moiZie informacia: a. ra pozicia uWiravs saqarTvelos genmodifi­
cirebul organizmebTan dakavSirebiT; b. Semodis Tu ara Cvens
qveyanaSi genmodificirebuli produqti; g. etiketirebulia Tu
ara. masala warmoadgine proeqtis saxiT da moawyve prezentacia.

131
III Tanamedrove genetikuri teqnologiebi
§22
adamianis genomis proeqti
genetikuri testireba medicinaSi
genetikuri testireba kriminalistikaSi

adamianis genomis proeqti

dnm-teqnologiebis ganviTarebam SesaZ­

lebeli gaxada Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi proeqtis ganxorcieleba,
romelic adamianis genomis proeqtis sa­xe­
liT aris cnobili. genoms organizmis ge­
nebis mTlian krebuls uwodeben.
proeqtis mizani adamianis organizmis
mTe­li, saerTo dnm-is nukleotiduri Tan-
mimdevrobis garkveva iyo.
j. uotsoni
proeqtis erT-erTi mTavari iniciato-
ri dnm-is molekulis modelis avtori j. uotsonia. proeqtSi monawileoba
miiRes msoflios wamyvanma samecniero dawesebulebebma da saerTaSoriso
fondebma.
uzarmazari kvleviTi muSaobis Sedegad dadginda, rom adamianis genomi
sam miliard nukleotidur wyvils Seicavs. saocaria, magram maTi udidesi
umravlesoba ar monawileobs im genebis SenebaSi, romlebic cilebis Sesaxeb
Seicaven informacias. Cvens genomSi sul 25000-50000-mde aseTi geni aRmoCnda,
rac mTeli genomis mxolod 1,5%-s Seadgens. saerTo dnm-is daaxloebiT 1,5%
eTmoba transportuli da ribosomuli rnm-is genebsa da im nukleotidur
Tanmimdevrobebs, romlebsac gen-regulatorebs uwodeben.
mTeli dnm-is danarCeni 97%-is funqcia jerjerobiT isev did gamocanad
rCeba mecnierebisTvis. mas `narCen~, `nagav~ (junk) dnm-ad moixseneben.
1 rogor fiqrob, ramdenad logikuria, rom iseTi mniSvnelovani moleku-
la, rogoric dnm-ia, ase araracionalurad iyos agebuli?
2 ramdenad samarTliania dnm-is udidesi nawilis aseTi ironizeba mxo­
lod imitom, rom jerjerobiT misi funqcia gaurkvevelia?

kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze Seqmnilia monacemTa baza. is xelmisawv-

domia yvela mecnierisTvis msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da did daxmarebas
uwevs maT kvleviT saqmianobaSi.

132
 genetikuri testireba medicinaSi

adamianis genomis proeqtis meSveobiT moxerxda asobiT daavadebis gamom-

wvevi genis nukleotiduri Tanmimdevrobis dadgena. dazianebuli genebis ga-
mosavlenad eqimebi genetikuri testirebis meTods iyeneben. mutaciuri genis
aRmoCena xelovnurad sinTezirebuli
sasinji dnm
dnm-is patara, radiaqtiuli moleku-
liT xdeba, romelsac sasinj dnm-s uwo-
deben. misi nukleotiduri Tanmimdev-
roba daavadebis gamomwvevi genis ukve
winaswar cnobili nukleotiduri Tan-
mutaciuri dnm
mimdevrobis komplementarulia.
sakvlevi masala, yvelaze xSirad, leikocitebidan gamoyofili dnm-ia. mas
restriqtazas umateben, romelic dnm-is molekulas sxvadasxva zomis frag-
mentebad anawevrebs.
dnm-is molekulis fragmentebs eleqroforeziT erTmaneTs acileben.
Semdeg fragmentebs, jaWvebs Soris arsebuli wyalbaduri bmebis gasawyve-
tad, tutiT amuSaveben. Semdgomi manipulaciebis Catareba gelze mouxerxe-
belia, amitom fragmentebi specialur qaRaldze gadaaqvT. qaRalds aTavse-
ben siTxeSi, romelic sasinj dnm-s Seicavs. sasinji dnm-i qaRaldze arsebuli
fragmentebidan SerCeviTad mxolod im fragments ukavSirdeba, romelSic
daavadebis gamomwvevi genia moTavsebuli. amis Semdeg qaRaldze rentgenis
firfitas aTavseben. masze kontrastulad mxolod is fragmenti gamoCndeba,
romelic radiaqtiobas Seicavs.

2
1 restriqtaza
samedicino testirebis
procedura
1. dnm mutaciuri geniT;
3 2. dnm-is fragmentebi;
3. dnm-is fragmentebis
4 eleqtroforezi;
tute 4. qaRaldi;
5. sasinji dnm.;
6. rentgenis firfitaze
gamovlenili mutaciuri geni.

3 ra Sedegebs miviRebT, Tu testirebis meTodidan mis erT-erT etaps _

fragmentebis tutiT damuSavebas gamovricxavT?

133
 genetikuri testireba kriminalistikaSi

genetikuri testirebiT samarTaldamcavebic dainteresdnen. damnaSave­

Ta dasadgenad bolo wlebSi isini sul ufro xSirad mimarTaven erT-erT Ta-
namedrove meTods, romelic `dnm-is TiTebis anabeWdis~ saxelwodebiT aris
cnobili. am meTodma msoflios mraval qveyanaSi TandaTan Caanacvla tra­
diciuli TiTebis anabeWdis meTodi, romelic eWvmitanilis kriminalur aqt-
Si monawileobis dadgenis yvelaze saimedo meTodad iTvleboda.

`dnm-is TiTebis anabeWdebis~ meTodi Zalian maRali albaTobiT gamori­

cxavs Secdomas ama Tu im pirovnebis identifikaciis dros. meTodi emyareba
im faqts, rom yoveli adamianis dnm unikaluria misi nukleotiduri Tanmim-
devrobis TvalsazrisiT. es imas niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs ori iseTi adamiani,
romelTa dnm-Si nukleotidebi zustad erTnairi TanmimdevrobiT iqneba gan-
lagebuli.
im genebis nukleotiduri Tanmimdevroba, romelic cilebze Seicavs in-
formacias, yvela adamianSi saocrad msgavsia. gansxvaveba `narCen~ dnm-Si Se­
imCneva. is Seicavs nukleotidebis garkveul Tanmimdevrobebs, romelic mra-
valjer meordeba dnm-is molekulis mTel sigrZeze, mis sxvadasxva ubanSi.
magaliTad, Tanmimdevroba aTTcg 100-jer an SeiZleba bevrad ufro metjerac
ganmeordes dnm-is molekulaSi. adamianebi erTmaneTisgan am ganmeorebadi
Tanmimdevrobebis nukleotiduri SedgenilobiTa da maTi ganmeorebaTa ricx-
viT gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, agTTa Tanmimdevroba erTi adamianis dnm-Si
1000-jer SeiZleba ganmeordes, meores dnm-Si ki _ 500-jer.
dnm-is am ubnebs, romlebic ase specifikuria TiToeuli adamianisTvis,
genetikur markerebs uwodeben. termini `markeri~ aq damRis mniSvnelobiT ix-
mareba. Tanmimdevrobebi TiTqos erTgvari damRaa, romelic konkretul ada-
mians yvela sxva adamianisgan gamoarCevs. `dnm-is TiTebis anabeWdis~ meTodi
swored am markerebs avlens. meTodis procedura msgavsia im proceduris, ro-
melic mutaciuri genis aRmosaCenad ixmareba. gansxvaveba mxolod restriqta-
zebsa da sasinj dnm-Sia.
am meTodiT dnm-ze iseTi restriqtazebiT zemoqmedeben, romlebic mar­
kerul ubnebs uteven. amitom, warmoqmnili fragmentebis raodenoba da zomebi
mTlianadaa damokidebuli adamianisTvis specifikuri nukleotidebis ganmeo-
rebad Tanmimdevrobaze.

134
 amis Semdeg dnm-is fragmentebs eleqrtoforeziT erTmaneTs acileben,
nukleotidur Zafebad TiSaven, qaRaldze gadaaqvT da radiaqtiur sasinj
dnm-s umateben. misi nukleotiduri Sedgeniloba markerebis komplementa-
rulia. qaRaldze rentgenis firfitas aTavseben, romelzec kontrastulad
gamoxatuli eleqtroforezuli suraTi _ fraqciebis raodenoba, maTi sisqe
da urTierTganlageba mxolod erTi konkretuli adamianisTvis iqneba damaxa-
siaTebeli

I II III
1
`dnm-is TiTebis anabeWdis~ meTodi
2
1. I, II, III _ sxvadasxva adamianis dnm;
2. restriqtaza;
3 3. dnm-is fragmentebi;
4. dnm-is fragmentebis eleqtroforezi;
5. qaRaldi;
6. sasinji dnm;
4 7. rentgenis firfita dnm-is gamovlenili
fragmentebiT.
tute
6

5 7

I II
ilustraciaze sqematuradaa warmodgenili ori ada-
mianis dnm-is fragmentebis eleqtroforegrama.
1 ra aiZulebs dnm-is fragmentebs dadebiTad damux-
tuli eleqtrodisken gadaadgildnen?
2 ra moxdeba, eleqtrodebs adgili rom SevucvaloT?
3 ra parametriT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan am ori
adamianis meore fraqciis fragmentebi.
4 ori adamianis eleqtroforegramaze pirveli da
mexuTe fraqciebis mdebareoba erTmaneTs emTxveva, Tum-
ca, zolebis sisqe gansxvavebulia. axseni amis mizezi.

135
 kriminalistebs damnaSavis dasadgenad xSirad danaSaulis adgilidan aRe-
buli sisxlis an nerwyvis erTi wveTi, zogjer Tmis ramdenime Reri aqvT, rom-
lis dnm sakmarisi ar aris misi Sedgenilobis gasaanalizeblad.
dReisTvis sakvlevi masalis simciris problema gadaWrilia erT-erTi Ta-
namedrove dnm-teqnologiis wyalobiT, romelsac polimerazuli jaWvuri
reaqcia ewodeba. am meTodiT, ramdenime saaTSi, dnm-is molekulis erTi gark­
veuli fragmentidan milionobiT misi msgavsi fragmentis miRebaa SesaZlebe-
li.
meTodis genialoba mis simartiveSia. avtomatizebul xelsawyoSi aTav­
seben sinjaras, romelic Seicavs sastarto dnm-is, nukleotidebis, dnm-po-
limerazasa da e.w. praimerebis narevs. praimeri patara zomis xelovnurad
sinTezirebuli dnm-ia. is SerCeviTad ukavSirdeba dnm-is garkveul ubans, ro-
melic unikaluria konkretuli pirovnebisTvis. xelsawyo swrafad acxelebs
narevs 90-95°C-mde, dnm-is nukleotidur jaWvebs Soris kavSiris gasawyvetad.
jaWvebi erTmaneTs scildeba. amis Semdeg narevi swrafad civdeba. am pirobebSi
praimerebi dnm-is orive jaWvs ukavSirdebian da dnm-polimeraza moqmedebas
iwyebs. daaxloebiT or wuTSi dnm-is erTi molekulidan ori molekula sin-
Tezirdeba. amiT polimeruli jaWvuri reaqciis erTi cikli sruldeba. xel-
sawyo isev acxelebs narevs sinjaraSi da jaWvuri reaqciis meore cikli iwyeba,
romelsac avtomaturad sxva mravali cikli mohyveba.

polimerazuli
jaWvuri reaqcia
1. gacxeleba dnm-is
jaWvebis dasacileblad;
2. gacieba praimerebis
1 dasakavSireblad;
3. praimeri;
4. dnm _ polimerazas
moqmedeba.
2
3
I cikli

4
II cikli
IV cikli III cikli

136
 4 rogor fiqrob, rodemde SeiZleba gagrZeldes es procesi da rodis Se­
iZleba Sewydes avtomaturad?
polimerazuli jaWvuri reaqciis meTods farTo gamoyeneba aqvs sxva­
dasxva daavadebaTa diagnostikaSi.
polimerazuli jaWvuri reaqciis mTavari monawile mkveTri temperatu-
ruli cvlilebis mimarT mdgradi, gansakuTrebuli dnm-polimerazaa, rome­
lic Zalian maRali temperaturis pirobebSi muSaobs. am saocar ferments
mecnierebma cxel wylebSi binadar baqteriebSi `miagnes~ da meTodi mis aseT
gansakuTrebul Tvisebebze daafuZnes. am, marTlac genialuri ideisa da misi
praqtikuli ganxorcielebisTvis, polimerazuli jaWvuri reaqciis meTodis
avtors, amerikel mecniers k.maliss 1993 wels nobelis premia mieniWa.
5 rogori temperaturis farglebSi muSaoben adamianis organizmSi ar-
sebuli fermentebi?
6 rogor pasuxoben isini organizmis temperaturis cvlilebas?
Dadamianis genomis proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad dad­ginda
adamianis mTeli dnm-is nukleotiduri Tanmim­devroba. aRmoCeni­
lia genetikuri daavadebebis gamomwve­vi asobiT geni. am genebis
gamosavlenad eqimebi genetiku­ri testirebis meTods mimarTaven.
damnaSaveTa dasad­genad kriminalistikaSi `dnm-is TiTebis anabeW-
dis~ me­Tods iyeneben. es meTodi efuZneba faqts, rom yoveli ada­
mianis dnm-s nukleotidebis unikaluri Tanmimdevrobe­bi gaaCnia.

1. mkvlelobis adgilze daakaves pi­ 1 2 3 4 5

rovneba, romelsac tansacmelze si­­
sxli aRmoaCnda. misi TiTebis ana­­­
beWdi naxes mkvlelobis adgi­li­­dan
amoRebul ramdenime nivTze. sa­
m­ar­­Taldamcavebs aqvT eW­­vi, rom
mkvle­li es pirovnebaa. ge­netikuri
gamokvlevebi Ca­u­­­tar­­­da danaSaulis
adgilas aR­mo­­­Ce­­­nil saReW rezin­
ze arsebul nerwyvs, iatakze arse-
bul sisxls, msxverplis sisxlsa
1. msxverplis sisxli;
da sisxls mis tan­sac­melze, dana­ 2. sisxli msxverplis
SaulSi eWvmita­ni­­­lis sisxlsa da tansacmelze;
sisxls mis tan­­­sac­melze. 3. sisxli iatakze;
­­­ 4. nerwvi saReW rezinze;
5. eWvmitanilis sisxli.
am monacemebis mixedviT:
a. SeiZleba Tu ara eWvmitanili pirovnebis dadanaSauleba mkvle­
lobaSi?
b. ra eWvs iwvevs iatakze arsebuli sisxlisa da nerwyvis anali­
zis Sedegi?
g. gamoricxulia Tu ara eWvmitanili pirovnebis monawileoba
mkvlelobaSi?

137
 2. yoveli adamiani misTvis damaxasiaTebel markerebs mSoblebis­
gan iRebs. adamianis dnm-Si ar SeiZleba iyos nukleotidebis
iseTi ganmeorebadi Tanmimdevroba, romelic mis dedas an ma-
mas ar gaaCnia. amitom `dnm-is TiTebis anabeWdis~ meTodiT Sesa­
Zlebelia pirovnebis mSoblebis dadgenac. xSirad samarTal-
damcavebs aseTi sakiTxebis gadasawyvetadac mimarTaven.
col-qmari oTx bavSvs zrdis. ilustraciaze warmodgenil-
ia ojaxis eqvsive wevris `dnm-is TiTebis anabeWdi~. daexmare
samarTaldamcavebs gaerkvnen TiToeuli bavSvis warmomav-
lobaSi.
a. es col-qmari oTxive bavSvis biologiuri mSobelia?
b. romeli bavSvis biologiuri mama an deda SeiZleba iyos sxva
pirovneba?

I II 1 2 3 4

mSoblebisa da bavS-
vebis `dnm-is TiTebis
anabeWdebi~:

I. deda;
II. mama;
1, 2, 3, 4 _ bavSvebi.

1. ra kavSiri aqvs molekuluri biologiis erT-erT meTods Ti­

Tebis anabeWdTan? ratom uwodes mas es saxeli?
2. daasaxele adamianebi, romelTac dnm-Si zustad erTnairi nuk-
leotiduri Tanmimdevrobebi gaaCniaT.
3. damnaSavis dadgena zogjer sisxlis jgufebisa da rezus-faq­
toris mixedviTacaa SesaZlebeli. ra upiratesoba gaaCnia `dnm-
is TiTebis anabeWdis~ meTods?
4. arsebobs monacemebi, rom sazRvargareTis zogierT qveyana­Si
damqiraveblebi da sadazRvevo firmebi sul ufro did inter-
ess iCenen samedicino testirebis mimarT. monacemebis gac­
nobis Semdeg, maT SeuZliaT uari uTxran adamianebs dazRve­
vasa da samsaxurSi miRebaze mxolod im motiviT, rom isini
mid­rekilni arian ama Tu im genetikuri daavadebisadmi. ramde-
nad moralurad migaCnia aseTi damokidebuleba?

138
1. moifiqre kriminaluri scena da warmoadgine danaSaulis adgi-
lidan aRebuli masalis iseTi `dnm-is TiTebis anabeWdi~, ro-
melic saSualebas mogcems, pirdapir daadanaSaulo eWvmitani-
li mkvlelobaSi. moawyve Seni namuSevris prezentacia.
2. moiZie informacia, iyeneben Tu ara genetikuri testirebis
meTods saqarTveloSi, genetikuri daavadebebis gamosavlenad.
ra saxis testireba utardebaT adamianebs. dawere am Temaze
referati da moawyve prezentacia.
fenilketonuria sakmaod gavrcelebuli, recesiuli geniT gamow­
veuli genetikuri daavadebaa. am daavadebisas adgili aqvs erT-
erTi fermentis mutaciur cvlilebas, ris gamoc aminomJava fe-
nilalaninidan veRar xerxdeba Tirozinis sinTezi. es organizmSi
toqsikuri nivTierebebis dagrovebas iwvevs, romelic xels uSlis

toqsikuri
nivTiereba

fermenti
fenilalanini Tirozini

adamianis ganviTarebas. fenilketonuriiT daavadebuli bavSvebi

normalurad ver izrdebian da gonebrivad CamorCenilebi arian.
daavadebis droulad gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi bavSvebs mkurnaloba
da specialuri dieta eniSnebaT, rac mniSvnelovnad amsubuqebs maT
mdgomareobas.
arsebobs samedicino tes­ti­
rebis sxvadasxva forma, rom-
lebsac mutaciuri genis ga-
mosavlenad sxvada­sxva asakSi
da sxvadasxva miz­­nebisTvis
mimarTaven. ase­­Tebia, magali­
Tad, axal­So­­bilTa testire-
ba, Canasa­xis testireba da Canasaxis
zrda­sruli adamianis testi­ ujredebi
reba.
a. rogor fiqrob, romeli sa­
xis testirebiTaa SesaZlebeli Tavidan iqnes acilebuli fenil­
ketonuriiT daavadebuli bavSvis dabadeba? axseni, rogor?
b. romel meTods mianiWebdi upiratesobas da ratom?
g. rogor dietas dauniSnavdi fenilketonuriiT daavadebul
bavSvs? rogori aminomJavuri Sedgeniloba unda gaaCndes bavS-
vis sakvebSi arsebul cilas da SeiZleba Tu ara cilis saer-
Tod gamoricxva bavSvis sakvebidan?

139
 1. ilustraciebze Tanamedrove laboratoriebi da maTi aRWur-
vilobaa asaxuli. Seadare is miSeris laboratorias. rogor
fiqrob, male gairkveva `nagavi dnm-is” daniSnuleba?

Tanamedrove laboratoriebi

jaWvuri polimerazuli reaqciis es aparati avtomatur reJimSi

aparati ikvlevs dnm-is nukleotidur
Tanmimdevrobebs

2. `dnm-is TiTebis anabeWdiT~

di­zainerebic dain­te­re­sd­
nen, is binis Tanamedrove in-
terieris erT-erT do­minant
elementad iqca.

genetikuri testireba _ genetic testing;

dnm-is TiTebis anabeWdi _ DNA fingerprint;
www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/paternitytesting.html
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072835125/126997/anima-
tion40.html

140
III Tanamedrove genetikuri teqnologiebi
§23
genuri Terapiis meTodebi
veqtoris problema
Rerovani ujredebi
genuri Terapiis eTika

genuri inJineria safuZvlad daedo medicinis erT-erTi Tanamedrove dar-

gis _ genuri Terapiis ganviTarebas. medicinis es dargi ganviTarebis sawyis
etapze imyofeba da pirvel nabijebs dgams, romelsac ufro eqsperimentuli
xasiaTi aqvs. misi mkurnalobis meTodebi jer-jerobiT farTod ar gamoiye­ne­
ba klinikebSi. genuri Terapiis mizania adamianis genetikuri daavadebis mkur­
naloba mutaciuri, dazianebuli genis axali geniT Secvlis saSualebiT.
ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli `janmrTeli~ genis Canergva pacientis dnm-Si?
ra SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes veqtorad am SemTxvevaSi?
mkvlevarTa arCevani e.w. retrovirusze SeCerda. retrovirusebi dnm-is
nacvlad rnm-s Seicaven. sxva virusebis msgavsad, maTac aqvT unikaluri una­
ri, amoicnon da Seution mxolod garkveuli saxis ujredebs. magram fagebis­
gan gansxvavebiT, isini ki ar anadgureben maspinZel ujreds, aramed sakuTar
informaciul molekulas maspinZeli ujredis dnm-Si nergaven da amiT mas
axal Tvisebas aniWeben.
ra gziT SeiZleba retrovirusma dazianebul dnm-mde miaRwios?
mecnierebi, am TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime mimarTulebiT muSaoben.
erT-erTi, TiTqosda yvelaze martivi gza, ase gamoiyureba: retrovi-
rusis rnm-Si normalur gens `akereben~ da is uSualod ama Tu im qsovilSi
ineqciiT SehyavT. ujredSi Cndeba axali geni da is normalur funqcionire-
bas iwyebs. aseT kvlevebs amJamad mecnierebi laboratoriul Tagvebze awar-
moeben. erT-erTi aseTi kvlevis saboloo mizani Zalian gavrcelebuli daa-
vadebis, parkinsonizmis mkurnalobaa. misi
mizezi Sua tvinis im neironebis ganadgure- 1
baa, romlebic dofamins gamoyofen. dofamini
neiromediatoria, romelsac moqmedebis far- 2
To speqtri gaaCnia. is akontrolebs Con­Cxis
kunTebis moqmedebas, monawileobs moZ­raobis
koordinaciasa da emociebis Camoya­libebaSi.
amitom daavadebul adamians uCnde­ba damaxa-
siaTebeli moZraobebi, rome­lic `mokankale
damblis~ saxelwodebiTaa cno­bili. mas uWirs
retrovirusis ineqcia
moZraoba, metyveleba, uqve­iTdeba inteleq-
Tavis tvinSi
tualuri SesaZleblobe­bi, mexsiereba. daa- 1. genmodificiebuli
vadebis bolo stadiaSi adamiani depresiu- retrovirusi;
lia, aqvs halucinaciebi da bodvebi. 2. Tavis tvini.

141
 genuri Terapiis meore meTodi genmodificirebuli virusis adamianis
organizmSi Seyvanaa. am SemTxvevaSi is SerCeviTad poulobs samizne organos,
magaliTad, RviZls, filtvebs da ainficirebs mis ujredebs.
am meTodis gamoyeneba mkvlevarebma kistozuri fibrozis samkurnalod
scades. am mZime daavadebis dros mTlianad irRveva sasunTqi, saWmlis mom-
nelebeli da nawilobriv, gamomyofi sistemis funqcionireba, ris gamoc daa-
vadebuli adamianis saSualo sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mxolod 15 welia.
organoTa sistemebis funqcionirebis moSlis mizezi isaa, rom daavadeb-
uli adamianis kanis, sasunTqi gzebis, filtvebis, RviZlis, pankreasis, nawla­
vebis epiTeluri ujredebi uCveulod sqel da webovan lorwos gamohyofs.
lorwo axSobs RviZlisa da pankreasis sadinarebs, grovdeba nawlavebSi, cxvi­
ris RruSi, bronqebSi, alveolebSi, es ki araCveulebriv garemos qmnis mikro-
bebis gasamravleblad. dasustebuli organizmi kargavs infeqciebTan brZo-
lis unars da avadmyofi iRupeba.

1 4

kistozuri fibrozi
5
1. filtvis alveoli; 2. lorwo; 3. pankreasis sadinari; 4. cilis arxi; 5. qloris ionebi.

rogorc gairkva, kistozur fibrozs im genis mutacia iwvevs, romelic

pasuxs agebs membranaSi moTavsebuli erT-erTi cilis sinTezze. normaluri
cila qmnis arxs da aregulirebs qloris ionis moZraobas ujredis plazmuri
membranis gaswvriv. genis mutaciis SemTxvevaSi cila maxinjdeba, irRveva ion­
Ta transporti, marilebisa da wylis balansi. amis gamo lorwoSi wylis Semc­
veloba mcirdeba da is sqeldeba.
1993 wlidan kistozuri fibroziT daavadebul adamianebs samkurnalod
cxvirSi SesaSxurebel preparatebs sTavazoben, romelic normaluri genis
Semcvel viruss Seicavs. am meTodiT amerikasa da evropis sxvadasxva qveya-
naSi ukve 100-mde pacients umkurnales, romlebsac mniSvnelovnad gauum-
jobesdaT mdgomareoba.
magram virusis veqtorad gamoyeneba sxva problemebs uqmnis pacients:
zogjer is alergiul reaqcias iwvevs, zogjer _ organizmze toqsikuri ze-
moqmedeba aqvs, arc Tu iSviaTad, arasworad irCevs samizne ujreds. amitom
mkvlevarebi axali veqtoris ZiebaSi arian.

142
 mecnierebi cdiloben, lipidebisgan xelovnu-
rad Seqmnan mikroskopuli sfero _ liposoma,
romlis centrSi sasurveli geni iqneba moTavse-
buli. aseT liposomas membranis gavliTY birTvSi
SeRwevis unari eqneba.
1 rogori agebuleba aqvs plazmur membra-
nas?
2 romeli nivTierebebi aRweven plazmuri
membranis gavliT citoplazmaSi daubrkole-
blad?
3 romeli membranebis gadalaxva mouwevs
li­­­posomas, rom masSi moTavsebulma genma dazia­ liposoma
nebul dnm-mde miaRwios?
kvleva im mimarTulebiTac mimdinareobs, rom sasurveli geni rogorme
membranaSi moTavsebul cila-receptorTan dakavSirebis gziT aRmoCndes
ujredSi.
genetikuri daavadebebis samkurnalod mecnierebi `genuri Tofis~ gamo­
yenebasac cdiloben.
1 sqematurad warmoadgine tyvia, romelsac `genuri Tofi~ isvris.
mkvlevarebi muSaoben agreTve xelovnuri, 47-e qromosomis Seqmnaze, ro-
melic didi veqtori iqneba da bevr genetikur kods daitevs. is avtonomi­
urad imoqmedebs da xels ar SeuSlis sxva qromosomebis normalur funq-
cionirebas. garda amisa, mas imunuri sistema ar Seutevs. mecnierebi amJamad
fiqroben rogorme gamonaxon gzebi, rom aseTma didma konstruqciam birTvSi
SeaRwios.

Tumca, rogori veqtoric ar

unda SeirCes, axali genis moq-
medebas mocemul qsovilSi xan-
mokle efeqti eqneba, vinaidan
ujreds sicocxlis gar­kveuli
xangrZlivoba axasiaTebs.
mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom yve­­­­
laze idealuri iqneboda nor­­­­ma­
luri genebis CarTva iseT uj­re­
debSi, romlebic ada­mianis mTe­­li
sicocxlis man­Zilze mud­­­mivad
inarCuneben gam­rav­le­bis unars
da Semdeg ase­Ti uj­redebis Se-
tana pacientis or­­ga­nizmSi. ase­Ti
Tvisebebi e.w. Re­rovan ujredebs
gaaCniaT.
genuri Terapiis erT-erTi
meTodi _ `genis Tofi~

143
 Rerovani ujredebi

Rerovan ujredebs iseT aradi­fe­­­­­

rencirebul ujredebs uwodeben, rom­­
lebsac mudmivi gamrav­lebisa da sxva­­
dasxva saxis uj­­re­debad speci­a­li­­­zaciis
unari gaaCniaT. amasTan, Re­ro­vani uj­
redis mitozurad gayofi­sas warmoqm­
nili ori ujredidan, erTi kvlav ara-
diferencirebul mdgoma­re­ob ­ aSi rCe­ba
da gamravlebis unars inarCunebs, meo­
re ki ama Tu im saxis zrdasrul, di­­
ferencirebul uj­re­dad gar­daiqmne­­ba.
adamianis organizmSi arsebobs Re- Rerovani ujredebis gamravleba
rovani ujredebis ori tipi _ embrio- da doferencireba
nuli da somaturi.

Rerovani ujredebi

somaturi Rerovani ujredebi embrionuli Rerovani ujredebi

somaturi Rerovani ujredebi aradiferencirebuli ujredebis Zalian

mcire grovebis saxiT arian CarTuli zrdasruli organizmis sxvadasxva qso-
vilebis diferencirebul ujredebs So-
ris. aq isini yovelTvis ar arian aqtiuri _
dayofasa da diferencirebas mxolod maSin 1
iwyeben, rodesac qsovili ziandeba, anu or-
ganizmSi maTi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba im qso-
vilis aRdgenaa, romelSic isini mdebareo-
ben. amitom gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom
somatur Rerovan ujredebs gansakuTrebiT 2
didi raodenobiT Seicavs kanisa da saWmlis
momnelebeli sistemis epiTeli, romelTa
ujredebi sakvebisa da garemos meqanikuri
zemoqmedebis gamo mudmivad iRupebian.
somaturi Rerovani ujredebiT Zalian
mdidaria agreTve Zvlis wiTeli tvini. mi-
si daniSnuleba xom sisxlis ujredebis _
eriT­rocitebis, leikocitebisa da Trom- 1. Zvlis wiTeli tvini;
bocitebis warmoqmnaa, romelTac sicocx- 2. sisxlis ujredebi.
lis mcire xangrZlivoba gaaCniaT.

144
 somaturi Rerovani ujredebi aRmoCenilia aseve kunTebsa da RviZlSi.
somaturi Rerovani ujredebi iseT qsovilebSic aris nanaxi, sadac maT
arsebobas mecnierebi ar moelodnen. samecniero wreebSi didxans iyo dam-
kvidrebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom nervul ujredebs gamravlebis unari ar
gaaCniaT. 1960 wels mkvlevarebma virTagvas Tavis tvinSi aRmoaCines ori
ubani, romelic gamravlebis unaris mqone ujredebs Seicavda. magram isini
darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom es ujredebi nervul ujredebad ver diferencir­
debodnen. dReisaTvis ukve sadao aRaraa is faqti, rom Tavis tvini Seicavs
Rerovan ujredebs, romelTac gamravlebisa da nervul qsovilad diferen-
cirebis unari gaaCniaT.
rogorc eqsperimentuli monacemebi mowmoben, laboratoriul pirobeb-
Si somatur Rerovan ujredebs SeuZliaT gardaiqmnan ara marto im qsovilis
ujredebad, romelSic imyofebian, aramed warmoqmnan sxva saxis ujredebic.
somaturi Rerovani ujredebis aseT Tvisebas plastikuroba Searqves.
dadgenilia, rom Zvlis wiTeli tvini ori tipis Rerovan ujredebs Sei-
cavs _ hematopoetursa da stromalurs. hematopoeturi Rerovani ujrede-
bi warmoqmnian sisxlis yvela saxis ujreds da aseve SeuZliaT diferencire-
ba nervul, ConCxis, kunTisa da RviZlis ujredebad. stromuli embrionuli
ujredebi ki warmoqmnian Zvals, myesebs, cximovan qsovils, gulis kunTisa da
ConCxis kunTis ujredebs. Tavis tvinis Rerovan ujredebs SeuZliaT sisxli-
sa da ConCxis kunTis ujredebad gardaqmna.

11
4
1 5 somaturi Rerovani
ujredebis
plastikuroba
1. Zvlis wiTeli tvini;
9 3 2 2. hematopoeturi ujre-
debi;
3. stromaluri ujrede-
6 bi;
4. sisxlis ujredebi;
5. gulis kunTis ujrede­
bi;
6. RviZlis ujredebi;
7. neironebi;
7 8. Zvlovani qsovili;
9. myesis ujredebi;
10. cximovani qsovili;
11. Tavis tvini.

10

145
 mecnierebi cdiloben, Rerovani ujredebis
es unikaluri unari iseTi daavadebebis sam-
kurnalod gamoiyenon, romlis mizezi ujre-
debis degeneracia an nekrozia. aseTi daavade-
bebis ricxvi ki sakmaod didia. magaliTad,
gulis infarqtisas ziandeba da iRupeba gulis
kunTis ujredebi; insultis, Tavisa da zur-
gis tvinis travmebisas _ nervuli ujredebi;
hepatitebisa da cirozis dros _ RviZlis
ujredebi; diabetis dros _ kuWqveSa jirkv-
nekrozuli
lis ujredebi da a.S. amitom, aseTi daavadebi-
ubnebi
sas, mkvdari ujredebis Casanacvleblad da
dazianebuli qsovilis aRsadgenad pacientis
organizmSi Rerovani ujredebis Seyvana Sesa-
Zloa, Zalze efeqturi aRmoCndes.

Zvlis wiTeli tvinis ujredebis gamoyenebas leikemiis samkurnalod ukve

ocdaaTi wlis istoria aqvs. leikemia simsivnuri daavadebaa, romlis dros
leikocitebi kargaven mTavar funqcias _ ebrZolon organizmSi SeWril mik-
robebs. daavadebas qimioTerapiiT mkurnaloben. am dros organizmSi Zlieri
qimiuri preparatebi SehyavT, romlebic gadagvarebul leikocitebze dam-
Rupvelad moqmedeben. Tu es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda, maSin saWiro xdeba Zvlis
tvinsa da leikocitebze radiaciiTa da qimiuri preparatebiT erTdrouli
zemoqmedeba, gadagvarebuli ujredebis sabolood gasanadgureblad. amis
Semdeg pacientis sisxlSi janmrTeli adamianis Zvlis wiTeli tvinis ujre-
debi SehyavT. Rerovani ujredebi migrireben pacientis Zvlis wiTeli tvinis­
ken, ikaveben ganadgurebuli ujredebis adgils da iwyeben normalur funq-
cionirebas.
magram Zvlis wiTeli tvinis gadanergvas garkveuli siZneleebi axlavs
Tan: Zvlis tvinis aReba sakmaod mtkivneuli proceduraa, ris gamoc adamiane­
bi xSirad uars amboben donorobaze; garda amisa, zogjer pacientebi wlebis
manZilze elodebian iseTi donoris SerCevas, romlis Zvlis tvinis gadanerg-
va maTSi alergiul reaqciebs ar gamoiwvevs.
aseTi problemebs ar qmnis Wiplaris Rerovani ujredebis transplanta-
cia, romelsac eqimebi mkurnalobis erT-erT yvelaze perspeqtiul mimar-
Tulebad miiCneven.
bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg Wiplarsa da placentaSi mcire raodenobiT
sisxli rCeba, romelic axalSobils aRar esaWiroeba. gairkva, rom igi Seicavs
sisxlis Semadgenel yvela normalur elements _ plazmasa da sisxlis ujre-
debs da amasTanave, Zalian mdidaria Rerovani ujredebiT.
aRmoCnda, rom Wiplaris Rerovan ujredebs ara marto sisxlis yvela
ujredis warmoqmnis unari aqvs, aramed sxva saxis ujredebis warmoqmnac Seu-
Zlia.
dReisTvis am ujredebis gamoyeneba samocdaaTamde sxvadasxva daavadebis
samkurnalod scades.

146
 Wiplaris Rerovani ujredebis aseTi unikaluri Tvisebebis gamo, iqmne-
ba am ujredebis bankebi: dabadebis Semdeg eqimebi cdiloben Wiplaridan da
placentidan danakargebis gareSe amoiRon sisxli. es aris martivi da umtkiv­
neulo procedura, romelic daaxloebiT 5 wuTi grZeldeba. miRebul sisxls
etikets ukeTeben da Txevad azotSi yinaven. aseT mdgomareobaSi Rerovani
ujredebis Senaxva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba. es ujredebi SesaZloa
gamoyenebuli iqnas bavSvis, maTi mSoblebis, da-Zmebis, naTesavebisa da sru-
liad ucxo adamianebis mier, rasisa da eTnikuri jgufis miuxedavad, sxva­
dasxva daavadebis samkurnalod. Wiplaris ujredebis transplantaciisas,
pacientebSi alergiuli reaqciebi praqtikulad ar aRiniSneba. Wiplaris Re-
rovan ujredebs `axalSobilis yvela adamianisadmi miZRvnil pirvel saCuqa-
rs~ uwodeben.

Wiplaris
Rerovani
ujredebis
miRebisa da
Senaxvis
procedura

147
 mecnierebma jer kidev bevri ram ar ician somaturi Rerovani ujredebis
Sesaxeb. arsebobs kiTxvebi, romlebzec pasuxi mecnierebs jerjerobiT ar ga­
aCniaT. magaliTad:
 ramdeni saxis somaturi Rerovani ujredi arsebobs adamianis organizmSi
da romel qsovilebSi arian isini moTavsebuli?
 saidan warmoiqmna somaturi Rerovani ujredebi _ embrionuli ujrede-
bidan Tu organizmSi arsebobs maTi warmoqmnis sxva gzebic?
 ratom rCebian isini aradiferencirebul mdgomareobaSi, rodesac maT
gar­Semo yvela ujredi specializirebulia garkveuli funqciis Sesasru­
leb­lad?
 organizmSic inarCuneben isini plastikurobas, Tu am unars mxolod la­
bo­ratoriul pirobebSi avlenen?
 romeli sasignalo molekulebi karnaxobs da aregulirebs Rerovani uj­
redebis gamravlebasa da specializacias?

embrionul Rerovan ujredebs Canasaxi Seicavs ganviTarebis Zalian ad-

reul etapebze. maT praqtikulad yvela saxis ujredad gardaqmnis unari aqvT.
swored am aradiferencirebuli ujredebis gamravlebiTa da specializaci-
iT warmoiqmneba zrdasrul organizmSi arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis ujredebi.
amitom, mecnierebi daavadebebis samkurnalod embrionuli ujredebis gamoye­
nebasac cdiloben. am mizniT embrionul Rerovan ujredebs laboratoriul
pirobebSi amravleben, anu qmnian Rerovani ujredebis qsovilur kulturas.
es samuSao Semdeg etapebs moicavs:
adamianis kvercxujreds xelovnurad anayofiereben. zigota dayofas iw­
yebs da ganayofierebidan 4-5 dRis Semdeg Canasaxi ujredebisgan aSenebuli
mikroskopuli sferoa, romelsac blastociti hqvia. blastocitis siRrueSi
ocdaaTamde Canasaxovani ujredia. es ujredebi pipetiT gadaaqvT sakvebi
aris Semcvel petris finjanze, sadac isini intensiur dayofas iwyeben.

embrionuli Rerovani ujredebis qsoviluri kulturis miReba

148
 Rerovani ujredebis Semdgomi
gamravlebis mizniT, isini didi zo-
mis WurWlebSi gadaaqvT da stan­
dar­tul pirobebSi amyofeben. am
gziT aradiferencirebuli Rero­
vani ujredebis didi raodenobiT
miRebaa SesaZlebeli.
embrionuli Rerovani
ujredebis gamravleba

Tu am ujredebis sxvadasxva qsovilebad diferencireba surT, isini sxva­

dasxva sakvebi arisa da sasignalo nivTierebebis Semcvel petris finjnebze
gadaaqvT. am gziT, embrionuli Rerovani ujredebidan SesaZloa miRebuli iq-
nas nervuli (1), kunTovani (2), SemaerTebeli (3) da epiTeluri (4) qsovilebi.

embrionuli Rerovani ujredebis diferencireba

sxvasadxva saxis qsovilad

am gziT miRebuli qsovilebis transplantaciiT, pacientis organizmSi

SesaZloa aRdges sxvadasxva dazianebul organoTa da qsovilTa funqciebi.
Tagvebze Catarebuli cdebiT dadasturda, rom embrionuli Rerovani
ujredebis Seyvana gulis kunTis dazianebul qsovils aRadgens. Tumca, ase-
Ti eqsperimentebi TagvebSi zogjer sxvadasxva saxis simsivnur daavadebas
iwvevs.

dazianebuli qsovilis aRdgena embrionuli ujredebiT

ase rom, mecnierebs jer kidev bevri ram aqvT dasazustebeli. maT ar ici­
an, ra aris is sasignalo nivTiereba, rac embrionul Rerovan ujredebs aiZu-
lebs gadaadgildes dazianebuli qsovilisken. aseve ar arian darwmunebuli,
rom ujredebi yovelTvis SeZleben sasurvel, da ara nebismier sxva qsovilad
diferencirebas. yovelive amis gamo, embrionalur ujredebze eqsperimen­
tebi bevr qveyanaSi kanoniT ikrZaleba.

149
 2
3
1

Rerovani ujredebis
gamoyeneba genur
TerapiaSi
1. normaluri geni;
2. retrovirusi;
3. genmodificirebuli
4 retrovirusi;
4. Rerovani ujredebi.

mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom Rerovani ujredebis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebu­

lad efeqturi, genetikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobisTvis SeiZleba aRmoCn­
des. samkurnalod maT aseTi sqema aqvT SemuSavebuli: iReben pacientis Zvlis
wiTel tvins da misgan laboratoriul pirobebSi qsovilur kulturas amza-
deben. Rerovan ujredebs normaluri genis Semcveli genmodificirebuli
retrovirusiT ainficireben. geni Rerovani ujredis dnm-Si erTveba. gen-
modificirebul Rerovan ujredebs isev pacients ubruneben, sisxlSi ineq-
ciis gziT. normaluri genis Semcveli Rerovani ujredebi organizmSi mud-
mivad mravldeba da amis Sedegad dazianebuli geniT gamowveuli daavadeba
unda ganikurnos.
eqimebma am meTodis gamoyeneba erT-erTi saxis imunodeficitis samkur­
nalod scades. am daavadebis mizezi erT-erTi genis mutaciaa, romelic pa-
suxs agebs antisxeulebis gamomuSavebasa da organizmis swor imunur pasuxze
sxvadasxva infeqciebis mimarT. avadmyofebi iZulebulni arian, sterilur
ga­remoSi icxovron _ sakvebSi, wyalSi an haerSi arsebulma nebismierma mik-
robma SesaZloa, savalalo Sedegebi gamoiwvios. samwuxarod, genuri Terapi­
is pirveli cda uSedegod damTavrda.
2002 wels am daavadebas eqimebma sxvagvarad Seuties. ori axalgazrda pa-
cientis Wiplaris ujredebSi (romelic orive pacients sakuTari hqonda), mu-
taciuri genis nacvlad, normaluri geni CarTes da aseTi ujredebi pacientis
organizmSi Seiyvanes. avadmyofebis imunuri sistema normalurad amuSavda.
amerikelma mecnierebma pirveli warmatebuli nabiji gadadges kanis sim-
sivnis _ melanomas winaaRmdeg. maT pacientis limfocitSi virusis veqto-
riT Canerges geni, romlis cila-produqts SerCeviTad SeuZlia simsivnuri
ujredis amocnoba. amis Semdeg limfociti simsivnur ujreds anadgurebs. am
meTodiT 17 pacientis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. mecnierebi
imedovneben, rom msgavsi Sedegebis miReba sarZeve jirkvlisa da filtvis
simsivnis SemTxvevaSic iqneba SesaZlebeli.

150
 2008 wels ingliselma mecni­e­
rebma pirvelad scades Tandayo-
lili sibrmavis mkurnaloba genu­
ri Terapiis meTodiT. sibrmavis
mizezi baduris ujredebSi erT-er-
Ti genis mutacia iyo. mkvlevareb­ma
dazianebuli genis nacvlad, viru­
sis veqtoris saSualebiT nor­ma­
lu­ri geni Seitanes. avadmyofs transgenuli virusis Setana baduraSi
mxed­­ve­loba daubrunda. am, marT-
lac udides gamarjvebas, romelic
uTu­od did rols iTamaSebs Tvalis sneulebaTa mkurnalobaSi, win 15 wliani
eqsperimenti uZRoda, romelic laboratoriul cxovelebze tardeboda.
4 genetikuri daavadebebis samkurnalod eqimebi dazianebuli genebis
Sesacvlelad mudmivad saWiroeben normalur genebs. saidan maragdebian eqi­
mebi `janmrTeli~ genebiT? ramdenad xelmisawvdomia is?
miuxedavad imisa, rom genur Terapias momavlis medicinis erT-erT wamy-
van dargad ganixilaven da misi meTodebis daxvewaze msoflios mraval qveya-
naSi mecnierebi intensiurad muSaoben, is mainc neli nabijiT miiwevs win.
mTavar damabrkolebel faqtorad isev virusuli veqtoris gamo pacient-
Ta umravlesobaSi aRmocenebuli imunuri reaqciebi rCeba. pirveli seriozu-
li dartyma genurma Terapiam 1999 wels ganicada, rodesac 18 wlis pacienti
mkurnalobis dawyebidan 4 dRis Semdeg gardaicvala. daRupvis mizezi viru-
suli veqtoris mimarT pacientis imunuri reaqcia iyo.
garda amisa, virusis veqtorad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis aris
imis riski, rom virusi daubrundeba `Tavis Zvel saqmianobas~ da gankurnebis
nacvlad daaavadebs pacients.
genuri Terapiis susti mxarea isic, rom is mxolod erTi geniT gamowveu-
li genetikuri daavadebis samkurnalod SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli. daa-
vadebaTa umravlesobas ki ramdenime genis erTdrouli araswori moqmedeba
ganapirobebs.

genuri Terapiis eTika

bolo wlebSi miRweuli warmatebebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom genuri Terapi-

iT momavalSi mravali saSiSi genetikuri daavadebis gankurneba iqneba SesaZ­
lebeli.
Tumca, aris saSiSroeba, rom adamiani genuri Terapiis meTodebs ara mxo­
lod genetikuri daavadebebis samkurnalod gamoiyenebs, aramed iseTi gene-
tikuri niSnis `gamosasworebladac~, romelic mas, ubralod, ar moswons. ra
gamolevs iseT adamianebs, romelTac sakuTari garegnoba ar akmayofilebT?!
2 CamoTvale Seni garegnobis genetikurad ganpirobebuli niSnebi.
arsebobs didi cduneba, rom genebis SecvliT adamianis gonebriv Sesa-
ZleblobebSic Caerevian. xom cnobilia, rom maTematikuri, musikaluri,

151
mxatv­­robis niWi STamomavlobiT gadaecema. mxedvelobaSi isicaa misaRebi,
rom genuri Terapiis meTodebiT sargeblobas mxolod finansurad Zlieri
ada­mianebi SeZleben, vinaidan is sakmaod Zviria.
ase rom, genebis SecvliT Zalian gatacebam da genuri Terapiis meTodebis
farTod danergvam SesaZloa, sazogadoeba naklebad Semwynarebeli gaxados
iseTi adamianebis mimarT, romlebic maTgan gansxvavebulebi arian.
sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis azriT, swored aq imaleba yvelaze didi
saSiSroeba.
aseTma midgomam, SesaZloa, evgenikuri ideebis damkvidrebas Seuwyos
xeli. `evgenes~ _ berZnulad keTilSobils, kargi gvarisas niSnavs. evgenika
moZRvrebaa adamianis modgmis memkvidruli genebis gaumjobesebisa da srul­
yofis Sesaxeb. es ideebi sakmaod popularuli iyo XX saukunis pirvel naxe­
varSi, evropis garkveul wreebSi. am adamianebs miaCndaT, rom danaSauli, Za-
ladoba da sxva socialuri problemebi arasrulfasovani, `cudi sisxlis~
adamianebis mier iyo gamowveuli. isini `keTilSobili sisxlis~ adamianebTan
SedarebiT swrafad mravldebodnen da amiT anagvianebdnen da auaresebdnen
adamianTa modgmas.
am ideebs, samwuxarod, zogierTi mecnieric iziarebda. uamravi adamiani
emsxverpla maT arahumanur da sastik eqsperimentebs, romlis mizani evgeni-
kuri moZRvrebis simarTlis damtkiceba iyo. milionobiT adamiani daiRupa
sakoncentracio banakebSi, meore msoflio omis dros. am gziT cdilobdnen
nacistebi germanuli naciis `gakeTilSobilebas~ _ `asufTavebdnen~ mas
ebraelebisa da boSebisgan.

dnm-is modelis avtori j. uotsoni, romlis aRmoCenam dasabami misca yve-

la saxis dnm-teqnologiis ganviTarebas, ase gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebu­
lebas am problemisadmi: `Cven darwmunebulebi unda viyoT, rom sazogadoeba
iswavlis genetikuri informaciis mxolod keTilSobiluri miznebisTvis
gamoyenebas da miiRebs kanonebs, romelic gamoricxavs adamianis diskrimi-
nacias misi genetikuri niSnis mixedviT. Cven vnaxeT, Tu rogor gamoiyena na-
cizmma genetikasa da fsiqiatriaSi dagrovili codna. es STambeWdavi magali-
Tia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba mecnierebis arasworad gamoyenebam auwereli
ziani miayenos kacobriobas”.

genuri Terapiis mizani adamianis genetikuri daavadebebis mkur­

nalobaa, mutaciuri genis normaluri geniT Secvlis saSuale­biT.
adamianis dnm-Si normaluri genis Casanergad virusebs iyene-
ben. mecnierebi intensiurad muSaoben axali veqtoris Seqmnaze,
radgan adamianis organizmze virusebs xSirad alergiuli da to-
qsikuri zemoqmedeba gaaCniaT. eqimebs genur TerapiaSi Rerovani
ujredebis gamoyeneba perspeqtiulad miaCniaT. Rerovani ujre-
debi aradiferencirebuli ujredebia, romlebsac mudmivi gam-
ravlebisa da sxvadasxva saxis ujredebad diferencirebis unari
gaaCniaT. Rerovan ujredebs eqimebi ori mimarTulebiT iyeneben.
am ujredebis organizmSi SeyvaniT SesaZlebelia dazianebuli qso­

152
vilebis axali qsovilebiT Canacvleba, xolo maTSi normaluri
genebis CanergviT ki genetikuri daavadebebis mkurnaloba.­

1. Rerovani ujredebisTvis dama­xa­

siaTebel Tvisebebs zogjer aseTi
ilustraciiT warmoadge­nen.
a. rogor fiqrob, ras aRniSnavs ilus­
traciaze sxvadasxva feris bur­Te­
bi?
sworad asaxavs saxelwodeba am uj­
redebis funqcias?
b. qarTuli termini `Rerovani uj­re­
de­bi~ warmodga inglisuri ter­mi­
nis­gan `stem cells~. moZebne leq­si­kon­Si
sityva `stem~-is sxva qar­­­Tuli Se­sa­t­
yvisebi. iqneb am uj­­­re­­debisTvis uf­
ro marTebuli ter­­mi­nic SearCio.

2. gaixsene, rogor muSaobs insulinis receptori da sqematurad

warmoadgine, rogor SeiZleba geni cila-receptorTan dakav-
Sirebis gziT ujredSi aRmoCndes?

1. daasaxele Rerovani ujredebis sami ZiriTadi Tviseba.

2. kistozuri fibroziT daavadebuli bavSvebis kani TeTri nade­
biT ifareba, romelsac Tovlis fifqebs adareben. ifiqre, ro-
gori qimiuri Sedgeniloba unda gaaCndes am fifqebs da ra aris
maTi warmoqmnis mizezi?
3. kistozuri fibroziT daavadebuli bavSvebi kargi madiT gamo­
irCevian, Tumca Zalze gamxdrebi arian da zrdaSi CamorCebian.
axseni amis mizezi.
4. kistozuri fibroziT daavadebul bavSvebs specialur dietas
uniSnaven. rogori kvebiTi Rirebuleba da kaloriuloba unda
gaaCndes bavSvebis sakvebs? daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.

1. embrionul Rerovan ujredebze Catarebul cdebs cxare kamaTi

axlavs. bevri adamiani miiCnevs, rom es ara marto amoraluri,
aramed mkvlelobis tolfasicaa. ifiqre, ramdenad Rirebulia
kvlevis mizani? gadawonis Tu ara aseT Sexedulebebs?
2. eTanxmebi Tu ara aseT damokidebulebas _ `Cemi geni Cemi ar-
Cevania da is Cemi survilisamebr SemiZlia Sevcvalo~.

153
 3. ama Tu im organos seriozuli dazianebisa da funqciis dakarg-
vis SemTxvevaSi, eqimebi organoTa transplantaciis meTods
mimarTaven. dReisTvis SesaZlebelia gulis, nawlavis, RviZlis,
pankreasis, filtvis, Tirkmlis transplantacia. romelma me­
Todma SeuZlia gauwios mas konkurencia momavalSi da ra upi-
ratesobis gamo?

parkinsonizmiT bevri cnobili adamiani iyo daavadebuli. maT So-

ris iyvnen: adolf hitleri, salvador dali, romis papi ioane pav-
le II, mao Ze duni,M muhamed ali. moiZie informacia da moamzade re-
ferati Temaze `parkinsonis daavadeba~ Semdegi gegmis mixedviT:

1. daavadebis mizezi;
2. daavadebis mimdinareoba da niSnebi;
3. daavadebis asakobrivi maCveneblebi;
4. daavadebis mkurnalobis arsebuli meTodebi da maTi efeqturoba;
5. daavadebis mkurnalobis perspeqtivebi.
moawyve namuSevris prezentacia.

1. alcheimeris daavadeba dReisaTvis ganukurnebel daavadebad

iTvleba. mas genetikuri safuZveli gaaCnia. daavadebis mizezi
Tavis tvinis neironebis gadagvareba da ganadgurebaa. alc­
heimeris daavadebis pirveli niSani mexsierebis gauaresebaa,
rac SesaZloa, axalgazrda asakSic ki daiwyos. daavadeba Tan­
da­Tan progresirebs. bolo stadiaSi adamianebi sruliad kar-
gaven mexsierebas da sabolood, absoluturad umweoni xdebi-
an.
rogor fiqrob, momavalSi mkurnalobis romeli meTodi Sei-
Zleba aRmoCndes Sedegiani am mZime daavadebis winaaRmdeg?

2. mecnierTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba axali genebis Canerg-

vas sasqeso ujredebSi da argumentad aseTi magaliTi moaqvs:
namgliseburi anemia afrikis kontinentze gavrcelebuli, re­
cesiuli geniT gamowveuli saSiSi daavadebaa, romelic mrava-
li organos normalur funqcionirebas arRvevs.
afrikis mosaxleobisTvis sasicocxlod aranaklebi riskis
Semcvelia malaria, romelic Zalian aris gavrcelebuli am re­
gionSi. misi gamomwvevi erTujrediani paraziti _ malariis
plazmodiumia. is ganviTarebis garkveul etaps koRos sxeul-
Si gadis, nawils ki adamianis organizmSi. koRos kbenis Sede-
gad plazmodiumi adamianis sisxlSi xvdeba da eriTrocitebSi
saxl­deba. misi intensiuri gamravlebis gamo eriTrocitebi iS­
leba.

154
aRmoCnda, rom namglisebri anemiis recesiuli alelis Semcvel
heterozigotur organizmSi misi SeWra eriTrocitebis defor-
macias iwvevs da aseT garemoSi malariis gamomwvevi veRar mravl-
deba.

malaria

namgliseburi
anemia

a. ifiqre, afrikis mosaxleobis romeli nawili gamoirCeva ma-

lariis mimarT ufro maRali rezistentobiT da Sesabamisad
maRali sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT _ is, romelic saerTod
ar Seicavs namglisebri anemiis gens, Tu is, romelic hetero-
zigotia am genis mimarT?
b. ra Sedegebs moutans afrikis mosaxleobas maT sasqeso ujre-
debSi namglisebri anemiis gamomwvevi genis normaluri geniT
Secvla?

Rerovani ujredebi _ stem cells

Wiplaris Rerovani ujredebi _ Uumbilical stem cells

www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/stemcells_scnt.html

155
IV evolucia
§24
Sexedulebebi cocxali samyaros evoluciis Sesaxeb
lamarkis evoluciuri Teoria

saidan gaCnda Cvens planetaze mcenareTa da cxovelTa saxeobebis aseTi

simravle da mravalferovneba? rogor aRmovCndiT erTdroulad erTmane-
Tis gverdiT ameba da adamiani? ase iyo dasabamidan Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi
icvleboda rame?
jer kidev uxsovari droidan arsebobda mosazrebebi cocxali samyaros
TandaTanobiTi cvlilebebisa da ganviTarebis _ evoluciis Sesaxeb.
samyaros erTianobisa da ganviTarebis idea warmodgenilia antikuri fi-
losofosebisa da swavlulebis _ demokritesa da lukreciusis SromebSi.
cnobilia heraklites gamoTqma: `yvelaferi midis, yvelaferi icvleba.~ aris­
totelem aRwera cocxal organizmTa 500-ze meti saxeoba da daalaga isini
gansazRvruli rigiT _ martivi agebulebidan rTulisken.
Tumca, Sua saukuneebSi gabatonda mosazreba bunebis ucvlelobisa da
Tavdapirveli mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. am mosazrebis mixedviT, bunebis
mravalferovneba Semoqmedma _ RmerTma Seqmna da dRes bunebaSi imdenive saxe-
obaa, ramdensac yovlisSemZlem misca dasabami. aseT midgomas kreacionizms
uwodeben.
kreacionizmma imdenad gaidga fesvebi, rom bev-
ri gamoCenili mecnieric usityvod iziarebda aseT
ideebs. gamonaklisi arc cnobili Svedi bunebis­
metyveli, SvedeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis pirveli
prezidenti karl line (1707-1778) iyo. mas mtkiced
sjeroda, rom cocxali arsebis yvela Tviseba Rmer-
Tis Canafiqris Sedegia. miuxedavad amisa, misi roli
biologiis ganviTarebaSi Zalian didia.
k. line dauRalavad swavlobda organizmebis mra­
valferovnebas. man mcenareTa 8000-mde da cxovel­Ta
4000-ze meti saxeoba aRwera. linem safuZveli Ca­­uya­­
ra Tanamedrove klasifikacias. man msgavsi saxeo­
bebi gvarebSi gaaerTiana, msgavsi gvarebi _ rigebSi,
karl line xolo rigebi klasebSi. amrigad, Tavis sistematikas
man taq­sonebis ierarqiis principi daudo safuZv­
lad. li­nes sistematikaSi yvelaze didi taqsoni klasi iyo, xolo yvelaze pa-
tara _ saxeoba.
mecnierebis ganviTarebasTAan erTad, lines sistematikaSi damatebiTi ka­
te­goriebi Seitanes, magram miuxedavad amisa, sistematikis lineseuli prin-
cipi dResac ucvlelia.

156
 saxeobebi

gvarebi

rigebi

klasebi

lines klasifikacia

linem Seqmna organuli samyaros im droisTvis yvelaze srulyofili sis­

tematika. Tumca, is mcenareebsa da cxovelebs ajgufebda mxolod garegnu-
li niSnebis mixedviT da ar iTvaliswinebda maT warmoSobasa da naTesaur kav­
Sirs. amitom zogierTi daSorebuli gvari erT klasSi aRmoCnda, xolo axlo
monaTesave _ sxvadasxvaSi.
miuxedavad aseTi Secdomebisa, linem sworad miuCina adamians adgili Zu-
ZUumwovrebis klassa da primatebis rigSi, rac im droisTvis did gabedulebas
moiTxovda.
aRorZinebis epoqaSi filosofiasa da bunebismetyvelebaSi axali Sexedu­
leba Camoyalibda, romlis Tanaxmad, organuli samyaro cvalebadia, saxeo­
bebi istoriul ganviTarebas ganicdian da SesaZlebelia erTi saxeobidan
meoris warmoqmna. aseT mimdinareobas transformizmi ewoda. yvela trans-
formisti aRiarebda, rom saxeobebi icvleba garemos cvlilebebis Sedegad.
Tumca, transformistebis umravlesobas jer kidev ar hqonda evoluciis er-
Tiani da Tanmimdevruli koncefcia.
XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi aRwerili da Seswavlili iyo cxovelebisa da
mce­nareebis mravali axali saxeoba, amave dros, pirvelad iqna aRmoCenili ga­
daSenebuli saxeobebis namarxebi. mcenareebisa da cxovelebis namarxi naSTe­
bis Seswavlam gamoavlina maTi ganviTarebis gza martividan rTulisken, pri­
mitiulidan ufro organizebul formebamde. es faqtebi axsnas saWiroebda.
erT-erTi pirveli, vinc ecada evoluciis Teoriis
SemuSavebas, iyo Jan batist lamarki (1744-1828). Tavisi
naSromi lamarkma 1809 wels dabeWda da mas `zoologiis
filosofia~ daarqva, miuxedavad imisa, rom am wignSi
saubari iyo ara mxolod cxovelebze, aramed mTel
cocxal bunebaze. bevrma mecnierma saerTod ar miaqcia
yuradReba wigns, zogma dascina kidec.
am naSromSi lamarki amtkicebda, rom cxovelTa
da mcenareTa mravalferovneba organuli samyaros
ganviTarebis Sedegia. mas miaCnda, rom mcenareebi da
cxovelebi yovelTvis ar iyvnen iseTebi, rogorebsac
Jan batist lamarki
Cven dRes vxedavT. misi azriT, pirveli cocxali orga-
nizmebi Zalian martivad iyvnen agebuli. droTa ganmav-
lobaSi isini icvlebodnen, viTardebodnen da srulyofilebas ganicdidnen
bunebis Zalebis zemoqmedebiT. organizmebis ganviTarebas umartivesidan

157
rTulisken, naklebsrulyofilidan ufro srulyofilisken, anu organiza-
ciis donis amaRlebas lamarkma gradacia uwoda.
gradaciis pirvel mizezad lamarks miaCnda yoveli cocxalis Sinagani,
RmerTisgan naboZi Tviseba _ swrafva srulyofisken. am Tvisebas lamarkma
progresisken swrafva uwoda.
organuli samyaros evoluciis meore mizezad lamarki miiCnevda organiz­
meb­ze im garemos zemoqmedebas, romelSic isini cxovrobdnen. lamarkis az-
riT, garemo mravalferovani da cvalebadia, amitom is organizmebze sxva­da­
sxvagvarad moqmedebs. magaliTad, karg niadagze gazrdili mcenare Tavisi ieriT
sruliad gansxvavdeba cud niadagze gazrdili, igive saxeobis mcenarisgan.
cxovelebs garemos zemoqmedebiT warmoeqmnebaT axali unarebi da Cvevebi,
romlebic iwveven zogi organos Zlier gavarjiSebas. gavarjiSebuli orga­
no kargad viTardeba, misi zomebi matulobs, ga­­­­u­­­­
var­jiSebeli da gamouyenebeli organoebi ki ga­da­­­
g­­­vardebian, knindebian da pataravdebian. lamarki
fiqrobda, rom ixvs, wyalSi xSirad curvis gamo,
fe­xis TiTebs Soris kani gaeWima da sacurao apki ga­
uCnda, romelic mis STamomavlobas gadaeca. gveli
ki mucelze gawolili arCevda xoxvas da amitom gau-
qra fexebi. Tu axal pirobebSi organizmisTvis axali
organoebi aucilebelia, isini warmoiqmnebian `Sina-
gani swrafviT~. swored am meqanizmiT xsnida lamarki
ixvi Jirafebis grZeli kidurebisa da kisris warmoqmnas.
maRal totebze foTlebs rom miswvdomodnen, isini
xSirad iyenebdnen da avarjiSebdnen am organoebs.

grZelkisriani Jirafis warmoqmna lamarkis mixedviT

lamarks miaCnda, rom yvela cvlileba, romelsac mcenare da cxoveli Se­

iZens sicocxlis manZilze, mxolod sasargebloa da STamomavlebs is memkvi-
dreobiT gadaecema. Tu garemos Secvlili piroba didxans moqmedebs, mrava-
li Taobis manZilze is organizmis iseT gardasaxvas iwvevs, rom misi cnoba
Zalian Znelia _ is axal saxeobad gardaiqmneba.

158
 amrigad, lamarkis mixedviT, organuli samyaros mravalferovnebis mi­
ze­zi, erTi mxriv, organizmis Tandayolili swrafvaa srulyofisken, xolo
meore mxriv, garemos moqmedeba da mis mier sicocxlis manZilze SeZenili sa-
sargeblo niSnebis memkvidreobiT gadacema.

pirveli evoluciuri Sexedulebebi cocxali samyaros Sesaxeb,

jer kidev ZvelberZeni filosofosebisa da swavlulebis naS-
romebSia warmodgenili. karl linem safuZveli Cauyara Taname-
drove klasifikacias. pirveli evoluciuri Teoriis Semqmnelad
Jan batist lamarki iTvleba. lamarkis azriT, organuli samyaros
mravalferovnebis mizezia Tandayolili swrafva srulyofisken
da organizmebis mier sicocxlis manZilze SeZenili mxolod sa-
sargeblo niSnebis memkvidreobiT gadacema.

1. lamarks evoluciis asaxsnelad mohyavda aseTi magaliTi grZel­

kisriani Jirafebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb:
 davuSvaT, arsebobda Jirafis moklekisriani saxeoba, romelic
foTlebiT ikvebeboda.
 SeiZleba ise momxdariyo, rom yvela foToli, romelsac SeeZ-
lo miswvdomoda, ukve SeWmuli iyo.
 maRla foTlebs rom miswvdomoda, Jirafis winapars kiseri un-
da waegrZelebina.
 varjiSi TandaTanobiT iwvevda Jirafebis kisris dagrZelebas
da maTi yoveli Semdgomi Taobebi ufro grZelkisrianebi iyvnen,
wina TaobebTan SedarebiT. varjiSma bolos da bolos gamoiwvia
Jirafebis axali, grZelkisera saxeobis warmoqmna.
ratom ar SeiZleboda, aseTi gziT grZelkisera Jirafis axali
saxeobis warmoqmna?
2. rogor axsnida lamarki spiloebSi xorTumis warmoqmnas?

SearCie swori pasuxi.

kreacionizmis Tanaxmad, cocxali samyaros mravalferovnebis mi­
zezia:
a. bunebrivi faqtorebis moqmedebis gamo, misi TandaTanobiT
ganviTareba;
b. zebunebrivi Zalebis moqmedebiT, misi TandaTanobiT ganviTa-
reba;
g. rogorc bunebrivi, ise zebunebrivi ZalebiT, misi TandaTano-
biT ganviTareba;
d. aseTi samyaros Semomqmedis mier Seqmna.

evolucia _ evolution; kreacionizmi _ creationism; transformizmi

_ Utransformism; sistematika _ Usystematics.

159
IV evolucia
§25
Carlz darvini
darvinis Sexeduleba xelovnur gadarCevaze
brZola arsebobisaTvis
darvinis Sexeduleba bunebriv gadarCevaze
XIX saukunis Sua periodi gamorCeuli iyo mecnieruli aRmoCenebiT. as-
tronomebma maTematikurad daasabuTes mzis sistemis ganviTarebis Teoria,
geologebma aRmoaCines danaleqi qanebis TandaTanobiT warmoqmna, daasab-
uTes, rom dedamiwis zedapiri yoveldRiurad icvleba temperaturis, qaris,
wvimebis, mcenareebisa da cxovelebis cxovelqmedebis Sedegad. qimikosebma
daadgines, rom cocxalsa da aracocxals msgavsi qimiuri Sedgeniloba aqvs.
mcenareTa da cxovelTa sistematikis, biogeografiis, paleontologiis,
SedarebiTi anatomiis, embriologiis monacemebi naTlad metyvelebda cocxa-
li arsebebis mravalferovnebaze, maTi naTesaobis SesaZleblobaze da ewinaaR-
mdegeboda Sexedulebas bunebis RmerTis mier Seqmnasa da mis ucvlelobaze.
am faqtebs axsna sWirdeboda. rac Carlz darvinma SeZlo.
Carlz darvini bavSvobidan qimiuri cdebiT, cxo­ve­leb­
ze dakvirvebiT da maTi koleqciebis SegrovebiT iyo gata-
cebuli. igi edinburgis universitetSi medi­cinas swavlob-
da, xolo kembrijis universitetSi _ RvTis­metyvelebas.
studentobis wlebSi daeufla aseve sa­­vele kvlevis meTo-
debs.
universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg darvini gaemgzavra
samecniero eqspediciaSi dedamiwis garSemo samefo flot-
is gemiT `bigli~. gemze 22 wlis darvini naturalistad muS-
aobda. eqspediciaSi man 5 weli dahyo.
Carlz darvini daakvirdi ilustracias da aRwere `biglis~ mar­Sru­ti.

160
 galapagosis arqipelagis Se-
darebiT axalgazrda vulkanur
kunZulebze, romlebic samxreT
amerikis kontinentidan 900 km-
iT arian dacilebuli, darvinma
SeamCnia, rom aq binadari mcena-
reebi da cxovelebi mkveTrad gan-
sxvavdebodnen samxreT amerikis
galapagosis galapagosis ku kontinentze binadari monaTe-
zRvis iguana save saxeobebisgan. magaliTad,
arqipelagze man aRmoaCina ucna­
uri, uni­kaluri zRvis xvlikis _
igu­anas saxeoba, romelic zRvis
wyalmcenareebiT ikve­­bebo­da da
mkveTrad gan­sxvav­deboda konti-
nentis gval­­­­­vian raionebSi mcxov­
re­­bi iguanebisgan. zRvis igu­anas
sakvebis mosapoveb­lad kargi cur­
Tanamedrove va sWirdeba. saamisod mas Sebr­
zarmaca tyelebuli kudi da TiTebs So­
giganturi
ris gadaWimuli apki aqvs.
zarmacas namarxi garda amisa, darvinma ipo­va
naSTi gi­ganturi zarmacasa da javSno-
sanis namarxi naSTebi, romlebic
Tavisi zomebiT mniSv­nelovnad aRematebodnen mis Tanamedrove `naTesavebs~.
vulkanur kunZuleb­ze, dar­vinma aRmoaCina mTi­­­ulebis monaTesave sa­xeobebi,
romlebic erT­ma­neTisgan niskartis for­miT gansxvavdebodnen.
darvinisTvis nakle­bad dasajerebeli iyo, rom yoveli axladwarmoqmnili
vulkanuri kunZulisTvis `Semomqmeds~ gansakuTrebuli mTiule­bi Seeqmna. aq
ufro sxva daskvnis gakeTeba iqneboda swori. darvinis azriT, yvela mTiulis
winapari, SesaZloa, amerikis kontinentis erTi saxeoba yofiliyo, romlis STa-
momavlebi sxvadasxva kunZulebze, sxvadasxva pirobebSi moxvdnen da niskartis
forma imitom SeecvalaT, rom zogi kaqtusis yvaviliT ikvebeboda, zogi magari
TesliT, zogi ki mwerebiT.
analogiur suraTs waawyda dar­vini
afrikis sanapirozec. mwva­­ne koncxis bi-
nadari cxovelebi hgavdnen materikze bi­
nadrebs, Tum­­ca, garkveuli niSnebi gansx­
vav­debodnen maTgan.
avstraliaSi darvini daintersda Can-
TosnebiTa da kvercxismdebelebiT, rom-
lebic dedamiwis sxva adgilebSi ukve ga-
daSenebuli iyvnen. avstralia, rogorc
ma­teriki, jer kidev umaRlesi ZuZumwov­
mTiulebis SesaZlo
winapari rebis warmoqmnamde gamocalkevda, ami-

161
tom es SedarebiT primitiuli ZuZumwovrebi avstraliaSi `izolirebuli~
aRmoCndnen da materikis ZUuZUumwovrebisgan gansxvavebiT, sxva pirobebSi da-
moukideblad viTardebodnen.
eqspediciis monacemebma darvini miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom organizmebi
icvlebian maTi sasicocxlo pirobebis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad.
darvinma miznad daisaxa aexsna, Tu rogor xdeba es cvlilebebi da axali
saxeobebis warmoqmna. misi yuradReba ingliseli fermerebis saqmianobam mi-
ipyro. am droisTvis maT gamoyvanili hyavdaT mtredebis, ZaRlebis, msxvil-
fexa pirutyvis, qaTmebis uamravi jiSi, romlebic akmayofilebdnen adamianis
materialur da esTetikur moTxovnebs. pasuxi imaze, Tu rogor SesZles fer-
merebma aseTi mravalferovani jiSebis miReba, darvinma maTi muSaobis meTo-
debis Seswavlisas miiRo.
fermerebi cxovelebis an mcenareebis moSenebisas, maTTvis sasurveli sax-
eobidan Sesajvareblad im wyvilebs arCevdnen, romlebsac yvelaze mkveTrad
hqondaT gamoxatuli fermerisTvis saintereso niSan-Tviseba. ase iqceodnen
isini mravali Taobis manZilze. magaliTad, simindis uxvmosavliani jiSis ga-
mosayvanad, isini Sesajvareblad yvelaze msxvilmarcvlian, didi taroebis
mqone mcenareebs arCevdnen. miRebuli STamomavlebidan isev yvelaze msxvil­
marcvlian da didtaroebian mcenareebs ajvarebdnen. ase grZeldeboda ram-
denime weli, vidre ar miiRebdnen simindis jiSs, romelsac memkvidrulad
hqonda ganmtkicebuli didi taro da msxvili marcvali.

simindis axali jiSis miReba

darvini mivida im daskvnamde, rom aseTi mizanmimarTuli xelovnuri ga-

darCeviT saxeobis Secvla SeiZleba da daamtkica, rom msxvilfexa pirutyvis
yvela jiSs erTi winapari hyavda da es veluri turi iyo. ZaRlebis jiSebis
mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, yvela maTganis winapari mgelia. qaTmis jiSe-
bi miRebulia veluri bankivuri qaTmisgan, xolo bocveris yvela jiSi _ ve-
luri evropuli bocvrisgan.

162
 bankivuri qaTami

saxeobis ucvlelobis momxreebs ki miaCndaT, rom mcenareTa da cxovelTa

yovel jiSs Tavisi veluri winapari hyavs.
darvinis azriT, xelovnuri gadarCevis aucilebeli pirobaa, rom is niS-
nebi, romlis mixedviTac xdeba individebis SerCeva, aucileblad memkvidru-
li unda iyos.
darvinma gamoTqva varaudi, rom bunebaSic msgavsi gziT unda xdebodes
organizmebSi sasargeblo niSnebis dagroveba, ris Sedegadac axali saxeobebi
warmoiqmnebian, Tumca mas jer kidev ver warmoedgina, rogor moqmedebs ga-
darCeva bunebriv pirobebSi.
darvinma icoda, rom veluri mcenareebisa da cxovelebis calkeul indi-
videbSi adgili aqvs memkvidrul cvlilebebs da Tan sakmaod didi masStabiT.
es individualuri cvlilebebi sruliad SemTxveviTi xasiaTisaa da SeiZleba
sasargebloc iyos, neitralurica da sazianoc.
darvins ainteresebda, romelia is faqtori, romelic tovebs sasargeblo
cvlilebebis mqone individebs da iSorebs yvela danarCens anu ra aris is
faqtori bunebaSi, romelic adamianis analogiurad moqmedebs.
amis gagebaSi darvins, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavda, ingliseli mecnieris,
Tomas malTusis naSromebi daexmara, romelic amtkicebda, rom Tu mosaxle-
obis geometriuli progresiiT zrdas araferi SeaCerebda, sul cota xanSi
dedamiwa adamianebs veRar daitevda.
darvinma es mosazreba sxva organizmebze gadaitana. man yuradReba miaq-
cia imas, rom organizmebis geometriuli progresiiT gamravlebis miuxeda-
vad, yovel saxeobaSi individTa raodenoba met-naklebad mdgradia.
bunebaSi dabadebuli individebis raodenoba bevrad aRemateba im optim-
alur raodenobas, romelsac SeuZlia samyofi sakvebi moipovos da sicocxle
SeinarCunos. amitom yvela saxeobaSi STamomavlebis didi nawili sicocxlis
sxvadasxva stadiaze iRupeba. ganayofierebis Semdeg yovel zigotas ganviTa-
rebis umciresi Sansi aqvs, dabadebuli individebis mxolod mcire nawili aR-
wevs gamravlebis asakamde, am asaks miRweulidan yvela ver monawileobs gam-
ravlebis procesSi. Tumca, STamomavlebis datovebac ar aris sakmarisi _ is
unda SeinarCuno. romelime saxeobis mTeli namati rom gadarCes, gaizardos

163
da gamravldes, ramdenime Taobis Semdeg isini sruliad gandevnian dedami-
widan danarCen saxeobebs. sicocxlisTvis brZolaa saWiro. es brZola, Sesa-
Zloa, samkvdro-sasicocxloc iyos da erTi SexedviT naklebad SesamCnevi
konkurenciac.

brZola arsebobisaTvis

darvini aRniSnavda, rom brZola arsebobisTvis ar SeiZleba primitiulad

iyos aRqmuli, rogorc ubralod `Serkineba~. igi werda: `me unda gagafrTxi-
loT, rom am termins me viyeneb farTo da metaforuli azriT, romelSic vgu-
lisxmob erTi arsebis damokidebulebas meoreze da aseve ara marto indivi-
dis sicocxlis SenarCunebas, aramed mis mier STamomavlobis warmatebulad
datovebas~.
darvini ganarCevda arsebobisTvis brZolis sam formas: brZolas araor-
ganuli bunebis araxelsayrel pirobebTan, sxva saxeobis warmomadgenlebT-
an (saxeobaTaSorisi brZola) da sakuTari saxeobis warmomadgenlebTan (Si-
dasaxeobrivi brZola).
brZola araorganuli bunebis araxelsayrel
pi­robebTan. araorganuli bunebis araxelsayrel
pi­robebTan brZolaSi gadarCebian mxolod isini,
rom­lebic ukeT Seeguebian im pirobebs, romelic
aris `aq~ da `axla~ _ mocemul garemoSi da drois
mocemul momentSi. magaliTad, rodesac udabnos
mcenareebze amboben, rom isini gvalvas ebrZvian,
amiT imas gamoxataven, rom maT mravalgvari Segueb-
uloba warmoeqmnebaT niadagidan wylisa da sakvebis kaqtusi
mosapoveblad an wylis aorTqlebis Sesamcireblad.
magram saarsebo pirobebi ar aris mudmivi _ is SeiZleba mkveTrad Se­
icvalos. upiratesobas brZolaSi is individebi moipoveben, romlebsac aqvT
unari, ukeT Seeguon cvlad pirobebs _ TviTonac Seicvalon.
cvlilebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofda sicocxlisTvis brZolaSi ga­mar­
j­vebas guSin, SeiZleba gamoudegari iyos xval. amitom cocxali organizmebi
erTi wuTiTac ar wyveten brZolas sicocxlisTvis.
saxeobaTaSoris brZola arsebobisTvis. ama Tu im organizmis sicocxle
mxolod garemo pirobebze rodia da­
mokidebuli. masze mniSvnelovnad moq­
medebs mcenareebis, cxovelebis, mik­
roorganizmebis is uamravi saxeobe­bi,
romlebTanac uwevs urTierToba. yo­
veli organizmis sicocxleSi mniSv­
nelovan rols TamaSobs misi urTi­
erToba mtacebelTan, msxverplTAan,
parazitTan, maspinZel organizmTaAn.
nadiroba

164
 mtacebeli yovelTvis icvleba msxverplis sazianod _ is mudmivad sru-
lyofs nadirobis xerxebs. msxverplic icvleba mtaceblis sazianod _ srul­­­
yofs misgan dacvis meTodebs. magaliTad, mtacebels uCndeba eSvebi, brWya­­le­bi,
swrafi moZraobis unari, miparviTi qceva; msxverpls ki uCndeba mfar­­­velobiTi
Seferiloba, Sxamiani nivTierebebi. iqmneba Caketili wre, roca msxverp­­lis
srulyofa mtaceblisgan Tavis dasacavad, mtaceblis nadirobis xer­­xe­bis sru-
lyofas iwvevs. es Tavis mxriv, isev msxverplis srulyofas iwvevs da a.S.
arsebobisTvis saxeobaTaSorisi brZolis paradoqsuli Tavisebureba isaa,
rom am brZolaSi arian damarcxebulebi, magram ar arseboben gamarjvebulebi.
Tu erT-erTi saxeoba am brZolaSi `waagebs~ da gadaSendeba, amiT gamarjvebu-
li saxeobis cxovreba ar gaadvildeba.
Tu saxeoba-mtacebeli anadgurebs saxeoba-msxverpls, amiT is saSiSroebis
winaSe ayenebs Tavis arsebobas. Tu msxverpli `axerxebs~ mtaceblis `damarcxe-
bas~, anu mtaceblisTvis is Znelad mosapovebeli xdeba, amas `gamarjvebuli~
saxeobis ricxobriobis zrda mohyveba, rac am saxeobisTvis saWiro resursebis
Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. amitom `gamarjvebuli~ saxeoba gadaSenebis piras aR-
moCndeba.
simZafres saxeobaTaSorisi brZola maSin aRwevs, rodesac erTmaneTs is-
eTi saxeobebi ebrZvian, romlebic msgavs pirobebSi binadroben da erTnair
sakvebs iyeneben.
Sidasaxeobrivi brZola arsebobisTvis. gansakuTrebiT mkacri, sastiki da
daundobeli Sidasaxeobrivi brZolaa, radgan erTi saxeobis individebs erT-
nairi moTxovnileba aqvT sakvebze, wyalze,
TavSesafarze, mdedrze, mzis sxivebze. mag-
aliTad, swrafad mzardi xeebi Crdilaven ne-
la mzard xeebs da amiT zRudaven maT zrdas;
lomi, romelic antilopas Wams, sakvebs sxva
loms arTmevs; frinvelebis erTi wyvilis mi-
er dakavebul fuRuroSi ver dasaxldeba sxva
wyvili.
Sidasaxeobrivi brZola gansakuT­re­biT svavi
mZafrdeba saxeobaSi individebis raodenobis
zrdisas. magaliTad, zogierTi saxeobis frinvelebis bartyebis siWarbisas,
ufro Zlieri bartyebi budidan SedarebiT sustebs agdeben da `imeteben~ maT
mtaceblisTvis an sa­Sim­­Silod.
amrigad, mraval individs Soris gadarCebian da gamravldebian mxolod isi-
ni, romlebic `TanamoZmeebTan~ SedarebiT ukeTesad SeewinaaRmdegebian klima-
tis cvlilebebs, ukeT gadaurCebian mtaceblebs, ukeT moipoveben sakvebs da
ukeT icaven Tavs parazitebisgan.
bunebaSi individebis erTi nawilis SerCeviT ganadgurebas da meore nawilis
warmatebul gamravlebas darvinma ukeT SeguebulTa gadarCena, anu bu­nebrivi
gadarCeva uwoda.
darvinis azriT, sasicocxlo garemos cvlilebebis dros, gadarCenisTvis
sasargeblo SeiZleba aRmoCndes sruliad axali sxva niSnebi da ara isini, rom-
lebic erT dros sasargeblo iyo. am dros icvleba gadarCevis mimarTuleba.

165
gamravlebis wyalobiT axladwarmoqmnili niSnebi farTod vrceldeba saxeo-
baSi da warmoiqmneba axali saxeoba. mTavaria, rom axali niSani, romlis mixed-
viTac xdeba gadarCeva, memkvidruli iyos.
amrigad, darvinis mosazrebiT, garemo pirobebTan Seguebis procesSi sax-
eobebi icvlebian. saxeobis Secvlis anu evoluciis mamoZravebeli Zala bune-

grZelkisriani Jirafis warmoqmna darvinis mixedviT

brivi gadarCevaa, masala gadarCevisTvis ki memkvidruli cvalebadoba.

rogor warmoedgina darvins saxeobis warmoSoba? ukeT Seguebuli indi-
videbi jer kidev xom ar niSnavs sxva saxeobas?
saxeobis warmoqmnisTvis memkvidruli cvalebadobisa da bunebrivi ga-
darCevis garda, saWiroa izolacia, anu raRac mizezebis gamo SeuZlebeli
unda gaxdes erTi saxeobis individebs Soris Sejvareba. magaliTad, arealis
gafarToebis gamo, erTi saxeobis mcired gansxvavebuli individebi teri-
toriulad erTmaneTs Zalian dascildebian, sruliad gansxvavebul garemo
pirobebSi aRmoCndebian da am pirobebs Seeguebian. maTi niSan-Tvisebebi sul
ufro daSordeba erTmaneTs. es gansxvaveba imdenad mniSvnelovani gaxdeba,
rom isini erTmaneTs veRar Seejvarebian, moxdeba maTi izolacia da axali
saxeobis warmoqmna. niSan-Tvisebebis dacilebis process, romelic iwvevs
saxeobis warmoqmnas, darvinma divergencia uwoda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom azri bunebrivi gadarCevis Sesaxeb darvins mogzau-
robidan inglisSi dabrunebisTanave utrialebda, mas kidev 20 weli dasWir-
da, vidre Tavs mouyrida da ganazogadebda uamrav faqtsa da dakvirvebas da
azrs mwyobri Teoriis saxiT CaAmoayalibebda.
rodesac darvins naSromi `saxeobaTa warmoSoba bunebrivi gadarCevis
gziT, anu ukeT SeguebulTa gadarCena sicocxlisTvis brZolaSi~ TiTqmis
mzad hqonda, man miiRo axalgazrda naturalistis, alfred rasel uolesis
xel­naweri. avtori sTxovda, Seefasebina misi statia. statiis gacnobisas
darvini gaocda _ es iyo misi bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoriis mokle Sinaarsi.
aRmoCnda, rom orma naturalistma erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad da erT-

166
droulad SeimuSava identuri Teoria. alfred uole-
sis Teoria dafuZnebuli iyo samxreT amerikisa da
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis kunZulebze mogzaurobis
Sedegebze.
sainteresoa, rom orive mecnierze zegavlena moax-
dina malTusis naSromma, orive maTgani swavlobda sx-
vadasxva kunZulebze florasa da faunas da orivem
aR­moaCina mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi am saxeobebs
Soris.
darvinma ar gamoaqveyna Tavisi naSromi uolesis
statiis gamocemamde. 1858 wels orive avtorma Ta-
visi Teoria londonis lines sazogadoebas moaxsena.
uolesma aRiara darvinis pirveloba, manve Semoitana alfred uolesi
termini `darvinizmi~ evoluciis Teoriis aRsaniSna-
vad. Tumca, xSirad evoluciis Teorias darvin-uole-
sis Teoriasac uwodeben.

seleqciis meTodebis SeswavliT darvini mivida im daskvnamde,

rom mizanmimarTuli xelovnuri gadarCeviT saxeobis Secvla Se­
iZ­leba. darvinma gamoTqva varaudi, rom bunebaSi mimdina­re­obs
ar­sebobisaTvis brZola, romlis drosac, adgili aqvs in­dividTa
gar­kveuli jgufis SerCeviT ganadgurebas da sxva jgu­fis upira­
tes gamravlebas. am movlenas darvinma bunebrivi ga­darCeva anu
ukeT SeguebulTa gadarCena uwoda. darvinis mosaz­rebiT, gare-
mo pirobebTan Seguebis procesSi saxeobebi icvlebian. saxeobis
Secvlis anu evoluciis mamoZravebeli Zala bunebrivi gaarCevaa,
xolo masala gadarCevisaTvis memkvidruli cvalebadoba. calkeu-
li jgufis mier Seguebulobis SeZenam garkveul pirobebSi axali
saxeobis warmoqmna SeiZleba gamoiwvios.

1. gadawere teqsti rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli sityvebi,

romelic asaxavs darvinis mosazrebebs evoluciis Sesaxeb:

Jirafis winaprebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen .......... sig-

rZis mixedviT. bunebrivi pirobebis cvlilebisas, magaliTad,
gvalvis dros, roca balaxi da buCqebi .........., upiratesobas
iRebdnen .......... Jirafebi, xolo moklekisrianebi .......... . ..........
Jirafebma datoves STamomavloba. .......... gadarCeviT .......... Tao-
bis Semdeg gaCnda Tanamedrove tipis Jirafi.

2. erT-erT animaciur filmSi ori iremi gaurbis or vefxvs. erTi

meores eubneba: `risi imedi gaqvs, Sen mainc ver SesZleb vefx-
vze swraf sirbils~. meore pasuxobs: `me ar mWirdeba vefxvze
swrafi sirbili. me .......... swrafad unda virbino~.
Casvi gamotovebuli sityva da axseni, arsebobisTvis brZolis
romel formas gamoxatavs aRwerili situacia.

167
 3. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi. dadebiTi pasuxi aRniSne `+~-iT,
xolo uaryofiTi `-~-iT.

bunebrivi xelovnuri
gadarCevis Sedegi
gadarCeva gadarCeva

1. ganamtkicebs gansazRvrul niSnebs.

2. ganamtkicebs im niSnebs, romelic

sasargebloa adamianisTvis.

3. ganamtkicebs im niSnebs, romelic

sasargebloa saxeobisTvis.
4. masala gadarCevisTvis memkvidruli
cvalebadobaa.
5. gadarCevis Sedegia bunebriv pirobebTan
Seguebuloba da axali saxeobebis warmoqna.

6. gadarCevis Sedegia jiSis miReba.

4. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi. daakavSire mosazrebebi evoluci-

is Sesaxeb maT avtorebTan.

a. organizmebis Seguebuloba buneb­ri­vi

gadarCevis Sedegia.
b. garemos moqmedeba organizmebze iw­
1. lamarki
vevs mxolod sasargeblo cvlilebebs.
g. Tu gansazRvruli jiSis ZaRlebs Ta­
2. darvini
obebis manZilze movaWriT kuds, maSin
maTi lekvebi ukudoebi iqnebian.
d. ni­Wieri musikosis Svilebi yovelTvis
niWieri musikosebi arian.

a b g d

1. arsebobisTvis brZolis romeli

formis magaliTia mocemuli su-
raTze?

168
2. rogor axsnida lamarki mTiulebis sxvadasxvagvari niskartis
warmoqmnas?

SearCie swori pasuxi:

1. saerTo gareuli winapridan warmoqmnili axali jiSebi adamia-

nis moTxovnilebis, miznebisa da gemovnebis Sesabamisad ganic-
didnen:
a. divergencias sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT;
b. TandaTan emsgavsebodnen, uaxlovdebodnen erTmaneTsa da
saerTo winapars.
g. saerTod ar ganicdidnen araviTar cvlilebebs.

2. romeli azri miesadageba darvinis Sexedulebas evoluciur

procesebze:
a. nebismieri cvlileba SeiZleba iyos masala gadarCevisTvis.
b. evoluciis masala memkvidruli cvalebadobaa.
g. Seguebulobebi nebismieri cvalebadobis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.
d. arsebobisTvis brZola evoluciis Sedegia.

3. saxeobis evoluciis procesi SeiZleba Seneldes, Tu:

a. garemo mudmivad icvleba;
b. mkacria konkurenciis pirobebi;
g. garemo pirobebi SedarebiT mudmivia;
d. yvela CamoTvlil SemTxvevas aqvs adgili.

mravali naturalisti aRniSnavs Sidasaxeobrivi urTierTdaxma­

rebis, TanamSromlobis da Tavganwirvis SemTxvevebs cxovelebs
So­ris. magaliTAad, WianWvelebi, Termitebi, futkrebi erTad da Se-
Tanxmebulad ageben budeebs. futkari TavgamodebiT utevs mters,
romelic skas uaxlovdeba.
rogor fiqrob, es faqtebi ewinaaRmdegeba darviniseul mosazre-
bas arsebobisTvis brZolis Sesaxeb?

xelovnuri gadarCeva _ artificial selection; brZola arsebobisaTvis

_ straggle for existence; bunebrivi gadarCeva _ Unatural selection; di-
vergencia _ Udivergence.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=he2pQuBLD8w&feature=related

169
IV evolucia
§26
evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria
saxeoba. saxeobis kriteriumebi
populacia

evoluciis Tanamedrove Teorias evoluciis sinTezur Teorias uwode-

ben. is genetikis, molekuluri biologiis, embriologiis, paleontologiis,
biogeografiis da sxva mecnierebebis monacemebs emyareba.
evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba klasikuri
darvinizmisgan. rva qveynis 50-ze meti mecnieri CaerTo am Teoriis srulyo-
faSi.
am Teoriis mTavari debulebebia:
 evoluciis elementaruli erTeuli populaciaa da ara saxeoba, rogorc
darvins miaCnda, da arc calkeuli individi, rogorc lamarki fiqrobda.
 evoluciis masala mutaciebi da rekombinaciuri cvalebadobaa.
 bunebrivi gadarCeva Seguebulobis, saxeobaTa da zesaxeobrivi taq-
sonebis warmoqmnis mTavari mizezia.
 saxeoba populaciebis sistemaa, romelic izolirebulia sxva saxeobis
populaciebisgan. isini erTmaneTs ar ejvarebian.
 saxeobaTa warmoqmna xorcieldeba reproduqciuli izolaciiT, upi-
ratesad, geografiuli izolaciis pirobebSi.
amrigad, evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria organuli samyaros evoluciis
Te­oriaa, romlis mixedviT evolucia genetikurad ganpirobebuli niSan-Tvi­
se­bebis bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT xdeba.
saxeoba im organizmebis erTobliobaa, romlebsac aqvT erTiani warmoSo-
ba, yvela niSnebisa da Tvisebebis memkvidruli msgavseba da unari, Sejvarebi-
sas warmoqmnan Tavisive msgavsi nayofieri STamomavloba, ukaviaT bunebaSi
gansazRvruli areali da binadroben msgavs ekologiur pirobebSi.
niSnebsa da Tvisebebs, riTac erTi saxeobis individebi sxva saxeobis in-
dividebisgan gansxvavdebian, saxeobis kriteriums uwodeben.
morfologiuri kriteriumi erTi saxeobis individebis Sinagan da gare-
gan agebulebaSi msgavsebaa. swored am kriteriumebis safuZvelze aago karl
linem Tavisi sistematika. morfologiuri kriteriumi yvelaze TvalSisacemi
da mosaxerxebelia. mcenareTa da cxovelTa sistematikaSi mas dResac farTod
iyeneben. es iyo pirveli da didi xnis manZilze erTaderTi kriteriumi saxe-
obebis aRwerisTvis. Tumca, saxeobis gansazRvrisTvis morfologiuri kri-
teriumi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos universalurad, radgan saxeobaSi xSiradaa
gansxvaveba sxvadasxva sqesis individebs Soris. magaliTad, mdedri da mamri
farSevangi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. meore mxriv, arseboben e.w.
saxeoba-oreulebi, romlebsac garegnulad erTmaneTisgan praqtikulad ver

170
 ganasxvaveb, Tumca, maT gansxvavebuli qromoso­
muli kompleqti aqvT da sxvadasxva saxeobas mi­
ekuTvnebian. Zalian gamocdili biologebic ki
bevrjer moqceulan CixSi maTi Seswavlisas.

mdedri da mamri farSevangi

saxeoba oreuli: xuTzoliani wvera
da eqvszoliani wvera

qromosomaTa mkacrad gansazRvruli ricxvi, maTi zoma da forma saxe-

obis mTavari _ genetikuri kriteriumia. sxvadasxva saxeobebs gansxvavebul
qromosomaTa nakrebis gamo, ar SeuZliaT bunebriv pirobebSi Sejvareba.
fiziologiuri kriteriumi erTi saxeobis individebis cxovelqmedebiT,
upirveles yovlisa ki, gamravlebiT msgavsebaa. sxvadasxva saxeobis warmo-
madgenlebi, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs ar ejvarebian an maTi STamomavlebi una­
yofoni arian saxeobebis sasqeso organoebis gansxvavebuli agebulebisa da
gamravlebis vadebis gamo. Tumca, gamonaklisebic arsebobs. ZaRlebs mgleb­
Tan Sejvarebisas SeuZliaT STamomavlobis mocema. nayo-
fierebi arian skvinCasa da TuTiyuSis, tirifisa da alvis
hibridebi. aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod fiziologiuri
kriteriumi araa sakmarisi imisTvis, rom individebi erT
saxeobas mivakuTvnoT.
bioqimiuri kriteriumi dafuZnebulia erTi saxeobis
individebis unarze, warmoqmnan mxolod maTTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli specifikuri cilebi da nukleinis mJavebi.
swored am maCveneblebis mixedviT gaxda SesaZlebeli
malariis gamomwvevi koRos eqvs sxvadasxva saxeobad da­
yofa. aRmoCnda, rom malariis gamomwvevi koRos saxeoba-
mglisa da ZaRlis oreulebis individebis kvercxebs gansxvavebuli bioqi-
hibridi
miuri maCveneblebi aqvT.
miuxedavad amisa, bioqimiuri kriteriumic SefardebiTia, radgan zogjer
sxvadasxva saxeobis individebis makromolekulebs msgavsi agebuleba da
funqciebi aqvT.
geografiuli kriteriumi gvi­
Cvenebs erTi saxeobis individebis
mier bunebaSi dakavebul areals.
magaliTad, amerikuli da evropu-
li waulebi binadroben sxvadasxva
materikze. Savi yvavi binadrobs da­
savleT evropaSi, xolo ruxi yvavi
_ aRmosavleT evropasa da dasav- Savi yvavi ruxi yvavi

171
leT cimbirSi. sxvadasxva areali maT Seujvareblobas ganapirobebs.
geografiuli kriteriumis SefardebiToba vlindeba erTi gvaris mrava-
li saxeobis arealis damTxvevaSi. amavdroulad, arseboben saxeoba-kosmopo-
litebi (taraknebi, saxlis buzebi), romlebic yvelgan arian gavrcelebulni.
ekologiuri kriteriumi gviCvenebs garemos im faqtorebis erTobliobas,
romelic aucilebelia am saxeobis arsebobisTvis. erTi saxeobis individebi
msgavs ekologiur pirobebSi arseboben.
istoriuli kriteriumi saxeobis individebis winaprebis erTianobaze, ma­
Ti warmomavlobisa da ganviTarebis erTian istoriaze metyvelebs.
saxeobis arc erTi kriteriumi ar aris absoluturi. mxolod erTi rome-
lime kriteriumiT SeuZlebelia imis gansazRvra, romel saxeobas miekuTvne-
ba esa Tu is individi. saxeobis mTlianobasa da erTianobas sxvadasxva krite-
riumebis erToblioba gansazRvravs.
bunebaSi es erTianoba SenarCunebulia e.w. reproduqciuli izolaciis
meSveobiT, romelic xels uSlis saxeobebis Serevas.
aseTi izolacia uzrunvelyofilia mravali meqanizmiT, magaliTad, gan-
sxvavebuli arealebiT, gamravlebis sxvadasxva periodiT an adgiliT, qce-
vis TaviseburebebiTa da a.S. magaliTad, bayayebis erTi saxeobis mdedrebi
qviriTs mdinaris napirze yrian, xolo sxva saxeobis _ guburebSi. qviriTebs
mxolod sakuTari saxeobis mamrebi anayofiereben.
yoveli saxeoba ikavebs sxvadasxva sididis teritorias _ areals. zogjer
es teritoria SedarebiT pataraa, zogjer _ Zalian didi. baikalis tbaSi bi-
nadari saxeobebisTvis areali mxolod am tbiT Semoifargleba, Savi yvavi ki
mTel dasavleT evropaSia modebuli.
erTi saxeobis individebi mTel teritoriaze Tanabrad ar arian dasaxle-
bulni _ isini jgufebad cxovroben. es jgufebi met-naklebadaa izolire-
buli aseTive sxva jgufisgan. am jgufebs populaciebi hqvia. amitom amboben,
rom saxeobebi populaciis formiT arseboben.

populaciebi
saxeoba

172
 populacia erTi saxeobis individebis jgufia, romelic met-naklebad
aris izolirebuli amave saxeobis aseTive jgufis individebisgan. populaci­
is wevrebi Tavisuflad ejvarebian erTmaneTs da xangrZlivad arseboben mo-
cemul arealSi.
rac ufro daSorebulia populaciebi, miT iSviaTia an saerTod ar xdeba
maT individebs Soris Sejvareba. aseTi populaciebi erTmaneTs mxolod mi-
graciis dros an gamozamTrebis adgilas ekontaqtebian.
rodesac populaciis daxasiaTeba surT, aRweren mis ricxobriobas, Soba-
dobas, sikvdilianobas, asakobriv Sedgenilobas. am monacemebs demografiu-
li maCveneblebi hqvia.
populaciis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia genofondi.
genofondi populaciis genebisa da alelebis jamia.
saxeobis arealis sxvadasxva ubanze cxovrebis pirobebi ramdenadme gansx-
vavebulia, amitom mocemuli saxeobis calkeul populaciebSi SeiZleba war­
moiqmnas da dagrovdes iseTi niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic maT erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebs. populaciebs, calkeuli organizmebis msgavsad, cvalebadobis
unari aqvT.

saxeoba im organizmebis erTobliobaa, romlebsac aqvT erTiani

warmoSoba, yvela niSnebisa da Tvisebebis memkvidruli msgavseba
da unari, Sejvarebisas warmoqmnan Tavisive msgavsi nayofieri
STamomavlebi. saxeoba populaciebis saxiT arsebobs. populacia
erTi saxeobis individebis jgufia, romlebic Tavisuflad ejva-
rebian erTmaneTs da xangrZlivad arseboben mocemul arealSi. ge-
nofondi populaciis genebisa da alelebis jamia.

1. saxeobas sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven. warmogidgenT zogi-

erT maTgans:
a. saxeoba individebis erTobliobaa, romlebic floben morfo­
logiuri da fiziologiuri niSnebis msgavs nakrebs anu es in-
dividebi erTmaneTs garegnulad, organoebis ganlagebis Ta-
viseburebebiTa da funqcionirebiT hgvanan.
b. saxeoba indivdebis jgufia, romlebic erTmaneTs ejvarebian
da iZlevian nayofier STamomavlobas.
g. saxeoba individebis jgufia, romlebsac msgavsi genotipi aqvT
anu gaaCniaT qromosomaTa erTnairi raodenoba, zoma, forma.
d. saxeoba individebis jgufia, romelic ikavebs garkveul areals.

romel ganmartebas mianiWebdi upiratesobas saxeobis gansazR­

vrisTvis? daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.

2. saxeoba _ Cveulebrivi mela warmoqmnis ramdenime geografiul

formas, romelic TandaTan enacvleba erTmaneTs Crdilo­e­Tidan
samxreTisaken. yvelaze CrdiloeTiT, tyis zonaSi bi­­na­dari me-
liebi (1) didi zomisani arian. stepebisa da naxevarudabnos me-

173
 liebi (2) SedarebiT patarebi. kidev ufro patarebi arian Sua
aziis udabnoebSi mcxovrebi meliebi (3) da yvelaze patara zo-
misani (4) _ avRaneTSi, pakistansa da indoeTSi binadroben. ra-
tom miakuTvnes sxvadasxva meliebi erT saxeobas _ Cveulebriv
melas?

1 2 3 4
3. warmoidgine aseTi si­­tu­a­cia:
zoopar­kis­Tvis gsurs, Se­i­
Zi­­no spi­­­­lo­e­­­­bis wyvili, ro­­
melic gam­­­ravldeba. gaqvs
Se­saZ­­­lebloba, Sei­Zi­­no af­
ri­kuli sa­va­nisa da afrikuli
tyis spilo. rogor Se­iZleba
afrikuli savanis afrikuli tyis
imis garkveva, ar­sebobs Tu spilo spilo
ara Teoriuli Sansi, rom am
wyvils nayofieri naSieri eyolos?
4. ipove araswori frazebi:
a. populacia sxvadasxva saxeobis individTa erTobliobaa, ro­
mel­sac gansazRvruli areali ukavia.
b. erTi populaciis individebi Tavisuflad ejvarebian erTmaneTs.
g. genebis erTobliobas, romelsac flobs populaciis yvela in-
dividi, populaciis genotipi ewodeba.
d. populaciaSi Semavali individebi araerTgvarovania geneti-
kuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT.

SearCie swori pasuxi:

erT saxeobas miekuTvneba ori individi, romelTac:
a. erTnairi aqvT dnm-i da cilebis Semcveloba da gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan garegnuli niSnebiT.
b. saxloben erT arealSi, hgvanan erTmaneTs garegnuli niSnebiT
da gansxvavdebian dnm-i da cilebis struqturiT.
populaciis SigniT individebi fenotipurad mravalferovania,
rac genetikuri araerTgvarobis Sedegia. Tumca, bunebaSi gvxvde­
ba iseTi populaciebi, romlebSic individebis mniSvnelovani na­
wili genetikurad erTgvarovania.
ra SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli populaciis individebis genetikuri
erTgvaroba? ra aris amis mizezi?
evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria _ synthetic theory of evolution; saxe-
oba _ species; populacia _ population; genofondi _ gene pool.

174
IV evolucia
§27
mikroevolucia
mikroevoluciis faqtorebi: mutacia, populaciuri talRebi,
izolacia, genebis nakadi da dreifi
populaciaSi cvlilebebi mudmivad mimdinareobs, magram maTi Sedegi gan-
sxvavebulia. erT SemTxvevaSi populaciam SeiZleba SeinarCunos stabilu-
roba, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki erTi saxeoba SeiZleba meoreTi Seicvalos. arcTu
iSviaTia ama Tu im saxeobis gaqroba, gadaSeneba.
yvela evoluciur cvlilebas, romelic saxeobis SigniT mimdinareobs,
mikroevolucia hqvia.
evoluciur cvlilebebs populaciaSi iseTi procesebi iwveven, rogori-
caa mutacia, populaciuri talRebi, izolacia, genebis nakadi da dreifi.
amitom am procesebs mikroevoluciis faqtorebs uwodeben.
mutacias sxvadasxva geni sxvadasxva sixSiriT ganicdis. maionizebeli ra-
diaciis, zogierTi qimiuri naerTis, virusebis, organizmebis daberebisa da
stresis moqmedebiT mutaciebis sixSire mkveTrad izrdeba.
mutaciuri procesis wyalobiT, dedamiwaze dasaxlebuli yvela organiz-
mis genotipi mudmivad icvleba. warmoiqmneba genebis sul ufro da ufro me-
ti da axali alelebi. iqmneba udidesi gene-
tikuri mravalferovneba, romelic masalaa
evoluciisTvis.
axlad warmoqmnili mutaciebi SeiZle-
ba iyos sasargebloc, neitraluric da sa-
zianoc. Tumca, mutaciebis aseTi dayofa,
ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. mutaciis sarge-
blianoba an mavnebloba damokidebulia im
pirobebze, romelSic organizmi cxovrobs.
erTi organizmisTvis saziano mutacia
mo­cemul pirobebSi, SeiZleba, sasargeblo
ga­modges sxva organizmisTvis sxva pirobeb-
Si da piriqiT. magaliTad, xoWoebsa da koRo­
ebs ar SeeZloT `winaswar scodnodaT~, rom
adamianebi inseqticidebs ga­mo­­igonebdnen da
ver `moamzadebdnen~ dam­­­­­cvelobiT mutacias
am nivTierebebis sa­winaaRmdegod. miuxeda-
vad amisa, es muta­ci­ebi warmoiqmnen. isini
gamovlenilia mwe­rebis im populaciebSic ki,
romlebsac in­seq­­ticidebTan Sexebac ki ar
inseqticidebisadmi mdgradi
hqoniaT. es mu­ta­ciebi neitraluri iyo. ma-
xoWoebis warmoqmna gram, rogorc ki adamianebma inseqticidebis

175
gamoyeneba daiwyes, es mutaciebi gaxdnen ara mxolod sasargeblo, aramed um-
Tavresni maT gadasarCenad.
individebma, romlebsac memkvidreobiT ergoT mutacia (romelic sulac
ar sWirdebodaT mis `inseqticidamdel eraSi~ mcxovreb mSoblebs), SeiZines
kolosaluri upiratesoba im mwerebTan SedarebiT, romlebsac aseTi mutaci­
ebi ara aqvT.
bunebrivi gadarCeva `afasebs~ mutacias, sazianoa is Tu sasargeblo imis
mixedviT, Tu ramdenad efeqturia is mocemul pirobebSi am organizmis gada­
sarCenad da gasamravleblad.
mutaciebi SemTxveviTia da ara mimarTuli, anu ar arsebobs meqanizmi, ro­
melic uzrunvelyofda organizmisTvis sasargeblo mutaciis mizanmimar-
Tul warmoqmnas.
amgvarad, mutacia populaciis memkvidruli cvalebadobis mTavari wya­
roa. mutacia unarCunebs populacias genetikur mravalferovnebas da qmnis
safuZvels bunebrivi gadarCevisTvis.
mutaciis gareSe evolucia SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
bunebaSi populaciis ricxobrioba periodulad imatebs an iklebs. am
cvli­lebas populaciuri talRebi anu sicocxlis talRebi hqvia.
sicocxlis talRebi SeiZleba iyos sezonuri da arasezonuri. sezonuri
cvlileba xSirad genetikuradaa ganpirobebuli. arasezonuri ki populaci-
aze garemos sxvadasxva abioturi da bioturi faqtorebis moqmedebis Sede-
gia. es faqtorebia: temperaturisa da tenianobis mkveTri cvlileba, sakvebis
nakleboba, gvalva, xanZari, wyaldidoba, epidemiebi da sxva. es faqtorebi
xSirad iwvevs cocxali organizmebis masobriv gawyvetas. gansakuTrebiT
iCagrebian naklebmoZravi organizmebi _ mcenareebi, moluskebi, qvewarmav-
lebi, amfibiebi.
TavisTavad cxadia, rom `sikv­dil­­­­
gadarCenilebis~ mcirericxo­va­ni po­
pu­laciis genofondSi ale­lebis six­
Sireebi Seicvleba da is gansxvavebu­li
iqneba sawyisi populaciisgan. amis mi­
zezia populaciaSi alelebis na­wi­lis
sruliad SemTxveviTi gaqroba misi
mtarebeli individebis gaq­robasTan
er­Tad. im alelebis koncentracia ki,
rom­lis mtarebelnic arian populaci­
is dar­Cenili indivi­de­bi, mkveTrad mo­
imatebs, radgan kon­­kurenciis Semci­ mtacebeli
rebis gamo po­pu­la­­ciaSi individebi
intensiurad gam­ravl­debian. msxverpli
populaciuri talRebi cvlian po­­­
pu­laciaSi alelebisa da genotipe­bis
sicocxlis talRebi
sixSires. swored amaSi mdgoma­re­obs
maTi evoluciuri mniSvneloba _ isi­
ni masalas awvdian evolucias. maT sruliad SemTxveviT da aramimarTulad

176
gamoyavT evoluciur arenaze mTeli rigi genotipebi. xanZari da wyaldidoba
ar arCevs karg da cud alelebs. man SeiZleba walekos iseTi alelebi, romle-
bic sasargebloni arian mocemuli situaciisTvis da piriqiT, datovos arasa-
sargeblo alelebi.
populaciebSi alelebis sixSireebis cvlilebis erT-erTi mizezi izola­
ciaa. izolacia erTi saxeobis individebs Soris Tavisufali Sejvarebis Sewy­
veta an dabrkolebaa. es iwvevs Sidasaxeobrivi jgufebisa da axali saxeobebis
warmoqmnas.
gamoyofen izolaciis sxvadasxva formas: geografiuls, ekologiurs, se-
zonurs, qceviTs da a.S. izolaciis yvela am formas SeuZlia reproduqciuli
izolacia anu Seujvarebloba ganapirobos.
geografiuli anu sivrcobrivi izolaciis dros, xmeleTze binadari saxe-
obebisTvis dabrkolebas mdinareebi qmnian, xolo wyalSi mcxovrebTaTvis _
xmeleTis nawilis SeWra maT sacxovrebel arealSi. aseTi barierebis gaCena

zRvis moqcevas SeuZlia gamoiwvios xmeleTis monakveTebisa

da masze binadari populaciebis izolacia. es ki axali
saxeobis warmoqmnis erT-erTi mizezia.

177
yofs saxeobas an populacias,
gayofil nawilebs Soris aRar
xdeba Sejvareba da genetiku­ri
informaciis mimocvla. maT Soris
genetikuri gan­sxva­veba TandaTan
Zlierdeba da iseT dones aRwevs,
rom sxva­­dasxva populaciis indi­
vi­debi erTmaneTs veRar ejvare-
bian an Se­­­jvarebisas ar to­veben
nayo­fi­er STamomavlebs. es ukve
re­­­p­­­ro­­duqciuli izolaciaa.
ekologiuri  izolaciis dr­os,
populaciebi ikaveben er­­­Ti da imave
teritoriis sxva­da­sxva adgils da
erTmaneTs ami­tom ar xvdebian.

geografiuli izolacia

atlantikuri qaSayis populaciebi okeanis sxvadasxva raionSi wlis sxva­

dasxva dros mravldebian. maTi lifsitebis gadarCenis aucilebeli pirobaa,
rom lifsitebis gamoCekvis dro daemTxves maTi ZiriTadi sakvebis _ wvrili
fitoplanqtonis gamravlebas. sxvadasxva ganedze planqtonis gamravleba ki
wlis sxvadasxva dros xdeba. fitoplanqtonis simravle piks sxvadasxva ad­
gilas, wlis sxvadasxva dros _ gazafxulze, zafxulSi, Semodgomasa da zam­
TarSi aRwevs. Sesabamisad, ganarCeven qaSayebs, romlebic qviriTs gazaf­
xulze, zafxulSi, Semodgomasa Tu zamTarSi yrian. es qaSayebi erTi saxeobis
sxvadasxva populaciebs miekuTvnebian. isini cxovroben gancalkevebulad,
garegnulad umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian da gamravlebis sxvadasxva vadis
miuxedavad, SeuZliaT Sejvareba da nayofieri STamomavlobis mocema. Tumca,
SesaZlebelia, maT Soris gansxvavebam iseT dones miaRwios, rom isini Tavi­
suflad veRar Sejvardnen _ moxdes reproduqciuli izolacia.
sxvadasxva formis izolaciis mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is
amkvidrebs da aZlierebs populaciebs Soris gansxvavebas. warmoqmnili gan-
sxvavebebi gadarCevas eqvemdebareba, rac SemdgomSi ganapirobebs maT axal
saxeobebad gardaqmnas.
Tu mezobel populaciebs Soris izolacia arasrulia, maTi Sejvarebisas
genebis gacvla xdeba. am process genebis nakadi hqvia.
populaciebs Soris genebis gacv­la mudmivad mimdinareobs emigraciiTa
da imigraciiT. am pro­­cesSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs momTabareoba, mi-
mofrena, mtvrisa da Teslebis qariTa da mwe­rebiT gadatana.
genebis gacvlis intensivoba da­mo­kidebulia populaciebs Soris manZil-
ze, cxovelebis individualur aqtivobaze, mcenareebis mtvrisa da Teslebis
gavrcelebis radiusze da sxva mraval mizezze.
or, genetikurad gansxvavebul mezobel populaciebs Soris migrantebis
gacvlis Sedegad, alelebis sixSire TiToeul maTganSi Taobidan TaobaSi

178
 genTa nakadi

icvleba. amitom genTa nakads evo­luciis faqtorad miiCneven, miuxedavad

imisa, rom is amuxruWebs evolucias. bunebrivi gadarCeva aguebs populacias
saarsebo garemosTan da mxolod adap­tirebul alelebs tovebs. mig­racia ki
amas xels uSlis _ mud­mivad Seaqvs populaciaSi is alelebi, romelTa mflo-
belebi mocemul saarsebo garemoSi naklebad Seguebulni arian.
aryis xismzomelebis soflis Ria feris formebi, migrireben ra qalaqSi, Ca­
er­­Tvebian mis populaciaSi da aqveiTeben populaciis saSualo Seguebulobas.
magram suraTi SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi Sei­cva­los. aleli, romelic
dRes sa­sar­gebloa, xval SeiZleba sa­zi­anoc ki
gaxdes da piriqiT _ dRes mavne alelebi xval
sasar­gebloni aRmoCndnen.
davuSvaT, qalaqSi mdgomare­oba Seicvala
_ Semcirda ha­eris dabinZurebis done. aryis
xismzomelebis Ria formebis alelebi isev Se­
iZenen `Rirebulebas~. qalaqis peplebis po­­
pulaciebi swrafad SeZleben am cvlilebeb­Tan
Seguebas, vinaidan isini ar arian absolutu-
rad izolirebuli soflis formebisgan da
es ori populacia mudmivad ucvlis alelebs
erT­maneTs.
`garedan~ Semosuli alelebi azRveven populacias Zlieri Seguebisgan
anu garemoze Zlieri, absoluturi damokidebulebisgan. isini uzrunvel­yo­
fen yoveli populaciis genetikur heterogenurobas.
migraciebis wyalobiT iqmneba alelebis is maragi, romliTac garantire-
bulia populaciis Seguebuloba cvalebad pirobebTan.
populaciebs Soris genebis mimocvla masalas awvdis bunebriv gadarCe-
vas. bunebrivi gadarCeva ki imaze `muSaobs~, rom gaaerTianos erTi saxeobis
populaciebis adaptaciebi da amiT aamaRlos maTi mtareblebis Seguebuloba.
populaciis genetikur struqturaze did zegavlenas axdens misi ricxo-
brioba. rac ufro mcirericxovania populacia, miT ufro did rols Ta-
maSobs mis evoluciaSi `SemTxveva~. SemTxveviTi movlenebi, magaliTad, iseTi
individis sikvdili, romelic iyo romeliRac alelis erTaderTi mflobeli,
gamoiwvevs am alelis dakargvas populaciidan.
davuSvaT, populaciebSi mocemuli aleli 1 000 000 individidan 1%-s
aqvs, maSin misi matarebeli 10 000 individi iqneba. Tu populacia Sedgeba 100

179
individisgan, maSin es aleli mxolod erT individs eqneba. amitom misi SemTx-
veviTi dakargvis albaToba patara populaciaSi gacilebiT maRalia.
populaciaSi SemTxveviT alelis ara marto dakargvaa SesaZlebeli, ara­
med SeZenac.
populaciebSi alelebis sixSireebis SemTxveviTma, aramimarTulma cvli-
lebam, romelic ar aris damokidebuli bunebriv gadarCevaze, miiRo genebis
dreifis saxelwodeba. genebis dreifi iwvevs populaciis genetikuri mraval-
ferovnebis Semcirebas an gazrdas da aqedan gamomdinare, garkveuli niSnebiT
maT divergencias. divergencia ki, Tavis mxriv, saxeobis warmoqnis safuZvels
warmoadgens.

genTa dreifi

mezRvaurebi dreifs gemebis umarTav, qarsa da dinebas mindobil moZra­

obas uwodeben. evoluciis `Sturmani~, misi mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala, bu­
nebrivi gadarCevaa. swored mas mihyavs populaciebSi alelebis sixSireebi,
mimarTuli Tanamimdevruli cvlilebisaken.
amrigad, Cven mier ganxilul evoluciis faqtorebs aramimarTuli xasiaTi
aqvs. maT ar SeuZliaT mizanmimarTulad Secvalon populaciis genofondi da
gamoiwvion evolucia; maT SeuZliaT aamaRlon an dawion misi efeqturoba.

faqtorebs, romlebic cvlilebebs iwveven populaciaSi, evolu-

ciis faqtorebi hqvia. evoluciis faqtorebs _ sicocxlis tal-
Rebs, mutacias, izolacias, genebis nakads, genebis dreifs aqvs
SemTxveviTi, aramimarTuli xasiaTi. maT ar SeuZlLiaT mizanmimar-
Tulad Secvalon populaciis genofondi da gamoiwvion evolu-
cia.

180
1. ipove Sesabamisoba mocemul terminebsa da maT maxasiaTeblebs
Soris. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da maTi aRmniSvneli cifre-
bi Seitane cxrilSi.

1. saxeoba a. mis SigniT mimdinareobs mikro-

2. populacia evoluciis procesi.
3. populaciuri talRebi b. erTi saxeobis Tavisuflad Sejva-
4. izolacia rebad individTa erTobliobaa.
5. genTa nakadi g. populaciaSi individTa ricxobri­
6. genTa dreifi vi meryeoba.
d. Tavisuflad Sejvarebad individ-
Ta erToblioba.
e. populaciis alelebis sixSireebis
SemTxveviTi, aramimarTuli cvli­
leba, bunebrivi gadarCevisgan da-
moukideblad.
v. mezobel populaciebs Soris ge­ne­
bis gacvlis procesi.
z. erTi saxeobis individebs Soris Ta­
vi­sufali Sejvarebis Sewyveta.

a b g d e v z

2. ilustraciaze naCvenebia antibiotikebisadmi gamZle _ rezis-

tentuli baqteriebis warmoqmnis etapebi:

1 2 3 4
a. romel etapze imoqmedes antibiotikebiT baqteriis populaci-
aze _ Stamze?
b. romel baqterias gaaCnda rezistentuli geni?
g. gaaCnda Tu ara rezistentuli genis mqone baqterias raime upi­­
ratesoba sxva baqteriebTan SedarebiT, antibiotikebis moqme­
debamde?
d. ra etapze SeiZina am genis mqone baqteriam upiratesoba, sxva
baqteriebTan SedarebiT?

181
 1. ra roli aqvs kombinaciur cvalebadobas evoluciis procesSi?
2. grafikze gamosaxulia populaciuri talRebi. romel mona­
kveT­Si iqneba gadarCevis zewola yvelaze meti?

ipove swori pasuxi.

mutaciuri procesi:
a. ar iwvevs populaciis genofondis cvlilebas;
b. aZlevs evolucias mimarTulebas;
g. iwvevs populaciaSi axali alelebis gaCenas;
d. uzrunvelyofs SedarebiT sicocxlisunariani fenotipebis
SerCevas.

mikroevolucia _ microevolution
Mmutacia _ mutation
populaciuri talRebi _ population waves
izolacia _ isolation
genebis nakadi _ gene flow
genebis dreifi _ gene drift

182
IV evolucia
§28
bunebrivi gadarCeva
bunebrivi gadarCevis formebi

bunebrivi gadarCeva aris procesi, romlis wyalobiTac gadarCebian da

mravldebian organizmebi, romlebic Tavisi morfologiiT, fiziologiiTa
da qceviT ukeT arian Seguebulni mocemul garemosTan, xolo naklebSeguebu­
lebi iRupebian an ver toveben STamomavlobas.
bunebrivi gadarCeva, evoluciis sxvadasxva faqtorebisgan gansxvavebiT,
genofondis mimarTul cvlilebebs iwvevs.
bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad populaciebSi mtkicdeba sasargeblo anu
garemos mocemul pirobebSi gadarCenis xelSemwyobi alelebi.
zogjer bunebrivi gadarCeva mimarTulia ukve arsebuli fenotipebis Ses-
anarCuneblad. es mastabilizebeli gadarCevaa.
mastabilizebel gadarCevas im SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili, Tu sabinadro pi-
robebi didxans ar icvleba da individebs Soris SedarebiT susti konkuren-
ciaa. gadarCevis es forma mimarTulia ukve arsebuli normis SenarCunebis­
ken. am SemTxvevaSi gadarCeva Trgunavs im individebis genotips, romelTac
aqvT niSnebis normidan gadaxrebi _ `ganapira niSnebi~, xolo saSualo mniS-
vnelobis niSan-Tvisebebis mqone individebi ki gadarCebian.

mastabilizebeli gadarCeva

mastabilizebeli gadarCevis erT-erTi cnobili magaliTia niu-iorkSi

Zlieri Tovlisa da qaris Sedegad dazaralebuli saxlis beRurebis `bedi~.
daiRupnen Zalian grZeli an mokle frTebis mqone beRurebi, xolo saSualo
frTebianebi gadarCnen.
mastabilizebeli gadarCeva unarCunebs populacias stabilurobas da ar
ganapirobebs mis evolucias. Crdilo ganedebsa da okeanebis fskerze binadar
individebs aTeuli da aseuli milioni wlebis manZilze araviTari SesamCnevi
cvlileba ar ganucdiaT, radgan iq pirobebi met-naklebad ucvlelia. zogi-
erT tbebSi mcxovrebi ankaras Seferiloba SeumCnevels xdis mas mcenareul
bardebs Soris. drodadro, mutaciis Sedegad, populaciaSi Cndebian sxva Se-

183
ferilobis ankarebic. es axali Seferiloba memkvidreobiT gadaecema. miuxe-
davad amisa, mutantebis ricxvi ar izrdeba _ maT swrafad anadgureben mta-
cebeli frinvelebi, romlebic kargad gamoarCeven maT wylis mcenareulobis
fonze. aqedan gamomdinare, isini iSviaTad aRweven sqesobriv simwifes da iS-
viaTad toveben STamomavlobas.

mastabilizebeli gadarCeva

mamoZravebeli gadarCeva mimdinareobs saarsebo garemos cvlad pirobebze

sapasuxod. misi moqmedebiT xdeba fenotipis gadaxra erT-erTi mimarTulebiT.
mamoZravebeli gadarCeva arRvevs populaciis stabilurobas da iwvevs
evolucias. misi moqmedeba Zalian swrafad SeiZleba gamovlindes garemos
moulodneli da Zlieri cvlilebebis sapasuxod. magaliTad, XVIII saukuneSi
peplebis ingliseli koleqcionerebi Zalian iSviaTad poulobdnen aryis xis­
mzomelebis muq warmomadgenlebs. isini, Cveulebriv, Ria ferisani iyvnen.

mamoZravebeli gadarCeva

xismzomelas rogorc Ria, ise muqi formebi did dros mRierebiT dafarul
aryis xis qerqze atarebdnen, sadac isvenebdnen da ikvebebodnen. Ria Seferi-
lobis individebi Zalian hgavdnen mRierebs, rac aZlevda maT saSualebas, kar-
gad SeniRbuliyvnen. frinvelebi da peplebze monadire sxva cxovelebi Zlivs
arCevdnen xeze msxdom Ria feris peplebs. muqi pepela ki advilad dasanaxi iyo
da amis gamo mas advilad kenkavdnen frinvelebi.
XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi inglisSi samrewvelo revolucia mimdinareobda.
raionebi, sadac bevri fabrika iyo, Zlier dabin­Zurda. mravali xis qerqi, gan-
sakuTrebiT fabrikebisa da qarxnebis axlos, WvartliT daifara. erTdrou-
lad am raionebSi daiwyo muqi xismzomelebis raodenobis gazrda da baci pep-
lebis raodenobis SesamCnevad Semcireba.
mecnierebma gamoTqves varaudi, rom xismzomelebis populaciis Sedgeni-

184
lobis cvlileba sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegi, ro-
melic garemos cvlilebam gamoiwvia.

am mosazrebis Sesamowmeblad, erT-erTma naturalistma fabrikidan mo-

SorebiT, tyeSi gauSva baci da muqi peplebis erTnairi raodenoba. dakvirve-
bam mas daanaxa, rom muq peplebze frinvelebi gamalebiT nadirobdnen.
erT-erTi industriuli qalaqis axlos igive cdis Catarebisas, mecnier-
ma aRmoaCina sapirispiro suraTi _ dabinZurebul garemoSi frinvelebi
swrafad anadgurebdnen baci feris peplebs.
SemdgomSi britanelma inJinrebma SesZles bolisa da Wvartlis gamo­
nabolqvis Semcireba qalaqis axlos. ras gamoiwvevda es xismzomelebis popu-
laciaSi?
Cven ganvixileT mxolod iseTi magaliTebi, roca mamoZravebeli gadarCe-
va Zalian swrafad _ sul ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gamovlindeba,
saarsebo garemos mkveTri cvlilebebis sapasuxod. umravles SemTxvevaSi, ga-
darCevis procesi Zalian nela mimdinareobs.
mamoZravebeli gadarCevis moqmedebiT SesaZlebelia ara mxolod rome-
lime niSan-Tvisebis gaZliereba an Sesusteba, aramed zogjer gaqrobac ki.
mamoZravebeli gadarCevis moqmedebiT niSnebis gaqrobis magaliTia ni­
adagSi mcxovrebi Txunelebisa da mRvimeebSi mcxovrebi cxovelebis Tvale­
bis reduqcia, zogierTi frinvelisa da mweris frTebis gaqroba.
garemo pirobebis cvlileba SeiZleba xelsayreli aRmoCndes mocemuli
populaciis ara erTi, aramed ori ganapira fenotipisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi
bunebrivi gadarCevis moqmedebiT populacia orad gaixliCeba. Tu am formebs
Soris Sewyda genebis nakadi da adgili eqna reproduqciul izolacias, maSin
axal saxeobas TiToeulma maTganma Se­iZleba misces dasabami.

dizruptuli gadarCeva

185
 bunebrivi gadarCevis am formas
dizruptuli gadarCeva hqvia. misi
klasikuri magaliTia lokokinebSi
ramdenime fenotipuri jgufis Cam-
oyalibeba. baRis lokokinas indi-
videbi zolebis raodenobiTa da ni-
Jaris feriT gansxvavdebian. niJaris
sxvadasxva Seferiloba icavs loko-
kinebs frinvelebisgan. swored am
niSniT moxda lokokinas populaciis
ramdenime formad dayofa.
dizruptuli gadarCevis magali-
Tia agreTve aSS-Si mTebSi mglebis vazis lokokinebi

grZelfexebiani mgeli moklefexebiani mgeli

ori saxeobis warmoqmna. erTi saxeobis grZelfexebiani mglebi mwevrebs hgva-

nan da irmebze nadiroben. igive adgilas mcxovrebi moklefexebiani mglebi ki
cxvris faras esxmian Tavs.
amgvarad, bunebrivi gadarCevis moqmedebiT yalibdeba axal-axali Segue-
bulobebi Secvlil saarsebo garemosTan.

bunebrivi gadarCeva procesia, romlis Sedegad gadarCebian da

mravldebian mocemul garemosTan ukeT Seguebulni, xolo nak-
lebSeguebulni iRupebian da ver toveben STamomavlobas. ganar-
Ceven mastabilizebel, mamoZravebel da dizruptul gadarCevas.
bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegi Seguebulobebis Camoyalibebaa.

1. ra saxis gadarCeva _ mastabilizebeli Tu dizruptuli udevs

safuZvlad xelovnur gadarCevas, romelsac adamiani iyenebs
cxovelebisa da mcenareebis moSenebisas.
2. bunebrivi gadarCevis romeli formis moqmedebis Sedegia xer­
xemliani cxovelebis sisxlSi hormonebisa da glukozis Se-
darebiT mudmivi koncentracia?

186
3. bunebaSi dResacaa SemorCenili mtevanfarfliani Tevzi lati-
meria, uZvelesi qQvewarmavali hateria, SiSvelTeslovani mce­
na­re ginko, romlebsac `cocxal namarxebsac~ uwodeben. gadar­
Ce­vis romelma formam moiyvana isini dRemde?

latimeria hateria ginko

4. mamoZravebel gadarCevas mimarTulebiT gadarCevasac uwode-
ben. rogor fiqrob, ratom?
5. Tu gsurs, sakmaod mZimed warmosaTqmeli da dasamaxsovrebe-
li termini `dizruptuli~ advilad dagamaxsovrdes, inglisur-
qar­Tul leqsikonSi moZebne am terminis mniSvneloba.
SearCie swori pasuxi.
1. taraknebis mdgradoba Sxamqimikatebisadmi Sedegia:
a. mamoZravebeli gadarCevis;
b. mastabilizebeli gadarCevis;
g. mimarTuli memkvidruli cvalebadobis;
d. Sxamebis arasrulfasovnebis.
2. evoluciis procesSi udabnos gvalviani pirobebis gamo kaq­­­
tuss foT­lebis nacvlad eklebi ganuviTarda. ra gaxda amis
mi­­­­­zezi?
a. modifikaciuri cvalebadoba da mamoZravebeli gadarCeva;
b. memkvidruli cvalebadoba da mamoZravebeli gadarCeva;
d. modifikaciuri cvalebadoba da mastabilizebeli gadarCeva;
g. memkvidruli cvalebadoba da mastabilizebeli gadarCeva.
bunebriv gadarCevas xSirad skulptoris Semoqmedebas adareben.
is marmarilos uformo lodidan qmnis skulpturas, romelic gva-
ocebs misi yvela nawilis harmoniulobiT.
gadarCevac aseve qmnis axal saxeobebs, sicocxlis axal formebs,
CamoaSorebs ra Zvel saxeobas naklebwarmatebul individebs anu
genTa naklebad sasurvel kombinaciebs.

mastabilizebeli gadarCeva _ stabilizing selection; mamoZravebeli

gadarCeva _ directional selection; dizruptuli gadarCeva _ disrup-
tive selection.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFOW6UxHRLE&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPDwyjzRBJ0&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ci7MRUzABs&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6nJosVZf6c&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zx0U_yUFnw&feature=related

187
IV evolucia
§29
organizmTa Seguebuloba _ bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegi
mimikria
qceviTi Seguebuloba
fiziologiuri Seguebuloba
STamomavlobaze zrunva
Seguebuloba bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegia.
bunebriv pirobebSi yovel saxeobas iseTi niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCnia, romli­
Tac is zustad aris morgebuli saarsebo garemos da daculia misi arasasur­
veli zemoqmedebisgan.
es Seguebuloba exeba maTi sxeulis formas, fers, gamravlebis intensivo-
bas, qcevas da a.S.
organizmebis niSnebsa da Tvisebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen organiz­
mebis saarsebo garemosTan Seguebas, adaptacia hqvia. saxeobis Seguebulo-
baSi igulisxmeba agreTve Sinagani organoebis agebuleba, misi Sesabamisoba
maT funqciasTan.

wyalSi mcxovrebi Tevzisa

da delfinis sxeuls, wylis wi-
naaRmdegobis gadasalaxavad,
solisebri forma aqvs.

nela moZravi peplis muxluxoebi mtaceblisTvis

advili mosapovebelia, amitom zogi peplis muxluxo
Tavs eklebiT icavs.
cxovelebisgan Tavdasacavad eklebiTaa dafaru-
li zogierTi saxeobis mcenarec.
xoWoebi da kiborCxalebi mtrisagan Tavs icaven qi­
tinovani safarveliT, moluskebi _ niJarebiT, ku _
­ bakniT, zRarbi _ eklebiT.
zogierTi Sxamiani cxoveli (mweri,
gveli, bayayi) gamomwvevad, mkveTrad
aris Seferili. isini TiTqos afrTxi­
leben mters, rom Sxamianebi arian da
sjobs, ar miekaron. mtaceblebisTvis
am cxovelebis SeWma odiTgan asocir­
deba usiamovno SegrZnebebTan da ami-
tom maT aRarc ekarebian.

188
 cxovelebis umravlesoba ki cdilobs, SeiniRbos da SeumCneveli gaxdes
mtrisaTvis. am movlenas mimikria anu mimsgavseba ewodeba.
zogierTi saxeoba Tavis gadasarCenad garemos obieqtebs formiT ems-
gavseba.

es mweri gamxmar nemsTevza muxluxos mcenaris am mcenares

tots hgavs wyalmcenareebSi Rerosgan ver `cocxal qvas~
ar Cans ganarCev uwodeben

mravali saxeobisTvis Tavdac-

vis saSualeba mfarvelobi­Ti Se-
ferilobaa, riTac isini TiT­qos
erwymian garemos.

zogierTi cxoveli fers icvlis se-

zonurad, garemos feris Secvlis Sesa­
bamisad.

xandaxan uSxamo cxoveli iZens

saocar msgavsebas SxamianebTan, rac
maTze mtaceblebis mxridan Tav-
dasxmis albaTobas amcirebs.

bziki buzi

xSirad organizmebs erTdroulad ramdenime saxis Segu­

ebuloba axasiaTebT. magaliTad, orqideas yvavilebi for­
miT, feriTa da suniT emsgavsebian im mwerebis mded­rebs,
romlebic maT mtveraven da amiT mamrebs dasamtverad it­
yueben.
mcenareebi balaxismWameli cxovelebisgan Tavs ica­ven
Sxamiani nivTierebebiT, msusxavi bususebiT (maga­li­Tad,
WinWari). orqidea

189
 1 CamoTvale is Seguebulobe­
bi, riTac Txunela da mercxali
Tavis saarsebo garemos eguebian.

yvela es Seguebuloba SeiZleba warmoqmniliyo mxolod bunebrivi gadar-

Cevis anu ukeT daculi individebis upiratesi gadarCevis Sedegad.

fiziologiuri Seguebuloba

yvela zemoTCamoTvlili Seguebuloba arsebobisTvis brZolaSi warmate-

bas mxolod maSin uzrunvelyofs, roca isini Sexamebulia cxovelqmedebis
procesebTan.
bevri udabnos cxoveli gvalvebis dadgomamde sxeulSi bevr cxims ig­ro­
vebs. misi daJangvisas wyali gamoiyofa.
frinvelebsa da ZuZumwovrebs SeuZliaT sasunTqi gzebis zedapiridan daa-
reguliron wylis dakargva. magaliTad, uwylobisas aqlemi amcirebs wylis da-
kargvas rogorc sasunTqi gzebidan, ise saofle jirkvlebidan.
zogierTma frinvelma, romelic sasmelad zRvis wyals iyenebs, SeiZina
specialuri jirkvali, romliTac is advilad icilebs Warb marils.
mamrebs mdedrebis aromatuli jirkvlebis suni zogjer TiTqmis 3 km man-
Zilze izidavs.
saxeobis gadasarCenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs qceviT Seguebulobebs.
qceviTi Seguebulobaa wlis araxelsayreli periodisTvis sakvebis moma-
rageba.
udabnoSi bevri cxoveli sanadirod RamiT gadis, rodesac gadaivlis
gausaZlisi papanaqeba.
bevri cxoveli, mwerebi, Tevzebi, amfibiebi, frinvelebi, romlebsac ara
aqvT dacvis efeqturi saSualeba, saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi itrunebian, Tavs
imkvdaruneben.
zogjer cxovelebis qcevas iseTi rTuli xasiaTi aqvs, rom gonivrul moq-
medebas emsgavseba. iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos cxoveli azrovnebs. Tumca
cxovelTa qmedebas xSir SemTxvevebSi instinqturi xasiaTi aqvs da Tandayo-
lilia.
instinqti organizmis refleqsTa erTobliobaa, romelic zustad aguebs
cxovels garemosTan da Taobidan TaobaSi gadaecema.
rogor swavloben wiwilebi kruxis cnobas? ra aiZulebT frinvelebs yo­
vel­wliurad gadafrindnen Tbil qveynebSi da mere ukan dabrundnen?
partniorebis moZebna, budis Seneba, Sewyvileba, STamomavlobaze zrunva,
urTierToba jogSi, nadiroba, migracia da sxva _ qceviTi Seguebulobebia.
gazafxulze buneba ucbad axmaurdeba. ismis galobis, Cxavilis, yiyinis, ymu­
ilis xmebi. am xmovani signalebiT partniorebi erTmaneTs uxmoben. magaliTad,
kaSkaSa, mkveTri Seferiloba mamr farSevangs mdedris misazidad sWirdeba.

190
 2 rogor fiqrob, ratom ara aqvs aseTi mkveTri Seferiloba mdedr far-
Sevangs?
qviriTis dasayrelad gvelTevzebi baltiis zRvis auzis mdinareebidan
sargasis zRvaSi Cadian. amisTvis maT ramdenime aTasi kilometris gadalaxva
uwevT. sargasis zRvaSi, romelic atlantikis okeanis didi wyalmcenareebiT
dafaruli nawilia, gvelTevzebi qviriTs 200 m-is siRrmeSi yrian da iRupe-
bian. patara STamomavlebi winaprebis adgils isev ubrundebian. am mogzauro-
bas isini 2-3 weliwads andomeben.
3 gvelTevzebi, vidre sargasis zRvisken gaemarTebodnen, sxeulSi didi
raodenobiT cxims igroveben, zurgis mxare maT Zlier umuqdebaT da Tvalebi
udiddebaT. axseni am cvlilebebis mizezi.

evropuli gvelTevzas
migracia

cxovelTa kanonzomier, mizandasaxul gadaadgilebas gansxvavebuli sa­

ar­­sebo pirobebis mqone garemoSi, migracia ewodeba.
migracias cxovelebi sicivisa da gvalvisgan Tavis dasaRwevad, pirobebis
gasaumjobesebladac mimarTaven. magaliTad, wylisa da sakvebis ZebnaSi sava-
nis balaxismWameli cxovelebi asobiT kilometrs gadian. CrdiloeTis irmebi
zamTarSi tundridan taigaSi miemarTebian.

migracia
migraciis erT-erTi forma frinvelebis sezonuri mimofrenaa. es qcevi­
Ti adaptacia sacxovrebeli garemos klimatis sezonuri cvlilebiTaa ga­
mowveuli. magaliTad, mercxlebi budoben Crdilo naxevarsferos zomier
sartyelSi, xolo gamosazamTreblad tropikul qveynebSi mifrinaven, sadac

191
maT SimSiliT sikvdili ar emuqrebaT. gazafxulze isini ukan brundebian.
qceviTi Seguebulobani gansa-
kuTrebiT nadirobis dros vlin­de­
ba.
gvelkisera yanCa namdvi­li myvin­­
Tavia. wyalqveS cur­­­visas is farTod
Slis frTebs. misi Crdili Tevzebs
izidavs. swrafi moZraobiT daWeril
Tevzs yanCa haerSi aagdebs da ise atrialebs, rom Tevzi TaviT miemarTeba misi
farTod gaRebuli niskartisken.
4 ratom atrialebs yanCa Tevzs haerSi?
zogierTi cxoveli nadirobisas jgufebad erTiandeba. es im SemTxvevaSi
xdeba, roca cxoveli msxverpls marto ver ereva. yanCas Tevzze nadirobisas
damxmare ar sWirdeba. mgeli ki cxenirems marto ver moereva. amitom mglebi
cxeniremze nadirobisas xrovebs qmnian.
jgufuri nadiroba gansakuTrebul qceviT Seguebulobebs moiTxovs, ro-
melic am jgufis wevrebis qcevas erTi miznisken mimarTavs.
mglis xrovis ramdenime wevri cxenirems daedevneba. sirbiliT daRlil
msxverpls xrovis sxva wevrebi gzas uWrian da Tavs esxmian. zogierTi yelSi ece­
ma, zogi _ fexebSi, zogi _ mucelSi da erTad uReben bolos am did cxovels.
socialuri urTierTobebi TvalnaTliv Cans lomebis ojaxSi _ praidSi,
sadac funqciebi ojaxis wevrebs Soris aris gadanawilebuli.
praids nadirobis gansakuTrebuli strategia aqvs.
yvelaze rTul saqmes, nadirobas, xvadi lomebi Zu lomebs andoben, Tvi-
Ton ki teritoriisa da ojaxis usafrTxoebis dacva evalebaT. Zu lomi msx-
verplTan miparvis xelovnebas flobs. is qaris mimarTulebis sawinaaRmde-
god, frTxilad uaxlovdeba msxverpls da swrafi moZraobiT saxeSi ecema.
Tavze Camokidebuli mtaceblis simZimis gamo msxverpli vardeba. am dros
nadirobaSi sxva Zu lomebic erTvebian da glejen mas.
5 ratom `iTvaliswinebs~ lomi qaris mimarTulebas?
nadavlis gayofisas ojaxSi umkacresi ierarqiaa daculi. pirvelad na-
davls xvadi _ ojaxis ufrosi Seeqceva, Semdeg Zuebi da bolos, axalgazrda
wevrebi. bokverebze es kanoni ar vrceldeba.

192
 lomebis ojaxSi nadirobis es Cvevebi mxolod instinqtur xasiaTs ar ata­
rebs. axalgazrda lomebi nadirobis Cvevebs zrdasruli, gamocdili lomebis-
gan swavloben. bokveri, romelsac ukve SeuZlia dedis devna, dedas akvirdeba
da misgan swavlobs nadirobas. aTi Tvis asakSi is ukve flobs msxverplTan
miparvis xelovnebas. damoukideblad nadirobas isini mxolod ori wlis asak-
Si iwyeben.
ar arsebobs qceva, romelic mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ar ganicdides
cvlilebas. xoxbis axlad gamoCekili bartyebi budis Tavze, haerSi gamoCeni-
li nebismieri sagnis danaxvaze irindebian, yuCdebian, imalebian. wamozrdil
xoxbebs SiSis grZnoba uqrebaT im sagnebze, romlebsac xSirad xedaven. maT
aRar aSinebT foTlebi, beRurebi. isini mxolod mtacebeli frinvelebis da-
naxvaze irindebian.
axladgamoCekili an axalSobili individi bunebriv pirobebSi pirvelad
dedas xedavs, mis sunsa da siTbos grZnobs. es SegrZnebebi mkveTrad, Zli-
er aRibeWdeba masSi. is ar scildeba dedas, Tan dasdevs mas. mexsierebis am
yvelaze adreul formas imprintingi uwodes. imprintingi aRbeWdvas niSnavs.
cdebiT dadasturda, rom axlad gamoCekili wiwila dedad imas miiCnevs,
visac an rasac sicocxlis pirvel dReebSi dainaxavs. garkveuli drois Sem-
deg imprintingi qreba.
imprintings avstrieli mecnieri, no-
belis premiis laureati konrad lorenci
(1903-1989) swavlobda. lorencs adevnebu­
li ixvisa da batis naSierebi sicocxlis
pirvel dReebSi swored mas xedavdnen.
6 ra mniSvneloba aqvs imprintings
ax­laddabadebuli cxovelebisTvis? ra pi­
robebSi SeiZleba iyos is saziano?

STamomavlobaze zrunva

STamomavlobaze zrunva sxvadasxva saxiT Se­

iZ­leba gamovlindes.
zogierTi cxoveli ganayofierebul kver-
cxebs bedis anabara tovebs.
zogierTi Tevzis mamri ganayofierebul qvi­­

riTs, zogjer lifsitebsac ki, pi­

riT atarebs. warmoidgine, rom am
xnis manZilze is ar ikvebeba.
zogierTi amfibia qviriTs sxe-
uliT daatarebs, zogi ki mas lif-
sitebis gamoCekvamde darajobs.

193
 zogi mSobeli naSiers Tavisi sicocxlis fasadac ki icavs _ cdilobs,
mtaceblis yuradReba sakuTar Tavze gadaitanos. sainteresoa, rom am dros
Svi­lebi `itrunebian~.

saocaria samnemsa maxaTas qceva.

STamomavlobaze zrunvas samnemsa maxaTas mamri budisTvis adgilis Ser-

CeviT iwyebs. am dros is Zalian agresiuli xdeba, icavs moniSnul terito-
rias, devnis konkurentebs.
amis Semdeg is akeTebs Rrmuls fskerze da avsebs mas wyalmcenareebiT.
budes SardSi arsebuli webovani gamonayofiT amagrebs da masSi gvirabs
akeTebs.
mdedris misazidad mamrs mucelze wiTeli Seferiloba uCndeba da saqor-
wino rituals atarebs _ iwyebs zigzagisebur moZraobas da nemsebiT mdedrs
exeba. „moxiblul“ mdedrs is budemde miacilebs.
qviriTis dayris Semdeg mdedri tovebs budes da mis adgils mamri ikavebs
_ anayofierebs qviriTs. mamri Tavs dastrialebs budes, farflebis moZrao-
biT wylis axal-axal Wavls ganayofierebuli kvercxebisken mimarTavs, raTa
STamomavlebi JangbadiT uzrunvelyos. amiTac ar kmayofildeba „mama“ Tev­
zi. is ar scildeba gamoCekil lifsitebs da Sors wasulebs ukan, budesTan
abrunebs.
7 gamravlebis rogori intensivoba unda axasiaTebdes samnemsa maxaTas?
ratom fiqrob ase?
Seguebulobis verc erTi saSualeba ver uzrunvelyofs mis mflobels ab-
soluturi dacviT.
8 Txilis Tesls magari naWuWi faravs. aris es imis garantia, rom Txilis
Canasaxi aucileblad gadarCeba?
mcenaris eklebic Tavdacvis kargi saSualebaa, Tumca, zogierTi cxoveli
aseT mcenareebs mSvenivrad miirTmevs.

194
 xmeleTis kus kargad icavs bakani, magram mtacebeli frinvelebi mas jer
haerSi aitaceben, Semdeg ki miwaze anarcxeben bakanis gasatexad.
saxeobis nebismieri niSani an Tviseba SeguebulobiT xasiaTs atarebs, ro-
melic mizanSewonilia mocemul garemoSi, mocemul sasicocxlo pirobebSi.
Seguebuloba `mzamzareuli~ arasodes aris. is SemTxveviTi memkvidruli
cvlilebebis _ mutaciebis gadarCevis Sedegia, romelic zrdis organiz­me­
bis sicocxlisunarianobas konkretul pirobebSi.

organizmTa Seguebuloba bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegia. Seguebu-

loba exeba sxeulis formas, fers, gamravlebis intensivobas, qce-
vas, Sinagani organoebis agebulebis Sesabamisobas maT funqcias-
Tan. Seguebuloba mutaciebis gadarCevis Sedegia, romelic zrdis
organizmebis sicocxlisunarianobas konkretul pirobebSi. Segu­
ebulobas SefardebiTi xasiaTi aqvs.

1. rogor eqsperiments dagegmav imis dasamtkiceblad, rom mwvane

muxluxos mfarvelobiTi Seferiloba ar iZleva misi gadarCe-
nis asprocentian garantias?
2. daakvirdi quCaSi, tyeSi, mindorSi, ezoSi cxovelebsa da mcena-
reebs. Caiwere, romeli Seguebulobebi aRmoaCine. Tu gaqvs sa-
Sualeba, gadauRe fotoebi da gaukeTe komentari.
3. warmoidgine, rom gaqvs maxaTas qcevaze dakvirvebis realuri
SesaZlebloba. ra cdebs dagegmavdi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom
mamri farflebis moZraobiT JangbadiT amaragebs qviriTs?
warmoadgine cdis ramdenime varianti.
4. Toliebi bartyebis gamoCekvis Sem­
deg kvercxis naWuWebs budes aci­
leben.
mec­nierebma eqsperimentulad da­­­­
adastures: Toliebi ase imitom
iqcevian, rom gatexili kvercxis
naWuWis SigniTa TeTr fers mta­
cebeli frinvelebi kargad xeda­
ven da Tavs esxmian bu­des (gamoCek-
vamde Toliebis kvercxebi qviSis an budis feria). ivaraude, ra
tipis eqsperimentiT mividnen mecnierebi am daskvnamde?
5. daakvirdi mamalsa da dedal qaTams. ra niSnebiT ganirCeva ma-
mali dedlisgan da risTvis sWirdeba es?
6. Tu geqneba saSualeba, awarmoe dakvirveba mercxlis budeze.
ramdeni kvercxi dado man budeSi? ramdeni bartyi gamoiCeka?
rogor gamoiyurebian isini? riTi kvebavs mercxali bartyebs?
dReSi ramdenjer miaqvs maTTvis sakvebi? ramden xanSi dafr-
Tiandnen bartyebi?
igive dakvirveba SegiZlia awarmoo SaSvze, SoSiaze, gvritze.

195
 7. Tu SesaZlebloba geqneba, daude gamosaCekad qaTams batis
kvercxi da daakvirdi axlad gamoCekili batis WuWulis qce-
vas.

1. guguli kvercxebs sxva frinvelis budeSi

debs. daakvirdi kvercxebs da ivaraude, ra-
tom irCevs guguli kvercxebis dasadebad
sxva budes?
2. gaixsene, rogor icaven Tavs xvlikebi. ra
hqvia Tavdacvis am saSualebas?
3. dasavleT evropaSi binadari yaryatebi af-
rikaSi espaneTis gavliT migrireben, xolo
aRmosavleT evropaSi binadarni _ Turqe- gugulis kvercxi
Tis gavliT. dasavleTis yaryatebis kver-
cxebi gadaitanes aRmosavleT evropaSi. axladgamoCekili yar­
yatebi afrikaSi grZeli gziT _ espaneTis gavliT gafrindnen.
ra daskvnas gaakeTebdi?
4. ra upiratesoba gaaCnia Tandayolil qcevas SeZenilTan Seda­
rebiT?
5. saqarTveloSi mercxlebis mofrena gazafxulis mosvlasTan
asocirdeba. ratom?

SearCie swori pasuxi:

1. kaqtusis xorcovani Rero Seguebulobaa, romelic Camoya­lib­
da:
a. indoeTis farglebSi;
b. soxumis botanikur baRSi;
g. binis pirobebSi;
d. centraluri amerikis udabnoebSi.

2. muxluxoebis individTa umravlesobas mwvane Seferiloba aqvs.

garemos pirobebs muxluxoebis populacia saukuneebis man­
Zil­ze egueboda. am Seferilobis ganviTarebaSi monawile faq­
to­rebia: a. modifikaciuri cvalebadoba; b. arsebobisTvis
brZo­la; g. mutaciebi.
I. mxolod a da b;
II. mxolod g;
III. mxolod b da g;
IV. arc erTi.

196
3. warmodgenili mtkicebulebebidan SearCie swori pasuxi:
a. TeTri kurdRlis bewvis Seferiloba mfarvelobiTia;
b. zogierTi buzis futkarTan msgavseba gamafrTxilebelia;
g. Wiamaias mkveTri Seferiloba gamafrTxilebelia;
d. zebrebSi muqi da naTeli zolebis morigeoba maT agresiuloba­
ze miuTiTebs.

1. zogi meTevze gayinul tbaze xvrels ake­

Tebs da Tevzebs kvebavs. kvebis win yinul-
ze fexebs abakunebs. amas meTevze ramde­nime
dRis ganmavlobaSi regularulad ake­­Tebs.
ratom iqceva meTevze ase?

2. qaTmis gripTan brZolis RonisZiebebi garkveul periodebSi

gansakuTrebulad mkacrdeba. ra periodebia es?
3. ivaraude, ratom SeurCies jariskacebis tansacmelsa da sam­
xedro aRWurvilobas aseTi Seferiloba?

adaptacia _ adaptation
mimikria _ mimicry
instinqti _ instinct
imprintingi _ imprinting

197
IV evolucia
§30
saxeobis warmoqmnis formebi
geografiuli saxeobaTawarmoqmna
ekologiuri saxeobaTawarmoqmna
makroevolucia
evoluciis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi
divergenciuli da konvergenciuli evolucia

evoluciis faqtorebis moqmedebiT warmoqmnili cvlilebebi populacia-

Si divergencias da saboloo jamSi, saxeobis warmoqmnas iwvevs. amitom mikro-
evolucias saxeobis warmoqmnis processac uwodeben.
saxeobis warmoqmnisas erTi saxeoba or an met axal saxeobad ixliCeba.
swored es procesi uzrunvelyofs organuli samyaros mravalferovnebas.
ganarCeven saxeobis warmoqmnis or ZiriTad formas.
geografiuli saxeobaTawarmoqmna da-
kavSirebulia sawyisi saxeobis arealis ga­
farToebasTan an geografiuli zRudee-
biT (mTebiT, mdinareebiT, kaSxlebiT da
sxva) mis gamoyofasTan. amis gamo saxe-
obis SigniT populaciebi geografiulad
izolirebulni aRmoCndebian. am popula-
ciebs Soris genebis nakadis Sewyveta da
bunebrivi gadarCevis moqmedeba, saboloo
jamSi, maT reproduqciul izolacias da
damoukidebeli saxeobebis warmoqmnas ga­
moiwvevs.
geografiuli saxeobaTawarmoqmnis ma­
galiTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT Sro­Sanebis
monaTesave saxeobebis warmoqmnis magali-
Ti. SroSanas sawyisi saxeoba mili­oni wlis
win evropis farTofoTlovan tyeebSi iyo
geografiuli gavrcelebuli. myinvaris SemoWram gax-
saxeobaTa warmoqmna
liCa SroSanas erTiani areali ramdenime
nawilad. is SenarCunda gamyinvarebas gadarCenili Soreuli aRmosavleTis,
samxreT evropisa da kavkasiis tyeebSi. rodesac myinvarma ukan daixia, SroSa-
na isev gavrcelda evropaSi, sadac Secvlil garemo pirobebSi warmoiqmna
axali saxeoba, ufro msxvili da farTo gvirgviniT, Soreul aRmosavleTSi
ki gaCnda SroSanas sxva saxeoba, romelsac wiTeli yunwebi da cviliT dafa-
ruli foTlebi aqvs.
ekologiuri saxeobaTawarmoqmnis dros axali saxeobebi SeiZleba sawyisi
arealis SigniT warmoiqmnas. es saxeobebi erTi arealis farglebSi sxvadasx-

198
va ekologiur adgils ikaveben. maT Soris
izolacias iwvevs Sejvarebis vadebisa da
adgilis Seusabamoba, cxovelebis qceva, sxva­
dasxva sakvebiT kveba. magaliTad, havais kun-
Zulebze cxovrobs xilis buzis ori saxeoba.
isini garegnulad Zalian hgvanan erTmaneTs.
orive saxeoba saxlobs erTsa da imave adgi-
lebSi, ikvebeba erTi da igive merqniani mce-
naris wveniT. amasTan, erTi saxeoba ikvebeba
xis zeda nawilis Rerosa da totebze Camona­
deni wveniT, xolo meore _ miwaze Camocve-
nil foTlebze Camonadeni wvenis gubidan. am
saxeobebs Soris Sejvareba arasdros xdeba.
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom genetikuri gan-
sxvaveba populaciebs Soris SeiZleba war-
moiqmnas sxvadasxva ekologiuri speciali­ ekologiuri
za­ciis gamo. saxeobaTwarmoqmna
mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom wiwkanas saxeo­
bebi warmoiqmneba kvebiTi specializaciis gamo _ kvebis adgilis SerCeviT,
sakvebis SedgenilobiT, sakvebis moZebnisa da mopovebis xerxebiT. magali-
Tad, didi wiwkana SedarebiT msxvili mwerebiT ikvebeba, romlebic baRebsa
da parkebSi xeebis totebidan qerqis daCeCqviT amohyavs. mcire zomis wiwkana
patara mwerebze nadirobs, romelsac balaxovani mcenareebis Reroebidan
moipovebs. Zalian patara wiwkanebi wiwvovani xeebis TeslebiT ikvebebian,
romlebsac xis kenweros totebSi pouloben.
axali saxeobebi poliploidiis gziT,
praq­tikulad myisieradac Se­iZ­leba warmoiqm-
nas. magaliTad, qrizanTemebis gvarSi yvela
saxeobas aqvs qromosomebis 9-is jeradi _ 18,
27, 36, 45 ....... 90 raodenoba. mecnierebi varau-
doben, rom saxeobaTa warmoqmna am SemTxve­
vaSi moxda `winapari~ qrizanTemis ZiriTadi
qro­mosomuli nakrebis po­liploidiiT. poliploiduri qrizanTemebi

14 qomosomiani
didfoTola
vardisagan miRebuli
28 qromosomiani
poliploiduri forma

199
 saxeobebidan axali gvarebis, gvarebidan axali ojaxebis da a.S. warmoSo-
bis process makroevolucia hqvia.
mikroevoluciisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic saxeobis SigniT mimdina­re­
obs, makroevolucia zesaxeobrivi evoluciaa. miuxedavad amisa, makroevolu­
ciaSi monawileobs mikroevoluciaSi moqmedi yvela procesi _ mutacia, re-
produqciuli izolacia, bunebrivi gadarCeva.
makroevoluciis eqsperimentulad dadastureba praqtikulad SeuZlebe-
lia. Tumca, arsebobs mravali arapirdapiri mtkicebuleba, romelsac iZleva
paleontologiis, embriologiis, SedarebiTi anatomiisa da sxva mecniereba-
Ta monacemebi.
gansakuTrebiT damajerebelia paleontologiis monacemebi, romelic Se­
iswavlis gadaSenebuli organizmebis namarx naSTebs da adgens maT msgavseba-
gansxvavebas Tanamedrove organizmebTan.
yvelaze uZvelesi qanebi Raribia naSTebiT da isini martivad agebuli
mce­nareebisa da cxovelebis naSTebs Seicaven; SedarebiT axalgazrda qaneb­
Si ki mravalricxovan da rTulad agebuli organizmebis namarxebs pouloben.
namarxebis umravlesoba organizmebis myari nawilebi _ Zvlebi, niJarebi, mce­
nareebis meqanikuri qsovilebia. did interess iwvevs uZvelesi cxovelebis
kidurebis an mTeli organizmis anabeWdebi.
paleontologiuri monapovrebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda TiTqmis srulad
aRedginaT filogenetikuri rigebi anu saxeobebis rigebi, romlebic Tan-
mimdevrulad scvlidnen erTmaneTs romelime mcenaris an cxovelis evolu-
ciaSi. filogenetikuri rigebi naTel suraTs iZleva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
xdeboda Zveli formebidan axali formebis warmoqmna.
napovnia Tevzebsa da amfibiebs, qvewarmavlebsa da ZuZumwovrebs Soris
gardamavali formebic. arqeopteriqsi da mikroraptori gui gardamavali
rgolebia qvewarmavlebidan frinvelebis warmoqmnis evoluciis jaWvSi. maT

arqeopteriqsi mikroraptori gui

agebulebaSi Serwymuli iyo qvewarmavlebisa da frinvelebis niSnebi. maT qve-

warmavlebis msgavsad hqondaT kbilebi, wina kidurebze TiTebi da xerxemal-
Si kudis grZeli ganyofileba, xolo frinvelebis msgavsad, isini Semosili
iyvnen bumbuliT.

200
 gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis aRmoCenebiT aRdgenili iqna
mcire, ciyvis zomis xmeleTis Cliqiani ZuZumwovris zRvis gigantad _ veSa­
pad TandaTan gardaqmnis saintereso istoria. namarxi naSTebi mowmoben, rom
Tanamedrove veSapebis Soreuli winaprebi (I) cxovrobdnen daaxloebiT 65
milioni wlis win xmeleTze da ikvebebodnen Tevzebisa da wylis sxva cxovel­
Ta xmeleTze gamoriyuli gvamebiT. pir­
velyofili `veSapi~ (II), romelic cxov­
I
robda daaxloebiT 50 milioni wlis win,
wyalxmeleTa cxoveli iyo da wyalSi eZeb­
da sakvebs.
am jaWvis Semdegi warmomadgeneli mo­
II siarule veSapia (III), rome­lic 45 milioni
wlis win cxovrobda. is zomiT zRvis lo­
mis toli iyo, hqonda sakmaod grZeli ki­
durebi, romelic kargad iyo Seguebuli
rogorc curvasTAan, ise fskerze siarul­
III Tan. is grZel kuds curvisTvis iyenebda,
Tumca, es kudi naklebad hgavda veSapis
mZlavr kudis farfls.
43 milioni wlis win gaCnda Tanamed­
IV
rove veSapis winapari (IV), romelmac gaa­
keTa Sem­de­gi da ukve Seuqcevadi nabiji
zRvaSi. mi­si kidurebi Zlier dapatarav­
V da, xolo menjis sartyeli praqtikulad
gamoeyo xerxemals.
da bolos, 40 milioni wlis win cxov­
rob­da veSapi (V), romlis sxeulis sigrZe
xmeleTis ZuZumwovris veSapad aR­wevda 15 metrs. misi kidurebi uk­ve
gardaqmna mTli­anad gardaiqmna mZlavr far­fle­
bad. es iyo ukve namdvili veSapi. Tumca,
man mainc SeinarCuna garkveuli msgavseba Tavis xmeleTis winaparTan _ men­
jis sartyeli da saxeSecvlil kidurebze pawawina sami TiTi.
amrigad, paleontologiuri matiane iZleva mtkicebulebas xmeleTis Zu­
Zumwovrebis zRvis binadar cxovelad TandaTanobiT gardaqmnis Sesaxeb, ma­
gram evoluciis dasasabuTeblad mxolod namarxebis monacemebi ar aris sak­
marisi.
makroevoluciis kanonzomierebebis ga­ge­baSi didi wvlili embriologi­
urma kvlevebma Seitana. embriologia mecnierebaa, romelic Canasaxebis gan­
viTarebas Seiswavlis.
SedarebiTi embriologiis fuZemdebelma, karl berma xerxemlianebis kla­­
sebis Canasaxebis ganviTarebis Seswavlisas, adreul stadiaze maT Soris sa­
ocari msgavseba aRmoaCina.
yvela xerxemliani cxoveli ganviTarebisas gadis erTujredian stadias,
rac yvela cxovelis umartivesebidan warmoSobis maniSnebelia. erTujredi­
ani zigotis stadias mosdevs erTSriani buStisebri blastulis stadia. es

201
 Tevzi salamandra ku qaTami Rori adamiani
xerxemlianebis embrionuli ganviTareba

stadia Seesabameba erTujrediani organizmebidan mravalujrediani orga­

nizmebis warmoqmnas.
blastulis Semdeg yvela cxoveli gadis gastrulis stadias, romelic
Tanamedrove nawlavRruianebis agebulebas Seesabameba. msgavseba SeiniSneba
Semdgom stadiebzec. yvela xerxemlianis Canasaxs aqvs layuCis xvrelebi, sxe­
ulis erTnairi _ Tavis, tanisa da kudis ganyofilebebi, orsakniani guli.
ganviTarebasTan erTad, CanasaxebSi ukve gansxvavebebi Cndeba. isini Tan­
daTanobiT jer klasisTvis, Semdeg rigisTvis, gvarisTvis da mogvianebiT,
sul bolo stadiaze, saxeobisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs iZenen.
yovelive es metyvelebs xerxemlianebis warmoSobis erTianobaze da am
organizmebSi niSnebis TandaTanobiT daSorebaze _ divergenciaze.
organizmebis individualur da istoriul ganviTarebebs Soris kavSiri
germanelma mecnierebma fric miulerma da ernst hekelma gamoxates bioge­
netikur kanonSi, romlis Tanaxmad: yoveli arseba individualur ganviTa­
rebaSi _ ontogenezSi imeorebs Tavisi saxeobis istoriul ganviTarebas _
filogenezs. magaliTad, bayayis Tavkombala Tavisi agebulebiT Tevzs ufro
hgavs, vidre amfibias. Tevzebis msgavsad, Tavkombala layuCebiT sunTqavs,
aqvs sisxlis mimoqcevis erTi wre, gverdiTi xazi da a.S.
frinvelebis Canasaxi kudiania, aqvs Tevzis forma da layuCis xvrelebi.
am stadiaze momavali bartyi Tevzsac hgavs da amfibiis larvasac. ganviTa­
rebis pirveli kviris bolos frinvelis Canasaxi qvewarmavals emsgavseba _
aqvs misi msgavsi wina da ukana kidurebi, kudi da ara aqvs bumbuli.

frinvelis ganviTareba

202
 mogvianebiT biogenetikur kanonSi Sesworebebi Seitanes. dadginda, rom
ontogenezSi adgili aqvs istoriuli ganviTarebis zogierTi etapebis amo­
vardnas, winaprebis Canasaxovani da ara zrdasruli formebis stadiebis ga­
meorebas, mutaciebiT gamowveuli im niSnebis warmoqmnas, romlebic maT wi­
naprebs ar hqondaT.
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis sxvadasxva jgufis anatomiis Seswavlisas na­
Teli gaxda, rom mTeli rigi struqturebiT isini msgavsni arian. magaliTad,
yvavilebs aqvT jamis foTolakebi, gvirgvinis furclebi, mtvrianebi, but­
koebi. Tumca, saxeobebi erTmaneTisgan maTi zomiT, SeferilobiT, sxvadasx­
va nawilis raodenobiTa da agebulebiT gansxvavdebian. zustad aseve, yvela
oTxfexa xerxemlians _ amfibiebs, qvewarmavlebs, ZuZUumwovrebs kidurze xu­

Ti TiTi aqvs. is saxeobebic ki, romelTa zrdasrul formebs xuTze naklebi

TiTi aqvT, embrionalur periodSi xuTTiTianebi arian.
msgavseba am cxovelebs Soris mxolod xuTi TiTiT ar Semoifargleba.
adamianis xeli, Txunelas mTxreli TaTi, cxenis fexi, zRvis lomis fex-farf­
li da Ramuras frTa agebulia erTi da igive sqemiT _ isini Seicaven erTnair
Zvlebs, romlebic TiTqmis erTnairad arian ganlagebulni. Tumca, sxvadasxva
cxovels kidurebi sxvadasxvagvarad aqvs Secvlili da Seguebuli Sesabamis
saarsebo garemosTan.
kidurebis agebu­le­bis erTianobas mecni­erebi am cxovelebis war­­moSobis er­
TianobiT xsnian. amas paleon­to­logiuri monacemebi mowmoben. rogorc irkve­
va, am cxovelebis saerTo
xuTTiTiani winapari de­
ku
damiwaze daaxloebiT 400
milioni wlis win cxov­
r­obda. am periodSi mas­ Ramura
Tan erTad binadrobdnen delfini
eqvs, Svid da rvaTiTiani
cxo­velebic, magram isini
ise gadaSendnen, rom STa­
adamiani
momavloba ar dautovebi­
aT. mecnierTa azriT, yve­
la Tanamedrove oTxfexa cxeni qaTami
xerxemliani xuTTiTa wi­
xerxemliani cxovelebis kiduris agebuleba
napris­gan warmoiSva.
organoebs, romlebic msgavsni arian warmoSobiT, agebulebiT, organizm­
Si maTi mdebareobiT, magram aqvT gansxvavebuli funqcia, homologiuri or­
ganoebi hqviaT.

203
 gvelebis Sxamiani jirkvlebi sanerwyve jirkvlebis homologiuria, xo­
lo sarZeve jirkvlebi _ saofle jirkvlebisa. kitris ulvaSebi, kaqtusis
eklebi, kowaxuris nemsebi homologebia _ isini foTlis saxecvlilebebia.
homologiuria frCxilebi, brWyalebi, Cliqebi.
homologiuri organoebis warmoqmna divergenciuli evoluciis Sedegia.
adamianis xeli, Ramuras frTa, daTvis TaTi, zRvis lomis fex-farfli, ve­
Sapis farfli divergenciis Sedegia. isini warmoiqmnen ZuZUumwovrebis saerTo

mcenareTa homologiuri organoebi

cxovelTa homologiuri organoebi

winapris wina kiduris agebulebaSi mcire SemTxveviTi gadaxrebis xangrZlivi

bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT. am cxovelebma droTa ganmavlobaSi daikaves sxva­
dasxva ekologiuri garemo. am procesebs mimarTulebas bunebrivi gadarCeva
aZlevda.
divergencia ganapirobebs sa­xe­­obebis raodenobis zrdas da is grZeldeba
zesaxeobriv donezec. swo­red divergenciuli evolucia ganapirobebs co­
cxal arsebaTa mra­val­­ferovnebas.
zogierTi struqturebi bevr sa­xe­
obaSi, rogorc Cans, araviTar funqcias
ar asruleben. maT rudimentebs uwode­
ben. magaliTad, rudimentia adamianis
brma nawlavis Wia danamati, romelic mesame quTuTo
monelebis procesSi aRar monawileobs,
kudusunis malebi, sibrZnis kbilebi, yu­ Wia danamati
ris niJaris mamoZravebeli kunTi. zus­
tad aseve, funqciadakarguli Zvle­­bia
gvelebsa da veSapebSi menjisa da ukana Tmis amwevi kunTi
kidurebis Zvlebi.
rudimentebi adamianSi

204
 rudimentebi mcenareebsac aqvT. Wangas, Sro­Sanas, gvimras fesurebze (sa­
xeSecvlil ylortebze) qerclebi aqvT. qerclebi rudimentuli foTlebia.
rudimentuli organo saxeobis yvela individs aqvs.
rudimentebi organuli samyaros istoriuli ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani

rudimentuli
menjis Zvlebi
veSapi
rudimentuli kiduri

mtkicebulebaa. veSapebsa da delfinebSi menjis Zvlebi gvelis

adastureben maT warmoSobas xmeleTis oTxfexa winapre­ rudimentuli
kidurebi
bisgan, romelTac kargad ganviTarebuli kidurebi hqon­
daT.
evoluciaze mowmobs agreTve calkeul organizmebSi atavizmebi _ struq­­
turebi, romlebic maT Soreul winaprebs hqondaT, magram droTa ganmavlo­
baSi gauqraT.
atavizmis magaliTebia: zo­­­gierT adamianSi kudis ga­Cena; mTel sxeulze,
gansakuTrebiT saxeze Warbi
ba­lani; mravaldvrilianoba.
zo­­­­gierT Zroxas curze dvri­
le­bis mesame wyvili uCndeba.
es imas mowmobs, rom msxvil­
fexa rqosani pirutyvi war­
moiSva oTx dvrilze metis
mqone cxovelidan. es ar aris
axali niSnis gaCena. es aris wi­
napris niSnisken mibruneba.
analogiuria organoebi,
rom­­­lebsac gansxvavebuli war­­­­­
WarbTmianoba mravaldvrilianoba moSoba aqvT, Tum­ca, ga­reg­nu­

lad erTmaneTs hgvanan da msgavs funqci­ebs

asruleben. magaliTad, mwerebis frTe­bi ku­
tikulisgan Semdgari magari ZarRvebiT kavde­
ba, xolo frinvelisa da Ramuras frTebi _
Rruiani Zvle­biT. Tumca, orive Sem­Txve­­vaSi
frTebi safrenad ga­moiyeneba.
analogiis magaliTebia: xerxemlianebisa da
Tavfexiani moluskebis Tvalebi; mdinaris ki­
bosa da Tavkombalas layuCebi; spilos Su­ analogiuri organoebi

205
 anebi (mWrelebi) da lomveSapas
Suanebi (eSvebi), kaqtusis ek­le­­
bi (saxeSecvlili foTlebi) da
kowaxuris eklebi (saxe­Sec­vli­
li ylorti).
analogiuri organo­e­­bi war­
moeqmnebaT sis­­te­mati­kurad da­
Sorebul or­ganiz­mebs, erTnair
garemo pi­robebTan Seguebis an am
or­ganoe­bis mier erTnairi funq­
analogiuri organoebi
ciis Sesru­le­bis Sedegad.
analogiuri organoebis arseboba miu­Ti­­
Tebs konvergenciuli evoluciis arseboba­ 1
ze.
konvergencia evoluciis procesSi ara­
monaTesave jgufebis organizmebSi niSan-Tvi­­
sebebis damTxvevaa. msgav niSan-Tvisebebs isi­ni
2
iZenen msgavsi saarsebo pirobebis da bu­ne­brivi
gadarCevis erTi mimarTulebiT moqmedebis ga­
mo.
3

konvergencia
1. iqtiozavri; 2. delfini;
3. zvigeni.

makroevolucia saxeobebidan axali gvarebis, gvarebidan axali

ojaxebis da a.S. warmoSobis procesia. makroevoluciis eqsperi­
mentuli dadastureba SeuZlebelia, amitom mis arapirdapir mtki­­
cebulebas iZleva paleontologiis, embriologiis, Sedare­biTi
ana­tomiisa da sxva mecnierebebis monacemebi. homologiuri orga­
noebis warmoqmna divergenciuli evoluciis Sedegia, xolo analo­
giuri organoebis arseboba konvergenciuli evoluciis arseboba­­ze
miuTiTebs. makroevoluciaze mowmobs agreTve organizmebSi ru­
dimentebisa da atavizmebis arseboba.

1. rogor fiqrob, saxeobaTa warmoqmnis romel gzas uwyobs xels

kaSxalebis ageba, mdinareTa kalapotebis Secvla da sxv.?

2. erT arealSi mobinadre cicinaTelebis yoveli saxeobisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia sinaTlis gansazRvruli traeqtoria da ga­mo­
cemuli sinaTlis signalebis tipebi. traeqtoriebi Se­iZ­leba iyos

206
zigzagisebri, swori an maryuJis
formis, xolo sinaTlis pulsacia
_ mokle an grZeli. Sejvarebisas
part­niorebi erTmaneTs sinaTlis
signalis mix­ed­viT arCeven. romeli
gziT warmoiqmnen es sa­xe­obebi?

3. davuSvaT, ilustracia aRwers erT-erTi frinvelisa da mo­

luskis populaciaSi aRmocenebul cvlilebebs, romelsac bu­
neb­rivi barieris _ mTis warmoqmna iwvevs.
a. aRwere es cvlilebebi;
b. romeli ilustracia Seesabameba axali saxeobis warmoqmnas?
g. romeli ilustracia Seesabameba frinvelis populaciis cvli­
lebas da romeli _ lokokinis?

I II

4. paleontologiuri monacemebiT dadgenilia, rom mikroorga­

nizmebi dedamiwaze dasaxlebulni
iyvnen miliardi wlis win, mcena­
reebi ufro adre gaCndnen xmele­
Tze, vidre cxovelebi, xolo
mwerebi ufro adre, vidre mcena­
reebi, romlebsac isini mtveraven.
rogor fiqrob, rogor gaxda Sesa­
Zlebeli aseTi daskvnebis gakeTe­
ba?
5. daakvirdi ilustracias. biogene­
tikuri kanonis Tvalsaz­ri­siT, vin
SeiZleba CaiTva­los am peplis wi­
naprad?

207
 6. kartofilis gorgali, WinWris fe­sura, titas bolqvi, marwyvis
pwkali _  homologiuri organoebia. ro­­­me­­li organos saxecvli­
lebas war­­mo­­­­­a­d­­genen isini?
7. homologiuri organoebia Tu ana­lo­giuri zvigenisa da veSapis
kudis farfli?
8. homologiuri Tu analogiuri organoebia planariis, buzis,
adamianis Tvalebi?
9. daasaxele mweris kiduris analogiuri organoebi.
10. mTis batebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom sul ar sWirdebaT curva,
TiTebs Soris apki aqvT. rogor organos miekuTvneba mTis batis
sacurao apki?
SearCie swori pasuxi.
1. makroevoluciis procesSi:
a. warmoiqmneba axali saxeobebi;
b. warmoiqmneba axali populaciebi;
g. warmoiqneba axali klasebi.
2. mcenaris romeli organos homologiuria xaxvis bolqvi:
a. fesvis;
b. Reros;
g. yvavilis;
d. ylortis.
3. atavizmis magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:
a. axalzelandiur kivebSi frTebis gaqroba;
b. zvigenisa da delfinis wina kidurebis garegani msgavseba;
g. adamianebSi Wia danamatis _ apendiqsis arseboba;
d. zogierTi adamianis unari, amoZraos yurebi.
4. konvergenciis magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos delfinis gare­
gani msgavseba:
a. selapTan;
b. zvigenTan;
g. lurj veSapTan;
d. yvela am cxovelTan.

dmanisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT aRmoCenilia uZvelesi ada­

mi­anis naSTebi, romelic 1,8 milioni wliT TariRdeba. moxda maTi
mxatv­ruli rekonstruqcia da am uZveles adamianebs mzia da zezva
daarqves. moiZie informacia am anTropologiuri aRmoCenisa da
misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb da warmoadgine referatis saxiT. moa­
wyve prezentacia.

makroevolucia_ macroevolution; paleontologia _ paleontology;

embriologia _ embriology; filogenezi _ phylogenesis; homolo­
giuri organoebi _ homologous organs; rudimentebi _ rudiments;
atavizmi _ atavism; analogiuri organoebi _ analogical organs;
konvergencia _ convergence.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gl81JhFuiiM

208
IV evolucia
§31
biologiuri progresi da regresi
evoluciis mimarTulebebi _ arogenezi, alogenezi, katagenezi

populaciebisa da saxeobebis mier sxvadasxva Seguebulobebis SeZena mxo­

lod maT gadarCenas ar ganapirobebs. is xSirad iwvevs biologiur progress
_ individebis raodenobis momatebas, saxeobis arealis gafarToebas, mra­
valgvari saxeobebis warmoqmnas.
progresTan erTad bunebaSi mimdinareobs biologiuri regresic, ro­
melic dakavSirebulia individebis ricxobriobis SemcirebasTan, arealis
SeviwroebasTan da saxeobrivi mravalferovnebis SemcirebasTan. biologi­
uri regresi, arc Tu iSviaTaAd, saxeobebis gadaSenebas iwvevs.
evoluciis procesSi organizmebis agebulebaSi mravalferovani gardaqm­
nebis Sesabamisad, gamoyofen sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas _ arogenezs, alo­
genezsa da katagenezs. TiToeuli maTganis Sedegi biologiuri progresia.

evoluciis mimarTuleba

arogenezi alogenezi katagenezi

arogenezi iseTi evoluciuri mimarTulebaa, romelic iwvevs organizmis

organizaciis donis amaRlebas, farTo mniSvnelobis Seguebulobebis ganvi­
Tarebas da saarsebo garemos gafarToebas.
arogenezis magaliTia frinvelebis klasis warmoqmna. Tanamedrove frin­­
velebis winaprebs axal saarsebo garemoSi gadasvla SeeZloT mxolod: saf­re­
ni organos _ frTis warmoqmnis wyalobiT; oTxsakniani gulis gaCe­niT, ra­mac
mniSvnelovnad aamaRla cvlis pro­­cesebis
1 2
intensivoba da uzrunvelyo Tbil­­sisx­
lianoba; tvinis im ganyofilebe­bis ganvi­
TarebiT, romlebic koordinacias uweven
haerSi moZraobas.
konkretul morfofiziologi­ur
cvlilebebs, romlebic iwveven orga­
nizmis ama Tu im jgufis arogenezs, aro­­­
morfozebi ewodeba.
frinvelebsa da ZuZumwovrebSi aro­ 1. Tevzis sisxlis mimoqcevis erTi
morfozis magaliTebia gulis sruli ga­ wre; 2. frinvelebisa da ZuZumwovrebis
mijvna marjvena da marcxena nawilebad sisxlis mimoqcevis ori wre.

209
da sisxlis mimoqcevis or wred
dayofa, alveolebis war­­­moqmnis 1 2 3
xarjze filtvebis sa­­sicocxlo
tevadobis gazr­da da a.S. am
aromorfozebis Se­­degad ufro
intensiurad xde­ba organoe­
bis momarageba Jang­­badiT, rac
amaRlebs maTi mu­­Sa­obis inten­ 4 5 6
sivobas.
mcenareTa samyaroSi aro­­­­
genezis tipuri magali­Tia mce­
narebis gadasvla wyli­­dan xme­
leTze, Si­S­vel­Tes­lovani da
farul­Teslovani mcenare­ebis
filtvebi
warmoqmna da sxva.
1. salamandra; 2. bayayi; 3. 4. qvewarmavali;
mcenareTa ganviTarebaSi
5. frinveli; 6. ZuZumwovari.
aromorfozebia epidermisis,
bageebis, gamtari da meqanikuri qsovilebis, yvavilisa da nayofebis warmo­
qmna.
aromorfozebis warmoqmna, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebuli iyo did geolo­
giur da klimatur cvlilebebTan. isini yalibdebodnen bunebrivi gadarCevis
procesSi memkvidruli cvalebadobis safuZvelze da warmoadgenen farTo
mniSvnelobis Seguebulobebs. aromorfozebi iZlevian upiratesobas arsebo­
bisTvis brZolaSi da axali, adre miuwvdomeli saarsebo garemos aTvisebaSi.
aromorfozebi iwveven didi sistematikuri jgufebis _ tipebis, klasebis,
rigebis warmoqmnas.
alogenezi iseTi evoluciuri mimarTulebaa, romelsac Tan axlavs idio­
adaptaciebis SeZena. idioadaptacia konkretul saarsebo garemosTan Segue­
baa, romelic sasargebloa arsebobisTvis brZOolaSi.
aromorfozebisgan gansxvavebiT, idioadaptaciebi ar iwvevs organizaci­
is donis amaRlebas.
cxovelebSi idioadaptaciis magaliTia loqos Seguebuloba fskerze
cxovrebasTan _ dabrtyelebuli sxeuli, gruntis feris Sesabamisi Seferi­
loba, ulvaSebis ganviTareba da sxva.
mcenareebSi idioadaptaciis magaliTebia yvavilebis mwerebiT an qariT
jva­redini damtvervisTvis, Teslebis gavrcelebisTvis mravalferovani Segu­
ebuloba.

idioataptacia

210
 sxvadasxva idioadaptaciis wyalobiT ZuZUumwovrebma SesZles gavrceleba
ara mxolod sxvadasxva geografiul zonaSi (tropikebidan yinulovan udab­
noebamde), aramed sruliad sxvadasxva saarsebo garemoSi _ xmeleTze, wyal­
Si, niadagSi, nawilobriv haerSi. aman mniSvnelovnad Seamcira saxeobebs So­
ris konkurencia sakvebze, saarsebo adgilze, Tumca, maTi organizaciis done
ar Secvlila _ igive darCa.
idioadaptaciebi iwveven mcire sistematikuri qvejgufebis _ saxeobebis,
gvarebis, ojaxebis warmoqmnas.
katagenezi evoluciis gansakuTrebuli mimarTulebaa, romelic dakav­
Sirebulia organizaciisa da cxovrebis niris mkveTr gamartivebasTaAn. orga­
nizaciis gamartiveba iwvevs rigi sistemebisa da organoebis dakargvas da am
process degeneracia hqvia. degeneracia xSirad dakavSirebulia parazituli
an mjdomare cxovrebis nirze gadasvlasTan. magaliTad, mRvimeebSi, niadagSi
mcxovrebma saxeobebma dakarges mxedvelobis unari, mxedvelobis organoe­
bis reduqciis gamo. Roris so­
kauWebi liters ara aqvs saWmlis mom­
nelebeli sistema, grZnobaTa
misawovrebi organoebi. zogierT parazit
mcenares ara aqvs fesvebi, foT­
lebi. xSirad isini fotosinTe­
zis unars kargaven, vinaidan mas­­
pinZlis xarjze cxovroben.
organizaciis donis saer­
Roris soliteris Tavi paraziti mcenare To gamartivebasTan erTad pa­
razitebs, xSirad erTob dax­
vewili, specifikuri Seguebulobebi warmoeqmnebaT maspinZlis organizmSi
sacxovreblad. amitom organizaciis donis gamartiveba sulac ar niSnavs
aRniSnuli saxeobis an jgufis gadaSenebas. piriqiT, am saxeobebis umravle­
soba imyofeba biologiuri progresis mdgomareobaSi.
evoluciis procesSi xdeba evoluciuri gzebis kanonzomieri monacv­
leoba. kerZod, arogenezs yovelTvis Tan sdevs idioadaptaciebis periodi.

arogenezi

idioataptacia

211
 yoveli axali didi sistematikuri jgufi Ta­vis arsebobas aro­
geneziT iwyebs, kerZod, uzrunvelyofs axa­li garemos dapyrobas,
garemo resursebis ufro srul gamoyenebas. miaRweven ra orga­
nizaciis donis amaRlebas, am jgufis organizmebi gansaxldebian
sxvadasxva adgilsamyofelSi, ris Semdegac iwyeba kerZo Seguebu­
lobebis _ idioadaptaciebis ganviTareba.
aromorfozebi, idioadaptaciebTan SedarebiT, iSviaTad xde­
ba. isini, rogorc wesi, moaswaveben organuli samyaros ganviTa­
rebis axal etaps.

evoluciis procesSi, organizmebis agebulebaSi mravalfe­ro­vani

gardaqmnebis Sesabamisad, gamoyofen sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas _
arogenezs, alogenezsa da katagenezs. TiToeuli maTganis Sedegi
biologiuri progresia.

1. bolo wlebSi xSirad aqvs adgili biologiur regress. rogor

fiqrob, vin an ra aris mTavari `damnaSave~?
2. rogor Seuwyo xeli sxeulis mudmivi temperaturis gaCenam
cxovelebSi arealis gafarToebas?

1. SearCie biologiuri progresis amsaxveli sami SemTxveva, ro­

melic Sen Tvalwin xdeba:
a. xoWos axali saxeobis warmoqmna;
b. inseqticidebis mimarT gamZle taraknebis gaCena;
g. zogierT buzebSi gamafrTxilebeli Seferilobis warmoqmna;
d. antibiotikebis mimarT mdgradi baqteriebis warmoqmna;
e. gripis virusis axali formebis warmoqmna;
v. mercxlebis or populacias Soris geografiuli izolaciis
warmoqmna.

2. aromorfozis magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:

a. frinvelis bumbuli;
b. samoTxis Citis lamazi Seferiloba;
g. kodalis magari niskarti;
d. yanCis grZeli fexebi.

212
3. mimikria aris:
a. degeneraciis magaliTi;
b. aromorfozis magaliTi;
g. biologiuri regresis magaliTi;
d. idioadaptaciis magaliTi.

4. degeneraciis magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:

a. gvelebSi kidurebis arqona;
b. frinvelebSi kbilebis arqona;
g. Roris soliterSi saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis arqona.

5. qameleonis grZeli, lorwo­vani

ena, riTac is mwerebs mo­xer­xe­bu­
lad iWers, SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc:
a. aromorfozi;
b. idioadaptacia;
g. degeneracia;
d. divergencia.

6. ipove mcdari debuleba.

idioadaptaciis magaliTebia:
a. fskeris Tevzebis gabrtyelebuli forma;
b. cocxalmSobiaroba ZuZumwovrebSi;
g. foTlebis zedapiris Sebusva an cviliT dafarva aorTqlebis
Sesamcireblad.

7. daadgine Sesabamisoba Seguebulobis xasiaTsa da evoluciis

mi­marTulebas Soris. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse.

a. mfarvelobiTi Seferiloba;
b. Cliqosnebis fexebze TiTebis Semcireba;
g. sqesobrivi gamravleba;
d. ZuZumwovrebis bewvi;
e. mcenaris foTlebze mkvrivi kutikula;
v. zogierTi peplis msgavseba mcenaris foTlebTan.

1. aromorfozi; a b g d e v
2. idioadaptacia.

biologiuri progresi _ biological progress; biologiuri regresi

_ biological regress; arogenezi _ arogenesis; aromorfozi _ aro-
morphosis; alogenezi _ alogenesis; idioadaptacia _ idioadaptation;
katagenezi _ catagenesis; degeneracia _ degeneration.

213
V ekologia
§32
ekologia _ samecniero disciplina

dedamiwaze arsebuli cocxali organizmebi absoluturad damoukide­

belni — TviTkmarni ar arian. isini mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebulni
garemoze da mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ganicdian mis zemoqmedebas. gare­
moSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod is aracocxali, fizikuri garemo, romelSic
isini saxloben (wyali, xmeleTi, haeri), aramed uamravi sxva cocxali orga­
nizmi, romelTanac maT uxdebaT urTierToba.
yoveli saxeobis individs mxolod iseTi organizmebis garemocvaSi SeuZ­
lia icxovros, romlebTan urTierTobac Seuqmnis mas sicocxlisTvis norma­
lur pirobebs. swored amitom, cocxali organizmebi bunebaSi qaoturi da
SemTxveviTi dajgufebebis saxiT ki ar arseboben, aramed Tanasazogadoebebs
qmnian. Tanasazogadoeba mocemul teritoriaze mcxovrebi yvela saxeobis
populaciebis erTobliobaa. TanasazogadoebaSi iseTi saxeobebi Sedian, rom­
lebic Seguebulni arian erTad cxovrebas da mxolod aseTi mezoblobiTaa
SesaZlebeli TiToeuli saxeobis uzrunvelyofa sakvebiT, gamravlebisa da
Tavdacvis pirobebis Seqmna, fizikuri garemos mkacri, araxelsayreli piro­
bebis Sesusteba.
cocxali organizmebis saarsebo pirobebs, maT urTierTobas cocxal da
aracocxal saarsebo garemosTan ekologia Seiswavlis.
termini `ekologia~ ori berZnuli sityvisgan warmosdgeba: `oikos~ _
saxls, sacxovrebel adgilsamyofels niSnavs, `logos~ _ mecnierebas. pirve­
lad es termini axalgazrda germanelma zoologma, ernst hekelma ixmara. 1866
wels gamoqveynebul erT-erT naSromSi is werda: `ekologia es aris codna
bunebis ekonomikis Sesaxeb. ekologia swavlobs cocxali organizmebis yvela
rTul da CvenTvis jerjerobiT ucnob urTierTobebs, romlebsac is amyarebs
garemos organul da araorganul komponentebTan~. am TariRs ekologiis
`dabadebis dRis~ aRmniSvnel oficialur TariRad miiCneven. cxadia, 32 wlis
mecnieri maSin verc ki warmoidgenda, rom mas axali mecnierebis fuZemdeb­
lad aRiarebdnen.
Tumca, XX saukunemde mecnierebi ekologias mxolod zoologiis nawilad
ganixilavdnen. am periodis erT-erT enciklopediur leqsikonSi ekologias
ase ganmartaven: `ekologia zoologiis nawilia, romelic swavlobs cxovel­
Ta sacxovrebel garemos _ budeebs, soroebs, bunagebs da a.S. mas jer ar
miuRwevia ganviTarebis iseTi donisTvis, rom calke, damoukidebel mec­
nierebad Camoyalibdes. is jerjerobiT ar gamosula aRweris periodidan da
ar gaaCnia kvlevis gansazRvruli meTodebi. ekologia elis eqsperimentul
gamokvlevebsa da daskvnebs~.

214
 Tanamedrove ekologia aris fundamenturi sinTezuri samecniero dis­
ciplina, romelic exeba cocxali organizmebis cxovelqmedebis TiTqmis
yvela sferos. misi Seswavlis obieqtebs samsafexurian konstruqcias adare­
ben. konstruqciis pirvel safexurze cocxali organizmebis calkeuli in­
dividebia, meore safexurze _ populaciebi da Tanasazogadoeba, xolo mesa­
meze _ ekosistemebi.
ekosistema organizmTa Tanasazogadoebaa, Tavis saarsebo fizikur gare­
mosTan erTad. ekosistemis magaliTad dedamiwis garkveuli regionis tropi­
kuli tye gamogvadgeba, dasaxlebuli aTasobiT sxvadasxva saxeobis mcena­
reebiT, cxovelebiTa da mikrobebiT, romlebic erTmaneTTan milionobiT
sxvadasxva saxis kavSirs amyareben.

yvela bunebrivi ekosistema erTad qmnis dedamiwis cocxal garss _ bi­o­

sfe­ros, romelsac yvelaze did ekosistemas uwodeben.
aseT rTul da mravalmxriv urTierTobebSi gasarkvevad, idealur eko­
logs enciklopediuri ganaTleba unda hqondes. is erTnairad kargad unda
erkveodes mecnierebis mraval dargSi. man brwyinvaled unda icodes botani­
ka, zoologia, fizika, qimia, genetika, medicina, astronomia, geografia, ge­o­
logia. cxadia, aseTi adamianebi bunebaSi ar arseboben. amitom realuri eko­
logiuri problemebis gadawyveta mxolod sxvadasxva mecnierebis erTobli­vi
moRvaweobiTaa SesaZlebeli.

215
 ekologia swavlobs cocxali organizmebis saarsebo pirobebs,
maT urTierTqmedebas cocxal da aracocxal saarsebo garemos­
Tan. ekosistema organizmTa Tanasazogadoebaa, Tavis saarsebo
fi­zikur garemosTan erTad. Tanamedrove ekologia sinTezuri
samecniero disciplinaa, romelic exeba cocxali organizmebis
cxovelqmedebis TiTqmis yvela sferos.

1. daasaxele mecnierebebi, romlebic organizmebs sicocxlis

organizaciis sxvadasxva doneze Seiswavlian:

molekula ujredi qsovili organo organizmi

populacia Tanasazogadoeba ekosistema

2.
a. amoicani ilustraciaze mocemuli ekosistema;
b. daasaxele Tanasazogadoebis Semadgeneli populaciebi;

moifiqre, ra saxis urTierToba SeiZleba arsebobdes ekosiste­

maSi mcenaresa da cxovels Soris. daasaxele ramdenime magaliTi.

termini ekologia bolo dros Zalian moduri gaxda. mas xSirad

iyeneben politikosebi, sazogadoebrivi moZraobis aqtivistebi,
Jurnalistebi. samwuxarod, arcTu iSviaTad, moismenT aseT fra­
zas: `qalaqSi cudi ekologiaa~. Casvi ekologiis nacvlad am wina­
dadebaSi nebismieri sxva mecnierebis aRmniSvneli termini da im­
sjele aseTi da misi msgavsi frazebis marTebulobaze.

216
V ekologia
§33
ekologiuri faqtorebi
abioturi faqtorebi
klimati
sinaTle

cocxali organizmebis urTierToba garemosTan rTuli da mravalfe­

ro­vania. yovel maTganze erTdroulad garemos mravali piroba, komponenti
moqmedebs, rac gavlenas axdens maT arsebobaze. garemos elementebis zemo­
qmedebas organizmebi sxvadasxvagvari SeguebiTi reaqciebiT pasuxoben. gare­
mos komponentebis am did mravalferovnebas ekologiur faqtorebs uwode­
ben. maT or did jgufad _ abiotur da biotur faqtorebad yofen.
abioturi faqtorebi aracocxali bunebis yvela komponenti da movlenaa.
maT Soris mniSvnelovania klimaturi da reliefuri faqtorebi, aseve niada­
gis, wylisa da haeris qimiuri Sedgeniloba.
bioturi faqtorebi cocxal organizmebs Soris warmoqmnili yovelgvari
urTierTobebia. am urTierTobebiT organizmebi ara mxolod erTmaneTze,
ara­med aracocxal garemozec axdenen gavlenas. mecnierTa erTi nawili bio­
tur faqtorebs garemoze adamianis zemoqmedebasac miakuTvnebs. adamianis
saq­mianobis zegavlenam bunebaze anTropogenuli faqtoris saxelwodeba mi­
iRo.
ekologiur faqtorebs gansxvavebuli buneba aqvT. isini gansxvavebulad
moqmedeben organizmTa sxvadasxva funqciaze. Tumca, zogadad maTi zemoq­
medebiT movlenebi SesaZloa, ZiriTadad, Semdegi mimarTulebiT ganviTardes:
Tu garemos fiziko-qimiuri da klimaturi Taviseburebebi, aseve Tanasazoga­
doebis saxeobrivi Sedgeniloba ar pasuxobs ama Tu im saxeobis organizmebis
saarsebo moTxovnilebebs, maSin isini an: toveben mocemul teritorias;
mcir­deba maTi nayofiereba da izrdeba sikvdilianoba; uCndebaT garkveuli
adaptaciebi mocemuli garemosadmi.

klimaturi faqtorebi

klimati konkretuli regionisTvis damaxasiaTebeli amindis mraval­

wliani reJimia, romelsac ZiriTadad mzis gamosxiveba gansazRvravs. ekolo­
giuri sistemebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs wlis manZilze
mziani dReebis raodenobas, mzis wliur jamur gamosxivebas, haeris tempera­
turis saSualo wliur mniSvnelobas da mis sezonur meryeobas, temperatu­
ris minima­lur da maqsimalur mniSvnelobas, naleqebis raodenobas, haeris
tenianobas, qaris siZlieresa da mimarTulebas.
sinaTle erT-erTi yvelze mniSvnelovani ekologiuri faqtoria. is fo­

217
tosinTezs warmarTavs, fotosinTezis gareSe ki sicocxle dedamiwaze war­
moudgenelia _ es procesi uzrunvelyofs yvela cocxals sakvebiTa da Jang­
badiT.
mze kosmosSi asxivebs uzarmazari ra­­­ 10%
o­­denobis eleqtromagnitur talRebs. ga­
moTvlilia, rom Cvens planeta­ze aRwevs am
gamosxivebis mxolod ori me­­mi­liardedi 40%
nawili da am minimaluri ra­od ­ enobis mxo­ 50%
lod ≈ 0,2% gamoiyeneba mce­­­­­nareebis mier
organuli nivTierebe­bis Sesaqmnelad.
sinaTlis reJimi dedamiwaze Zalian
gansxvavebulia. is sxvadasxvagvaria tye­
Si, mindorSi, zRvis wylis zedapirze da mzis gamosxiveba
fskerze. sxvadasxva situaciaSi sinaTlis infrawiTeli gamosxiveba
maqsimalurad asaTviseblad da gamosaye­ xiluli sxivebi
neblad mcenareebs nairgvari Seguebu­ ultraisferi da rentgenis sxivebi
lobani gamoumuSavdaT. sinaTlisadmi da­­­
mo­kidebulebis mixedviT arseboben Crdilis, Crdilis amtani da sinaTlis
moyvaruli mcenareebi.
Crdilis mcenareebis sacxovrebeli garemo farTofoTlovani da wiwvo­
vani tyeebis Zlier daCrdiluli qveda iarusebia. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia
farTo, nazi, muqi mwvane feris foTlis firfitebi, romlebic moZrav grZel
yunwebze sxedan.

Crdilis mcenareebi

1 axseni, rogor exmareba foTlis es Tvisebebi mcenares, iarsebos sinaT­

lis deficitis pirobebSi?
sinaTlis moyvaruli mcenareebi Zalian cu­
dad an saerTod ver itanen sinaTlis naklebobas.
maT umravlesobas viwro, vertikalurad mdgari,
Sebus­vili foTlebi aqvs.
Crdilis amtani mcenareebi Tavs kargad grZno­
ben rogorc Zlieri, aseve susti ganaTebis piro­
bebSi.

sinaTlis moyvaruli
mcenare

218
 gansakuTrebuli Seguebulobebi ga­
moumuSavdaT sinaTlis mimarT zRvis
siRrmeSi mcxovreb wiTel wyalmcena­
reebs. wyalSi gavlisas sinaTlis speq­
tris wiTel da lurj nawils, romelsac
qlorofilis fotosinTezisTvis iye­
nebs mcenare, wylis fenebi STanTqaven.
rCeba mxolod mwvane sxivebi, romlebic
sustad STainTqmeba qlorofilis mier.
samagierod, mas wyalmcenareebis wi­
Teli pigmenti _ fikoeriTrini STanT­ zRvis wiTeli wyalmcenare
qavs. es saSualebas aZlevs mcenares, fotosinTezisTvis gamoiyenos mzis ener­
giis is nawili, romelic wyals `gadaurCa~.
cocxali organizmebisTvis mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto sinaTlis inten­
sivobasa da talRis sigrZes, aramed ganaTebis xangrZlivobasac.
dRis xangrZlivoba ekvatorze mudmivia da is daaxloebiT 12 saaTis to­
lia. sxva ganedebze ki, wlis sxvadasxva dros, 9 saaTidan 15 saaTamde icvleba.
aq binadari mcenareebisa da cxovelebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia gansakuTre­
buli reaqcia dRis xangrZlivobaze, romelsac fotoperiodizmi uwodes. es
organizmebi maTi cxovelqmedebis sxvadasxvagvar aqtivobebs wlis sxvada­sxva
dros uTanxmeben da amTxveven. magaliTad, mcenareebSi Teslis gaRiveba, aR­
moceneba da yvaviloba gazafxulze, grZeli dRis pirobebSi xdeba, nayofebi­
sa da Teslebis warmoqmna _ zafxulSi, kvirtebisa da Teslebis gadasvla
sve­­nebis mdgomareobaSi, foTolcvena Semodgomasa da zamTars emTxve­va, ro­
desac dRis xangrZlivoba naklebia.
sainteresoa, rogor aRiqvamen mcenareebi sinaTlisa da sibnelis monacv­
leobas?
mecnierebma aRmoaCines sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare fotoreceptori _
lurj-mwvane pigmenti fitoqromi, romelsac Zalian mcire raodenobiT Sei­
cavs mcenaris TiTqmis yvela nawili. es receptori or formaSi arsebobs.
erTi maTgani F660 STanTqavs wiTel sxivebs, xolo meore FF730 _ grZel wiTel
sxivebs. es ori forma erTmaneTSi Zalian swrafad gadadis. sinaTlis xilul
sxivSi wiTeli sxivebi bevrad sWarboben grZel wiTel sxivebs, amitom dRisiT
mcenareSi receptori F660 formiT arsebobs. es receptoris fiziologiurad
aqtiuri formaa, romelic stimuli­
rebs Teslis gaRivebas, foTlebis
gr

zrdas, qloroplastebis warmoqmnas.

bi

Ze xiv
ve

RamiT F660 fiziologiurad araaqti­

li eb
xi

ur FF730 formaSi gadadis.

is

wi i
l

Te

swored amitomaa, rom mcenaris

Te

li

ganviTarebisTvis umniSvnelovane­si
wi

pro­cesebi swored gazafxulze xde­ RamiT

ba, rodesac fotoreceptori ume­ F 660
F 730
tesad fiziologiurad aqtiur mdgo­
mareobaSi imyofeba. dRisiT

219
 erTi SexedviT, cxovelebi mcenareebis msgavsad, pirdapir ar arian da­
mokidebuli sinaTleze, Tumca, es faqtori udides rols TamaSobs maTi
cxovelqmedebisa da qcevebis regulaciaSi. bevri cxoveli Semodgomaze, zam­
Tris siciveebis dadgomamde bevrad adre
eZleva zamTris Zils an iseTi adgilebis­ken
migrirebs, sadac is sakvebiT iqneba uz­­run­
vel­yofili. Semodgomis mokle dRe maTTvis
zamTris momaswavebeli erTaderTi sa­i­medo
da myari signalia. vidre zamTris Zils mie­
cemian, cxovelebi gaZlierebulad ikvebe­
bian da sarezervo nivTierebebs igrove­
ben, romlebic maT SesaZleblobas aZlevT,
didxans gaZlon aseT mdgomare­obaSi. zogi­
frinvelebis migracia
erTi maTganis Zili ramdenime Tve grZel­
deba. rogorc wesi, cxo­ve­lebi zamTris Zils bunagebsa da soroebSi atareben,
sadac daculi arian tem­peraturis Zlieri cvlilebebisgan. zamTris Zilisas
mkveTradaa Semcirebuli metabolizmi, dabalia guliscemisa da sunTqvis six­
Sire. magaliTad, Trias guli normalurad wuTSi 400-jer scems, Zilisas ki
ο ο
mxolod 5-jer. mi­si sxeulis temperatura 30 C-dan 6 C-mde ecema. mecniereb­
ma cxovelebis tv­insa da sisxlSi aRmoaCines peptidi, romelic, rogorc Cans,
zamTris Zils aregulirebs.
sinaTlezea damokidebuli aseve dRe-Ramuri Zil-RviZilis ciklic. Segim­
Cnevia albaT, rom gazafxulze, rogorc wesi, adre geRviZeba, xolo zamTarSi
diliT adre adgoma giWirs.
2 daasaxele hormoni, romelic Zil-RviZilis procesebs aregulirebs.
aRmoCnda, rom praqtikulad yvela procesi cocxal organizmebSi gar­
kveuli ritmulobiT anu dRe-Ramuri periodulobiT mimdinareobs; yovel
cocxal organizms aqvs unari, dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi gazomos dro _ ro­
gorc amboben, mas biologiuri saaTi gaaCnia.
magaliTad, adamianSi 100-mde aseT ritmul process iTvlian, romlebic
erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad moqmedeben. am procesebis darRveva iwvevs mdgo­
mareobas, romelic desinqrozis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. desinqrozi ada­
mianSi advilad SesamCnevia, rodesac is TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobisas de­
damiwis ramdenime sartyels icvlis. Zil-RviZilis ritmis darRveva iwvevs
ara mxolod uZilobas, aramed seriozul cvlilebebs gul-sisxlZarRvTa,
sasunTqi da saWmlis momnelebeli sistemebis moqmedebaSi.
biologiuri ritmebis Seswavlas didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. maga­
li­­Tad, ganaTebis xelovnuri regulaciiT SesaZloa, miRweul iqnas mcenareTa
masiuri yvaviloba an cxovelTa nayofierebis gazrda. nebismieri medikamenti
an toqsini gansxvavebulad moqmedebs organizmze dRis sxvadasxva monakveT­
Si. es jer kidev Zvel CineTSi icodnen. isini acxadebdnen, rom yoveli organos­
Tvis arsebobs `janmrTelobisa da daavadebis~ saaTebi da am princips iTva­
liswinebdnen medicinaSi, sxvadasxva daavadebis mkurnalobis dros. mwerebis
`daavadebis saaTis~ gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa, ise vebrZoloT maT inseqti­
cidebis minimaluri raodenobiT, rom naklebad davabinZuroT garemo.

220
garemos komponentebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen cocxali or­
ganizmebis arsebobaze, ekologiuri faqtorebi ewodeba. abiotur
faqtorebs aracocxali bunebis yvela komponenti miekuTvneba.
bioturi faqtorebi cocxal organizmebs Soris warmoqmnili ur­
TierTobebia. sinaTle erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani abioturi
faqtoria, vinaidan masze pirdapir aris damokidebuli fotosin­
Tezis procesi. sinaTlisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT, arse­
boben Crdilis, Crdilis amtani da sinaTlis mcenareebi. sinaTle
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs cxovelTa qcevebisa da cxovelqme­
debis regulaciaSi. cocxali organizmebis damaxasiaTebel spe­
cifikur reaqciebs dRis xangrZlivobaze fotoperiodizmi ewo­
deba.

ekologebi mTeli wlis manZilze zomavdnen tyeSi sinaTlis im ra­

odenobas, romelic balaxovan da xe-mcenareebamde aRwevda. dak­
virvebis Sedegebi maT mrudis saxiT warmoadgines.
sinaTlis intensivoba

B
Tveebi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

a. wlis romel periodebs emTxveva orive jgufis mcenareebamde

miRweuli sinaTlis daaxloebiT erTnairi raodenoba?
b. wlis romel periodSi gansxvavdebian mkveTrad es maCveneblebi?
g. wlis am periodSi romeli jgufis mcenareebamde ver aRwevs
sinaTle da romeli naTdeba intensiurad?
d. romeli mrudi ekuTvnis balaxovans da romeli _ xe-mcenareebs?
e. rogor fiqrob, romel tyeSi atarebdnen kvlevas ekologebi _
farTofoTlovan foTolcveniaSi, wiwvovansa Tu tropikulSi?

1. sinaTlisadmi rogori damokidebuleba gaaCnia farTofoTlo­

van tyeSi adre gazafxulze moyvavile mcenareebsa da tund­
ris mcenareebs? daasaxele sinaTlisadmi msgavsi damokidebu­
lebis mqone sxva biomis mcenareebi.

221
 2. heliofiti gakveTilis teqstSi ganxiluli erT-erTi jgufis
mcenareebis aRmniSvneli terminia. ganmarte es termini.
3. gaixsene, ras uwodeben sinaTliT gamowveul tropizms da raSi
mdgomareobs es fenomeni.
4. ra warmoadgens fototropizmis qimiur safuZvels?
5. daasaxele Tavis tvinis struqtura, romelic cxovelebSi zam­
T­ris Zilsa da sezonur gamravlebas aregulirebs.
6. ra damokidebuleba aqvT sinaTlesTan ilustraciaze warmod­
genil organizmebs?

planaria evglena

Wiayela futkari

sinaTlisadmi mcenareTa damokidebulebis gamomxatveli romeli

klasifikacia migaCnia ufro marTebulad? argumentebiT daasabu­
Te Seni mosazreba.

A B

mcenareebi mcenareebi

Crdilis sinaTlis Crdilis Crdilis sinaTlis

Crdilis
amtani moyvaruli moyvaruli amtani moyvaruli

1. rogor fiqrob, romel nivTierebas gadaecema mcenareul uj­

red­Si fitoqromis signali sinaTlisa da sibnelis monacvleo­
bis Sesaxeb?
2. ratom iqca zamTris momaswavebel utyuar signalad mcenaree­
bisa da cxovelebisTvis dRis xangrZlivoba? ratom ar endo­
bian isini sxva abiotur faqtorebs, magaliTad, Semodgomis
dReebis dabal temperaturas?
3. simsivnuri daavadebebis mkurnalobisas, eqimebi ukve adamianis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovan biologiur ritmul process iTvalis­
wineben, romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs simsivnis warmoqmnis
procesSi.

222
rogor fiqrob:
a. romeli procesia es?
b. romeli meTodiT SeiZleba daakvirdnen am ritmuli procesis
sxvadasxva fazebs?
g. rogori moqmedebis medikamentebi SeiZleba Seiyvano avadmyo­
fis organizmSi sxvadasxva fazebis dros?

mecnierebas, romelic biologiur ritmebs swavlobs, bioritmo­

logia ewodeba. bioritmologiis fuZemdeblad karl lines miiC­
neven. man detalurad Seiswavla sxvadasxva mcenareebis yvavilebis
gaSlis dro da gamokvlevebis Sedegebi specialur naSromSi `yva­
vilebis Zili~ gamoaqveyna. am monacemebis safuZvelze, man namdvi­
li yvavilebis saaTi Seqmna SvedeTis qalaq ufsalaSi. saaTis ci­
ferblati seqtorebisgan Sedgeboda. TiToeul seqtorSi line
mxo­lod im mcenares rgavda, romelic konkretul dros Slida
yvavils. saaTi muSaobas dilis 5 saaTze iwyebda, rodesac pirvel
seqtorSi yvavilebi iSleboda. mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi saaTi Se­
ucdomlad muSaobda, yovel saaTs yvavils momdevno seqtoris
mce­nare Slida. aseT yvavilebis saaTs mogvianebiT evropis sxva
qalaqebSic SexvdebodiT.

ekologiuri Tanasazogadoeba _ ecological community

abioturi faqtorebi _ Uabiotic factors

223
V ekologia
§34
abioturi faqtorebi
temperatura
wyali

temperatura

temperatura Zalian mniSvnelovani abioturi faqtoria, radgan maszea

damokidebuli ujredebSi mimdinare yvela qimiuri reaqciis mimdinareoba.
garkveul farglebSi temperaturis yoveli 10ºC-iT momatebisas reaqciis
siCqare ormagdeba. magram Tu ujredis temperatura Zlier gaizarda, fer­
mentebi denaturacias iwyebs da metabolizmi ujredSi Cerdeba, xolo Tu
ujredis temperatura Zlier qvemoT daeca, masSi yinulis kristalebi Cnde­
ba, romelic organoidebs azianebs da ujredi iRupeba.
siTbos mTavar wyaros dedamiwaze mzis energia warmoadgens da is ara­Ta­
nabradaa gadanawilebuli Cvens planetaze. magram, miuxedavad amisa, sicocx­
le SesaZlebelia iseT adgilebSic, sadac garemos temperatura -40-50ºC-ia.
arseboben organizmebi, romlebic ufro eqstremalur pirobebSic cxovro­
ben. magaliTad, italiis cxel wylebSi cxovrobs ameba, romelic 54ºC-zec
kargad grZnobs TAavs, zogierTi cianobaqteria ki 80ºC temperaturas itans.
es mxolod imitomaa SesaZlebeli, rom yovel organizms sacxovrebeli gare­
mos temperaturis mimarT specifikuri Seguebulobani gaaCnia. magaliTad,
CrdiloeTis ganedebSi mcxovreb erTwlian mcenareebs civi zamTris peri­
odi yinvagamZle sporebis, Teslebis an miwisqveSa nawilebis mdgo­mareobaSi
gadaaqvT.
cxel garemoSi mcxovreb mcenareebs
didi zedapiris mqone foTlebi aqvT, rom­
lebic uamrav bageebs Seicaven. isini didi
raodenobiT wyals aorTqleben da mcenare
grildeba. zogi mcenaris zedapiri priala
cviliT aris dafaruli, romelic sarke­
saviT ireklavs mzis sxivebs da foTols
gadaxurebisgan icavs.
eqtoTermuli cxovelebi mTlianad
ari­­an damokidebulni garemos temperatu­
ra­ze. temperaturis mkveTr cvlilebebs
cxeli klimatis mcenare
isi­ni morfologiuri da fiziologiuri
adap­­taciebiT umklavdebian. zogjer, mweri sxeulis Seferilobis SecvliT
are­gulirebs STanTqmuli siTbos raodenobas. Tu sxeulis temperatura
Zli­er gaizarda, mweris kutikula Ria fers Rebulobs, bacdeba da siTbos

224
STanTqma mcirdeba. udabnos erT-erTi kalia gasaTbobad mzis sxivis perpen­
dikularulad dgeba, gaTbobis Semdeg ki pozas icvlis. Tu temperaturam
400C-s gadaaWarba, is miwas scildeba da mcenareebze gadainacvlebs, sadac
temperatura gacilebiT dabalia.
zogi mweri -400C-ian yinvas uZlebs, radgan sxeulSi glicerols igrovebs,
romelic antifriziviT moqmedebs da ujredebSi
yinulis kristalebi aRar warmoiqmneba. endoTer­mu­
li cxovelebi naklebad arian damokidebulni ga­
remos temperaturaze. siciveSi sxeulis mudmivi
tem­peraturis SenarCunebaSi maT xels uwyobs xSiri
bewvisa da bumbulis safari, kanqveSa cximi. udab­
nos mcire zomis zogi cxoveli Zlier sicxeSi Tavs
soroebs afarebs, sadac SedarebiT xelsayreli mik­
roklimatia, zogi maTgani zafxulis Zils eZleva.
udabnos Tagvi

wyali

wyali sicocxlis arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa dedamiwaze, radgan yve­

la sasicocxlod aucilebeli qimiuri procesi ujredSi wylian garemo­Si
warimarTeba. amitomaa, rom cocxali organizmebis gavrceleba da maTi da­
saxlebis simWidrove dedamiwaze pirdapir aris damokidebuli naleqebis ra­
odenobaze. yvelaze meti naleqi ekvatorul zonaSi modis, gansakuTrebiT ki
_ amazonis zeda welSi. naleqebis raodenoba aq 12 000 mm/w. Tu mas tundraSi
an udabnoSi mosuli naleqebis raodenobas Seadareb _ saSualod 250 mm/w.,
warmoidgen, rogori gansxvavebuli unda iyos aq mcxovrebi organizmebis
cxovrebis niri. mniSvnelovania ara mxolod naleqebis raodenoba, aramed
misi formac _ Tovlia is, TovlWyapi, wvima, setyva, nisli, cvari Tu rTvili.
magaliTad, aSS-is dasavleT sanapiroze naleqs umetesad nislis forma aqvs,
xolo udabnoSi _ cvaris. mniSvneloba aqvs aseve naleqebis xangrZlivobas.
ma­galiTad, mcenarisTvis ufro fasobs da sasargebloa xangrZlivi da neli
wvima, romelic Tanabrad namavs da atenianebs niadags, vidre ucbad movard­
nili, xanmokle kokispiruli wvima, romelic recxavs da azianebs mas.

udabnos cvari nisli san-franciskoSi

225
 wyalTan damokidebulebis mixedviT, mcenareebs hidrofitebad, mezo­fi­
te­bad da qserofitebad yofen.
hidrofitebi wyliT ganebivrebuli mce­
nareebi arian. umetesoba maTganisTvis wyali
ara mxolod ekologiuri faqtori, aramed
saarsebo garemocaa. wyalSi mTeli sxeuliT
arian Cayursu­lebi wyalmcenareebi da zogi­
erTi yva­vi­lovani mcenare. blanti da mkvri­
vi wya­li am yvavilovani mcenareebis sakmao
didi zomis Rerosa da foTlebis efeq­tur
sayrdens warmoadgens.
1 daasaxele SenTvis cnobili hidro­ wylis mcenare
fitebi.
mezofitebi (mezo _ saSualo) im mcenareebis yvelaze didi ekologiuri
jgufia, romlebic wylis deficitisadmi saSualo gamZleobiT gamoirCevi­
an. am jgufSi gaerTianebuli arian mdelosa da tyis balaxovani mcenareebi,
gvimrebi da TiTqmis yvela farTofoTlovani xe-mcenare.
qserofitebi (qsero _ mSrali) wylis ukiduresi deficitis pirobebSi
mcxovrebi mcenareebia. maT mravali iseTi morfologiuri da fiziologiuri
adaptacia gaaCniaT, romliTac isini, erTi mxriv, kargad moipoveben wyals
da, meore mxriv, efeqturad da ekonomiurad xarjaven mas.
qserofitebSi sukulentebsa da sklerofitebs
gamoyofen.
sukulentebs (sukulentes _ wvniani) wvniani,
msxvi­li Rero an foTlebi aqvT, sadac isini wyals
ig­roveben. sukulents, romelic ReroSi igrovebs
wyals, foTlebi eklad an qerqlad aqvs gadaqceuli.
aseTi sukulentia kaqtusi, romelic ReroSi dagro­
vebul wyals Zlieri gvalvebisas ekonomiurad xar­
javs.
foTlebSi imaragebs wyals aloe, sedumi da brio­
sedumi
filumi.
sukulentebis erT-erTi niSani epidermisis na­o­
WebSi CaZiruli da damaluli bageebia. es mcenareebi
xSirad fermrkTalebi arian. am iers maT epidermi­
sis xSiri gamonazardebi aniWebs. aseTi `qurqi~ tens
akavebs _ qmnis teniani haeris uZrav fenas da amiT
am­cirebs transpiracias.
zogierTi sukulenti aorTqlebis Sesamcireb­
lad bageebs dRisiT xuravs da RamiT xsnis.
briofilumi
sainteresoa, rogorRa awarmoebs is fotosin­
Tezs daxuruli bageebiT?
saqme isaa, rom RamiT bageebiT Sesuli CO2 ujredSi organul mJavas war­
moqmnis. is dRisiT qimiuri gardaqmnebis gziT ujredSi isev CO2-s aTavisuf­
lebs, romelic fotosinTezis procesSi erTveba.

226
 sklerofitebi (skleros _ magari) garegnulad sukulentebis antipode­
bi arian. maTi tyaviseburi, magari, mSrali Rero da foTlebi ar Seicavs wylis
marags. sqeli kutikula maT foTlebsa da Reroze efeqturad ewinaaRmdege­
ba wylis aorTqlebas. sklerofitebs miekuTvneba saqsauli, zeTisxilis xe.
sklerofitebs aqvT unari, dakargon ujredSi arsebuli wylis 25% ise, rom
metabolizmi ar daerRveT. aseTi unari mRierebsac aqvT. Zlier gvalvebSi
isini Zalian didi raodenobiT kargaven wyals da ifSvnebian, TiTqos kvdebi­
an. magram wvimis Semdeg swrafad inazRaureben wylis danakargs da Tvalsa da
xels Sua cocxldebian.

zeTisxilis xe mRiera
zogierTi qserofiti deficituri wylis mopovebas Zalian grZeli fesve­
biT axerxebs, romelic gruntis wylebamde aRwevs. aseTi fesvebi gaaCnia aka­
cias, oleandrs.
qserofitebis msgavsad, mravalferovani adaptaciebi wylis deficitis
mimarT, gvalvian da mSral garemoSi mcxovrebi cxovelebisTvisacaa damaxa­
siaTebeli: mwerebis sasunTqi xvrelebi cxel dReebSi sarqvelebiT ixureba;
aqlems mcire raodenobiT saofle jirkvali da Zalian grZeli helnes maryu­
Ji aqvs; udabnos bayayi wyals specializebul Sardis buStSi igrovebs; udab­
nos Tagvi cxims imaragebs, romelic endogenuri wylis warmoqmnas xmardeba.
2 ganmarte, ras niSnavs endogenuri wyali da rogor warmoiqmneba is?
namibiaSi erT-erTi gekoni udabnos dilis cvars TvalebSi igrovebs da
grZeli enis moxerxebuli moZraobiT lokavs mas.
saocaria am cxovelebis qceviTi Seguebulobanic. yvelaze didi raode­

udabnos bayayi namibiis gekoni

nobiT wyali dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi spilos sWirdeba _ daaxloebiT 90 l.
amave dros, normaluri cxovelqmedebisTvis wyali man yoveldRe unda dali­
os. albaT, swored amitom, wyalsatevs spiloebi 5 km. manZilze grZnoben. maT

227
cxovelebs Soris saukeTeso `hidrogeologebs~ uwodeben. gvalvis periodSi
spiloebi damSrali mdinareebis fskerze SuanebiT Rrmulebs Txrian, sadac
wyali grovdeba. kameCebi, martorqebi da sxva cxovelebi spilos mier gaTxri­
li `WebiT~ sargebloben. ukana fexebiT Txrian Was daaxloebiT 1 m. siRrme­
ze kenguruebic. wyurvilis dasakmayofileblad gienebi xandaxan nesvsa da
sazam­Tros Wamen, kenguru xeebs qerqs aclis da xis wvens lokavs.

temperatura mniSvnelovani abioturi faqtoria, radgan maszea

damokidebuli ujredSi metabolizmis mimdinareoba. ZAalian da­
bal temperaturaze ujredSi yinulis kristalebi Cndeba da uj­
redi iRupeba. maRal temperaturaze fermentebi denaturirde­ba
da metabolizmi Cerdeba. cocxal organizmebs mravalgvari mor­
fologiuri da fiziologiuri Seguebulobani gaaCniaT am faq­
toris mimarT. wyali sicocxlis arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa,
radgan qimiuri gardaqmnebi ujredSi mxolod wylian garemoSi
mimdinareobs. wyalTan damokidebulebis mixedviT mcenareebs hi­
drofitebad, mezofitebad da qserofitebad yofen.

1. Zalian martivi proceduriT, Sen SegiZlia daakvirde bagee­

bis ganlagebasa da raodenobas qserofitebis, mezofitebisa
da hidrofitebis foTlebze. SearCie am jgufis mcenareebis
sami warmomadgeneli. daitane maTi foTlebis qveda zeda­
pirze funjiT frCxilis laqis Zalian Txeli fena. daayovne
mcire xans, vidre laqi ar gaSreba. Zalian frTxilad, patara
pin­cetiT aacale foTols mSrali laqi. mas Tan mihyveba foT­
lis epidermisi. moaTavse epidermisiani laqi sasagne minaze da
daaTvaliere misi sxvadasxva ubani. Seadgine cxrili. daiTvale
mxedvelobis are­Si bageebis raodenoba da Seitane cxrilis Se­
sabamis grafaSi. gamoTvale qveda epidermisze bageebis saSu­
alo raodenoba. igive procedura Caatare zeda epidermis­ze.
monacemebi Seitane cxrilSi.
a. gansxvavdeba Tu ara bageebis saerTo raodenobiT mcenareTa
es sami jgufi?
b. aris Tu ara gansxvaveba bageebis gadanawilebaSi foTlis zeda
da qveda zedapirze?
g. rogor exmareba bageebis ganlageba am mcenareebs, iarsebon wy­
lis reJimis aseT pirobebSi?

2.
a. daajgufe Sen garSemo arsebuli mcenareebi hidrofitebad,
mezofitebad da qserofitebad.
b. romeli niSnebiT amoicnob am mcenareebs?
g. gamoTvale procentulad, romeli jgufis mcenareebs Sexvde­
bi ufro xSirad?

228
d. xelovnurad moSenebul mcenareebs Soris skverebSi da parkeb­
Si, romeli jgufis mcenareebi Segxvda ufro xSirad? saWiroe­
ben isini gansakuTrebul zrunvas?

1. davuSvaT, Sen SeiZine mcenare ise, rom araferi gsmenia misi

warmoSobisa da bunebrivi garemo pirobebis Sesaxeb. rogor
SeurCev mas oTaxSi adgils, morwyvisa da kvebis pirobebs mxo­
lod garegnuli morfologiuri niSnebiT?
2. udabnoSi mcxovreb qvewarmavlebs SuadRis saaTebSi sunTqva
uxSirdebaT. romel abiotur faqtorTan Seguebaa es faqti?
3. cnobilia, rom udabnos frinvelebi ufro warmatebulad nadi­
roben xvlikebze dilis saaTebSi. rogor axsni am faqts?
4. mcenareTa da cxovelTa kutikulas gansxvavebuli qimiuri
Sedgeniloba aqvs. udabnoSi, wylis deficitian garemoSi
mcxovrebi mcenareebisa da mwerebis kutikula didi raodeno­
biT cvils Seicavs. axseni es faqti.

1. axseni, ratom ver uZleben erTwliani mcenareebi, magaliTad,

lobio an simindi, zamTris dabal temperaturas maSin, rode­
sac maTi Teslebi amas mSvenivrad axerxeben.

2. ilustraciaze mcenare Ammoph- 1

ila-s foTlis Wrilia. es mcenare,
romelsac qviSis lerwams uwo­
deben, qviSis diunebis binadaria,
sadac wylis deficitia da xSi­
2
rad cxeli qari qris. am pirobebis
mimarT mas adaptacia gauCnda. mi­
si foToli xan ixveva da xan isev
iSleba. ilustraciaze foToli da­
xveul mdgomareobaSia. da­a­kvir­di
3
foTlis agebulebas da mo­ifiqre,
ratom da rodis ixveva fo­Toli? 1. epidermisis gamonazardebi;
2. Txelkaniani, ukutikulo,
zeda epidermisis ujredebi,
maTSi CarTuli bageebiT;
3. cviliT dafaruli, sqeli,
qveda epidermisi.

3. wyalTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, romel jgufs mia­

kuTvneb mcenares, romelsac aqvs Txeli kutikula, bevri bagis
xvreli, romelic umetesad Riaa, meqanikuri qsovilebis mcire
raodenoba, sahaero saknebi foTolSi, mcire zomis susti fesvi.

229
V ekologia
§35
abioturi faqtorebi
niadagi

niadagi bioturi da abioturi faqtorebis damakavSirebeli rgolia. mas­

Tan mravali organizmis sicocxlea dakavSirebuli. es saocari samyaroa, sa­
dac erTmaneTTan Tanacxovrobs uamravi mikroskopuli, mcire da sakmaod
didi zomis cxoveli. is daqselilia mcenareTa mravalricxovani fesvebiT,
romelTaTvis niadagi sayrdenicaa da sakvebi arec. aq mcxovrebi organizmebis
sicocxle damokidebulia niadagis meqanikur da qimiur Sedgenilobaze, mis
sifxviereze, wylis gamtarobaze, aeraciaze.
niadagi oTxi ZiriTadi komponentisgan Sedgeba.

25%
50%
niadagis Sedgeniloba
15% mineraluri komponenti

wyali

haeri

15% organuli nivTiereba

niadagis mineralur komponents qanis sxvadasxva zomis nawilakebi war­

moadgens, patara zomis qvebidan Tixis CaTvliT.

meqanikuri elementebi nawilakebis diametri

(mm)

qvebi
mineraluri komponenti; >3

msxvili qviSa 1 - 0,5

saSualo qviSa 0,5 - 0,25

wvrili qviSa 0,25 - 0,05

lami 0,05 - 0,002

Tixa < 0,002

230
 meqanikuri komponentebis sxvadasxva procentuli Semcveloba gansxvave­
buli Tvisebebis niadags warmoqmnis. cxrilSi mocemulia qviSnari da Tixnari
niadagis Tvisebebi.

Tvisebebi qviSnari niadagi Tixnari niadagi

nazi,
mineraluri komponenti; nawilakebis zoma < 0,002 mm.
nestian mdgomareobaSi
struqtura uxeSi, warmoq­mnis webvad masas,
nawilakebis zoma > 0,06 mm. romelic gamoSrobis
Semdeg Zlier magrdeba
da skdeba.
didi zomis forebi. forebi patara zomisaa.
forianoba kargi aeracia. cudi aeracia.

wylis Sekavebis unari cudad ikavebs wyals. kargad ikavebs wyals.

Tbilia, rac ganpirobebulia civia, rac ganpirobebulia

temperatura wylis mcire SemcvelobiT. wylis didi raodenobiT
SemcvelobiYT.

dabali. cudad ikavebs maRali. kargad ikavebs

sakveb nivTierebaTa nivTierebebs. nivTierebebs. advilad ar
Semcveloba advilad gamoirecxeba. gamoirecxeba.

niadagis organuli nivTierebebi, romelsac humuss uwodeben, warmoiqm­

neba organizmebis, maTi eqskrementebisa da fekaliebis gaxrwnis Sedegad. hu­
muss Zalian rTuli qimiuri struqtura aqvs. is aumjobesebs niadagis struq­
turas, zrdis mis aeraciasa da wylis Sekavebis unars.
humusis warmosaqmnelad niadagis kargi aeraciaa saWiro. Jangbadis nak­
lebobisas, magaliTad, maSin, rodesac Warbi wyali mTlianad gamodevnis
haers niadagidan, aerobuli lpobis baqteriebi efeqturad veRar moqmede­
ben. cxovelebisa da mcenareebis gauxrwneli nawilebi iwnexeba da torfi war­
moiqmneba.
humusis warmoqmnis paralelurad, misi mineralizacia mimdinareobs, mis
organul nivTierebebSi Semavali naxSirbadi COO2-is saxiT Tavisufldeba,
azo­ti amoniumis ionSi gadadis (NH4+), fosfori _ fosfatis ionSi (HPO43-),
xolo gogirdi _ sulfatis ionSi (SO42-).
haeri niadagis nawilakebs Soris _ forebSi ikavebs adgils. atmosferosa
da niadagis haers Soris airTa mimocvla Tavisuflad xdeba da amitom maT
TiTqmis erTnairi Sedgeniloba aqvT. Tumca, niadagis haerSi odnav meti nax­
SirorJangia da naklebi Jangbadi.
1 axseni, ratom?
Tu Warbma wyalma Jangbadi gamodevna niadagidan, niadagSi anaerobuli pi­
robebi iqmneba. anaerobuli baqteriebi ganagrZoben naxSirorJangis gamoyo­
fas da niadagi TandaTan mJaviandeba.

231
 wyali niadagSi sam mdgomareobaSi arsebobs.
higroskopuli wyali wyalbaduri bmebiT Txeli apkis saxiT ekvris garSemo
niadagis yvelaze patara nawilebs. higroskopuli wyali yvelaze mSral niada­
gebSic ki gvxvdeba. is niadagis yvelaze wvril forebSi iwyebs dagrovebas da
kapilarul wyals warmoqmnis. man gruntis wylebidan niadagis zedapiramdec
ki SeiZleba miaRwios.

wyali niadagSi
1. niadagis nawilaki;
2. higroskopuli wyali;
3. haeri;
3 4. kapilaruli wyali;
5. gravitaciuli wyali.

5
4

2 ra Zala akavebs wyals kapilarebSi?

higroskopuli wylisgan gansxvavebiT, kapilaruli wyali Zalian swrafad
orTqldeba. SedarebiT didi zomis forebs, e.w. gravitaciuli wyali avsebs,
romelic Tavisuflad moZraobs niadagis msxvil struqturebs Soris da qve­
moT iJoneba. es wyali niadagidan sxvadasxva nivTierebebis gamorecxvasa da
mis gaRaribebas iwvevs.
niadagis fizikur da qimiur maxasiaTeblebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs
masSi mobinadre organizmebisTvis. magaliTad, mwerebisTvis, romlebic kver­
cxebs niadagSi deben, mniSvnelovania, rom niadagi fxvieri iyos. Wiayelac
sacxovreblad fxvier niadags irCevs, Tumca, moZraobiT da kvebiT TviTonac
uwyobs xels niadagis gafxvierebas.
niadagis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli misi mJavianobaa. Zalian
dabali pH niadagis nakleb nayofierebaze miuTiTebs, radgan mJava niadagi
kaTionebs ver akavebs.
3 CamoTvale mcenarisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani kaTionebi.
arseboben mcenareebi, romlebic mSvenivrad grZnoben Tavs mJava niada­
gebSi. aseTebia, magaliTad, torfisa da zogierTi sxva saxeobis xavsebi, Svi­
ta, mocvi, rododendroni, kamelia, azalia.
stepebis, naxevarudabnoebisa da udabnoebis mcenareebs tute niadage­bi
moswonT. neitralur pH-ze cxovrebas arian Seguebuli kulturuli mce­na­
reebis umetesoba, magaliTad, kakali. indiferentulia pH-is mimarT da Se­uZ­­lia
da­saxldes rogorc mJava, ise tute da neitralur niadagebze tyis SroSana.
sxvadasxvagvari pretenziebi gaaCniaT mcenareebs niadagis nayofierebis
mi­marTac.

232
 am mxriv Zalian upretenzioa fiWvi. is Rarib, unayofo niadagebze xarobs.
misi sruli antipodia muxa, romelic mxolod Zalian nayofier niadagze izr­
deba.
farTofoTlovani tyis mcenareebi zomierebi arian moTxovnilebebSi da
saSualo nayofierebis niadagebze xaroben.

xanZari

rac ar unda gasaocrad JRer­

des, xanZari sxvadasxva ekosiste­mis
klimatis nawilia, ro­mel­sac didi
mniSvneloba aqvs am sis­te­mis regu­
laciaSi.
zogjer xanZari aucilebeli
faqtoria ama Tu im mcenaris sasi­
cocxlo ciklisTvis. magali­Tad,
aSS-is samxreTSi fiWvis tye­­­­e­­bi pe­
rioduli xanZris wya­lo­­­bi­­­­Taa Se­­
narCunebuli. am tye­eb­­Si fiW­vis
zogierTi saxeoba gir­­Cebs mxolod
xanZrisas, maRal tem­pe­raturaze
xsnis. xanZris Sem­­­­­deg maTi Teslebi
ukeT izrdeba, radgan konkurenti saxeobis mcenareebi da ma­Ti Teslebi xan­Zars
ver uZleben da iRupebian.
kaliforniis samxreTiT, sadac xSiria xanZari, mcenareebi sakvebs xan­
ZargamZle fesvebSi imarageben. xanZris Semdeg fesvebidan axali ylortebi
viTardeba, romlebic Teslidan aRmocenebul ylortTan SedarebiT, Zliere­
bi arian da ukeT viTardebian.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania xanZris maregulirebeli roli savanaSi,
sadac perioduli xanZari xels uSlis udabnos buCqebis SemoWras savanis te­
ritoriaze.

niadagSi mcxovrebi organizmebmis sicocxle damokidebulia nia­da­­

gis fizikur da qimiur Sedgenilobaze, mis sifxviereze, wylis, ha­
eris, mineraluri da organuli nivTierebebis Semcvelobaze, pH-ze.
perioduli xanZari sxvadasxva ekosistemis klimatis nawilia, ro­
mel­sac didi mniSvneloba aqvs am sistemis regulaciaSi.

niadagis fizikur da qimiur Sedgenilobas gadamwyveti mniSvnelo­

ba aqvs misi nayofierebisTvis. Tu gsurs, gamoikvlio Seni baRis,
soflad miwis nakveTis an im niadagis Tvisebebi, romelic oTaxis
yvavilebisTvis SeiZine, ramdenime eqsperiments gTavazobT.

233
 1. niadagis feri sakmao informaciis Semcvelia.
niCabiT aiRe niadagis zeda, daaxloebiT 10 sm. sisqis fena da
sinaTleze dakvirdi mis fers.

feri
niadagis
Tvisebebi
muqi saSualod muqi baci
mineraluri komponenti;
organul
nivTierebaTa maRali saSualo dabali
Semcveloba

azotis Semcveloba maRali saSualo dabali

aeracia maRali saSualo dabali

nayofiereba maRali saSualo dabali

axseni:
a. ratom aris dakavSirebuli organuli nivTierebebis maRali
Semcveloba niadagis nayofierebasTan, mcenareebi xom organu­
li nivTierebebiT ar ikvebebian?
b. ratom aRmoCnda cxrilSi mxolod azoti, sxva qimiur elemen­
tebsac xom didi mniSvneloba aqvs mcenarisTvis? ratom ga­
keTda aqcenti mxolod masze?
g. rogor zrdis aeracia niadagis nayofierebas?
d. ratom aris aucilebeli, rom niadagis fers sinaTleze daak­
virde?
2. meqanikuri komponentebis Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT, niada­
gebs sam ZiriTad kategoriad yofen _ qviSnar, Tixnar da la­
mian niadagebad. maTSi am komponentebis saSualo gadanawile­
bas diagrama giCvenebs.

10% 15% 20%

10% 15%
40%

80% 70% 40%

qviSiani niadagi Tixiani niadagi lamiani niadagi

qviSa Tixa lami

234
advilad gaarkvev, romel jgufs miekuTvneba Seni niadagi, Tu
mas muWSi moiqcev da xels magrad mouWer. qviSiani niadagi muWis
gaxsnis Semdeg TiTebs Soris ifanteba; lamiani niadagi advilad
Seikvreba koStad, romelic adviladve iSleba; Tu niadagi Tixi­
ania, koStis warmoqmnisTvis meti Zala dagWirdeba, Tumca, koSti
advilad aRar daiSleba.
ufro zustad niadagis meqanikur Sedgenilobas aseTi procedu­
riT gamoikvlev:
awone 100 gr. niadagi, kargad dafSveni da kolbaSi moaTavse. daas­
xi 200 ml. wyali, kolbas saxuravi daaxure da narevi kargad an­
jRrie 3 wT-is ganmavlobaSi ise, rom niadagis nawilakebi kargad
Seerios wyals da erTgvarovani suspenzia warmoiqmnas. suspenzia
danayofebian qimiur WiqaSi gadaitane. 5 wT. sruliad sakmarisia
imisTvis, rom qviSa fskerze daileqos.
frTxilad, ise, rom suspenzia ar SeinjRres, moniSne Wiqaze is
danayofi, romelic qviSis fenas aRniSnavs. Caiwere, ra moculoba
daikava qviSam WiqaSi.
daayovne 1 sT. am drois ganmavlobaSi qviSis fenis zemoT lamis
fena warmoiqmneba. frTxilad gaakeTe Wiqaze Sesabamisi aRniSvna
da Caiwere lamis moculoba. 24 sT-is Semdeg lamis zemoT Tixis
mRvrie fenas SeniSnav, romelic gamoyofili iqneba mis zemoT mde­
bare wylis fenisgan. aRniSne Wiqaze da Caiwere lamis moculoba.

24 sT
1 sT
5 wT 5 wT

a. monacemebis mixedviT aage diagrama.

b. Seadare Seni diagramis monacemebi Tixiani, qviSiani da lamiani
niadagebis diagramebs da gansazRvre Seni niadagis tipi. gaiT­
valiswine, rom diagramebi niadagebis saSualo monacemebis mi­
xed­viT aris agebuli.
g. Seni diagramis mixedviT imsjele. Sen mier gamokvleul ni­a­dag­
Si sakvebi nivTierebebis Semcvelobaze. gaiTvaliswine ga­k­­ve­Ti­
lis teqstSi CarTuli cxrilis monacemebi.
d. gaarkvie, emTxveva Tu ara es monacemebi niadagis Seferilobis
monacemebs, romelic aseve gaZlevs informacias niadagis na­
yo­fierebis Sesaxeb.

235
 3. Tu gsurs, Sens niadagSi wylis Semcveloba gazomo, gaiTvalis­
wine, rom niadagi axali morwyuli ar unda iyos. ukeTesia, Tu
sakvlevad 2-3 dRis mourwyav niadags aiReb.
a. awone aluminis folga da CainiSne misi masa (a).
b. gadaitane folgaze mcire raodenobiT gafxvierebuli niadagi
da awone. CainiSne misi masa (b).
g. moaTavse niadagiani folga saSrob karadaSi 1100C-ze 24 saa­
Tis ganmavlobaSi. 24 saaTis Semdeg moaTavse niadagiani folga
eqsikatorSi (qimiuri WurWeli, romelSic haeris tenianoba nu­
lis tolia).
d. gacivebis Semdeg awone niadagiani folga da CainiSne misi masa.
e. gaimeore g da d procedurebi, sanam niadagiani folgis masis
maCveneblebi zustad ar daemTxveva erTmaneTs (c).
v. gamoiangariSe niadagSi wylis procentuli Semcveloba Semde­
gi formuliT:
b–c
X 100
b–a
z. rogor fiqrob, romel wyals zomavdi niadagSi _ gravitaci­
uls, kapilaruls Tu higroskopuls?
T. CamoTvlilTagan, romel wyals aqvs gansakuTrebiT didi mniSv­
neloba mcenareebisTvis?
i. Tu cdis pirobas daarRvevdi da sasinjad axalmorwyul nia­
dags aiRebdi, romeli wylis Semcveloba gaizomeboda am meTo­
diT?
k. ratom aris aucilebeli cdis sxvadasxva etapze niadagis eqsi­
katorSi moTavseba?

4. niadagSi humusis Semcvelobis gasarkvevad:

a. moacile niadagis nimuSs wyali, rogorc amas me-3 eqsperimen­
tSi akeTebdi da moaTavse is eqsikatorSi.
b. gamowvi tigeli saxuravianad alze, awone da Caiwere monace­
mebi (a).
g. gadaitane tigelSi niadagis nimuSi da awone. monacemebi CAiwere
(b).
d. gaaCere Tavdaxuruli tigeli alze, sanam is wiTlad ar ga­
varvardeba, 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. am droSi niadagis organu­
li nivTierebebi srulad daiwveba. gaacie tigeli eqsikatorSi
da awone.
e. gaimeore g da d procedura manam, sanam masis maCvenebeli zus­
tad ar daemTxveva erTmaneTs (c).
v. gamoiangariSe niadagSi organuli nivTierebis procentuli Sem­­
cveloba Semdegi formuliT:
b–c
X 100
b–a

236
z. Tu gsurs Seafaso, ramdenad nayofieria Seni niadagi, gazome
humusis Semcveloba im niadagebSi, romelsac sxvadasxva fir­
mebi gTavazoben rogorc saukeTeso, organuli nivTierebebiT
mdidar niadags. sainteresoa, ramdenad swor reklamas ukeTe­
ben isini sakuTar produqcias. daakvirdi, eTanxmeba Tu ara am
niadagebis feri maTSi arsebuli organuli nivTierebebis ra­
odenobas da Sesabamisad, maT nayofierebas.
5. niadagis pH Zalian martivad gamoikvleva. awone 5 gr. niadagi,
gadaitane sinjaraSi, daumate 10 ml. wyali, daaxure sinjaras
sacobi da energiulad SeanjRrie. datove sinjara StativSi 48
saaTi. mas Semdeg, rac niadagis nawilakebi sinjaris fskerze
daileqeba, moaTavse indikatoris qaRaldi siTxeSi da feris
mixedviT imsjele niadagis pH–ze.
6. gaaanalize 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 eqsperimentebis Sedegebi da imsjele,
ram­denad sworad gaqvs SerCeuli niadagi mcenareebisTvis.

rogor fiqrob, SesaZlebelia, rom erTi da igive niadagze kame­

liam da kaqtusma erTnairad kargad igrZnon Tavi?

sakvebis mimarT mcenareebis moTxovnilebebis aRsawerad ekolo­

gebi sxvadasxva mecnierul termins iyeneben.
a. moifiqre, ras unda niSnavdes termini `oligotrofi~ da `me­zo­­
trofi~?
b. romeli maTgani miesadageba mJava niadagebis moyvarul mcena­
reebs?

1. xanZari savanaSi niadagis nayofierebas zrdis. rogor axsni am

faqts?
2. gvalvis dros qarTveli glexi ase iimedebda Tavs: erTxel
morwyvas erTxel gaToxvna sjobso. eTanxmebi Tu ara mis opti­
mizms? daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.

moiZie informacia, ra ziani miadga saqarTvelos tyeebs 2008 wlis

omis dros.
a. ramdeni heqtari tye daiwva.
b. ra saxis tyes ekida cecxli.
g. SesaZlebelia Tu ara am tyeebis TviTaRdgena.
d. tardeba Tu ara raime samuSao damwvari tyeebis aRsadgenad.
informacia warmoadgine referatis saxiT da moawyve Temis gan­
xilva klasSi.

237
V ekologia
§36
bioturi faqtorebi
pozitiuri, negatiuri da neitraluri urTierTobebi

rogorc darwmundi, garemos fizikur faqtorebs uzarmazari gavlena

aqvs cocxal organizmebze. aranakleb zemoqmedebas organizmebze maTi gare­
momcveli sxva organizmebi axdenen. ama Tu im individis normaluri zrda-gan­
viTareba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli mis `samezobloze~. mcenareTa
da cxovelTa Soris urTierToba zogjer Zalian gvagonebs adamianebs Soris
urTierTobebs. isini pirobiTad SeiZleba pozitiur, negatiur da neitralur
urTierTobebad daiyos.
simbiozi (berZ. sym _erTad, bios _ cocxali) ori organizmis iseT Ta­
nacxovrebas niSnavs, romelic sasargebloa orive partniorisTvis an erT-
erTi maTganisTvis. simbiozur urTierTobaSi SeiZleba iyos: mcenare mcena­
resTan, mcenare cxovelTan, cxoveli cxovelTan, cxovelebi da mcenareebi
mikroorganizmebTan. simbiozi SeiZleba arsebobdes mikroorganizmebs Sori­
sac. bunebaSi 20 000-mde simbiotur organizms iTvlian.
gamoyofen simbiozis ramdenime formas: kooperacias, mutualizms, komen­
salizms da mdgmurobas.
kooperacia ori saxeobis individis Tanacxovrebis iseTi formaa, ro­
melic orivesTvis sasargebloa, Tumca, am urTierTobas SesaZloa regu­
laruli xasiaTi ar hqondes. erT-erTi Zveli romaeli naturalisti ase aR­
wers urTierTobis am formas, romelsac TviTon akvirdeboda: `TevzebiT
gamaZRari niangi, Tevzis narCenebiT savse piriT, mdinaris piras iZinebs. am
dros masTan patara Citi mifrindeba, romelic sTavazobs niangs piris gaRe­
bas da usufTavebs mas garedan, Semdeg kbilebis gasufTavebas iwyebs, bolos
ki ufro Rrmad, xaxaSi miZvreba. niangs es sia­
2
movnebs da kidev ufro didad aRebs pirs. dasana­
nia, magram xandaxan isec xdeba, rom niangi da misi
megobari erTmaneTs ver xvdebian~. kooperaciis
3 klasikur magaliTad kibosa da marjnis polipis
_ aqtinias urTierTobas ganixilaven. kibo xan­
daxan saxldeba mkvdari moluskis niJaraSi da
Tan daaqvs is aqtiniasTan erTad.
1 gaixsene, rogori cxovrebis niri aqvT
polipebs.
1 aseTi Tanacxovreba orive maTganisTvis sasar­
kooperacia gebloa, radgan kibo marjnis polips ufarToebs
1. kibo; 2. aqtinia; sa­nadiro areals, xolo TviTon ki ikvebeba aqtinis
3. moluskis niJara. nanadirevis nawiliT, romelic fskerze cviva.

238
 mutualizmi (laT. mutuus _ urTi­
erT, samagiero) orive partniorisTvis 2
sasargeblo urTierTobis iseTi for­
maa, romlis dros arc erT maTgans damo­
ukideblad arseboba ar SeuZlia. mutual­ 1
izmis yvelaze naTeli magaliTi mRi­­eraa.
mRieraSi sokos hifebi imdenad mWid­
rod ekvrian gars wyalmcenareebis uj­
redebs, rom erT mTlian organizms war­
moqmni­an. sokoebi mcenaris fotosinTezis
pro­duq­tebiT sargebloben, xolo wyal­
mcenares wyalsa da mineralur marilebs mRiera
awvdian. 1. sokos hifebi; 2. wyalmcenare.

mutualizmis magaliTia yvavilovani mce­nareebisa da maTi dammtveravi

mwerebis Ta­nacxovrebac. damtvervis gareSe yvavilebs gadaSeneba daemuqre­
boda, xolo mwerebs _ SimSiliT sikvdili.
komensalizmis (laT. cum _ erTad, mensa _ magida, sufra) qarTuli Se­
satyvisi muqTamWamelobaa. am urTierTobis dros mxolod erTi partniori
iRebs sargebels, meore ki _ vera, Tumca, mas mniSvnelovani zarali ar adgeba.
magaliTad, frinvelebis budeebSi da mRrRnelebis soroebSi uamravi fexsaxs­
riani cxovrobs, romlebic sacxovreblis mikroklimatiT sargebloben da
mRrRnelebisa da frinvelebis sakvebis narCenebiTa da maTi eqskrementebiT
ikvebebian. yvelaze saintereso isaa, rom fexsaxsrianTa am saxeobebs budee­
bisa da soroebis garda sxvagan versad Sexvdebi.
komensalizmi mniSvnelovani urTierTobaa, radgan is xels uwyobs orga­
nizmebis mier sacxovrebeli sivrcisa da sakvebi resursebis bolomde, sru­
lad aTvisebas.
mdgmuroba ori organizmis urTierTobis iseTi formaa, romlis dros
erTi organizmi sxva organizmisTvis Tav­­­­
Sesafars an sacxovrebel ad­gils war­­­­­mo­ad­
gens. magaliTad, Tevzebis lif­si­­tebi didi
meduzebis qolgis qveS ima­lebian; xavsebi,
mRierebi, wyalmcenareebi xe-mce­nareebis
qerqze cxovroben. xe-mcenareebze xSirad
yvavilovani mcenareebic saxldebian. maT
epifitebs uwodeben. eko­logebis monace­
mebiT, mcenareebis 10%-s cxovrebis aseTi
stili aqvs.
2 gansakuTrebiT bevri epifitia tro­
pikul tyeebSi. axseni amis mizezi.

xavsebi xe-mcenareze

239
 mtacebloba negatiuri urTi­er­­To­
bis erT-erTi yvelaze gavr­celebuli
for­maa. mtacebels uwodeben cxovels,
romlis sakvebs na­na­direvi warmoadgens,
anu isini iWe­ren da klaven msxverpls.
3 daasaxele mtacebeli mcenare.
bunebrivi gadarCevis procesSi mta­
cebelic da msxverplic xvewen da sru­
lyofen Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis saSu­
alebebs. nadiroba
konkurencia or iseT saxeobas So­
ris uaryofiTi urTierTobis formaa, romelTac msgavsi ekologiuri moT­
xovnilebebi gaaCniaT. rodesac aseTi ori saxeoba mezoblad cxovrobs,
TiToeuli maTganisTvis araxelsayreli piroba iqmneba, radgan konkurenti
amcirebs sakvebis mopovebisa da TavSesafris aTvisebis Sansebs. konkuren­
tebis urTierToba bolos da bolos imiT mTavrdeba, rom erT-erTi maTgani
meores gandevnis. mcenareebSi konkurentis daTrgunva, ZiriTadad, sinaT­
lis, wylis, sakvebi nivTierebebis datacebiTa da xelSi CagdebiT miiRweva.
cxo­velebis SemTxvevaSi ki dapirispireba SesaZloa `xelCarTuli~ brZoliT
damTavrdes.
parazitizmi ori saxeobis individis iseTi urTierTobaa, rodesac erT-
erTi maTgani meores xangrZlivad iyenebs, rogorc saarsebo garemosa da
kvebis wyaros. bunebaSi aTi aTasobiT parazituli saxeoba arsebobs. maT­
gan 5 000-mde adamianis parazitia. parazitebi mtaceblebis msgavsad ar arian
dainteresebulni msxveplis naadrevi sikvdiliT. maT urCevniaT xangrZlivad
uzrunvelyon sakuTari TAavi sakvebiTa da TavSesafriT.
neitralizmi urTierTobis iseTi formaa, romlis drosac erT terito­
riaze mcxovrebi organizmebi erTmaneTze ar zemoqmedeben. aseTi tipis urTi­
erTobebi bunebaSi Zalian xSiria. aseTia, magaliTad, Wiayelisa da koRos,
kurdRlisa da kodalas, ciyvisa da irmis urTierToba.
cocxali organizmebi ara mxolod erTmaneTze zemoqmedeben, aramed gav­
lenas axdenen aracocxal garemoze da zogjer Zalian mkveTrad cvlian mas.
magaliTad, naZvi Tavis totebis qveS Zlier Crdils warmoqmnis, Camocvenili
wiwvebis gamo niadagi mJaviandeba da Raribdeba. yvelaferi es araxelsayrel
garemos qmnis sxva cocxali organizmebisTvis.
sawinaaRmdego gavlena aqvs niadagze aryis xes. misgan Camocvenil foT­
le­bsa da totebze baqteriebis zemoqmedebiT niadagi mdidrdeba humusiTa da
mineraluri marilebiT, umjobesdeba misi struqtura, xdeba ufro fxvieri,
mravldebian ni­adagSi mcxovrebi organizmebi. niadagis Zlier gardamqmnelad
iTvleba mu­xac.
individis normaluri ganviTareba mniSvnelovnadaa damo­kidebuli
mis garemomcvel sxva organizmebze. ekologebi cocxali organiz­
mebis urTierTobebis ramdenime formas gamoyofen. esenia: koope­
racia, mutualizmi, komensalizmi, mdgmuroba, konkurencia, mta­
cebloba, parazitizmi da neitralizmi.

240
1. urTierTobis romel formas miakuTvneb sarevela mcenaree­
bisa da kulturuli mcenareebis urTierTobas?

2. urTierTobis romel for­­­

mas asaxavs xe-mcenarisa da
balaxovani mcenaris es ur­
TierToba?

3. arcTu iSviaTAad, erTi da igive an sxvadasxva saxeobis xe-mcena­

reebis fesvebi erTmaneTs Seezrdebian xolme. axseni, ratom?

1. Sereul tyeebSi aseT suraTs SeiZleba gadaawyde: aryis xis

moqnili grZeli totebi SoltebiviT exleba, `amaTraxebs~ da
azianebs naZvis xis qerqsa da wiwvebs. miakuTvne es urTierTo­
bebi SenTvis cnobil romelime formas.

2. ganmarte terminebi `eqtoparaziti~ da `endoparaziti~. gaixse­

ne da gaaerTiane SenTvis cnobili parazitebi am jgufebSi. ga­
daitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse.

eqtoparazitebi endoparazitebi

1. tropikul tyeSi binadrobs erT-erTi saxeobis WianWvela,

romelic garkveuli saxeobis sokoTi ikvebeba. es WianWvela
xeze cocdeba da iq foTlebisa da yvavilebis nawilebs Wris.
Semdeg is tvirTi, romelic mis masas 50-jer aWarbebs, miwaSi 5
metris siRrmeze gaTxril budeSi Seaqvs, sadac mas Zlieri ybe­
biT aqucmacebs da sakuTar nerwyvsa da eqskrementebSi urevs.
miRebul masaze erT-erTi saxeobis soko saukeTesod xarobs,
romliTac WianWvela da misi STamomavlebi ikvebebian. saoca­
ria, rom WianWvela amas ar sjerdeba da gamoyofs nivTiere­
bebs, romlebic baqteriebis gamravlebas Trgunavs, raTa maT
xeli ar SeuSalon sokos ganviTarebas. kidev ufro metad gasa­

241
 ocaria, rom rodesac axalgazrda mdedri WianWvela tovebs
budes, axal budeSi mas Tan sokos sporebi miaqvs.

a. adamianis romel saqmianobas gagonebs WianWvelas qceva?

b. urTierTobis romeli formaa sokosa da WianWvelas urTier­
Toba?
g. urTierTobis romeli formaa WianWvelasa da baqteriis urTi­
erToba?
d. urTierTobis romeli formaa baqteriisa da sokos urTier­
Toba?

2. SesaZlebloba rom gqondes, wiTel zRvaSi erTi Zalian ucnauri

scenis momswre gaxdebodi, romelsac ekologebi Zalian sain­
teresod aRweren. am zRvis marjnis rifebSi Tevzebis mravali
saxeoba binadrobs, maT Sorisaa rifebis oraguli (gruperi) da
ruxi murena. oraguli, uiRblo nadirobis Semdeg, murenas sa­
Zebnelad mieSureba da rodesac mas gadaeyreba, zurgis farf­
lis gansakuTrebuli moZraobiT Tevzebze sanadirod iwvevs.
`flegmaturi~ murenas nadirobaze dayolieba arc ise advi­
lia. grupers gzaSi ramdenjerme uxdeba am moZraobis gameo­
reba. bolos da bolos gruperi im adgilze Cerdeba, sadac mas
Tevzi daemala da Tavisa da farflebis moZraobiT mianiSnebs
murenas am adgils. murana Securdeba marjnis rifebSi da amis
Semdeg movlenebi ori mimarTulebiT viTardeba: an murena
ylapavs msxverpls, an damfrTxali Tevzi gareT gamocurdeba
da is oragulis msxverpli xdeba. sainteresoa, rom nadirobis
Sedegebis miuxedavad, ekologebs arasdros SeumCneviaT am
ori monadiris agresia erTmaneTis mimarT.
rogor fiqrob, urTierTobis romel formas akvirdebodnen
ekologebi?

murena gruperi

242
3. muxis fesvTa sistema aumjobe­
sebs niadagis qimiur da fizikur
struqturas da saukeTeso piro­
bebs qmnis aerobuli baq­teriebis
(A) dasasaxleblad. es baqterie­
bi antibiotikebs ga­mo­yofen da
erTgvar damcav xazs warmoqm­
nian muxis fesvebis garSemo. da­
a­vadebis gamomwve­vi baqteriebi
(B) am barieris gadalaxvaSi uZ­
lu­rebi arian.
moifiqre: A
a. ra damokidebulebaa muxis fes­
vebsa da A A baqteriebs Soris? B
b. ra damokidebulebaa A A da B B baq­
te­riebs Soris?
g. ra damokidebulebaa muxis fes­
vebsa da B B baqteriebs Soris?

fiqroben, rom qloroplastebi da mitoqondriebi cianobaq­te­ri­­­e­

bisa da aerobuli baqteriebisgan warmoiqmnen, romlebic uj­red­­Si
Casaxldnen, rogorc simbioturi organizmebi, xolo Semdeg euka­
riotul organoidebad gadaiqcnen.

bioturi faqorebi _ biotic factors

simbiozi _ symbiosis
mutualizmi _ mutualism

www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/organelles.html
www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BEKrc-aXF8

243
V ekologia
§37
kvebiTi jaWvebi
kvebiTi qselebi

Zala, romelic ekosistemaSi sruliad sxvadasxva organizaciisa da

cxovrebis niris mqone organizmebs erT Tanasazogadoebad kravs da aer­
Tianebs, sakvebia. kvebiTi urTierTobebi yvelaze mTavari urTierTobebia
ekosistemaSi. aq yvela viRacis sakvebia da TviTonac sxva organizmiT ikve­
beba. gamonakliss mxolod avtotrofebi warmoadgenen, romlebic TviTon
imzadeben sakvebs da am mxriv damokidebulni ar arian Tanasazogadoebis sxva
wevrebze. fotosinTezis gziT damzadebuli organuli nivTierebebiT mcena­
reebi ara mxolod sakuTar Tavs uzrunvelyofen, aramed qmnian produqts,
romelic Tanasazogadoebis yvela wevrs kvebavs. TanasazogadoebaSi am gansa­
kuTrebuli rolis gamo maT producentebi uwodes. Tanasazogadoebis hete­
rotroful organizmebs, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT sakvebis Seqmna da sarge­
bloben avtotrofebis mier damzadebuli produqciiT, konsumentebi anu
momxmareblebi ewodaT.
moifiqre, mcenareebis garda, romeli organizmebi SeiZleba asru­leb­
d­­nen producentebis rols ekosistemaSi.
mcenareebis mier damzadebuli organuli nivTierebebis pirveli momx­
mareblebi mcenareWamia cxovelebi arian da maT pirveli rigis konsumentebs
uwodeben. mcenareWamia cxovelebiT meore rigis konsumentebi _ xorcis­
mWamelebi ikvebebian, romlebsac, SesaZloa, Tavisi mteri hyavdeT. maT, Se­
sabamisad, meore da mesame rigis konsumentebs uwodeben. mcenareebisa da
cxovelebis sikvdilis Semdeg maT narCen organul nivTierebebs baqteriebi
da sokoebi moixmaren, romlebic organul nivTierebebs mineralur nivTiere­
bebad gardaqmnian da isev mcenareebs ubruneben. amitom maT reducentebi
uwodes, rac laTinurad ukan dambrunebels, aRmdgenels niSnavs.
kvebis procesSi nivTierebebisa da maTSi akumulirebuli energiis ga­
datanis Tanmimdevrobas ekosistemis avtotrofuli organizmebidan hete­
rotroful organizmebze kvebiTi jaWvi ewodeba, xolo organizmebis jgufs,
romlebsac kvebis erTi da igive tipi aqvT da ekosistemaSi erTi garkveuli
adgili ukaviaT _ kvebiTi done.
ilustraciaze saxeobrivi SedgenilobiT erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansx­
vavebuli xmeleTisa da zRvis ekosistemebia mocemuli. Tumca, es saxeobebi
orive sistemaSi kvebiTi doneebis mixedviT erTnairad lagdebian. pirveli
kvebiTi done orive ekosistemaSi producentebs ukaviaT. xmeleTis ekosiste­
maSi es yvavilovani mcenarea, xolo zRvis ekosistemaSi _ fitoplanqtoni.

244
 kvebiTi jaWvebi

mesame rigis
konsumentebi

xorcismWameli IV kvebiTi done xorcismWameli

meore rigis
konsumentebi

xorcismWameli III kvebiTi done xorcismWameli

pirveli rigis
konsumentebi
mcenareWamia II kvebiTi done zooplanqtoni

producentebi

mcenare I kvebiTi done fitoplanqtoni

1 daasaxele organizmebi, romlebic fitoplanqtons warmoqmnian.

meore kvebiT doneze pirveladi konsumentebi arian, romlebic mcenaree­
biT ikvebebian.
2 daasaxele cxoveli, romelic tundraSi meore kvebiT dones ikavebs.
3 romeli organizmebi qmnian zooplanqtons?
mesame kvebiT dones meore rigis konsumentebi _ xorcismWamelebi ikave­
ben, romlebic mcenareWamia cxovelebiT ikvebebian.
meoTxe kvebiT doneze isev xorcismWamelebi _ mesame rigis konsumentebi
arian, romlebic meore rigis konsumentebiT ikvebebian.
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis narCenebis daSlaSi, baqteriebisa da sokoebis
garda, mniSvnelovan rols detritofagebi TamaSoben. detriti baqteriebi­
sa da sokoebis mier organizmebis naxevradgaxrwnil nawilebs hqvia. detri­
tofagebi agrZeleben baqteriebis mier dawyebul saqmes da exmarebian maT
organuli nivTierebebis swraf daSlaSi. tipuri detritofagi Wiayelaa, ro­
melic naxevrad daSlili Camocvenili foTlebiTa da cxovelebis narCenebiT
ikvebeba. detritofagia leSis buzis matlic.
bunebaSi Zalian cotaa iseTi ekosistema, romelic martiv, dautotav kve­
biT jaWvebs Seicavs, sadac erTi saxeobis mtacebeli mxolod erTi saxeobis
msxverpliT kmayofildeba.
4 romel ekosistemaSi SeiZleba velodoT aseT suraTs?
realurad, ekosistemebSi kvebiTi jaWvebi itoteba, erTmaneTSi ixlarTe­
ba da rTul kvebiT qsels warmoqmnis, romelSic erTi da igive organizmi
Se­iZleba ramdenime kvebiT jaWvSi iyos CarTuli. magaliTad, ciyvi 50-mde
sxva­dasxva saxeobis parazitis maspinZelia, romlebic sxvadasxva kvebiTi jaW­

245
vebis monawileebi arian; dafniebiT ikvebebian ara mxolod wvrili Tevzebi,
aramed wylis sxva fexsaxsrianebic; bugrebis mtrebi arian Wiamaiebi, buzis _
matlebi, obobebi, mweriWamia frinvelebi; bayayi sxvadasxva saxeobis mweriT
ikvebeba, amavdroulad, masze sxvadasxva saxeobis frinveli nadirobs.

kvebiTi qseli

TanasazogadoebaSi Semaval organizmebs producentebad, konsu­

mentebad da reducentebad yofen. producentebi avtotrofuli
organizmebi arian, romlebic ekosistemaSi produqcias _ or­
ganul nivTierebebs qmnian. organul nivTierebebs konsumentebi
moixmaren, mcenareebisa da cxovelebis narCenebs ki reducentebi
Slian. kvebis procesSi nivTierebebis gadatanis Tanmimdevrobas
avtotrofebidan heterotrofebze kvebiTi jaWvi hqvia. ekosiste­
maTa umravlesobaSi kvebiTi kavSirebi rTul kvebiT qsels warmo­
qmnian.

1. kvebiTi jaWvi SeiZleba detritidanac daiwyos.

ilustraciaze aseTi jaWvis monawile organizmebi arian. daa­
lage isini TanmimdevrobiT da Seqmeni kvebiTi jaWvi.

SaSvi Camocvenili baqteriebi Wiayela

foTlebi mimino

246
2. daalage organizmebi da Seqmeni kvebiTi jaWvi.

3. mouZebne adgili afTars kvebiT jaWvSi.

reducenti

III rigis konsumenti

II rigis konsumenti

I rigis konsumenti

producenti

1. romel kvebiT dones ikavebs bugri da rwyili ekologiur sis­

te­maSi?
2. zogierTi mecnieri reducentebs konsumentebis gansakuT­re­
bul jgufs uwodebs. axseni, ratom?
1. romel kvebiT donezea daTvi, rodesac is sokoTi ikvebeba?
ro­desac iremze nadirobs? rodesac cxovelis leSs Wams?
2. detrituli kvebiTi jaWvebi gansakuTrebiT Rrma tbebisa da
zRvebis, aseve foTolcvenia tyeebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebe­
li. axseni, ratom?
3. SemCneulia, rom Zlieri pesticidebis gamoyenebis Semdeg mce­
nareebis kveba uaresdeba da maTi mosavlianoba klebulobs. Se­
giZlia axsna es faqti?
4. cnobilia aseTi istoria: ionjis mosavlianobis klebiT SeSfo­
Tebulma glexebma darvins mimarTes rCevisTvis. `gaiCineT
da gaamravleT katebi~ _ iyo darvinis kategoriuli pasuxi.
ionja parkosani mcenarea, romelsac maRali kvebiTi Rirebu­
leba aqvs. mas mweri _ kela mtveravs. gaagrZele kvebiTi jaW­
vi da ivaraude, rogor gaaumjobesebda da aRadgenda katebis
moSeneba ionjis mosavlianobas?
kvebiTi jaWvi _ Ffood chain
kvebiTi qseli _ food web

247
V ekologia
§38
ekologiuri piramidebi
ricxvTa, biomasisa da energiis piramidebi

Tanasazogadoebis organizmebs Soris urTierTobebis gamosaxatavad eko­

logebi kvebiTi qselebis sqemebis nacvlad, xSirad ekologiur piramidebs iye­
neben. piramida ekosistemis sxvadasxva kvebiTi donis grafikuli gamosaxvaa.
kvebiT doneebs piramidaze blokebis anu marTkuTxedebis saxe aqvs, romelTa
sigrZe an moculoba ama Tu im kvebiT doneze arsebuli individebis ricxvis,
biomasis an energiis proporciulia. amis mixedviT arsebobs ricxvTa, bioma­
sisa da energiis piramidebi.
ricxvTa piramida gamoxatavs individTa ricxvs kvebiTi jaWvis yovel
doneze. aseTi piramidis asagebad ekologebi iTvlian mocemul teritoriaze
sxvadasxva saxeobis individebs, ajgufeben maT kvebiTi doneebis mixedviT da
piramidis sxvadasxva blokebSi aTavseben. pirvel bloks producentebi ika­
veben, meores _ pirveli rigis konsumentebi, mesames _ meore rigis konsu­
mentebi da a.S. aseTi dajgufebisas naTlad Cans, rom mcenareTa ricxvi bevrad
aWarbebs mcenareWamia cxovelebis ricxvs, xolo mcenareWamia cxovelebis
ricxvi ki _ mtaceblebisas. magaliTad, erTi mgeli SimSiliT rom ar mokvdes,
sul mcire, oTxi kurdReli Wirdeba, oTx kurdRels ki uamravi balaxovani
mcenare.

gamoTvlilia, rom erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mozardi saSualod oTxi xbos

xorcs moixmars, oTxi xbo ki _ 10 milionamde cal ionjas.
amitom ricxvTa piramidas farTo fuZe aqvs da zemoT TandaTan viwrovde­
ba. magram ricxvTa piramidas yovelTvis ara aqvs piramidis forma da mis gamo­
yenebas garkveuli uxerxulobebi axlavs.

248
 saqme isaa, rom producentebi erTmaneTisgan zomiT Zalian gansxvavdebian.
magaliTad, producentia erTujrediani wyalmcenarec da muxis xec, ekolo­
giur piramidebSi ki maT erTi da igive adgili aqvT miCenili, orive maTgani
pirvel kvebiT dones ikavebs. Tu prodecenti didi zomisaa, maSin misi ricxo­
brioba bevrad naklebia pirveli rigis konsumentTan SedarebiT. magaliTad,
erTi akaciis xis foTlebiTa da rtoebiT ramdenime antilopa ikvebeba. aseT
SemTxvevaSi piramida deformirdeba da TiTqos `Tavdayira~ dgeba.

Zalian rTuldeba ricxvTa piramidis ageba da blokebis proporciebis

dacva im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac sxvadasxva kvebiTi donis organizmebi erTma­
neTisgan ricxobrivad Zalian gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, milionobiT planq­
tons erTi mtacebeli Seesabameba.
aseTi uxerxulobebis Tavidan asacileblad ekologebi biomasis pirami­
das iyeneben. konkretuli kvebiTi donis masis dasadgenad isini saTiTaod
wonian am donis yvela individs da maT saerTo masas iTvlian. es sakmaod Sro­
matevadi da xangrZlivi proceduraa.

249
 xmeleTis ekosistemebSi, Cveuleb­

mozardi
riv, producentebis saerTo masa me­
48 kg
tia mis momdevno pirveli rigis kon­
sumentebi masasTan SedarebiT, es
uka­­naskneli ki meore rigis konsumen­
xbo 100 kg
tebis masas aWarbebs da a.S. amitom
mi­i­Reba normaluri formis piramida,
ro­melic qvemodan zeviT TandaTan viw­­ ionja 8200 kg
rovdeba. magaliTad, mozardi, ­ro­me­lic
48 kg-s iwonis, weliwadSi saSualod moixmars 100 kg-ian xbos, ro­mel­­sac ga­mo­
sakve­bad 8 200 kg-mde ionja sWirdeba.
Tumca, xandaxan biomasis piramidac SeiZleba amobrundes. magaliTad,
okeaneSi fitoplanqtonis momxmareblebis saerTo biomasa SesaZloa, bevrad
meti aRmoCndes fitoplanqtonis masaze. aseTi situacia zogadad damaxasi­
aTebelia iseTi ekosistemebisTvis, romlebSic Zalian patara zomis produ­
centebi da didi zomis konsumentebi arian. amis mizezi isaa, rom fitoplanq­
tonis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba ramdenime dRe, zogjer ki ramdenime saaTia.
is am periodSi Zalian produqtiulia, Tumca, mis mier Seqmnili produqcia
swrafadve moixmareba msxvili cxovelebis mier, romlebic wlebis manZilze
TandaTan zrdian sakuTar masas. biomasis piramida ki afasebs organizmebis
biomasas konkretul momentSi. is ricxvTa piramidis msgavsad, ekosistemis
mxolod statikur mdgomareobas asaxavs. es piramidebi ar iZlevian srul­
yofil informacias ekosistemis Sesaxeb, Tumca, maTi monacemebiT garkveu­
li praqtikuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, ricxvTa
pi­ramidis monacemebiT SesaZlebelia nadirobis iseTi normebis dadgena, ro­
melic zians ar miayenebs ekosistemas.
yvelaze srulyofilad ekosistemis dinamikur mdgomareobas energiis pi­
ramida asaxavs. is aRwers sakvebis gadaadgilebas da energiis nakads kvebiTi
jaWvis gavliT.
kvebiTi kavSirebi TanasazogadoebaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara erTi orga­
nizmidan meoreze mzis energiis gadacemis gzebi. producentebi fotosin­
Tezis procesSi mzis energias organuli nivTierebebis qimiuri bmebis ener­
giad gardaqmnian da organuli nivTierebebis sinTezs axmaren. am energiis
nawili mcenareTa sunTqvis process xmardeba, nawili ki mcenareTa sxeulis
aSenebas anu maTi masis Seqmnas. organul masas, romelsac mcenareebi drois
garkveul SualedebSi qmnian, pirveladi produqcia ewodeba. swored is war­
moadgens konsumentebisa da reducentebis energetikul rezervs.
mcenareuli sakvebi pirveladi konsumentebis mier mTlianad ar SeiT­
viseba. SeuTvisebeli sakvebi eqskrementebis saxiT isev garemoSi brundeba.
SeTvisebis xarisxi damokidebulia sakvebis qimiur Sedgenilobaze da or­
ganizmis saWmlis momnelebel fermentebze. SeTvisebul sakvebSi arsebuli
qimiuri bmis energiis Zalze didi nawili ujredis cxovelqmedebas da misi
homeostazis SenarCunebas xmardeba. gansakuTrebiT didia aseTi danakarge­
bi kunTovani ujredebis muSaobisas, sadac organuli nivTierebebi sawvavad
gamoiyeneba. sabolood, ujredis metabolizmisTvis gankuTvnili energia

250
 xmeleTis ekosistemebSi, Cveuleb­

mozardi
riv, producentebis saerTo masa me­
48 kg
tia mis momdevno pirveli rigis kon­
sumentebi masasTan SedarebiT, es
uka­­naskneli ki meore rigis konsumen­
xbo 100 kg
tebis masas aWarbebs da a.S. amitom
mi­i­Reba normaluri formis piramida,
ro­melic qvemodan zeviT TandaTan viw­­ ionja 8200 kg
rovdeba. magaliTad, mozardi, ­ro­me­lic
48 kg-s iwonis, weliwadSi saSualod moixmars 100 kg-ian xbos, ro­mel­­sac ga­mo­
sakve­bad 8 200 kg-mde ionja sWirdeba.
Tumca, xandaxan biomasis piramidac SeiZleba amobrundes. magaliTad,
okeaneSi fitoplanqtonis momxmareblebis saerTo biomasa SesaZloa, bevrad
meti aRmoCndes fitoplanqtonis masaze. aseTi situacia zogadad damaxasi­
aTebelia iseTi ekosistemebisTvis, romlebSic Zalian patara zomis produ­
centebi da didi zomis konsumentebi arian. amis mizezi isaa, rom fitoplanq­
tonis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba ramdenime dRe, zogjer ki ramdenime saaTia.
is am periodSi Zalian produqtiulia, Tumca, mis mier Seqmnili produqcia
swrafadve moixmareba msxvili cxovelebis mier, romlebic wlebis manZilze
TandaTan zrdian sakuTar masas. biomasis piramida ki afasebs organizmebis
biomasas konkretul momentSi. is ricxvTa piramidis msgavsad, ekosistemis
mxolod statikur mdgomareobas asaxavs. es piramidebi ar iZlevian srul­
yofil informacias ekosistemis Sesaxeb, Tumca, maTi monacemebiT garkveu­
li praqtikuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, ricxvTa
pi­ramidis monacemebiT SesaZlebelia nadirobis iseTi normebis dadgena, ro­
melic zians ar miayenebs ekosistemas.
yvelaze srulyofilad ekosistemis dinamikur mdgomareobas energiis pi­
ramida asaxavs. is aRwers sakvebis gadaadgilebas da energiis nakads kvebiTi
jaWvis gavliT.
kvebiTi kavSirebi TanasazogadoebaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara erTi orga­
nizmidan meoreze mzis energiis gadacemis gzebi. producentebi fotosin­
Tezis procesSi mzis energias organuli nivTierebebis qimiuri bmebis ener­
giad gardaqmnian da organuli nivTierebebis sinTezs axmaren. am energiis
nawili mcenareTa sunTqvis process xmardeba, nawili ki mcenareTa sxeulis
aSenebas anu maTi masis Seqmnas. organul masas, romelsac mcenareebi drois
garkveul SualedebSi qmnian, pirveladi produqcia ewodeba. swored is war­
moadgens konsumentebisa da reducentebis energetikul rezervs.
mcenareuli sakvebi pirveladi konsumentebis mier mTlianad ar SeiT­
viseba. SeuTvisebeli sakvebi eqskrementebis saxiT isev garemoSi brundeba.
SeTvisebis xarisxi damokidebulia sakvebis qimiur Sedgenilobaze da or­
ganizmis saWmlis momnelebel fermentebze. SeTvisebul sakvebSi arsebuli
qimiuri bmis energiis Zalze didi nawili ujredis cxovelqmedebas da misi
homeostazis SenarCunebas xmardeba. gansakuTrebiT didia aseTi danakarge­
bi kunTovani ujredebis muSaobisas, sadac organuli nivTierebebi sawvavad
gamoiyeneba. sabolood, ujredis metabolizmisTvis gankuTvnili energia

250
uj­reduli sunTqvis procesSi siTbos saxiT gamoiyofa da garemoSi ifanteba.
energiis im nawils, romelic ujredis metabolur procesebze ixar­jeba, pi­
robiTad sunTqvaze danaxarjebi uwodes.

I II III IV

siTbo

kvebiTi done

sakvebSi akumulirebuli energiis mxolod Zalian mcire nawili ixarjeba

ujredebisa da qsovilebis warmoqmnaze, cxovelis masis zrdaze anu meorad
produqciaze.
meoradi konsumentebisTvis Tavdapirveli mcenareuli produqciis ener­
giis mxolod es nawilia xelmisawvdomi.
kvebiTi jaWvis Semdeg safexurze gadasvlisas energiis didi nawili kvlav
ikargeba da konsuments mxolod is nawili xvdeba, rac misi msxverplis masa­
Sia akumulirebuli. amavdroulad, yoveli Semdgomi kvebiTi donis produq­
tiuloba TandaTan iklebs. maqsimaluri energia, romelic momdevno kvebiT
dones SeiZleba gadaeces, 30%-ia da isic, Zalian iSviaT SemTxvevaSi. zogierT
ekosistemaSi es procenti SeiZleba mxolod erTis toli iyos.
am kanonzomierebaze dayrdnobiT, ekologebma Camoayalibes kanoni, ro­
melsac energiis piramidis kanoni anu 10%-is kanoni ewoda. am kanonis mixed­
viT, yovel kvebiT doneze wina kvebiTi donidan energiis mxolod ≈ 10% ga­
dadis. organizmebi cxovelqmedebis procesSi yovel kvebiT doneze ener­gi­is
90%-s xarjaven. magaliTad, Tu cxoveli SeWams mcenares, ro­melic 1000 kkal-
s Seicavs, am ener­giidan mis sxeulSi
mxolod 100 kkal gadava, misi mtris 1 kkal
organizmSi _ 10 kkal, xolo Tu
am mtace­bels mteri hyavs, mis sx­ 10 kkal
eulamde mxo­lod 1 kkal mi­aRwevs. 100 kkal
Tu kurdReli 10 kg mcenares SeWams,
misi masa 1 kg-iT mo­­imatebs, xolo 1000 kkal
melas masa kurdRlis yovel 1 kg-ze
_ 100 gr-iT.

251
 nebismieri eko­sis­­­te­misTvis energiis anu produqtiulobis piramidas
yo­velTvis namdvili piramidis forma aqvs. misi yoveli momdevno blokis
zoma safuZvelidan wverisken proporciulad mcirdeba. amasTanave, meora­di
produqciis saerTo done yovelTvis naklebia ekosistemis pirvelad pro­
duqciasTan SedarebiT.
amgvarad, ekosistemaSi mzis energia TandaTan organuli naerTebis qimi­
uri bmebis, meqanikur, siTbur, eleqtrul energiad gardaiqmneba. Tanasazoga­
doebis TiToeuli wevri faqtiurad mzis energiis gardamqmnelia. energiis
erTi saxidan meoreSi gadasvlisas, energiis garkveuli nawili yovelTvis
siTbos saxiT ikargeba. sabolood, ekosistemis biotur nawilSi moxvedrili
mzis energia swrafad ileva. misi Sevseba mxolod mzis energiis axali por­
ciis miwodebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

ekologiuri piramida ekosistemis kvebiTi doneebis grafiku­

li gamosaxvaa. arsebobs ricxvTa, masisa da energiis piramidebi.
ricxvTa da masis piramidebi ekosistemis statikur mdgomareobas
asaxavs. yvelaze srulyofilad ekologiuri sistemis dinamikur
mdgomareobas energiis piramida gamoxatavs. energiis piramidis
kanonis Tanaxmad, yovel kvebiT doneze wina kvebiTi donidan ener­
giis mxolod ≈ 10% gadadis.

konsumentis energetikuli balansi SeiZleba Semdegi formuliT

gamoisaxos:
A=B+C+D
sadac:

A _ cxovelis racioni, anu sakvebis raodenoba, romelsac is

drois garkveul SualedSi iRebs;
BB _ eqskrementebis saxiT gamoyofili SeuTvisebeli energia;
C _ sunTqvaze danaxarji;
DD _ danaxarji zrdaze anu meorad produqciaze.

moifiqre, rogoria C da DD maCveneblebis wili:

a. axalSobilSi; b. zrdasrul g. xanSiSesul d. 30 wlis
adamianSi; adamianSi; sportsmenSi.

252
1. daasaxele organizmSi qimiuri energiis eleqtrul energiad
gardaqmnis magaliTi.
2. ra saxis energiebad gardaiqmneba mzis energia manaTobel Tevz­
Si?
3. ilustraciaze warmodgenili ori piramida grafikulad war­
moadgens kvebiT jaWvs: anwlis xe _ bugri _ WianWvela _
SaSvi. erT-erTi maTgani ricxvis piramidaa, meore ki energiis.
amoicani piramidebi.

A B
4. ilustraciaze ori ricxvTa piramidaa. erT-erTi maTgani ga­
mo­xatavs kvebiT jaWvs: foTlebi _ muxluxo _ SaSvi _ qori,
xolo meore: xe-mcenare _ bugri _ Wiamaia _ Wiamaias para­
ziti. amoicani piramidebi da Seni mosazrebebi argumentebiT
da­asabuTe.

A B

1. gadaitane rveulSi da isrebiT moniSne, romeli rigis konsu­

menti xar, rodesac am produqtebs miirTmev:

kartofili
Zroxis xorci
brinji
I rigis konsumenti qaTami
II rigis konsumenti rZe
III rigis konsumenti Tafli
Roris xorci
loqo
xizilala
ixvi

253
 2. parazituli mcenareebi miekuTvnebian:
a. producentebs;
b. konsumentebs;
g. reducentebs.

3. ipove araswori frazebi:

1. yvela saxeoba, romelic kvebiT jaWvs warmoqmnis, arsebobs

mce­nareebis mier sinTezirebuli organuli nivTierebebis
xarj­ze; 2. cxovelis mier SeTvisebuli sakvebis didi nawili
mis zrdas xmardeba; 3. ricxvTa piramida gamoxatavs ekosiste­
mis dinamiur mdgomareobas; 4. energiis piramida yvelaze
srulyo­filad warmoadgens ekosistemis mdgomareobas; 5. eko­
sistemaSi energiis wrebrunva xdeba.

1. kvebiTi jaWvebi, rogorc wesi, eqvsze meti rgolisgan ar Sei­

Zleba Sedgebodes, xolo piramidebi _ eqvsze meti blokisgan.
ra aris amis mizezi?
2. rogorc wesi, didi zomis mtaceblebi mcirericxovanni arian.
axseni, ratom?
3. bolo dros Zalian moduri gaxda biologiurad aqtiuri dana­
matebis gamoyeneba, romlebic momxmareblebs wonaSi dakleba
pirde­bian. erT-erTi maTganis anotaciaSi amoikiTxav, rom is
lipazebis inhibitors Seicavs. axseni, ratom iklebs wonaSi ada­
miani am nivTierebis miRebisas?

ekologiuri piramida _ ecological pyramid

ricxvTa piramida _ pyramidc of number
biomasis piramida _ pyramidc of biomass
energiis piramida_ pyramidc of energy

254
V ekologia
§39
populaciis ricxobriobaze moqmedi faqtorebi
populaciis dinamika
populaciis homeostazi

bunebaSi organizmebze gamudmebiT da erTdroulad moqmedebs mravali

bioturi da abioturi faqtori, romlis gavleniTac populacia myari, ucv­
leli da statikuri struqtura ki ar aris, aramed mudmivad icvleba rogorc
Tvisobrivad, aseve raodenobrivad. populaciis struqturul da raodeno­
briv cvlilebebs populaciis dinamikas uwodeben.
populaciis dinamika Zalian mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, romlis Ses­
wav­las didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. am maxasiaTebliT SeiZleba im­
sjelo populaciis mdgradobasa da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze. maga­
liTad, cnobilia, rom yoveli saxeobisTvis arsebobs ricxobriobis is
da­­saSvebi zRva­ri, misi kritikuli mniSvneloba, romlis iqiT saxeobis arse­
boba ukve warmoudgeneli xdeba. monacemebi populaciis ricxobrivi cvli­
lebebis Sesaxeb exmareba mecnierebs gadaSenebis piras misuli cxovelebis
ga­­darCenaSi.
populaciis dinamikis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs soflis meurneo­
bisTvisac. magaliTad, erT wels marokoSi kaliebma 5 dReSi gaanadgures 7 000
tona forToxali. am raodenobis forToxals safrangeTis mosaxleoba erTi
wlis manZilze moixmars. cxadia, fermeri dainteresebulia kaliebis ricxo­
briobis aseTi katastrofuli zrdis mizezebiT da imis prognoziT, kidev daa­
tydeba Tu ara Tavs aseTi ubedureba da rodis; ainteresebs, rogor daicvas
Tavi kaliebis Semosevisgan. aseT cnobebs fermerebs ekologebi awvdian.
nebismier populacias SeuZlia usasrulod, SeuzRudavad gamravldes,
Tu masze ar zemoqmedebs garemos faqtorebi. aseT hipoTetur situaciaSi,
populaciis zrdis siCqare damokidebulia mxolod misi saxeobis biotur
potencialze (r), romelic genetikurad aris gansazRvruli. biotur poten­
cials uwodeben individebis im maqsimalur Teoriul raodenobas, romelsac
drois erTeulSi iZleva individebis erTi wyvili (sqesobrivi gamravlebisas)
an erTi individi (usqeso gamravlebisas). magaliTad, mTeli sicocxlis man­
Zilze Sveli mxolod 15 naSiers Sobs, futkari 50 000-mde kvercxs debs, xolo
TEevzi mTvare _ 3-5 miliards.
gansakuTYrebulad maRali bioturi potenciali sicocxlis dabali orga­
nizaciis donis mqone individebs, magaliTad, safuara sokoebsa da baqteriebs
aqvT. baqteriis ujredi yovel 20 wuTSi erTxel iyofa da raime rom ar afer­
xebdes mis gamravlebas, maTi ricxvi usasrulod gaizrdeboda da ramdenime
saaTSi baqteriebi mTel samyaros aiTvisebdnen.

255
 mrudi, romelic populaciis zrdas
asaxavs yovelgvari resursebiT uzrun­
velyofil, gamravlebisTvis idealur
garemoSi, Zalian swrafad icvlis sim­

baqteriebis ricxvi
rudes da usasrulobaSi miemarTeba.
magram bunebaSi bioturi potenciali
srulad arasdros realizdeba. misi si­
dide, Cveulebriv, isazRvreba, rogorc
sxvaoba populaciaSi individTa Soba­
dobasa da sikvdilianobas Soris.
r = b - d, sadac b _ dabadebulTa
ricxvia, d _ daRupulTa ricxvi, drois
erTi da igive intervalSi. amitom bune­
brivi populaciebis zrdis grafiks Te­ dro (wT.)
oriuli grafikisgan mkveTrad gansxva­
vebuli forma aqvs.
aseTi mrudi jer zemoT mii­
wevs, Semdeg icvlis mimarTule­
populaciis ricxobrioba

bas, abscisis paralelurad mie­

marTeba da asaxavs populaciis
zRvrul ricxobriobas, romelic
K garkveuli xnis manZilze stabi­
lurad narCundeba. populaciis
am ricxviT maCvenebels garemos
tevadobas uwodeben (k). garemos
tevadoba individebis maqsima­
luri ricxvia, romlis arsebobis
dro (wT.)
uzrunvelyofac SeuZlia gare­
mos. mrudis es forma imaze miuTiTebs, rom bunebaSi arsebobs raRac mize­
zebi, romlebic ar aZleven saSualebas saxeobas, bolomde gamoavlinos misi
bioturi potenciali da zRudaven mis ric­xobriobas garkveul farglebSi.
sqema gviCvenebs, rogor aregulirebs garemo populaciis ricxobriobas.

ricxobrioba garemos populaciis

aWarbebs garemos SemzRudveli ricxobrioba
tevadobas zemoqmedeba mcirdeba
izrdeba

populaciis populaciis
normaluri normaluri
ricxobrioba ricxobrioba

garemos
ricxobrioba SemzRudveli populaciis
naklebia garemos zemoqmedeba ricxobrioba
tevadobaze mcirdeba izrdeba

populaciis ricxobriobis SenarCunebas populaciis homeostazs uwodeben.

256
 garemos zogierTi faqtoris moqmedeba ar aris damokidebuli populaci­
is ricxobriobaze. magaliTad, Zlieri yinvebisas, miuxedavad imisa, mraval­
ricxovania Tu mcirericxovani maTi populacia, masiurad iRupebian: frin­
velebi, romlebic mwerebiT ikvebebian; Txunelebi da Tagvebi _ gruntis
gayinvis gamo; budeebSi eyinebaT kvercxebi roWoebs. populaciis ricxobrio­
baze ar aris damokidebuli gvalvis moqmedeba, wyaldidoba da xanZari. isini
erTianad anadgureben mcire da mravalricxovan populaciebs. Sesaferisma
klimaturma pirobebma ki SeiZleba populaciis arnaxuli zrda gamoiwvios,
rogorc es kaliebis Semosevis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
garemos zogierTi faqtori moqmedebas populaciaze mxolod maSin ax­
dens, rodesac populacia ricxobrivad izrdeba. amasTanave, misi gavlena miT
ufro Zlieria, rac metia populaciis simWidrove. populaciis simWidrove
farTobis erTeulze individebis ricxvia. es faqtorebi ara ubralod mkveT­
rad zrdian an amcireben populaciis ricxobriobas, aramed aregulireben
mas. swored es faqtorebi uzrunvelyofen populaciis homeostazs. gansa­
kuTrebiT efeqturi maregulirebeli faqtorebi konkurencia, parazitizmi
da mtaceblobaa.
konkurenciis erT-erTi umkacresi forma mcenareebSi TviTgamoxSirvaa.
mcenareebis aRmocenebis maRali simWidrovisas, maTi nawili aucileblad
iRu­peba, radgan ver uZlebs fiziologiu­
rad ufro Zlieri mezoblebis konkurenci­
as. garda amisa, mWidro naTesebSi da­Cag­­­rul
mcenareebs naklebi ylortebi uvi­TardebaT,
maTi masa mcirdeba.
cxovelebSi konkurenciis aseTi mkacri
formebi mxolod maSin vlindeba, rodesac
sakvebis, wylis an sxva resursebis raode­
noba Zalian SezRudulia da maT ar ZaluZT
resursebis mopoveba sxva teritoriaze.
ma­galiTad, patara tbebSi, sadac sxva saxe­
obis Tevzebi ar arian, qorWilebi sakuTari
TviTgamoxSirva
naSierebiT ikvebebian. Tumca, kanibalizmi
cxovelebSi Zalian iSviaTi movlenaa.
konkurentebTan brZolis Zalian saintereso forma
ybebi aqvs erT-erT parazit mwers, romelic Tavis kvercxebs
sxva mweris kvercxebSi debs. maspinZlis kvercxSi sakve­
bi nivTierebis raodenoba SezRudulia, is mxolod erTi
individisTvisaa sakmarisi, amitom parazitul larvas
kvercxidan gamoCekvisTanave uCndeba ybebi, romelic
mas srulebiTac ar sWirdeba kvercxis SigTavsiT kvebis­
Tvis. ybebs is konkurentze Tavdasasxmelad iyenebs.
konkurentebi erTmaneTs Tavs manamde esxmian, sanam kve­
bas daiwyeben. konkurentis ganadgurebis Semdeg larvas
paraziti mweris ybebi uqreba da is mSvidad Seeqceva sakvebs.
larvebi

257
 1 romeli organoidebi monawileoben larvis ybebis gaqrobaSi?
populaciis zrdas konkurentebis mier gamoyofili qimiuri nivTierebe­
bic aferxebs. magaliTad, akvariumis wyali, romelSic dafniebi iyvnen, afer­
xebs imave saxeobis dafniebis gamravlebas da am Tvisebas wyali ramdenime
dRe inarCunebs.
bayayis Tavkombalebi wyalSi gamoyofen cilovan nivTierebebs, romelic
sxva Tavkombalebis zrdas aferxebs. rac ufro didia individi, miT ufro
Zlierad zemoqmedebs is sxva mcire zomis individebze.
2 daasaxele msgavsi faqtebi mcenareebSi.
teritoriuli qcevebi mocemul teritoriaze populaciis ricxobriobis
zrdis Semaferxebeli erT-erTi efeqturi meqanizmia. cxovelebis umravle­
soba agresias avlens mis teritoriaze SeWril ucxo an Tundac nacnobi in­
dividis mimarT. zogi frinveli aqtiurad icavs Tavis budes. homeostazis
SedarebiT `rbili~ meqanizmi teritoriis markireba anu moniSvnaa. zogierTi
frinveli amas galobiT axerxebs. cisferi veSapebi dabali sixSiris bgerebs
gamoscemen, romliTac erTmaneTs 860 km-is farglebSi atyobineben, sazR­vari
ar gadmolaxon. TevzebSi ufro metyveli `ferebis enaa~. maTi Seferiloba
miuTiTebs, rom teritoria dakavebulia.
frinvelebsa da ZuZumwovrebSi populaciis zrdis sapasuxo reaqcia zog­­­
jer gansaxlebaa. amiT mocemul teritoriaze individebis optimaluri ra­o­
de­noba narCundeba. sainteresoa, rom `emigrantebs~ Soris axalgazrda in­di­
videbi Warboben.
populaciis simWidrovis gazrda cxovelebSi daZabulobasa da stress
iw­vevs, romelic Sobadobis Semcirebisa da sikvdilianobis gazrdis mize­
zia. Tavis tvinis qerqis signalebs populaciis simWidrovis gazrdis Sesaxeb
hipoTalamusi exmaureba, romelic cvlis endokrinuli sistemis muSaobas.
3 axseni, rogor SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes Sobadoba hipoTala­
musis gavleniT?
populaciis ricxobriobis Zalian efeqturi regulatori msxverplisa da
mtaceblis urTierTobaa. msxverplisa da mtaceblis ricxobrioba perio­du­lad
icvleba. am cvlilebas kanonzomieri da regularuli xasiaTi aqvs _ msxverp­
lis ricxobriobis matebas yovelTvis mosdevs mtaceblis gamravleba. rodesac
mtaceblis ricxvi maqsimums aRwevs, msxverplis ricxvi mkveT­­rad mcirdeba, rac
Tavis mxriv mtaceblis ricxvis Semcirebas iwvevs. aseTi cvli­lebebi gansakuT­
re­biT iseT Tanasazogadoe­
bebSia Tval­saCino, romlebic lemingi
populaciis ricxobrioba

sa­­xe­­­obrivi Tvalsazri­siT ar bu
ari­an mdidrebi. ase­Ti oTx­­
wliani cikli skan­di­­naviis
qvey­nebSi le­­min­gebsa da mis
mters, TeTr bus aqvT.

wlebi

258
populaciis zrdis siCqare mis biotur potencialzea damokidebu­
li. bunebaSi arsebobs faqtorebi, romelic zRudavs bioturi po­
tencialis bolomde realizacias. garemos tevadoba individebis
is maqsimaluri ricxvia, romlis uzrunvelyofac SeuZlia gare­
mos. populaciis ricxobriobis SenarCunebas populaciis homeo­
stazs uwodeben. homeostazis efeqturi meqanizmebi konkurencia,
parazitizmi da mtaceblobaa.

1. cnobili ekologi g. gauze 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi garemo faq­

torebis gavlenas populaciebis dinamikaze laboratoriulad
ikvlevda. misi kvlevebis obieqts, ZiriTadad, erTujrediani or­
ganizmebi _ infuzoriebi warmoadgendnen. cdebis erT-erT
pirvel seriaSi ori sxvadasxva saxeobis infuzoria Paramecium
caudatum da Paramecium aurella cal-calke sinjaraSi izrdeboda
da sakvebis deficits ar ganicdida. cdebis meore seriaSi gauze
maT erT sinjaraSi aTavsebda. mecnierma aRmoaCina erTi kanon­
zomiereba, romelic Semdeg kanonis saxiT Camoayaliba. am kano­
nis mixedviT, or saxeobas ar SeuZlia Tanaarseboba, Tu maTi
ekologiuri moTxovnilebebi erTnairia. I da II eqsperimentis
Sedegebi ilustraciaze A da B grafikebis saxiT aris warmodge­
nili.

P aurella
individebis ricxvi 1sm3 wyalSi

P caudatum

P aurella
P caudatum

dReebi

a. daakvirdi A grafiks da aRwere rogor icvleba P. caudatum-isa

da P. aurella-s populacia ricxobrivad.
b. rogor icvleba P. caudatum-isa da P. aurella-s populacia B B
grafikze?
g. gauzes kanonidan gamomdinare, romeli mrudi asaxavs I eqspe­
rimentisa da romeli II eqsperimentis Sedegs?

259
 2. cdebis sxva seriaSi gauze ikvlevda mtaceblisa da msxverplis
urTierTobis gavlenas maTi populaciebis dinamikaze.
eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi man daadgina: mtacebeli infu­
zoriis _ Didinium nasutum-is gamravleba kanonzomierad mos­
devda misi msxverplis _ Paramecium caudatum-is gamravlebas.
rodesac mtaceblis raodenoba maqsimums aRwevda, is mTlia­
nad anadgurebda msxverpls da amis Semdeg TviTonac iRupe­
boda.
eqsperimentis meore seriaSi sinjaraSi mcireoden qviSas yrid­
nen. am SemTxvevaSi, mtaceblis daRupvis Semdeg msxverpli swra­
fad mravldeboda.

daakvirdi A A da B grafikebs da A
ifiq­­re:
a. romeli maTgani asaxavs pir­­­­
veli eqsperimentis mo­­na­ce­
mebs?
b. romeli mrudi gamoxatavs
msxverplis populaciis ri­
c­­­­­­xobriv cvlilebas?
g. romeli mrudi ekuTvnis mta­­­
cebels?
d. ratom gamoiyenes eqsperi­ B
mentSi qviSa?
e. sa­idan gaCnda meore eqspe­
ri­­mentSi msxverpli misi
mtris daRupvis Semdeg?

3. 1925 wlamde alaskaze se­la­pebze SeuzRudavad na­di­­robdnen be­

wvis gamo, amitom maTi ricxvi 1910 wlidan 1925 wlamde alaskis
erT-erT kunZul­ze Zalian mcire iyo, is daaxloebiT 1 000 Sead­
genda. 1925 wlidan selapebze nadirobaze kontroli dawesda
da populaciam swrafi zrda daiwyo. 1935 wels selapebis ricxv­
ma 10 000-s miaRwia, Semdeg SedarebiT dastabilurda da dRemde
viwro farglebSi meryeobs.

a. am monacemebis mixedviT aage mrudi.

b. axseni, ra SeiZleba iyos populaciis viwro farglebSi meryeo­
bis mizezi?

260
4. populaciis ricxobriobis analizisTvis xSirad sargeb­lo­
ben monacemebiT, romelic populaciaSi individebis sikv­di­
lianobas asaxavs. sikvdilianoba Sobadobis sawinaaRmdego
si­didea. es aris drois garkveul erTeulSi daRupuli indi­
videbis raodenoba. populaciis asakobrivi struqtura imazea
damokidebuli, Tu gadarCenis ra Sansebi aqvT individebs sxva­
dasxva asakobriv jgufebSi.
ilustraciaze 3 mrudia, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu rogor na­
wil­deba sikvdilianoba sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebSi.
gadarCenili individebis

A
ricxvi

C
asaki

romeli mrudi gamoxatavs sikvdilianobas, romelic:

a. asakTan aris dakavSirebuli?
b. asakze pirdapir ar aris damokidebuli?
g. naklebad aris damokidebuli garemo faqtorebze?
d. Zalian aris damokidebuli garemo faqtorebze?
e. romeli mrudi gamoxatavs im populaciebis sikvdilianobas,
romlebsac gamravlebis maRali tempi sWirdebaT populaciis
struqturis SesanarCuneblad?
v. romeli mrudi gamoxatavs im cxovelebis sikvdilianobas, rom­
lebic STamomavlobaze ar zrunaven?
z. ra mniSvneloba aqvs aseTi mrudebis monacemebs ekologebis­
Tvis?

5. gadaitane rveulSi da daakavSire figurebi isrebiT ise, rom

Se­iqmnas populaciis di­na­mikis zogadi sqema.

sakvebi

bioturi
faqtorebi

populaciis
abioturi Sobadoba, sikvdilianoba, simWidrove
faqtorebi migracia

261
V ekologia
§40
adamianis populaciis zrda

Tanamedroveobis erT-er­
Ti mwvave problema mosax­le­
obis arnaxuli zrdaa. eqs­

adamianis populacia mlrd.

per­­tebis prognoziT, 2017
wels dedamiwaze 8 miliardi
ada­­miani icxovrebs, xolo
2050 wlisTvis Cveni planetis
mo­saxleoba 9 miliardamde
ga­­izr­deba. Tu adamianis po­
pu­la­ciis zrdis grafikul ga­
mosaxulebas daakvirdebi, Se­
niSnav, rom mravali saukunis
manZilze adamianis populacia
Zalian nela izrdeboda. erTi Cv.w.aR-mde Cv.w.aR-iT
miliardisTvis rom mi­eRwia,
kacobriobas 1 milioni weli dasWirda, meore miliards man 100 weliwadSi mi­
aRwia, mesames _ 40 weliwadSi, meoTxes _ 15-Si, mexuTes ki mxolod 10 weli­
wadSi.
es mrudi formiT Zalian hgavs im baqteriis populaciis zrdis mruds, ro­
melic laboratoriul pirobebSi izrdeba da sadac mas sicocxlisTvis yvela
aucilebeli piroba gaaCnia. magram, rogorc ici, bunebaSi aseTi ram ar xdeba,
radgan iq realurad mravali faqtori arsebobs, romelic zRudavs organiz­
mis gamravlebas.
sainteresoa, riTaa gamowveuli adamianis populaciis zrdis aseTi uCveu­
lo siswrafe?
sxva cocxali organizmebis msgavsad, adamianis populaciis zrda Soba­
dobasa da sikvdilianobas Soris sxvaobazea damokidebuli. XX saukuneSi
sikvdilianoba mkveTrad Semcirda, rasac xeli Seuwyo mosaxleobis sakvebi
produqtebiT ukeT momaragebam, sacxovrebeli da sanitarul-higienuri pi­
robebis gaumjobesebam, Tanamerove medicinis miRwevebma _ medikosebma am
saukuneSi bevri iseTi daavadeba daamarcxes, romelic adre ukurnebel senad
iyo miCneuli.
magram rodemde gagrZeldeba mosaxleobis aseTi zrda, ramdeni adamiani
SeiZleba daitios da uzrunvelyos dedamiwam optimaluri saarsebo pirobe­
biT, rogoria dedamiwis SesaZleblobebi?
eqspertebi bolomde ver SeTanxmdnen dedamiwis tevadobis zust cifrze,
Tumca, fiqroben, rom is daaxloebiT 8-10 miliardis farglebSia. rogorc ki

262
mosaxleoba am cifrs miuaxlovdeba, dedamiwas SimSili emuqreba.
es tendencia ukve igrZnoba _ sakvebi produqtebis warmoeba CamorCe­
ba mosaxleobis zrdis tempebs. yoveldRiurad msoflioSi 12 000 adamiani
iRu­peba SimSiliT. marto indoeTSi, erTi wlis manZilze, SimSiliTa da ara­
srulfasovani kvebis gamo milioni bavSvi kvdeba.
1 axseni, ras gulisxmobs arasrulfasovani kveba?
dedamiwaze mosaxleobis gadanawilebis kvlevisas, mecnierebma sami Zi­ri­
Tadi kanonzomiereba aRmoaCines.
 populaciis zrda maqsimaluria ganviTarebad qveynebSi, romlebsac
yvelaze naklebad SeuZliaT Tavis gamokveba da minimaluria ganviTarebul
qveynebSi.
magaliTad, keniaSi 24 milioni adamiani cxovrobs. misi mosaxleobis zrdis
tem­pi wliurad 4%-ia, rac yvelze maRali maCvenebelia mTel msoflioSi. si­
cocxlis xangrZlivoba am qveyanaSi mxolod 54 welia. mosaxleobis umravle­
soba wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria.
eqspertebis monacemebiT, 2050 wels yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli qve­
yana indoeTi iqneba, germaniasa da iaponiaSi ki, savaraudod, mosaxleoba Sem­
cirdeba.

2000 w 2050 w

# qveyana mosaxleoba qveyana mosaxleoba

ml ml

1 CineTi 1255 indoeTi 1533

2 indoeTi 976 CineTi 1517
3 aSS 274 pakistani 357
4 indonezia 207 aSS 348
5 brazilia 165 nigeria 399
6 ruseTi 148 indonezia 318
7 pakistani 147 brazilia 243
8 iaponia 126 bangladeSi 218
9 bangladeSi 124 eTiopia 213
10 nigeria 122 irani 170
11 meqsika 96 kongo 165
12 germania 82 meqsika 154
13 vietnami 78 filipinebi 131
14 irani 73 vietnami 130
15 filipinebi 72 egvipte 115
16 egvipte 66 ruseTi 114

263
  zrdis maRali tempebisas irRveva populaciis asakobrivi Sedgeniloba
izrdeba Sromisuunaro mosaxleobis _ bavSvebisa da xanSiSesulebis ricxvi.
aseT qveynebSi bavSvebi mosaxleobis TiTqmis 50%-s Seadgenen, xolo xanSiSe­
sulebi _ 15%-s.
populaciebSi, asakobrivi jgufebis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad, popu­
laciebis pi­­ra­midebs iyeneben, romelic populaciaSi asakobrivi jgufebis
procentul Sefardebas asaxavs. keniisa da dasavleT evropis qveynebis popu­
laciur piramidebs erTi SexedviTac advilad ganasxvaveb. keniis piramida
formiT namdvil piramidas hgavs, dasavleT evropis qveynebisa ki ufro svets
mogagonebs. es imitom, rom keniaSi axalgazrdebis ricxvi mkveTrad aWarbebs
xanSiSesul adamianTa ricxvs. maTi gamravlebiT populacia swrafad izrdeba.
evropis qveynebSi yvela asakobrivi jgufi TiTqmis Tanabrad aris warmod­
genili. aseTi proporciis mqone populacias zrdis naklebi tendencia aqvs.
asaki

asaki

ricxobrioba ricxobrioba
kenia dasavleT evropa

 izrdeba mosaxleobis simWidrove. mosaxleoba ZiriTadad did qalaqeb­

Si iyris Tavs. 1925 wels qalaqebSi msoflios mosaxleobis mxolod 20% cxov­
robda, axla ki 50% cxovrobs. prognozireben, rom 2025 wlisTvis dedamiwis
mosaxleobis 75% qalaqebSi icxovrebs.
1900 wels msoflioSi erTaderTi qalaqi londoni iyo, romlis mo­
saxleobam 5 milions gadaaWarba. moiZie informacia, ramdeni 5 milioniani qa­
laqia dRes dedamiwaze.
bevri qveyana cdilobs, daupirispirdes mosaxleobis zrdis tendencias
da rogorme SezRudos misi zrdis maRali tempi. aseT qveynebSi Zalian popu­
larulia ojaxis dagegmva, naadrev qorwinebaze Tavis Sekaveba, qalebis ganaT­
lebis xarisxisa da maTi dasaqmebis gazrda. es qveynebi cdiloben, rogorme
populaciis nulovan zrdas miaRwion. nulovani zrdisas qveyanaSi imdeni
adamiani ibadeba, ramdenic kvdeba. ase rom moxdes, erT wyvils or Svilze me­
ti ar unda hyavdes (mSoblebis Casanacvleblad). miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-Si
1980 wels populaciis nulovani zrda dafiqsirda, misi populacia mainc izr­
deba, radgan mas Semdeg, rac mSoblebi Svilebs aCenen, TviTon kidev ramde­
nime aTeul wels cocxloben, es ki mosaxleobis saerTo ricxvs emateba.

264
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi mwvave problema mosaxleobis ar­na­­­
xuli zrdaa. 2050 wlisTvis Cvens planetaze mosaxleoba. sa­va­ra­
udod, 9 milards miaRwevs. eqspertebis monacemebiT, de­da­­miwis
te­vadoba 10 miliardis farglebSia. populaciis zrda maq­si­ma­lu­
ria ganviTarebad qveynebSi. dedamiwis mosaxleobis 75% qalaqebSi
icxovrebs.

1. cxrilSi adamianis populaciis sta­ wlebi

adamianebis
tis­tikuri monacemebia. ricxvi
(mlrd.)

a. aage mrudi am monacemebis mixedviT; 1850 1.0

b. ramdeni iyo dedamiwis mosaxleoba, 1925 2.0
rodesac daibade? 1956 2.5
g. ramdenia axla dedamiwis mosaxleo­ 1966 3.3
ba, Seni mrudis mixedviT? 1970 3.6
d. ramdenia dedamiwis mosaxleobis na­ 1974 3.9
mati procentulad, Seni dabadebis 1976 4.0
momentidan dRemde? 1980 4.0
e. Seni mrudis mixedviT, rodis miaR­ 1991 5.5
wevs dedamiwis mosaxleoba 8 mili­ 2000 6.0
ards? 2004 6.4
2006 6.5

2. ilustraciaze indoeTisa da aSS-s populaciebis piramidebia

mo­cemuli.
indoeTi aSS

a. indoeTis mosaxleobis ramdeni procentia Seni asakis? ipove

Seni asakis mosaxleobis procenti aSS-Si.
b. indoeTisa da aSS-is mosaxleobis ramdeni procentia Seni mSob­
lebis asakis?
g. Seadare erTmaneTs indoeTisa da aSS-is 80 wlisa da meti asakis
adamianTa procentuli monacemebi. daakvirdi, arsebobs Tu
ara gansxvaveba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris am mxriv.

265
 1. ori piramididan erTi kongos mosaxleobis asakobriv Sedgeni­
lobas gamoxatavs, meore ki germaniisas. amoicani es piramide­
bi.

A B

2. ilustraciaze warmodgenili mrudebi gamoxatavs damokide­

bulebas sikvdilianobasa da asaks Soris, adamianis sxvadasxva
populaciebSi.
gadarCebilTa ricxvi

asaki

romeli mrudi asaxavs mdgomareobas ganviTarebul da romeli

gan­viTarebad qveynebSi?

adamiani erTaderTi saxeobaa dedamiwaze, romelsac SeuZlia imo­

qmedos garemos SemzRudvel faqtorebze da realurad Secvalos
is. mecnierTa azriT, de­damiwaze samjer moxda mosaxleobis ar­
naxuli zrda, ramac demografiuli afeTqebis saxelwodeba miiRo.
pirveli afeTqeba pir­velyofili adamianis nadirobasTaAn iyo da­
kavSirebuli; meore da­axloebiT 10 000 wlis win moxda, roca ada­
mianma miwis damuSavebas mihyo xeli; mesame sawarmoo revolucias
ukavSirdeba, rome­lic dRemde grZeldeba. mecnierTa azriT, ada­
mianma samjerve de­damiwis _ misi saarsebo garemos tevadoba gaz­
arda. ganmarte, ras gulisxmoben mecnierebi?

266
am ori bavSvidan, erTi ganviTarebadi qveynis mkvidria, meore ki
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi cxovrobs. orive maTganis problema ara­
srul­fasovani kvebaa. axseni ukiduresi sigamxdrisa da zRvarga­
dasuli simsuqnis mizezebi.

erT-erTma cnobilma amerikulma gamomcemlobam, popularulad

rom miewodebina mosaxleobisTvis msoflioSi arsebuli mdgo­
mareoba, Semdegi gaTvlebi gamoaqveyna:

`Tu mTel dedamiwas erT patara soflad warmovidgenT, romelSic

100 adamiani cxovrobs, maSin am sofelSi:

 57 azieli, 21 evropeli, 14 amerikeli, 8 afrikeli iqneba.

 70 adamians ar ecodineba wera-kiTxva.
 50 adamiani iSimSilebs.
 80 adamians eqneba sacxovreblad Seuferebeli bina.
 mxolod 1 adamians eqneba sauniversiteto ganaTleba~.

267
V ekologia
§41
biogeoqimiuri wrebrunva
naxSirbadis cikli

yvela qimiuri elementi, romelic Sens organizms aSenebs, erT dros de­
damiwis aracocxal bunebas ekuTvnoda. sicocxlis gaCenidan dRemde, cocxa­
li organizmebi dedamiwis `kuTvnil~ qimiur elementebs garemodan itaceben
da sxeuls iSeneben. magram am elementebis maragi dedamiwaze usasrulo ar
aris. mecnierTa azriT, erTaderTi saSualeba, rom raime zRvruls, sasruls
usasrulobis Tviseba mianiWo, unda aiZulo is, wreSi itrialos. qimiuri ele­
mentebi, romlebsac cocxali organizmebi cxovelqmedebisTvis iyeneben, ara­
cocxal garemos ubrundebian da garkveuli xnis Semdeg sxva cocxali orga­
nizmebis sxeulSi aRmoCndebian. ase rom, sicocxlis uwyvetobas dedamiwaze
nivTierebaTa biogeoqimiuri wrebrunva udevs safuZvlad.
dedamiwaze nivTierebaTa saerTo wrebrunva Zalian hgavs saaTis meqa­
nizms, romlis TiToeuli detali konkretuli qimiuri elementis ciklia.
Cveni organizmis TiToeul
qimiur elements Tavisi `bedi~
S aqvs atmosferoSi, liTosfer­
osa da hidrosferoSi.
O2 liTosferos dedamiwis ga­
re, myar garss uwodeben, atmos­
feros _ airovans, xolo hi­
C drosferos okeaneebi, zRvebi,
C organuli tbebi da mdinareebi qmnian.
araor-
ganuli atmosferos, liTosfero­
sa da hidrosferos im nawils,
romelic cocxali organizme­
Si P N
Ca biTaa dasaxlebuli, biosfero
ewodeba.
biologiuri wrebrunva ar
aris mkacrad Caketili. qimiuri elementebisa da nivTierebebis nawili xan­
daxan wrebrunvas eTiSeba, organizmis gareT grovdeba da am nivTierebis
erTgvar marags qmnis garemoSi. ase dagrovda, magaliTad, azoti atmosfero­
Si, qvanaxSiri da navTobi _ dedamiwis qerqSi, kalciumis karbonati _ zRveb­
Si. nivTierebebis aseTi maragi naklebad aris xelmisawvdomi cocxali orga­
nizmebisTvis, isini nela erTvebian biogeoqimiur ciklSi da amitom am marags
ama Tu im nivTierebis sarezervo fondi ewodeba.

268
 naxSirbadis cikli

naxSirbadi yvela organuli nivTierebis SedgenilobaSi Sedis _ is si­

cocxlis safuZvelia. naxSirbadi ujredis mSrali nivTierebis daaxloebiT
40%-s Seadgens.
naxSirbadi atmosferoSi ZiriTadad naxSirorJangis saxiT arsebobs, Tum­
ca, is meTanis SedgenlobaSic Sedis, romelic atmosferoSi Zalian mcire ra­
odenobiTaa.
wyalSi naxSirorJangi, JangbadTan SedarebiT, 35-jer ufro ukeT ixsneba,
amitom is atmosferodan hidrosferoSi advilad gadadis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom naxSirorJangis koncentracia atmosferosa da
hidrosferoSi 0,04%-is farglebSia, mas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs sicocx­
lisTvis.
atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis koncentraciis gazrdisas izrdeba misi
STanTqma wylis mier. nawili naxSirorJangis molekulebisa reagirebs wyal­
Tan da naxSirmJavas (H2CO3) warmoqmnis, romelic hidrokarbonatisa (HCO3-)
da karbonatis(CO32-) ionebad disocirdeba.
es ionebi reagireben kalciumisa da magniumis ionebTan da uxsnad karbo­
natebs warmoqmnian, romlebic fskerze ileqebian.
CO2 haerSi CO2 wyalSi H2CO3 Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3
es reaqciebi safuZvlad udevs okeanis buferul sistemas, romelic wylis
mudmivi pH-is SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs.
wylis SemJavianebis SemTxvevaSi, procesebi jaWvSi marcxniv gadainacv­
lebs, xolo gatutianebisas _ marjvniv, rasac wyalSi karbonatis gamoleqva
moyveba.

CO2-is STanTqma
CO2-is gamoyofa

fotosinTezi

CO2 sunTqva

gaxrwna
difuzia

CO2 qvanaxSiri
navTobi
H2CO3
+ -
H +HCO3
almasi
MgCO3 CaCO3
kirqva grafiti
dolomiti

269
 kalciumisa da karbonatis ionebs wylis organizmebi sxeulis sxvadasxva
nawilebis, ConCxisa da niJarebis asagebad iyeneben. sikvdilis Semdeg isini
okeanis fskerze ileqebian da naxSirbadiT mdidar fenebs warmoqmnian. xan­
grZlivi drois Semdeg es fenebi fizikur da qimiur cvlilebebs ganicdian da
danaleq qanebad gardaiqmnebian.
hidrosferosa da atmosferos naxSirorJangs xmeleTis mcenareebi da
wyalmcenareebi STanTqaven da fotosinTezis procesSi naxSirbadi CO2-dan
rTuli organuli nivTierebebis molekulebSi gadainacvlebs. fotosinTezi
udevs safuZvlad yvela sxva elementis wrebrunvas dedamiwaze anu swored
is CarTavs Cveni virtualuri saaTis meqanizms da mis yvela danarCen rgols
aiyoliebs.
organul nivTierebebSi SeboWili naxSirbadis kvlav garemoSi naxSiror­
Jangis saxiT gamoTavisufleba mcenareebisa da cxovelebis sunTqvis proces­
Si xdeba.
1 rogor aRmoCnda naxSirbadi atmosferodan cxovelis organizmSi?
2 naxSirorJangis garda, romeli nivTiereba Tavisufldeba atmosfero­
Si mcenareebisa da cxovelebis sunTqvisas?
atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis dabruneba gansakuTrebiT intensiurad
niadagidan xdeba, sadac uamravi reducenti saxlobs. niadagSi naxSirorJangs
sunTqvisas mcenaris fesvebic aTavisufleben. sunTqvisas naxSirorJangs so­
koebica da baqteriebic warmoqmnian. anaerobul pirobebSi isini atmosferoSi
meTans gamohyofen. am procesebs erTad niadagis sunTqva Searqves. naxSiror­
Jangis atmosferoSi gadasvla vulkanuri amofrqvevis drosac xdeba. iseT
pirobebSi, sadac reducentebis moqmedeba Seferxebulia garemo faqtorebis
gamo, magaliTad, niadagSi an wyalSi ar aris sakmarisi Jangbadi, dabalia pH
an ar aris Sesaferisi temperatura, mcenaris narCenebi veRar ixrwneba, qvana­
xSirad da torfad gadaiqceva da droebiT eTiSeba naxSirbadis wrebrunvas.
qvanaxSiri da torfi naxSirbadis mniSvnelovani sarezervo fondebia. naxSir­
badis rezervuarebs almasisa da grafitis sabadoebic miekuTvneba.
raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, naxSirbadis yvelaze did rezervuars da­
naleqi qanebi, kirqvebi da dolomitebi warmoadgenen. Tumca, naxSirbadi am
naerTebSi Zalian xangrZlivad aris Camarxuli da wrebrunvaSi mxolod teq­
tonikuri procesebis dros am qanebis gaSiSvlebisas erTveba.

sicocxles dedamiwaze nivTierebaTa wrebrunva udevs safuZvlad.

nivTierebaTa nawili aqtiurad cirkulirebs cocxal organizmebsa
da aracocxal bunebas Soris, nawili ki droebiT eTiSeba wrebrun­
vas da aracocxal garemoSi nivTierebaTa marags qmnis. am marags
sarezervo fondi anu rezervuari ewodeba. naxSirbadis sarezervo
fondebia kirqvis, almasis, grafitis sabadoebi, torfi, qvanaxSiri,
navTobi. mTavar sarezervo fonds ki atmosferuli naxSirorJangi
warmoadgens, romelic, miuxedavad misi mcire raodenobisa, aqtiu­
rad mimoiqceva hidrosferos, liTosferosa da atmosfers cocxal
da aracocxal komponentebs Soris.

270
1. aRwere da sqemis saxiT warmoadgine gza, romelic atmosfe­
rulma CO2-ma gaiara, vidre is reducentis sunTqvisas isev at­
mosferoSi dabrundeboda.
2. aRwere da sqemis saxiT warmoadgine vulkanuri amofrqvevis
Sedegad atmosferoSi aRmoCenili naxSirorJangis bedi, Tu is:

a. xmeleTis mcenarem miitaca;

b. okeanis wyalma STanTqa.

1. daasaxele naxSirbadis naerTebi, romlebsac ekosistemis abio­

turi nawili Seicavs.
2. daasaxele naxSirbadis naerTebi, romlebsac ekosistemis bio­
turi nawilebi Seicavs.
3. qimiuri nivTierebebis an elementebis sarezervo fondebs bio­
genur fondebs uwodeben. axseni, ra Sinaarsi devs am terminSi.
4. romeli organizmebi warmoqmnian kirqvis sabadoebs?
5. romeli procesebi zrdian CO2-is koncentracias garemoSi?
6. romeli procesebi amcireben CO2-is koncentracias garemoSi?

1. rogor cikls miekuTvneba naxSirbadis cikli:

a. Rias;
b. daxuruls.

2. CamoTvlili sarezervo fondebidan, romeli maTgania energe­

tikulad mdidari:
a. qvanaxSiri, torfi;
b. almasi;
g. kirqva, dolomiti.

naxSirbadis cikli _ carbon cycle

271
V ekologia
§42
azotis cikli

azotis cikli mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli naxSirbadis ciklTan, radgan

azoti naxSirbadTan erTad umniSvnelovanesi organuli nivTierebebis _
dnm-is, rnm-is, cilebis, atf-is, qlorofilis SedgenilobaSi Sedis. azoti
ara­Tanabradaa gadanawilebuli biosferoSi. yvelaze didi raodenobiT is
qva­naxSirSi, navTobsa da torfSia moqceuli.
1 niadagSi azoti mxolod 5%-mdea _ azotmJavasa da amoniumis marilebi
advilad irecxebian niadagidan. ratom?
2 gaixsene, ra saxiT aRwevs azoti mcenaris organizmSi.
haerSi azotis Semcveloba 80%-s Seadgens, Tumca, mcenareebi moleku­
lur azots `verafers uxerxeben~. is inertuli airia. inertuli laTinurad
usicocxlos, umoZraos niSnavs. molekuluri azoti sicocxlis elementad
maSin gadaiqceva, rodesac is wrebrunvaSi erTveba da organul naerTebSi ga­
dadis. azotis wrebrunvas oTxi ZiriTadi etapi aqvs: fiqsacia, amonifikacia,
nitrifikacia da denitrifikacia.
wrebrunva fiqsaciiT iwyeba. wrebrunvaSi molekulur azots prokari­
otebi `iTreven~. molekuluri azotis STanTqmis unari niadagSi Tavisuflad
mcxovreb aerobul azotfiqsator baqteriebs _ cianobaqteriebsa da azo­
tobaqteriebs, aseve e.w. koJris baqteriebs aqvT, romlebic simbiozurad
cxovroben lobios, araqisis, soias, ionjas, samyuras fesvebze. maT gaaCniaT
fermentebi, romlebic molekulur azots amoniumis nitratad gardaqmnian
da mas, maspinZel mcenares, mis mier damzadebuli Saqrisa da sacxovrebeli
adgilis sanacvlod `sTavazoben~. maspinZeli mcenaris sikvdilis Semdeg
niadagi mdidrdeba rogorc organuli, ise araorganuli azotiT.
3 ionjas ra nawilebi Seicavs organul da araorganul azots misi
sikvdilis Semdeg?
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis sikvdilis Semdeg, maTi narCenebis organuli
nivTierebebi, aseve Sardovana da Sardis mJava, romelsac cxovelebi da so­
koebi gamoyofen, lpobis baqteriebis moqmedebiT amiakad gardaiqmnebian. am
process amonifikacia ewodeba.
amiakis nawili mcenareebis mier STainTqmeba amoniumis ionis saxiT, na­wi­
li niadagidan irecxeba, nawili ki nitrifikatori baqteriebiT jer nitrite­
bamde, Semdeg ki nitratebamde iJangeba.

NO2- NO3-
+
NH4

272
 atmosferuli azoti N2
N2 N2 N2

N2
vulkani

elWeqi

organizmebis
nitrati organuli
naSTebi da
azotfiqsa- mcenareebis azoti mcenareeb­
eqskrementebi
tori fesvebSi sa da cxovelebSi
baqteriebi
araorganuli lpobis baqteriebi
sasuqebi (amonifikacia)

nitrifikatori
nitrati baqteriebi

nitrifikaciis procesic, azotfiqsaciis msgavsad, aerobul pirobebSi

mimdinareobs. nitrifikatori baqteriebis antagonistebi denitrifikatori
baqteriebi arian, romlebsac anaerobul pirobebSi nitratebi molekulur
azotSi gadahyavT. denitrifikacia ramdenime etapad xorcieldeba:

NO3
- NO2
- N 2O N2
denitrifikaciis procesi kravs azotis wrebrunvas da xels uSlis ni­a­­d­a­gSi
­­­­­
azotis oqsidebis dagrovebas, romlebic maRali koncentraciebisas toq­si­­
kurebi arian.
amgvarad, azotis cikli ZiriTadad baqteriebis muSaobas ukavSirdeba,
mcenareebi ki masSi erTvebian da am ciklis Sualeduri produqtebiT sarge­
bloben.

azotis cikls oTxi etapi aqvs: azotfiqsacia, amonifikacia, nit­

ri­fikacia da denitrifikacia. azotfiqsator baq­te­rias aqvs fer­­
mentebi, romlebsac molekuluri azoti amo­niumis nitratSi ga­
dahyavs. lpobis baqteriebis moqmedebiT organuli narCenebisgan
amiaki gamoiyofa. nitri­fikaciis baqteriebis zemoqmedebiT amiaki
nitra­tebamde iJangeba. denitrifikatorebs molekuluri azo­ti
nitratSi gadahyavs.

273
 1. daasaxele azotSemcvel nivTierebaTa cvlis saboloo pro­
duq­tebi, romlebsac ZuZumwovrebi SardTan erTad garemoSi
ga­moyofen.
2. fermerebi 3-4 weliwadSi erTxel mindvrebze ionjas an samyu­
ras Tesaven. axseni, ratom?
3. rogor zrdis niadagis gafxviereba mis nayofierebas?

1. Tevzebi wyalSi nivTierebaTa cvlis saboloo produqts, ami­

aks gamohyofen.

a. ratom ar iRupeba Tevzi akvariumSi, amiaki xom Zalian toqsi­

kuri naerTia?
b. ra daniSnuleba aqvT akvariumis mcenareebs, garda imisa, rom
isini sunTqvisTvis aucilebel Jangbads gamoyofen?
g. ratom unda veridoT akvariumSi TevzebisTvis didi raodeno­
biT sakvebis Cayras?
d. ratom aris aucilebeli akvariumSi wylis perioduli gamocv­
la?
e. rogor fiqrob, erTnairi iqneba Tu ara akvariumis axlad ga­
mocv­­lili da didi xnis nadgomi wylis pH?

2. denitrifikatori baqteriebi XIX saukuneSi aRmoaCines. SeS­

fo­­Tebuli mecnierebi mZime prognozs akeTebdnen; isini fiq­­
robdnen, rom niadagis nayofierebis Semcirebis gamo ka­­­cob­
riobas uaxloes momavalSi SimSili eloda. romeli baq­­te­­riebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb ar icodnen mecnierebma XIX saukune­Si?

3. ra Seicvleba naxSirbadis ciklSi denitrifikatorebma muSa­

oba rom Sewyviton?

azotis cikli _ nitrogen cycle

274
V ekologia
§43
adamiani da garemo
atmosferos dabinZureba

`dedamiwas aqvs garsi da es garsi daavadebulia. erT-erT mis daavade­

bas adamiani hqvia~ _ fridrix nicSes es metafora Zalian mkacrad, magram
garkveulwilad obieqturad asaxavs dedamiwis mdgomareobas.
arnaxulad gazrdili moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad adamiani yve­
laze did da saSiS konsumentad iqca, am sityvis yvelaze cudi gagebiT. is
cdilobs, maqsimalurad gamoiyenos dedamiwisa da masze dasaxlebuli yvela
arsebis SesaZleblobebi. dRes dedamiwaze Znelad Tu ipovi iseT ad­gils,
romlis gadakeTeba ar moundomebia adamians. is cvlis landSafts, agebs
kaSxlebs, aSrobs Waobebs, iTvisebs axal miwebs da cvlis niadagis struq­
turas, zRudavs da amcirebs mcenareTa da cxovelTa garkveuli saxeobebis
gavrcelebas da xels uwyobs sxva saxeobebis gamravlebas. aseTi gacnobiere­
buli da zogjer gaucnobierebeli momxmarebluri midgomiT, is did zians
ayenebs yvelafers Tavis garSemo: icvleba klimati, wylisa da atmosferos
fizikuri da qimiuri mdgomareoba, qreba mcenareTa da cxovelTa saxeobebi,
mravldebian mavneblebi da parazitebi.
adamianis saqmianobis yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli faqti, romelsac axlo mo­
mavalSi Zalian cudi Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves, garemos dabinZurebaa. da­bin­
Zu­rebulia haeric, wyalica da niadagic.
atmosferos bunebrivi da xelovnuri damabinZureblebi aWuWyianeben.
vulkanuri amofrqvevebi, stepebisa da tyeebis xanZrebi, cxovelTa eqskre­
mentebi, mcenareTa mtveri gazafxulze imdenad saSiSi ar aris, radgan maT
biosfero, rogorc TviTmaregu­
lirebeli sistema, TviTonve umk­
lavdeba. Tumca, xandaxan bune­
brivma kataklizmebma SesaZloa, 52% 27%
droebiT daarRvios es balansi.
magaliTad, 1883 wels vulkanma
krakataum arnaxuli raodenobis 8%
10%
ferfli da mtveri gafanta at­ 2%
mosferoSi, ramac dedamiwis siT­
1%
bur balansSi cvlilebebi gamoi­
wvia. atmosferos damabinZureblebi
bevrad ufro saSiSi atmosfe­
mrewveloba samomxmareblo gamaT-
ros xelovnuri damabinZureble­ produqtebi boblebi
bi _ samrewvelo, satranspor­to soflis
transporti sxva
da sayofacxovrebo narCenebia. meurneoba

275
 cxovelebze eqsperimente­biT da­
dasturebulia, rom qala­qis mtve­
ri, Wvartli da boli, ro­mel­sac
qarxnebi gamohyofen, azbes­ti, ro­
melic teqnikaSi xSi­rad ixmareba,
avtomobilebis cve­­Tisas gamoyofi­
li rezinis na­­­wi­­lakebi ujredebis
simsivnur ga­­dagvarebas iwveven.
gamoTvli­lia, rom erTi avtomobi­
li wli­­­­urad, saburavebis cveTisas,
sa­­­­­Sua­lod 10 kg-mde mtvers war­
moqm­nis. garda amisa, avtomobil­is
avtomobilebis gamonabolqvi qalaqSi
gamonabolqvi tyvias Seicavs, ro­
melic Zalian saSiSia adamianisTvis. is CasunTqvidan ramdenime wuTSi eri­T­
rocitebis membranebSi aRmoCndeba da azianebs mas. tyvia mravali fermentis
inhibitoria. tyviis ujredebSi Sesvlis gamo ar muSaobs ionuri arxebi, ir­
Rveva hemoglobinis sinTezi. mas aqvs kancerogenuli da teratogenuli moq­
medeba, azianebs neironebsa da gliis ujredebs.

gansakuTrebiT saSiSi haeris

ra­diaqtiuri elementebiT dabin­
Zu­­rebaa. dReisTvis atomuri eleq­­­­­­­
trosadgurebi msoflios bevr
qveyanaSi moqmedebs. Ti­To­e­u­li
re­aqtori wliurad to­no­­biT ra­
diaqtiur narCens ga­mo­i­muSavebs,
romelTa nawili ra­­diaqtiobas 500
000 wliT inar­Cu­nebs. jer-jerobiT
ver gamoiZebna am narCenebis lik­
vidaciisa da Senaxvis usafrTxo
atomuri eleqtrosadguri
meTodebi. energiis gamomuSavebis
garda, zogi reaqtori 200 kg-mde plutoniums awarmoebs, romelsac atomuri
bombebis dasamzadeblad iyeneben. 0,000001 gr. plutoniumis CasunTqva simsiv­
nis ganviTarebas iwvevs.
gamoTvale, ra raodenobis plutoniumia sakmarisi imisTvis, rom msof­
lioSi Teoriulad yvela adamiani simsivniT daavaddes.
plutoniumi Zalian kargad ixsneba wyalSi, gansakuTrebiT qlorirebul­
Si. is haeridan wyalSi gadadis, wylidan ki TevzSi, qaTamSi, kvercxSi, rZeSi
xvdeba. adamianis organizmSi is sakvercxeebsa da saTesleebSi grovdeba da
mutaciebs iwvevs.
atmosferos dabinZurebam sami mTavari problema warmoqmna:
 globaluri daTboba;
 ozonis Sris cvlileba;
 mJava wvimebi.

276
 saTburis efeqti da globaluri daTboba

msoflio meteorologiuri organizaciis monacemebiT, XX saukune gasu­

li aTaswleulis yvelaze Tbili saukunea, xolo bolo aTwleuli _ yvelaze
`cxeli wlebi~ da Tu ase gagrZelda, 2100 wlisTvis temperatura dedamiwaze
5-60C-iT moimatebs.
dReisTvis dedamiwis saSualo temperaturad 150C-ia miCneuli. im airebis
gareSe, romelic dedamiwas gars akravs, misi temperatura 30-400C-iT naklebi
iqneboda.
1 rogor warmogidgenia sicocxlis arseboba dedamiwaze am pirobebSi?
am airebs saTburis airebi uwodes, radgan maTi moqmedeba saTburis minis
moqmedebas Seadares. saTburis airebi daubrkoleblad atareben mzis sxivebs,
romelTa nawili atmosferodan da dedamiwidan airekleba. sxivebis daaxloe­
biT 50%-s dedamiwa STanTqavs
da Tbeba, nawils ki siTbos saxiT
atmosferoSi as­xivebs. saTburis
airebi ar aZleven am sxivebs kos­
mosSi gasvlis saSualebas, STan­
Tqaven maT, Tbebian da aTboben
atmosferos mTlianad. siTburi
energiis STanTqmis una­ri atmos­
feros Semadgenel yve­la airs ar
gaaCnia. mTavar saT­bur airebad,
vidre atmos­fe­ro dabinZurdebo­
da, wylis orTqli, naxSirorJangi
da meTani iTvleboda. swored es
airebi icavdnen dedamiwis siT­
bur balanss.
bolo dros am airebs daemata saTburis efeqti
qlor­ftor­norganuli na­er­­Tebi.
(CFCs), azotis oqsidi, da rac
yve­laze mTavaria, atmosferoSi mkveTrad
gaizarda naxSirorJangis rao­denoba.

ClFC 20% naxSirorJangis raodenobis gazrdis

mTa­vari mizezi sawvavi airebis _ navTo­
CO2 52% bis, qvanaxSiris intensiuri moxmarebaa.
CH4 18%
mniSvnelovania isic, rom dedamiwaze sul
uf­ro mcirdeba tyeebis mier dakavebuli
N2O
farTobi.

7%

airebis roli saTburis efeqtSi

277
 2 ra kavSirs xedav tyeebis farTobis Semcirebasa da atmosferoSi nax­
SirorJangis koncentraciis zrdas Soris?
meTanis raodenobis momatebas atmosferoSi mecxoveleobisa da brin­
jis naTesebis, aseve nagavsayrelebis farTobis gazrdas ukavSireben. es airi
mcoxnelebis saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi, aseve brinjis plantaciebsa
da nagavsayrelebze specifikuri anaerobi baqteriebis moqmedebis Sedegad
gamoiyofa.
eqspertebis azriT, saTburi airebis koncentraciis Semdgomi gazrda
at­­mosferos qveda fenebisa da dedamiwis zedapiris temperaturis matebas
ga­moiwvevs, rac Tavis mxriv Secvlis msoflio okeanis temperaturas. yve­
laferi es globaluri daTbobis mizezi gaxdeba, rac msoflio klimatis ra­
dikalur cvlilebebSi gamovlindeba.
globalur daTbobas mravali ekologiuri, ekonomiuri da socialuri
prob­lema mohyveba.
fiqroben, rom antarqtidis sanapi­roe­bidan
yinuli ukan daiwevs, 15%-iT Semcirdeba arq­
tikis yinulovani safari. polaruli yinulis
dnobis gamo okeaneebSi wylis donem SesaZloa
1-2 metriT mo­imatos, rac dedamiwis kolo­
salur far­Tobs CaZiravs da 1 miliardamde
ada­miani gadasaxlebis aucileblobis winaSe
dad­­geba. wyalSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes egviptis
te­ritoriis 1/4 da bangladeSis 1/3.
dadneba samxreT amerikis, afrikis, Cine­Tisa
da tibetis mTebis yinulovani safari. afrikis mcirdeba okeaneebis yinulovani
orma yvelaze maRalma wertilma _ kiliman­ safari
jarom da keniam ukve dakarga TAavisi yinulo­
vani qudis 80%. es mTebi afrikis strategiuli wertilebia. maTi yinuliT
ikvebeba am kontinentis mdinareTa umravlesoba, maT Soris nilosi da kongo.
am mdinareebs daSroba emuqreba.
temperaturis mateba gamoiwvevs niadagis tenianobis Semcirebas dedami­
wis bevr regionSi. gvalvebi aq Cveulebrivi movlena gaxdeba.
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom globaluri katastrofis Tavidan asacile­
blad, atmosferoSi gamoyofili CO2 weliwadSi 2 miliard tonas ar unda
aRematebodes, rac dRevandeli maCveneblis 1/3-ia.
amis misaRwevad 1997 wels msoflios 116 qveynis delegatebma kiotoSi (ia­
ponia) miiRes dadgenileba, romelic avaldebulebs msoflios 38 ganviTarebul
qveyanas, Seamciros CO2-is gamoyofa atmosferoSi 1990 welTan SedarebiT 5%-
iT, amasTan, evropis kavSiris qveynebma _ 8%-iT, aSS _ 7%-iT, xolo iaponiam _
6%-iT.
mecnierTa erTi nawili optimisturad aris ganwyobili da miiCnevs, rom
temperaturisa da CO2-is koncentraciis gazrda fotosinTezis process gaa­
Zlierebs, es ki naxSirorJangis koncentracias atmosferoSi TandaTan Seam­
cirebs da normis farglebs daubrunebs, rac TavisTavad moxsnis globaluri
daTbobis problemas.

278
 ozonis Sris Semcireba

ozoni _ O3 atmosferoSi molekulur Jangbadze mzis ultraiisferi sxi­

vebis zemoqmedebiT warmoiqmneba. ozonis molekulebi warmoqmnian ozonis
ekrans _ Sres, romelic atmosferoSi zRvis donidan 15 km-is zemoT iwyeba da
50 km-mde vrceldeba. es ekrani icavs yvela cocxals dedamiwaze mzis ult­
raiisferi gamosxivebis mavne zemoqmedebisgan. atmosferoSi ozonis Sem­­cve­­
loba mxolod 0, 0001%-ia. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod mas aqvs unari, STanTqas
saSiSi mokletalRiani ultraiisferi sxivebi, romelTa talRis sigrZe 280 nm-ze
naklebia. am sxivebis moqmedeba maionizebeli gamosxivebis moq­medebas hgavs,
Tumca, misgan gansxvavebiT, is Rrmad mdebare qsovilebsa da organoebamde
ver aRwevs da umetesad kansa da zedapirulad mdebare qsovilebs azianebs. is
cvlis dnm-is struqturasa da melanomas, sarkomasa da sxva saxis simsivneebs
iwvevs. es sxivebi azianebs rqovanas, skleras, brols, baduras, iwveven kataraq­
tas. mokletalRiani ultraiisferi sxivebi Zalian saSiSia wylis cxovelebisa
da mcenareebisTvis. am sxivebis intensivobis gazrdam planqtoni SesaZloa,
mTlianad gaanadguros.
ozonis molekulebis koncentracia gansakuTrebiT didia zRvis donidan
20-25 km-ze, amitom ekologebs Zalian aSfoTebT zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavebis
mier atmosferoSi gamoyofili azotis oqsidebi, romlebic ozonis moleku­
lebs Slian.

2NO + O3 N2O + 2O2

satransporto TviTmfrinavebis gar­­­­­­da,

ozo­nis Sreze gavlenas axdenen sam­xed­ro
zebgeriTi strategiuli bom­b­damSenebi da
mzveravi TviTmfrinavebi, romlebic atmos­
feroSi azotis oqsi­debsa da wylis orTqls
gamoyofen. rogorc gairkva, ozons Slis
ara mxolod sawvavi narCeni produqtebi,
aramed TviTmfrinavis dartymiTi talRac. TviTmfrinavebi ozonis ekrans
amcireben

1985 wels britanelma mecnierebma ganacxades

antarqtidis raionSi ozonis Sris mkveTrad Semci­
rebis Sesaxeb da aRniSnes e.w. `ozonis xvrelis~ ar­
seboba. aseTi xvreli arsebobs evropis, aziisa da
samxreT amerikis Tavzec.
ozonis xvreli ozonis Sris mTavari mteri qlorftororgan­
uli naerTebia. es advilad aqroladi nivTiere­
bebi Txevadi mdgomareobidan airovan mdgomareo­
baSi gadasvlisas Zalian bevr siTbos kargaven da
civdebian. am Tvisebis gamo isini praqtikulad yve­
la saxis macivrebsa da kondincionerebis warmoe­

279
baSi ixmareba. am nivTierebebs xmaroben aseve sxvadasxva saxis aerozoliani
balonebis warmoebaSi, kompiuterebis mikrosqemebis ga­saw­­mendad. yvela am
nivTebidan qlorftororganuli naerTebi atmosferoSi xvde­ba. mzis ul­
traiisferi sxivebis zemoqmedebiT misi molekulidan qlori ga­moiyofa, ro­
melic ozons Slis. is katalizatoriviT moqmedebs _ erT atom qlors aTaso­
biT molekula ozonis daSla SeuZlia.

1985 wels 20 qveyanam xeli moawera venis konvencias ozonis Sris Sesa­
xeb da dadginda ozonis Sris damSleli nivTierebebis xmarebidan amoRebis
grafiki. dRes yvelaze agresiuli qlorftornaxSirwyalbadebi ukve amoRe­
bulia xmarebidan, Tumca, atmosferodan maT gaqrobas kidev didi dro das­
Wirdeba, radgan isini Zalian nela iSlebian.
saocaria, magram ozoni, romelic icavs sicocxles Cvens planetaze, at­
mosferos qveda fenebSi saSiSia, radgan is azianebs adamianis sasunTq or­
ganoebs, aRizianebs Tvalebs, Slis mcenareTa qsovilebs da amcirebs mosav­
lianobas, ikavSirebs mtvers, bols da warmoqmnis smogs, moqmedebs, rogorc
saTburis airi. qveda fenebSi ozonis warmoqmnas xels uwyobs atmosferoSi
sawvavis moxmarebisas gamoyofili NO2.

mzis sinaTle
NO2 NO + O (Jangbadis radikali) O + O2 O3

ozonis Sris Semcireba

TboeleqtrosadgurebSi, qarxnebSi, avtomobilebSi, binis gamaTboblebSi

sawvavis gaZlierebuli moxmarebisas atmosferoSi mraval sxva nivTierebas­
Tan erTad gogirdisa (SO2) da azotis oqsidebic (N2O, NO2) gamoiyofa. isini
wyalSi gaxsnisas gogirdmJavasa da azotmJAavas warmoqmnian. atmosferulma
naleqebma, romelTa pH naklebia Cveulebrivi wvimis wylis pH-ze, mJava wvimis
saxelwodeba miiRo.
3 gaixsene rogoria Cveulebrivi wvimis wylis pH.
4 ra aris amis mizezi?
pirvelad termini `mJava wvima~ britanelma qimikosma robert smitma ix­
mara 1872 wels. is q. manCesteris dabinZurebis problemebiT iyo dakavebu­
li. man daamtkica, rom qarxnebis boli da orTqli Seicavs mJava bunebis

280
nivTierebebs, romlebic seriozul cvlilebebs iwvevs wvimis wylis Sedge­
nilobaSi. man es cvlilebebi qarxnebisgan sakmaod dacilebul adgilebSi _
velebsa da tyeebSi SeamCnia. man aseve aRwera mJava wvimebis moqmedebis Sede­
gebi _ qsovilebis gauferuleba, metalebis korozia, samSeneblo masalebis
daSla, mcenareebis ganadgureba. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi SemaSfoTebeli

NO2
SO2 4NO2 + 2H2O=4HNO3
SO3 + H2O=H2SO4

NO2

signali Zalian didi xnis win gaisma, industriul qveynebSi mas didi xnis gan­
mavlobaSi ignorirebdnen.
mxolod gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi iyo iZulebuli kanada, SeemuSave­
bina tbebis pH-ze dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis specialuri programa. 60-ian
wlebSi skandinaviam ganacxada mis tbebSi Tevzebis Semcirebisa da zog maT­
ganSi maTi srulad gaqrobis Sesaxeb.
garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi mJava wvimebi mxolod Crdilo naxevarsfe­
ros regionis problemad rCeboda, iq warmoebis maRali tempebiT ganviTa­
rebis gamo. Semdeg es dedamiwis globalur problemad gadaiqca, radgan mJa­
va produqtebi haeris nakadiT mraval aTas kilometrze gadaitaneba da mJava
wvimebi im qveynebSic modis, romlebic Zalian arian daSorebulni atmosfe­
ros dabinZurebis kerebs.
1972 wels mJava wvimebis problema pirvelad SvedeTma daayena gaerTi­a­
ne­buli erebis organizaciis konferenciaze da am dRidan is erT-erT mwvave
problemad rCeba, romelic Tavs daatyda kacobriobas.
mJava wvimebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs tbebis, mdinareebis, yureebis flo­
rasa da faunaze. wylis mcenareebi yvelaze kargad Tavs pH 7-9-is farglebSi
grZnoben. pH-is SemcirebasTan erTad, isini TandaTan iRupebian da sakvebi
akldeba wylis yvela binadars. pH 6-ze iRupebian kiborCxalebi, pH 5,5-ze _
fskeris baqteriebi, romlebic Slian organul narCenebs da fskerze gauxr­
wneli naSTebi grovdeba, amis Semdeg iRupeba planqtoni. rodesac pH 4,5-s mi­
aRwevs, iRupebian Tev­zebi, amfibiebi da mwerebi. wyalsatevis fskeridan iw­ye­ba
metalebis _ tyviis, vercxliswylis, aluminis, kadmiumis gamorecxva. ase­Ti
wylis miReba did saSiSroebas uqmnis adamianis janmrTelobas.

281
 mJava wvimebis gamo se­riozuli ziani mi­adga SvedeTis Tevzis meurneobas,
nor­vegiis 1700 tbaSi saerTod gaqra Tevzi, bavariis tbebSi, romlis pHH-is
maCvenebeli 4-5-is farglebSia, arc erTi Tevzi ar gadarCa.

mJava wvima

pH 5
pH<6
pH 4,5

pH 6
Hg
pH 5,5 Al
Pb

mJava wvimebis gavlena tbis binadrebze

mJava wvimebi azianebs msoflio arqiteqturis Zeglebs romSi, veneciaSi,

aTenSi, kiolnSi, meqsikaSi. mJava wvimebi Slis marmarilos _ mas TabaSirad
gardaqmnis, romelic irecxeba an Wvartlsa da mtvers ereva da uxeS qerqs
warmoqnis. ziandeba 100 000-mde vitraJi evropaSi.

282
adamianis saqmianobis yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli faqti ga­­re­mos da­­
binZurebaa. atmosferos bunebrivi da xelovnuri da­ma­bin­Zu­reb­
le­bi aWuWyianeben. atmosferos dabinZurebam sami mTavari prob­
lema warmoqmna _ globaluri daTboba, ozonis Sris cvlileba
da mJava wvimebi. samive maT­ganis ZiriTadi mizezi sawvavis mox­
marebisas atmosfe­roSi gamoyofili naxSirorJangi, gogirdisa da
azotis oq­sidebia. ozonis Sris degradaciaSi qlorftororga­nu­
li nivTi­erebebic monawileoben.

moswavleebi ikvlevdnen gogirdis oqsidis gavlenas xorblis Tes­

lis gaRivebasa da aRmocenebaze. gogirdis oqsidis wyarod maT na­
triumis disulfatis sxvadasxva koncentraciis xsnarebi gamoiye­
nes. disulfati iSleba da gogirdis oqsids aTavisuflebs. cdis
Sedegebi maT tabulis saxiT warmoadgines.

natriumis gaRivebuli
# disulfatis Teslebis gaRivebis
koncentracia raodenoba procenti
(%) (20 Teslidan)

1 0.00 19 19 17 20 18

2 0.05 18 19 18 19 19

3 0.10 12 13 14 11 12

4 0.50 0 1 0 0 1

5 2.50 0 0 0 0 0

a. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da gamoiangariSe Teslebis gaRi­ve­

bisa da aRmocenebis procenti natriumis disulfatis Ti­To­e­
uli koncentraciisas;
b. Sedegebi warmoadgine svetovani diagramis saxiT;
g. natriumis disulfatis romeli koncentracia aRmoCnda kri­
tikuli TeslebisTvis?
d. ras Secvlidi am eqsperimentSi, ukeTesad rom gagerkvia go­
girdis disulfatis gavlena Teslis aRmocenebaze?
e. romeli sididea am eqsperimentSi damoukideblad cvladi da
romelia masze damokidebuli?
v. ra daadgines moswavleebma am eqsperimentiT?

283
 1. eqspertebis TvalsazrisiT, termini `mJava wvimebi~ zustad ar
asaxavs situacias. maTi azriT, ukeTesi iqneboda termin `mJava
naleqebis~ damkvidreba mecnierebaSi. rogor fiqrob, ra aqvT
mxedvelobaSi eqspertebs?
2. mJava wvimebis `pirveli msxverpli~ kanadis, Sotlandiisa da
skandinaviis mdinareebi da tbebi iyo. didwilad amis mizezi am
qveynebis niadagisa da qanebis qimiuri Sedgenilobaa. isini ver
axerxeben mJava wvimebis neitralizacias. rogor fiqrob, rom­
eli nivTierebebiT aris Raribi es niadagebi?
3. eqspertebis monacemebiT, bolo asi wlis manZilze msoflios
bevr did qalaqSi 1,50C-iT daTba. axseni, ra aris amis mizezi?
4. kilimanjaros Tovliani mTebis problemas mxolod afrikis
mosaxleoba ver gadawyvets. es msoflio sazogadoebis amo­
canaa. rogor fiqrob, piradad Sen ra SegiZlia gaakeTo am da
bevri sxva problemis gadasawyvetad, rac globalur daTbobas
mohyveba?

1. didi wvlili atmosferos dabinZurebaSi cementis qarxnebs

miuZRvis. cementis mtvers SeuZlia mwvane oazisi unayofo da
usicocxlo adgilad gadaaqcios. garda amisa, is seriozulad
moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze. moiZie informacia:
a. saqarTvelos romel qalaqebSi muSaobs cementis qarxnebi.
b. arian Tu ara isini Tanamedrove teqnikiT aRWurvilni?
g. ra RonisZiebebs mimarTavs qarxnis xelmZRvaneloba haeris
dabinZurebis Tavidan asacileblad?
d. tardeba Tu ara dakvirveba qalaqSi haeris sisufTaveze?
e. ikvleven Tu ara qalaqis mosaxleobas sxvadasxva saxis daa­
vadebebze?
mopovebuli informaciis mixedviT dawere referati. moawyve
klasSi naSromis prezentacia.

1. eqimebi mkacrad krZalaven saavtomobilo gzebis piras xilisa

da bostneulis moyvanas da maT sakvebad gamoyenebas. axseni,
ratom?
2. mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom tundris atmosferoSi meTanis
koncentracia sakmaod maRalia. ra aris amis mizezi?

150 wlis win mdinare reinis mimdebare qalaqebSi Sinamosamsaxu­

reebi saxlis mepatroneebs pirobas uyenebdnen, rom maT kvebaze
oragulisgan damzadebuli kerZi kviraSi orjer metad ar gaeTva­
liswinebinaT. dRes reinSi oraguli saerTod aRar binadrobs.

www.earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/greehouse

284
V ekologia
§44
wylisa da xmeleTis dabinZureba

wylis dabinZureba

haeris damabinZurebeli nivTierebebi, adre Tu gvian, wyalsa da niadagSi

xvdeba da bumerangad ubrundeba adamianebs sasmeli wylisa da sakvebi pro­
duqtebis saxiT.
sicocxle wyalSi Caisaxa da mravali arsebisTvis is dResac sacxovrebel
adgils warmoadgens. am organizmebis umravlesoba aerobia da maT arsebobas
is damabinZureblebi uqmnian safrTxes, romlebic wyalSi Jangbadis raode­
nobas amcireben. aseT damabinZureblebs sasuqebi, agreTve sakanalizacio da
samrewvelo Camdinare wylebi warmoadgens.
1 moifiqre, ra gziT xvdeba Jangbadi wyalSi?
2 daasaxele sasuqi, romelic gansakuTrebulad moqmedebs mcenaris ma­
sis zrdaze da axseni, ratom.
azotiani da fosforiani sasuqebi advilad irecxeba niadagidan wvimis
wyliT an Warbi morwyvisas da tbaSi an mdinareSi xvdeba. Camdinare wylebs
uamravi organuli nivTierebac Caaqvs wyalsatevebSi.
sasuqi da organuli nivTierebebi araCveulebriv garemos qmnis wyalsa­te­
vis baqteriebisa da wyalmcenareebis gamravlebisTvis, romelsac adre sa­k­vebis
mcire raodenoba zRudavda. is sqel fenad edeba wyalsatevis zedapirs da
xels uSlian mzis sxivebis fskeramde CaRwevas. amiT Zalian za­ral­debian wylis
mcenareebi, romlebic JangbadiT amarageben wyalsate­vis praq­tikulad yvela
binadars. isini knindebian, iRupebian da fskerze ile­qe­bi­an. araCveulebrivad
gamravlebuli lpobis baqteriebi wyalSi isedac Sem­ci­rebul Jangbads gaZli­
erebulad moixmaren. Jangbadis gareSe rCebian wylis fex­saxsrianebi, moluske­
bi, Tevzebi da sicocxle wyalsatevSi TandaTan qreba.
wyalSi mcxovreb organizmebze uaryofiT gavlenas sxvadasxva sawarmoe­
bidan Camdinare cxeli wylebic axdens.
maRali temperatura arabunebriv pirobebs qmnis maTi ganviTarebisa da
gamravlebisTvis. bevri maTgani iRupeba. samagierod wyalsatevSi SesaZloa,
sxva `ucxo~ saxeobebi aRmoCndnen, damkvidrdnen da mniSvnelovnad Secvalon
kvebiTi jaWvebi.
msoflioSi sasmeli wylis ZiriTad resurss gruntis anu miwisqveSa wyle­
bi warmoadgens. maTi umravlesoba `ikvebeba~ _ iqmneba im naleqebis xarjze,
romlebic niadagSi Jonavs. amitom sasmeli wylis sisufTavesa da xarisxze
mravali faqtori axdens gavlenas.

285
 gruntis wylebis ZiriTadi damabin­Zu­reb­le­
bi nagavsayrelebia, sa­i­danac maTSi aTasgva­ri
toqsikuri nivTierebebi _ fenolebi, mJavebi,
tuteebi, cianidebi, mZime metalebi da pestici­
debi iJoneba wvimis wyalTan erTad. ekologe­
bi am process Cais pake­ti­dan cxel wyalSi niv­
Tierebebis ga­dasvlas adareben.
pesticidebis Warbad gamoyenebas mravali
gauTvaliswinebeli Se­degi SeiZleba mohyves.
Zalian sainteresoa erT-erTi inseqticidis is­­­
toria, romelic ddt-s saxelwodebiTaa cno­­­­
bi­­­­li. 1948 wels Sveicarielma qimikosma p. mi­­­­u­­
nagavsayreli
ler­­ma nobelis premia daimsaxura ddt-s malariis
sawinaaRmdego Tvisebe­bis aRmoCenis gamo. meore msoflio omis dros didi
moTxovnileba gaCnda mavne mwerebis sawinaaRmdego nivTierebebze, rad­gan
im dros malaria da tifi mZvinvarebda, rasac mwerebi _ koRoebi da ti­lebi
avr­celebdnen. ddt maT winaaRmdeg brZolis idealuri saSualeba iyo. misi
toqsikuroba adamianisTvis imdenad umniSvnelod miaCndaT, rom eqi­mebi ur­
Cevdnen, is pirdapir tanze mieSxurebinaT. ddt sakmaod iafi iyo da mas wynari
okeanis kunZulebze pirdapir afrqvevdnen, aSS-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ga­
dasxmis win, raTa jariskacebi malariiT ar daavadebuliyvnen.
ddt-s iyenebdnen aseve soflis meurneobaSi. mTeli oci wlis manZilze is
Seucvlel preparatad miaCndaT, romelic mkveTrad zrdida soflis meurne­
obis produqtebis nayofierebas, maTi mavnebeli mwerebis ganadgurebis gamo.
ddt-s arasasurveli Tvisebebi mxolod garkveuli drois Semdeg gamov­
linda. aRmoCnda, rom ddt ara mxolod cxovelebisTvis iyo saSiSi, aramed
maTi naSierebisTvisac, radgan dedis rZeSi gadadioda. is uaryofiT gavle­
nas axdenda frinvelebzec _ isini TxelnaWuWian kvercxebs debdnen. ddt
ara mxolod mavnebel mwerebze moqmedebda, aramed sasargeblo mwerebsac
anadgurebda. amis gamo misi gamoyeneba mraval qveyanaSi aikrZala.
sabediswero ddt-s swored is Tviseba aRmoCnda, rac mis erT-erT dade­
biT Tvisebad iTvleboda _ is stabiluri naerTia. bunebaSi mas ar hyavs Ta­
visi `momxmarebeli~, radgan xelovnurad Seqmnili nivTierebaa. amitom bune­
briv pirobebSi ddt ar iSleba da niadagsa da wyalSi grovdeba. kvebiT jaWvSi
moxvedris Semdeg, yovel kvebiT doneze misi koncentracia TandaTan izrdeba,

ddt kvebiT jaWvSi

ddt

286
radgan cxoveluri organizmebi ar Seicaven mis damSlel fermentebs. yvelaze
didi raodenobiT is mtacebeli frinvelebis organizmSi aRmoCndeba. gansa­
kuTrebiT didi raodenobiT grovdeba ddt adamianis organizmSic, romelic
sakvebad frinvelis xorcs, rZesa da yvels, zRvis produqtebs moixmars. is
moqmedebs sisxlmbad organoebze, Trgunavs fermentebs, iwvevs mutaciebs.
kvebiTi jaWvebis gavliT cocxal organizmebSi, pesticidebis garda, mZime
metalebi _ vercxliswyali, kadmiumi, tyvia, spilenZi, TuTia, qromi, dariS­
xani akumulirdeba. moluskebsa da TevzebSi dagrovili vercxliswyali did
saSiSroebas warmoadgens adamianisTvis. amis samwuxaro magaliTia daavadeba
minamata, romelmac saxelwodeba im yuredan miiRo, sadac vercxliswyali di­
di raodenobiT dagrovda wyalSi axlomdebare sawarmos narCenebidan. am daa­
vadebam bevri adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
zRvebsa da okeaneebs yvelaze Zlierad navTobi abinZurebs.
atlantisa da wynari okeanis zedapiris 4% mudmivadaa dafaruli navTo­
bis feniT. zRvebSi yovelwliurad 6 milionamde tona navTobi iRvreba. nav­
Tobis fena zogjer Txel apkad aris gadakruli wylis zedapirze, zogjer
ki ramdenime santimetrs aRwevs. droTa ganmavlobaSi misgan koStebi war­
moiqmneba, romlebic didxan tivtivebs zRvis zedapirze. maT mravali wvrili
cxoveli ekroba, romlebiTac Tevzebi da veSapebi ikvebebian. Tavis msxverpls
isini navTobis koStTan erTad ylapaven. zogierTi amis gamo iRupeba, zogi ki
mTlad iJRinTeba navTobiT. maTi sakvebad gamoyeneba Zalian saSiSia. navTo­
biT dabinZurebul wylebSi baqteriebi Cndeba, romlebic navTobproduqte­
biT ikvebebian. navTobs kidev erTi saxifaTo Tviseba aqvs, masSi sxva dam­
abinZurebeli nivTierebebi ixsneba da wylis zedapirze koncentrirdeba. amis
gamo irRveva gazTa cvla atmosferosa da okeanes Soris, icvleba zRvis mier
sinaTlis arekvlis unari da siTbos cvlis procesi. paralelurad, mkveTrad
ecema mcenareTa produqtiuloba.

zRvis navTobiT dabinZurebis Sedegi

navTobi Seicavs mutagenur da kancerogenul nivTierebebs. erT-erTi

maTgania benzpireni, romelic aqtiurad cirkulirebs zRvis kvebiT jaWveb­
Si da xSirad adamianis sakvebSic xvdeba. navTobi sanapiroebamdec aRwevs da
damRupvelad moqmedebs sanapiros mcenareebsa da cxovelebze.

287
 niadagis degradacia

yovelwliurad msoflioSi 7 milionamde heqtari niadagi ikargeba. mis ga­

nadgurebas bevri mizezi aqvs, magram umTavresad mainc tyeebis gaCexva miiC­
neva.
daaxloebiT 10 000 wlis winaT dedamiwa uzarmazari tyis masivebiT iyo da­
faruli. aswleulebis manZilze Cexda da anadgurebda tyes adamiani _ sa­wva­
visTvis, samSeneblo masalisTvis, saxnav-saTesisa da saZovrebis farTobe­bis
gamosaTavisufleblad. ase TandaTan mcirdeboda da ileoda `mwvane okeane~
dedamiwaze. dRes tyis saerTo farTobi Cvens planetaze mxolod 4 miliard
heqtars Seadgens. ukanaskneli 300 wlis manZilze adamianma 6 000 000 km2 tye
gaCexa. es evropis farTobs mcired Camouvardeba.
tyeebis gaCexvas bevri ekologiuri problema mohyva. erT-erTi maTgani
Rvar­cofebia. mTis ferdobze Sefenili tyeebis gaCexvis gamo wvimebi recxa­vs
gaSiSvlebul niadags, romelsac xis fesvebi veRar imagrebs da mdinareebs is
zRvebSi Caaqvs. niadagis es masa zRvis wyalSi ireva, TandaTan fskerze ileqe­
ba da axla wyalqveSa tye nadgurdeba, romelsac wyalmcenareebi qmnian.
tyeebi biologiuri mravalferovnebis centrebia. isini mravali saxeobis
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis TavSesafaria. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli tropi­
kuli tyeebia. marTalia, maT xmeleTis mxolod 7% ukaviaT, magram Seudare­
belni arian Jangbadis produqciisa da saxeobaTa mravalferovnebis Tval­
sazrisiT. ase, magaliTad: 1 heqtar ekvatorul tyeSi 42 000 saxeobis mweri,
2 000-mde saxeobis mcenare da cxoveli Segxvdeba. mdinare amazonSi atlan­
tis okeaneze bevrad meti saxeobis Tevzi cxovrobs. tropikul tyeebTan aris
dakavSirebuli yoveli meore sasoflo-sameurneo kultura, romelic mTel
msoflioSi mohyavT. erT weliwadSi braziliaSi 25 000 km2 aseTi tye gaikafa.

tyis ganadgureba

kunZul madagaskarze TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda tyis safari da misi

niadagis 9/10-ze aqtiuri eroziis procesi mimdinareobs.
tyeebis gaCexva gaudabnoebis mizezi xdeba. Tavisi wvlili am `saqmeSi~ at­
mosferoSi naxSirorJangis gazrdil koncentracias Seaqvs. saqme isaa, rom

288
naxSirorJangs ufro maRali simkvrive aqvs, vidre atmosferos sxva airebs,
amitom misi fenebi ufro axlosaa niadagTan. amasTanave, mas siTbos aqtiuri
STanTqmis unari aqvs da rogorc wesi, misi temperatura 1,50C-iT ufro maRa­
lia, haeris temperaturasTan SedarebiT. tyis gaCexvis Semdeg, gaSiSvlebuli
da tafasaviT gaxurebuli niadagi siTbos naxSirorJangs gadascems, romelic
cxel fenad edeba mas da wylis gaZlierebulad aorTqlebas iwvevs. amas niada­
gis gamoSroba mohyveba. am dros safrTxeSia niadagSi mcxovrebi yvela arseba.
bevri maTgani ver uZlebs eqstremalur pirobebs da iRupeba. amis gamo mkveT­
rad ecema niadagis nayofiereba. am situacias `udabnos efeqti~ uwodes.
niadagis degradaciasa da gaudabnoebas misi araracionaluri gamoyeneba,
saqonlis Warbi Zoveba, miwis didi farTobebis mravaljeradi meqanikuri da­
muSaveba _ xvna da kultivireba uwyobs xels. Zlieri qari aseT niadags, ro­
melic praqtikulad mtvrad aris qceuli da kargad verafers eWideba, haerSi
itacebs da did manZilze gadaaqvs. erT-erT aseT SemTxvevas adgili hqonda
kanzasis, texasisa da oklahomas StatSi, 1934 wlis 12 maiss. am dRes arnaxuli
siZlieris qarma haerSi aitaca niadagis 25 sm-iani fena milioni heqtari far­
Tobidan. ramdenime saaTis gan­mavlobaSi es masa aTasi kilo­metris manZilze
gaifanta aRmosavleTiT. ramdenime xanSi vaSingtonisa da niu-iorkis Tavze
uCveulod Savi feris Rrublebi
gaCnda. mtvris aseT qariSxlebs ara­
erT­xel gadautania niadagis zeda
fe­nebi afrikidan amerikis konti­
nentze. 1969 wels Zlierma qarma
CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da ukrainis
mtvrad qceuli niadagi fineTSi,
Sveciasa da norvegiaSi Caitana. ase­
Ti stiqiu­ri ubedurebebis saxiT
ubrundeba ada­mians, erTi SexedviT,
normaluri ganzraxva, aiTvisos da
daamuSaos niadagi. mtvris qariSxali CineTSi

wylis mTavar dambinZureblebs sasuqebi da Camdinare wylebi mie­

kuTvneba. gruntis wylebs nagavsayrelebi abinZureben, zRvebsa da
okeaneebs ki ZiriTadad _ navTobi. navTobi mutagenur da kance­
rogenul nivTierebebs Seicavs.
niadagis degradaciis umTavresi mizezi tyeebis gaCexva da niada­
gebis araracionaluri gamoyenebaa.

1. mecnierebi XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-s aRmosavleT teri­

toriaze Sevardenis gadaSenebas ddt-s abraleben. moifiqre,
ra roli SeiZleba hqonoda ddt-s Sevardenis gadaSenebaSi?
2. ratom ecema niadagis nayofiereba misi temperaturis mkveT­
rad momatebisas?

289
 3. rogor icvleba wyalsatevebSi Jangbadis raodenoba masSi cxe­
li Camdinare wylis gavleniT?
4. rogor icvleba wyalsatevis binadarTa metabolizmi masSi
CaAmdinare cxeli wylis gavleniT?
moiZie informacia minamatas daava­de­
bis Sesaxeb da warmoadgine referatis
saxiT, Semdegi sqemis mixedviT:
a. daavadebis mizezi;
b. baqteriebis roli vercxliswylis me­
tabolizmSi;
g. vercxliswylis moqmedebis specifiku­
roba cocxal organizmebze;
d. daavadebis simptomebi;
e. daavadebis aRmoCenis istoria.

1. gadawere teqsti rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli sityvebi:

imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilon sasuqebiT wylis dabinZure­
ba, sasuqi niadagSi SeaqvT mcenareebis .......... periodSi. sasuqi
niadagSi .......... Tu wvimaa navaraudevi.

2. gadawere teqsti rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli sityvebi:

tyeebs mravali ekologiuri funqcia aqvT. isini .......... mdi­
nareebSi wylis raodenobasa da xarisxs, .......... naxSirorJangs,
.......... Jangbadis raodenobas. im raionebSi, sadac tye gaiCexa an
xSiri Rvarcofebia, an piriqiT, .......... gamomSralia.

1. tyvia sasmel wyalSi tyviisgan damzadebuli milebidanac SeiZ­

leba gadavides, amitomaa, rom tyviis milebs sxva masalisgan
damzadebuli milebiT cvlian.

2. tbebis axlos lerwams aSene­

ben, romelic mraval toqsi­
kur na­erTs iwovs ise, rom Tvi­
Ton ar ziandeba.
3. ekologebis azriT, adre mai­
muns ise SeeZlo kolumbiidan
ar­gen­ti­namde mieRwia, rom mi­
was ar Se­xe­boda.

wylis dabinZureba _ water pollution

xmeleTis dabinZureba _ earth pollution

290
V ekologia
§45
adamianis dadebiTi moqmedeba garemoze
mavneblebis kontroli
ekosistemebis marTva: saTburebi da Tevzebis meurneoba

bunebisTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba isev adamianebs SeuZliaT. go­

nier da ganswavlul kacobriobas namdvilad Seswevs imis unari, rom SezRu­
dos Tavisi zRvargadasuli moTxovnilebebi da ise marTos meurneoba, rom ga­
mousworebeli ziani ar miayenos bunebas. msoflioSi yovelwliurad izrdeba
garemos dacviTi organizaciebis ricxvi, romlebic Tvalyurs adevneben ada­
mianebis saqmianobas da cdiloben, daicvan balansi adamianis moTxovnilebeb­
sa da bunebis SesaZleblobebs Soris.
adamianis aseTi saqmianobis
erT-erTi mTavari mimarTuleba
ganadgurebuli tyeebis aRdgenaa.
xeebis dargviT Cerdeba niadagis
erozia da gaudabnoebis procesi,
ha­e­ri Jang­badiT mdidrdeba, sa­ar­
se­bo garemos ubrundeba mra­­vali
cxoveli. iqmneba ara­­­­Cveulebrivi
dasasvenebe­li adgilebi. xeebis
gegmiuri WriT samSeneblo masa­
lac mzad­­­deba da sawvavic. tyis aRdgena

mavneblebis kontroli

garemosTan adamianis gonivruli damokidebulebis magaliTad ganvixi­

loT misi midgoma sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mavneblebisadmi, rom­
lebic zogjer mxolod garkveul diskomforts uqmnian adamians, zogjer
ki maTi moqmedeba auracxel zarals ayenebs mis meurneobas _ praqtikulad
unadgurebs mosavals. mavneblebis winaaRmdeg adamianis `arsenalSi~ mrava­
li fizikuri, qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi moipoveba da mxolod adamia­
nis ekologiur da ekonomiur ganaTlebaze, mis kulturazea damokidebuli,
romels gamoiyenebs is sabrZolvelad.
sarevela mcenareebis Tavidan mocileba SeiZleba xeliT an manqanebis gamo­
yenebiT. SedarebiT mcire farTobebze fermerebi niadags faraven qaRaldis
ramdenime feniT, romelsac periodulad atenianeben. qaRaldi mzis sxivebs
ar atarebs, amitom gaRivebuli Teslidan sarevelas aRmonaceni veRar vi­
Tardeba da iRupeba. tenian garemoSi is swrafad ixrwneba. ramdenime kviris
Semdeg qaRaldis safars xsnian da kulturul mcenareebs Tesaven.

291
 sarevela mcenareebs maRali tempera­tu­
riTac ebrZvian. arsebobs e.w. `cecxlis To­­
febi~, romelTa alis swrafi gadatareba sa­
revelas foTlebze sruliad sakmarisia ma­Ti
ganadgurebisTvis _ am dros foTlis ci­lebi
denaturirdeba.
1 ratom aris es sakmarisi mcenaris ga­
nadgurebisTvis?
cecxlis TofebiT niadagSi sarevela mce­
nareebis Teslebis ganadgurebac SeiZleba. did
farTobebze niadags Termulad manqanebi amu­
Saveben. cecxlis Tofi
sarevela mcenareebs herbicidebiTac ebr­
Zvian. zogierTi herbicidi mxolod im qso­
vils azianebs, romelzec uSualod xvdeba Se­
sxu­rebisas.
2 rogor fiqrob, ramdenad efeqturia
aseTi herbicidi mravalwliani sarevela mce­
naris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad?
zogierTi herbicidi niadagSi SeaqvT. is
fesvebidan mTel mcenareSi vrceldeba da mis
yvela qsovils azianebs. niadagSi Setanili
zogi herbicidi xels uSlis sarevela mcena­
reebis Teslis gaRivebas.
cecxlis manqana

arasasurveli mcenareebis winaaRmdeg adamiani cxovelebsac iyenebs.

XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi akvariumis mce­nareebis moyvarulebma avstra­
liaSi sam­xreT amerikidan Seitanes wylis patara mcuravi gvimra _ salvinia.
imis gamo, rom salvinias axal garemoSi bunebrivi mteri ar hyavda, is Zalian
swrafad gavrcelda mTel kontinentze da wyalsatevebi mwvane masad gadaaq­
cia. man amoavso arxebi, wylis gamwmendi mowyobilobebi da didi problemebi
Seuqmna mosaxleobas wyliT momaragebaSi. mis winaaRmdeg mravali qimiuri sa­
Sualeba uSedegod gamoiyenes. daixarja uamravi Tanxa, saSveli ki im konti­

salvinia da misi mteri

292
nentidan movida, saidanac TviT salvinia. mecnierebma wyalsatevebSi gauSves
2 aTasi braziliuri xoWo. erTi wlis Semdeg maTma ricxvma 6 milions miaRwia.
am xnis ganmavlobaSi am patara xoWoebma 50 tonamde salvinia gaanadgures.
brZolis aseTi efeqturi meTodi gamoiyeneba mavnebeli mwerebis winaaRm­
degac. mavnebel mwerebs adamiani maTi mtaceblebis, parazitebisa da paTo­
genebis saSualebiT ebrZvis.
mtaceblebidan adamiani iyenebs obobebs, Wiamaiebs, asfexebs, aseve xerxem­
lian cxovelebs _ bayayebs, gombeSoebs, xvlikebs, zRarbebs, frinvelebs,
ZaRlebs.
Wiamaiebi bugrebze, tkipebze, mcire
zomis moluskebze nadiroben. mebaReebi
cdiloben, yovelgvari piroba Seuqmnan maT
gamravlebisTvis. magaliTad, isini rgaven
WinWars, sadac Wiamaiebi Tavs afareben, ar
gamoaqvT baRidan mcenareTa gamxmari Re­
roebi da narCenebi, sadac Wiamaiebi izam­
Treben.
Wiamaiebi bugrebs anadgureben

erTxans citrusebis warmoebas ka­

liforniaSi didi saSiSroeba Se­eqmna. iq
swrafad gavrcelda pa­raziti mweri, ro­
melic mcenaris gam­­tari qsovilebis wve­
niT ikvebe­boda da praqtikulad mTlia­
nad anadgurebda citrusebis mo­­savals.
masTan sabrZolvelad av­­straliidan Se­
moiyvanes mta­ce­be­­li Wiamaia da parazi­
to­iduli buzi. mtrebma ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi srulad mospes citrusis
Wiamaiebi citrusis parazits ebrZvian
paraziti.
parazitoidebs iseT saxeobebs uwo­
deben, rom­­­lebic kvercxebs maspinZlis
sxeulze an mis kver­cxebSi deben. kver­
cxebidan gamoCekili STamomavloba mas­­
pin­Zels sakvebad iyenebs, rac asustebs
da sabolood, klavs mas. parazito­ide­
bis umravlesoba maspinZlad mxo­lod
garkveuli saxeobis individs ir­Cevs.
parazitoidi kombostos cxovrebis aseTi stili bevr kra­zanasa
TeTrulas muxluxoze da buzs aqvs.
loqorebis sawinaaRmdegod mikroskopuli mrgvali Wia _ nematoda
gamoiyeneba, romelic loqoras sxeulSi mravldeba da klavs mas.
evropuli kurdRlis arnaxul gamravlebas avstraliasa da axal zenlan­
diaSi, romelic am qveynis mTavar mavneblad da namdvil ubedurebad iqca, vi­
rusiT ebrZvian. es virusi kurdRlebSi sisxlis daavadebas iwvevs.

293
 mavneblebis ricxobriobis Semcireba paTogenuri mikrobebiTa da sokoe­
biTac aris SesaZlebeli. CrCilebis, peplebis, xoWoebis, buzebis winaaRmdeg
ZiriTadad iseT baqteriebs iyeneben, romlebic maT sxeulSi sakvebTan erTad
saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi xvdebian. baqteriebis sporebs wyalSi ureven
da xeebs asxureben. baqteriebi xocaven peplebis muxluxoebs, romlebic xee­
bis foTlebiT ikvebebian.

mavneblebis masiuri gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi

maT winaaRmdeg erTdroulad ramdenime saSualebas
iyeneben. magaliTad, 2005 wels CineTidan Crdilo­
eT amerikaSi SeRweulma xoWom aTeulobiT milioni
ifnis xe daziana. am xoWos matlebi ifnis xis gam­
tari qsovilebiT ikvebebian. xis kveba wydeba da is
iRupeba. mis winaaRmdeg ramdenime saxeobis endo da
egzoparazi­toiduli krazana da paTo­
ge­nuri so­ko gamoiyenes. aseTma midgo­
mam mniSv­nelovnad SezRuda mavneblis
gavr­celeba, romelTan `SerkinebaSi~
4 sa­xelmwifo monawileobda da milio­
nobiT dolari daixarja.
ifnis xoWo da mis mier dazianebuli xe

brZolis biologiuri meTodi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba mravali mavneblis

winaaRmdeg. Tumca, arasworad dagegmil meTods SeiZleba sruliad moulod­
neli Sedegi mohyves, magaliTad, mavneblis mteri TviTon iqces mavneblad.
axal zelandiaSi katebi da kvernebi Seiyvanes, raTa rogorme SeezRudaT
mRrRnelebis gamravleba, romlebic frinvelebis kvercxebiT ikvebebodnen.
am meTodma ar gaamarTla, radgan kvernebi da katebi am frinvelebis naSierebs
daerien.
kaliforniaSi beRurebi im mizniT Seiyvanes, rom gaenadgurebinaT xilis
xeebis mavnebeli muxluxoebi. beRurebma muxluxoebs didad veraferi daak­
les, samagierod marcvleulis mosavali gaanadgures.
avstraliaSi havaidan gombeSoebi Seiyvanes im imediT, rom isini mospob­d­
nen lerwmis xoWoebs, romlebic lerwmis mosavals anadgurebdnen. rogorc
Semdeg gairkva, gombeSoebi ver swvdebod­
nen lerwmis Reroebze maRla mokalaTebul
xoWoebs, radgan maRla xtoma ar SeeZloT,
samagierod, mSvenivrad ikvebebodnen sxva
mwerebiT, WiebiTa da bayayebiT. isini Zalian
gamravldnen da sacxovrebeli adgilebi­
dan gamodevnes adgilobrivi bayayebi da
gombeSoebi. niangebi, gvelebi da dingoebi
gombeSoebze nadirobis Semdeg iRupebod­
nen, radgan gombeSos jirkvlebi uZlieresi
toqsinebis nakrebs Seicavs.
lerwmis gombeSo

294
 saTburebi da Tevzebis meurneoba

ekologiuri ganaTleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi meurneo­

bebis warmarTvisTvis, romlebic adamians kvebis produqtebiT amaragebs.
saTburis mowyobisas adamiani fotosinTezis SemzRudveli faqtorebis
moqmedebas iTvaliswinebs, radgan fotosinTezis intensivobazea damokide­
buli mcenareTa produqtiuloba da mosavali.
3 CamoTvale, romeli faqtorebi axdenen fotosinTezze gavlenas.
naxSirorJangis koncentracia fotosinTezis mTavari SemzRudveli faq­
toria. saTburSi am airis koncentraciaa 0,1%.
4 ramdenjer aRemateba is haerSi naxSirorJangis koncentracias?
naxSirorJangis koncentraciis gasazrdelad xSirad parafins wvaven.
maRali koncentracia mosavlianobas 50%-iT zrdis, rac, Tavis mxriv, zrdis
temperaturas saTburSi.
temperaturis mateba dadebiTad moqmedebs fotosinTezis intensivo­
baze, Tumca, amavdroulad, aCqarebs mavneblebis sasicocxlo cikls, amitom
saTburebSi mavneblebis kontroli sxvadasxva saSualebebiT mudmivad xor­
cieldeba.
saTburebSi Zalian mniSvnelovania ganaTebis kontrolic. fotosinTezis­
Tvis mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod sinaTlis intensivobas, aramed mis xan­
grZlivobasa da xarisxsac.
5 gaixsene, sinaTlis romel talRebs STanTqavs qlorofili?
saTburebSi mzis sinaTlesac iyeneben, Tumca, upiratesobas xelovnur
ganaTebas aniWeben, miuxedavad imisa, rom es damatebiT xarjebs moiTxovs,
radgan xelovnuri sinaTle ukeTesi samarTavia.
Tanamedrove saTburebSi specialuri mgrZnobiare _ sensoruli mowyo­
bilebebi awvdis kompiuterul sakontrolo centrs informacias tempera­
turis, naxSirorJangis koncentraciis, ganaTebulobis, wyalSi mineralebis
koncentraciis, tenianobis Sesaxeb. sakontrolo centri am parametrebis
normis farglebSi SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs.

saTburi
1. sinaTlis wyaro;
1 2. naxSirorJangis
2 miwodeba;
3. gamaTbobeli;
4. sensori;
5 3
5. sakotrolo centri.

295
 Tevzebis meurneobis mowyobisas iseT jiSebs arCeven, romlebic kargad
izrdebian da mravldebian xelovnur pirobebSi, naklebad mgrZnobiareni
arian sxvadasxva daavadebis gamomwvevebis mimarT, kargad eguebian da ar aqvT
pretenziebi xelovnur sakvebze.
Tevzebs specialuri sakvebi tabletebiT kvebaven, romlebic didi ra­
odenobiT Seicaven cilebs. zogierT sakvebSi antibiotikebic Sedis. daavade­
bebis gamomwvevebis sawinaaRmdegod antibiotikebsa da pesticidebs xSirad
wyalSic amateben.
zedmetma sakvebma da Tevzebis eqskrementebma SesaZloa, baq­te­riebis gam­
ravleba gamoiwvios, romelic, Tavis mxriv, wyalSi Jangbadis raodenobas Se­
amcirebs. saTburisgan gansxvavebiT, aq Zalian Znelia Jangbadisa da wylis
temperaturis kontroli.
mtacebeli Tevzebisa da frinvelebisgan sarewao Tevzebs badeebiT icaven.

Tevzebis meurneoba
3 1. sakvebi;
2. mtacebeli
frinvelebisgan
damcavi bade;
3. mtacebeli Tevzebisgan
damcavi bade.

adamians Seswevs unari, ise marTos meurneoba, rom ziani ar miaye­

nos bunebas. sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mavneblebis wina­
aRmdeg adamiani fizikur, qimiur da biologiur meTodebs iyenebs.
mavneblebTan brZolis arasworad SerCeul taqtikas SesaZloa,
sruliad moulodneli Sedegi mohyves. ekologiuri ganaTleba
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi meurneobebis warmarTvisT­
vis, romelic adamians kvebiTi produqtebiT amaragebs.

296
1. warmoidgine, rom xilis baRSi Zalian gamravldnen bugrebi.
fermeri iZulebuli gaxda maT winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad Wia­
maiebi gamoeyenebina. mrudebi grafikze gamoxataven Wiamaiebi­
sa da bugrebis ricxobriv cvlilebas garkveuli drois man­
Zilze. wiTeli wrfe aRniSnavs dones, romlis zemoT mavnebeli
ekonomikuri zaralis momtania.

moifiqre:
a. romeli mrudi ekuTvnis Wiamaiebsa da romeli _ bugrebs?
b. grafikis mixedviT, rodis Seiyvana Wiamaiebi fermerma baRSi?
g. Wiamaiebis ricxobriobis rogor cvlilebas emTxveva bugrebis
ricxobriobis Semcireba?
d. ratom klebulobs Wiamaiebis ricxvi bugrebis ricxvis Semci­
rebasTan erTad?
e. grafikis mixedviT, bolomde anadgureben Tu ara bugrebs Wia­
maiebi?
v. ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu brZola Wiamaiebis sruli gamarj­
vebiT damTavrda?

2. daasaxele mav­neb­leb­­­Tan brZolis fi­zi­ku­ri, qimiuri da bi­o­lo­­­

giuri Sen­Tvis cno­­­bili meTodebi. ga­­­­­­­­daitane cxrili rve­ulSi
da Se­avse.

mavneblebTan brZolis meTodebi

fizikuri qimiuri biologiuri

297
 1. ekologiur sistemaSi organizmTa Soris damokidebulebis ra
forma arsebobs sarevela mcenareebsa da kulturul mcena­
reebs Soris?
2. SenTvis cnobil romel mcenareul hormons gaaCnia herbici­
duli Tviseba, ris gamoc mas sarevelebis gasanadgureblad
iye­neben?

ra upiratesoba da nakli gaaCnia Tevzebis xelovnur sakvebs co­

cxal sakvebTan SedarebiT?

1. daasaxele bioturi da abioturi faqtorebi, romlebic gavle­

nas axdens Tevzebis produqtiulobasa da meurnis Semosaval­
ze.
2. paTogenuri mikrobebiTa da sokoebiT brZola bugrebis wi­
naaRmdeg naklebad efeqturi aRmoCnda. axseniT, ratom?
3. ratom damTavrda cudi SedegiT beRurebis gamoyenebis cda
xilis mavneblebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad? ra ar gaiTva­
liswines am proeqtis avtorebma?

mavne mwerebis sawinaaRmdegod, baRebsa da bostnebSi xSirad spe­

cialurad sxvadasxva mcenareebs rgaven. magaliTad: rehani buzeb­
sa da moskitebs gandevnis, niori _ xoWoebs, pitna _ WianWvelebs,
salbi _ buzebsa da CrCils, qondari _ peplebis muxluxoebs;

tyeebis aRdgena _ reforestation

mavneblebis kontroli _ pest control

298
VI adamiani da mikroorganizmebi
§46
infeqciuri da arainfeqciuri daavadebebi
paTogenebi _ virusebi, baqteriebi, protistebi,
sokoebi, Wiebi

homeostazuri meqanizmebi uzrunvelyofen optimalur pirobebs orga­

nizmSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebisTvis, magram xandaxan isini ver um­
klavdebian cvlilebebs organizmis Sinagan garemoSi da adamiani avad xdeba.
ganarCeven daavadebebis or ZiriTad kategorias _ infeqciursa da arain­
feqciur daavadebebs.
arainfeqciur daavadebebs sruliad gansxvavebuli mizezebi da mimdina­
reoba gaaCnia:
 memkvidruli daavadebebis mizezi genebis cvlilebebia, romlis gamo
organizmSi irRveva normaluri metabolizmi.
 asakobrivi daavadebebis mizezi organizmSi mimdinare degeneraciuli
procesebia.
 fsiqikuri daavadebebisas icvleba Tavis tvinis normaluri funqcioni­
reba.
 alergiuli daavadebebisas adamiani zemgrZnobiare xdeba garemoSi an
organizmSi arsebuli romelime nivTierebis mimarT.
infeqciurs uwodeben daavadebas, romelsac, umravles SemTxvevaSi. mik­
roorganizmebi iwveven da romelic erTi individidan meores gadaecema. in­
feqciuri daavadebebi sxvadasxva gziT SeiZleba gavrceldes. magaliTad,
qoleris gamomwvevi baqteria wyliT vrceldeba, kanis sokovani daavadeba _
uSualo kontaqtiT, malariis gamomwvevi koRoebs gadaaqvT, gripis virusi
haeriT gadaecema, imunodeficitis virusi _ sisxliT da a.S.
daavadebis gamomwvev organizmebs paTogenebi ewodeba. yvela paTogeni
parazitia, romelic sxvadasxva gziT ayenebs zians maspinZel organizms.

paTogenis paTogenis zoma daavadeba

tipi

virusi ≈ 1 nm gripi

baqteria ≈ 1 mkm qolera

protisti 1 mm-ze meti dizenteria

soko sxvadasxva zomis kanis sokovani daavadeba

Wiebi zogjer erT m-ze metic soliteri

299
 wiTelas virusi rnm-is Semcveli virusia, MM F
romlis cilovani garsi 3 ZiriTadi komponen­ H
tisgan _ M, F da H cilisgan Sedgeba. M cila
F da H cilebs ikavSirebs. H ciliT virusi
maspinZlis ujredis membranaze specifikur
receptors amoicnobs da ukavSirdeba. F cil­
iT is maspinZlis membranas erwymis. amis Semdeg
virusis rnm maspinZlis ujredSi gadainacv­
lebs da mis dnm-Si Caekereba. ujredi sakuTari
rezervebiT iwyebs virusis rnm-is sinTezs, ro­
melic maspinZlis ribosomebs M, F da H cilebs
amzadebinebs. virusis rnm da misi Sesabamisi wiTelas virusi

1 cilebi erTmaneTs ukav­Sirde­

5
3 2
4 ujredebs ir­­­Cevs. wiTelasT­
wiTelas virusis gamravleba ujredSi
1. wiTelas virusi; 2. ujredis dnm; 3. ribosoma;
4. virusis rnm; 5. virusis cilebi.
ba. ase warmoiqmneba maspinZlis
uj­­redSi wiTelas uamravi vi­
rusi, romelic sa­bolood azi­
anebs ujreds, ga­reT gamodis
da mezobel uj­­­re­debSi iWreba.
wiTelas vi­­ru­­si maspinZlad
kanis, zemo sa­­sunTqi gzebisa
da Tva­lis lor­­wovani garsis
vis damaxasia­Te­belia xvela,
ga­­­monaya­ri kanze, Tvalebis si­
wiTle, ma­Rali tem­peratu­ra.
wiTe­la vrceldeba air-wve­To­
vani gziT, aseve uSualo kon­
taqtiT.

baqteriuli daavadebaa qolera. misi vibrioni adamianis organizmSi daa­

vadebulis eqskrementebiT dabinZurebuli wyliTa da sakvebiT xvdeba.
rogor baqterias uwodeben vibrions?
kuWSi vibrionebis nawili iRupeba _ mJave ares ver uZlebs. gadarCenili
baqteriebi wvril nawlavSi swrafad mravldeba da Zlier toqsins gamoyofs,
romelic arRvevs nawlavis epiTelis membranis struqturasa da funqciebs.
amis Sedegad organizmi swrafad kargavs kaliumis, natriumis, qloris ioneb­
sa da wyals didi raodenobiT, rac organizmis Zlier gauwyloebas iwvevs. es
sisxlis moculobasa da wnevas amcirebs, organoebi veRar maragdebian sakve­
biTa da JangbadiT da adamiani iRupeba.

300
 protisti _ erTujrediani Soltiani tri­
panosoma adamianis parazitia, romelic e.w. Zi­
lis daavadebas iwvevs. tripanosomebi binadro­
ben afrikaSi gavrcelebuli cxovelebis sisxl­Si.
isini daavadebuli cxovelebidan jan­mrTeli ada­
mianis organizmSi buz ceces kbe­niT gadaaqvs.
tripanosomebi kanidan sisxlSi xvdebian da
mravldebian. sisxlis saSualebiT es paraziti
tripanosoma sisxlSi
adamianis yvela organosa da qsovilSi iWreba
da iq Zlier Sxamebs gamoyofs, rome­lic ujre­
debs Slis. nervuli sistemis da­zianebis gamo,
daavadebul adamians fexze dgo­ma uWirs, ver
moZraobs, SezRuduli aqvs az­rovneba da sul
eZineba. aqedan warmodga daava­de­bis saxelwo­
debac.
Soltiani parazitia leiSmaniac, romelic
mos­kitis kbenisas daavadebuli cxovelidan
leiSmaniozi
adamianis organizmSi gadadis. is kanze Seuxor­
cebel wylulebs aCens, azianebs RviZls.

sokoebi parazitoben adamianis kanze, frCxile­

bze, Tmis Zirebze da iwveven frCxilebis defor­
macias, kanze gamonayars, Tmis cvenas, qertls. so­
kovani infeqciebi xSiria Tbil da tenian pirobebSi.
curvis gakveTilze an ubralod, auzze sacuraod
dasaSvebad Sen eqimi yuradRebiT dagiTvalierebs
kans. auzze ar daiSvebi, Tu kanis sokovani daavade­
kanis sokovani daavadeba ba aRmogaCnda. am daavadebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
kanis aqercvla da qavili TiTebs Soris. daavadeba
gadadis uSualo kontaqtiT.
mrgvali Wia _ toqsokara adamianis saSiS daa­
vadebas _ toqsokarozs iwvevs. es Wia ZaRlebisa da
katebis nawlavSi binadrobs. misi kvercxebi garemo­
Si gamoiyofa da adamianis organizmSi dabinZurebu­
li xelebiT, sakvebi produqtiT an wyliT SeiZleba
aRmoCndes. kvercxebidan larvebi viTardeba. isini
toqsokara
mTel sxeulSi vrceldeba da iwvevs Zlier alergi­
ul reaqciebs, organoebisa da qsovilebis daziane­
bas. daavadebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, maRali sicxe, muclisa da Tavis tkivi­
li, qcevebis cvlilebebi, mxedvelobis daqveiTeba, zogjer sibrmavec.
larvebis erTaderTi maspinZeli adamiani ar aris. toqsokaras kvercxebi
SeiZleba kurdRlis, qaTmis an cxvris organizmSi moxvdes, amitom adamiani
am cxovelebis Termulad kargad daumuSavebeli xorcis miRebiTac SeiZleba
daavaddes.

301
 daavadeba organizmis Sinagani garemos mudmivobis rRvevaa.
arainfeqciur daavadebebs gansxvavebuli mizezebi da mimdinareo­
ba gaaCnia.
infeqciur daavadebebs paTogenuri organizmebi _ virusebi, baq­
te­­riebi, protistebi, sokoebi, Wiebi iwveven. isini sxvadasxva gziT
_ wyliT, haeriT, uSualo kontaqtiT vrceldebian.

1. aRmoaCine baqteriebi Sens kanze, piris RruSi, sxvadasxva sa­

kveb­Si. Seadare isini erTmaneTs. es samuSao teqnikurad mar­
tivi Sesasrulebelia. amisTvis dagWirdeba:
 3 cali petris finjani agariT, romelic Seicavs baqteriebis
sakvebs.
 baqteriologiuri maryuJi, baqteriebis sakveb areze gadasa­
tanad.
 spirtqura maryuJis gasasterileblad.
 Termostati.
danomre petris finjnebi. daikave maryuJi spirtquris alze, vidre
is wiTlad ar gavarvardeba. am dros maryuJze arsebuli yvela baq­
teria da spora iRupeba. acade maryuJs Segrileba da Seexe maryu­
JiT Sens kans. axade pirvel petris finjans Tavsaxuri da frTxilad
gaavle maryuJiT agaris gelze ramdenime xazi an Semoxaze raime
figura. swrafad daxure Tavsaxuri, rom agarze baqteriebi haeri­
dan ar moxvdnen. gaasterile maryuJi spirtquris alze da Seaxe
is Seni loyis lorwovan garss an enas. gadaitane mikrobebi meore
petris finjanze. isev gaasterile maryuJi da CauSvi misi wveri
rZeSi. Seexe maryuJiT mesame petris finjnis agars. SegiZlia raime
sxva figura Semoxazo. moaTavse samive petris finjani Termostat­
Si 37οC-ze, saxuraviT qveviT, raTa kondensati agarze ar moxvdes.
baqteriebi TermostatSi swraf gamravlebas daiwyeben.

302
a. mrudis aRmavali Sto ga­mo­­xa­­­tavs
baqte­ri­ebis wraf gam­rav­le­bas.

baqteriebis raodenoba
am peri­o­d­Si isini aucileblad
moiT­xo­ven ami­nomJavebs, naxSir­
wylebs, wyals. risTvis sWirde­
baT maT es niv­­­Tierebebi?
b. ratom aris aucilebeli fin­j­
nebis TermostatSi moTavseba?
g. 24 saaTis Semdeg finjnebi Ter­
mostatidan gamoiRe da kar­gad
daakvirdi baq­teriebis ko­­lo­
niebs. daaTvaliere isini jer dro
lupiT, Semdeg mikroskopiT.
d. gan­sxvavdebian Tu ara IO, II, da III finjanze gazrdili baqteriebis
koloniebi raodenobrivad da Tvisobrivad erTmaneTisgan?
e. romeli finjani gamoirCeva baqteriebis mravalferovnebiT?

1. toqsokaroziT daava­de­bis yvelaze maRali ris­kiT bavSvebi

gamoirCevian. axseni amis mizezi.
2. gakveTilis teqstSi gan­xi­luli infeqciuri daa­vadebebidan,
romlis gavr­ce­lebaa buzebiT Se­saZ­lebeli?

warmoidgine, rom moxvdi iseT garemoSi, sadac qoleraa gavrcele­

buli. rogor daicav Tavs?

1. toqsokarozis Tavidan aci­le­­­

bis erT-erTi gza parkebisa da
skverebis dacvaa ZaRlis eqs­kre­­
mentebiT dabinZurebis­gan, rac
samwuxarod, Cvens si­namd­vi­leSi
xSiri Sem­Txve­vaa.

2. kanis sokovani daavadebiT ad­­­­vi­

lad SeiZleba daavadde spor­­tul
darbazebSi da sa­cu­rao au­zebSi.
nu ivli aseT ad­­gilebSi fex­Si­
Sveli, nu ixmar sxvis pirsaxocs.
varjiSi­sa da Sxapis miRe­bis Sem­
deg kar­gad gaimSra­le fexebi da
nu Caicmev sxvis fex­­sa­c­­mels.

303
VI adamiani da mikroorganizmebi
§47
daavadebebis prevencia
usafrTxo wyali
usafrTxo sakvebi

usafrTxo wyali

paTogenebma Cvens organizmSi SesaZloa, wyalTan an sakvebTan erTad Se­

aRwion. imisTvis, rom maT es gza gadavuketoT, rogorme wylisa da sakvebis
sisufTaves unda mivaRwioT.
msoflioSi yovel wels 2 milionze meti adamiani iRupeba sasmelad uvar­
gisi wyliT gamowveuli daavadebebiT. ganviTarebad qveynebSi daavadebebis
75% sasmelad uvargisi wylis gamoyenebiT aris gamowveuli. miliardobiT
adamiani moklebulia imis `fufunebas~, rom maT onkanSi sasmelad, sakvebis
mosamzadeblad da dasabanad vargisi wyali modiodes.
msoflio jandacvis organizaciis mier SemuSavebulia standarti, ro­
melsac sasmeli wyali unda akmayofilebdes. is ramdenime aucilebel punqts
moicavs. maRali xarisxis sasmeli wyali:
 ar Seicavs daavadebis gamomwvev mikrobebs;
 ar Seicavs mavne qimiur minarevebs;
 sasargeblo mineralebis raodenoba masSi ar aRemateba 1g/l;
 pH 7-7,5 farglebSia.
 gamWvirvale da usunoa, aqvs sasiamovno gemo.
aseTi xarisxis misaRebad wyals asufTaveben. gasufTaveba sakmaod rTuli
procesia, romelic mTel rig fizikur, qimiur da biologiur procedurebs
gulisxmobs.
Camdinare wylebs mdinareebsa da wyalsatevebSi sila, fekaliebi, deter­
gentebi, qarxnebis, fabrikebisa, da saojaxo narCenebi, sxvadasxva organuli
nivTierebebi da potenciuri paTogenebi Caaqvs. metalis didi bade acilebs
wyals sxvadasxva nivTierebebis narCenebs, qaRalds, kenWebs. aseTi wyali didi
zomis rezervuarSi Sedis, sadac mas koagulantebs, ZiriTadad FeCl3-s umate­
ben, romelic wyalSi Setivtivebuli wvrili nawilakebis _ Slamis daleqvas
aCqarebs. Slamisgan gawmendili wyali did sacavSi Cadis, sadac aerobuli
baqteriebi da sokoebi masSi arsebul organul nivTierebebs araorganul niv­
Tierebebad gardaqmnian. mikrobebis muSaoba rom ar Seferx­des, rezervuars
intensiurad miewodeba Jangbadi. organuli nivTierebebisgan gawmendili wya­
li kidev erTxel ifiltreba, dezinficirdeba da ftori emateba.
rezervuarebSi daleqil Slams sasuqad iyeneben.

304
 1 3
2

wylis gasufTaveba
1. wyalsatevi; 2. metalis bade; 3. rezervuari koagulantiT;
4. Slamis daleqva; 5. rezervuari JangbadiT gamdidrebuli wyliT;
6. filtracia; 7. dezinficireba, ftorireba; 8. Slami.

usafrTxo sakvebi

sakvebi produqtebi ori saxis mikrobebiT SeiZleba iyos dabinZurebuli:

lpobis baqteriebiT, romlebic sakvebis gaxrwnas iwveven da paTogenuri mik­
robebiT.
mikrobebi, sxva cocxali organizmebis msgavsad, normaluri zrda-gan­vi­
TarebisTvis garkveul moTxovnebs uyeneben garemos. maT sWirdebaT sa­kve­bi,
wyali, Sesaferisi temperatura da pH. Tu gvsurs, davicvaT sakvebi pro­duqti
mikrobebis gamravlebisgan, mas romelime zemoTCamoTvlili faqtori unda
SevuzRudoT, magram ise, rom aman ar imoqmedos produqtis sakveb Rirebule­
baze da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, ziani ar miadges adamianis janmrTelobas. saa­
misod sxvadasxva saxis teqnologiebs iyeneben, romlebic an spobs mikrobebs,
an xels uSlis maT gamravlebas.
pasterizacia da sterilizacia. rZe Zalian sasargeblo produqtia, ro­
melic Seicavs cilebs, naxSirwylebs, cximebs, vitaminebs, kalciums. magram is
araCveulebrivi garemoa mikrobebisTvisac. axaladmowvelili rZe mikrobebs
Zalian mcire raodenobiT Seicavs, romlebic masSi Zroxis curidan, mwvela­

305
vis xelebidan an sawveli aparatidan xvdeba. Tumca, sanam rZe qarxnamde miaR­
wevs, mis yovel 1 litrSi ukve aTobiT milioni baqteriaa. qarxanaSi rZes an
1300C-ze acxeleben _ asterileben 2 wuTi, an pasterizacias ukeTeben 750C-
ze, 15 wuTi gacxelebiT.
sterilur rZeSi aRar arian baqteriebi da misi Senaxva 6 Tvis manZilze
SeiZleba. sterilur rZes gemo ecvleba. pasterizebuli rZe ar Seicavs paTo­
genur baqteriebs, Tumca, masSi mainc rCeba sxva baqteriebi. is mxolod 6-10
dRe inaxeba macivarSi da gemo ar ecvleba. pasterizaciisa da steriliza­
ciis gareSe rZeSi Casaxlebuli baqteriebi rZis cximisa da cilebis daSlas
iwyeben. daSlis produqtebi spirti, gogirdwyalbadi da aminebia. isini rZes
usiamovno suns aZleven. rZis naxSirwylebis daSlisas rZemJava warmoiqmneba,
romelic rZis aWras iwvevs.
1 axseni, ra emarTeba am dros rZis cilebs? ras warmoadgens am dros
WurWlis fskerze daleqili nivTiereba?
zogjer rZes kalciumsa da vitaminebs umateben, amcireben masSi cximis
raodenobas an umateben Saqars da Sesqelebul rZes amzadeben.
gayinva mikrobebisgan Tavdacvis erT-erTi efeqturi meTodia. sakvebi
produqtebis didi umravlesoba wyals Seicavs. gayinul wyals mikrobebi me­
tabolizmisTvis veRar iyeneben.
dehidrataciisas sakveb produqtebs wyals acileben. rZe dehidrataci­
isas rZis fxvnilad gadaiqceva, romelSic baqteriebi uwylobis gamo veRar
viTardebian.
dakonservebisas sakveb produqts Zalian maRal temperaturaze acxele­
ben. sterilizacia xocavs ara mxolod mikrobebs, aramed mis sporebsac. amis
Semdeg WurWels hermetulad xuraven. aseT mdgomareobaSi sakvebi produqti
Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi inaxeba.
zogjer sakveb produqtebs sxvadasxva qimiur nivTierebebs, e.w. konser­
vantebs umateben. konservantad msubuq sasmelebSi ufro xSirad gogirdis
dioqsidi an sulfiti gamoiyeneba, xolo Zexveulsa da SaSxSi _ nitratebi.

1 2

4 5

sakvebi produqtebis mikrobebisgan dacvis saSualebebi

1. pasterizacia; 2. dehidratacia; 3. konservantebis damateba; 4. gayinva; 5. dakonserveba.

306
wylis gasufTaveba rTuli procesia, romelic mTel rig fizi­
kur, qimiur da biologiur procedurebs gulisxmobs. sakvebis
usafrTxoebas sxvadasxva saxis teqnologiebiT aRweven. esenia:
pasterizacia, sterilizacia, gayinva, dehidratacia, dakonserve­
ba, konservantebis damateba.

Tu zafxulSi piknikze xorcis waReba gsurs Sesawvavad, girCevT:

daWeri xorci Txel naWrebad da fenebad daalage. fenebs moayare
marili, daWrili xaxvi da moapkure Zmari.
axseni, rogor icavs xorcs sicxeSi gafuWebisgan zemoT CamoTv­
lili sami ingredienti.

murabebsa da jemebSi baqteriebi ver mravldebian.

a. daasaxele amis ori mizezi.
b. ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba amJavdes an obi moekidos jems?
g. kulinarebi gvirCeven saxlSi momzadebul murabas jer spirt­
Si dasvelebuli qaRaldi davafinoT da Semdeg davaxuriT qi­
las Tavsaxuri. axseni, ratom?

1. daasaxele wylis gasufTavebis fizikuri, qimiuri da biologi­

uri meTodebi.
2. Tu arCevanis saSualeba gaqvs, romel sakvebs mianiWeb upirate­
sobas _ konservantebdamatebuls Tu ukonservantebos? daa­
sabuTe Seni arCevani.

mwvervalebis dalaSqvrisas, mTamsvlelebis kvebiT racionSi de­

hid­­­ratirebuli produqtebi Warbobs. daasaxele amis, sul mcire,
sa­mi mizezi.

307
 1. amerikis yofil prezidents, jon kenedis ekuTvnis aseTi fra­
za: `is, vinc gadawyvets sasmeli wylis problemas, ori nobe­
lis premiis Rirsia. pirvels is ideisTvis imsaxurebs, xolo
meores _ mSvidobisTvis~.

moiZie informacia da dawere referati Semdegi sqemis mixedviT:

 sasmeli wylis resursebi msoflioSi;

 koagulacia;
 sedimentacia;
 filtracia;
 ultrafiltracia;
 pH-is koreqcia;
 adsorbcia;
 dezinfeqcia.
moawyve klasSi naSromis prezentacia.

2. moiZie informacia salmonelozis Sesaxeb da dawere referati

Semdegi sqemis mixedviT:

 salmonelozis gamomwvevi mikrobi;

 daavadebis gavrcelebis saSualebebi;
 daavadebis mimdinareoba;
 salmonelozis simptomebi;
 mkurnalobis saSualebebi;
 daavadebis Tavidan acilebis saSualebebi.
klasSi moawyve naSromis prezentacia.

wyali Seicavs kalciums, rkinas, gogirds, qloridebs. miuxedavad

imisa, rom isini saSiSi ar arian janmrTelobisTvis, wyals gemos,
sunsa da Seferilobas ucvlian.
kalciumiani wyali xistia da CaidanSi naleqs warmoqmnis.
gogirdian wyals laye kvercxis gemo aqvs.
qloridebi wyals marilian gemos aZleven.
sulfatebiani wyali kuWis aSlas iwvevs.

308
VI adamiani da mikroorganizmebi
§48
antisxeulebi da imunuri pasuxi
imunologiis gamoyeneba

Cvens sisxlSi moxvedrili zogierTi mikrobisa da ucxo nivTierebebis sa­

pasuxod, romlebsac antigenebs uwodeben, organizmi cilovan nivTierebebs,
antisxeulebs gamoimuSavebs.
yoveli konkretuli antigenis sapasuxod organizmSi specifikuri anti­
sxeuli gamomuSavdeba, rac sabolood antigenis gauvneblebas iwvevs. an­ti­
sxeulebi sisxlis TeTr ujredebSi _ limfocitebSi mzaddeba, romlebic
paTogenebis SeWriT aqtiurdeba. antisxeulebis damzadebas da antigenis
gauvneblebas ramdenime dRe sWirdeba, amitom inficirebidan ramdenime dRis
ganmavlobaSi adamians daavadebis niSnebi etyoba. inficirebis Semdeg limfo­
citebi, romlebmac iswavles specifikuri antisxeulebis damzadeba, orga­
nizmSi inaxeba. am gziT organizmi TiTqos imaxsovrebs agresors da umklavde­
ba mas ganmeorebiT SemoWris SemTxvevaSi. es mexsiereba sakmaod mya­ria, is
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. es imas niSnavs, rom organizms imu­
niteti gamoumuSavda da is am daavadebiT aRar daavaddeba.
organizmSi ramdenime saxis limfociti arsebobs. antisxeulebs mxolod
B limfocitebi gamoimuSavebs. T limfocitebi an pirdapir uteven paTo­
genebs, an gamoimuSavebs qimiur nivTierebebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan aTan­
xmebs imunuri sistemis yvela ujredis moqmedebas.
dadgenilia, rom adamians milionamde gansxvavebuli antisxeulis damza­
deba SeuZlia. mas praqtikulad yvela saxis paTogenisa da ucxo nivTierebis
gamklaveba SeuZlia.
antisxeuls laTinuri Y-is for­­­­­­­
ma aqvs. orkapa boloTi is amo­­­ic­­­­­­
nobs paTogenis zedapirze mo­Tav­­­­ 4
sebul antigens, romelic cila an
naxSirwyalia da ukavSirdeba mas.
me­­ore boloTi ki is `atyobinebs~
fa­­gocits an T limfocits, rom an­
ti­­­geni SeboWilia da maT SeuZliaT 3
imoq­­medon.
1 gaixsene, ra aris vaqcina da 1 2
ra gamoyeneba aqvs mas.
vaqcina or mTavar moTxovnas
1. B limfociti; 2. antigeni;
un­da akmayofilebdes _ unda iyos
3. virusi; 4. T limfociti;
efeqturi da usafrTxo, anu maRa­ 5. fagociti. 5
li albaTobiT unda icavdes adami­

309
ans daavadebisgan da ar unda iwvevdes garTulebebs. aseTi vaqcinebis damza­
deba genuri inJineriis gziT aris SesaZlebeli.
vnaxoT, rogor mzaddeba B hepatitis vaqcina.
B hepatiti RviZlis mZime virusuli daavadebaa. B hepatitis cila-anti­
geni virusis zedapirzea moTavsebuli. informacia am antigenis Sesaxeb viru­
sis erT-erT genSia Cawerili. es geni virusidan safuaris dnm-Si gadaaqvT da
safuars gamravlebisaTvis optimalur pirobebs uqmnian. isini areSi uamravi
raodenobis virusis antigens gamoyofen. antigens asufTaveben da vaqcinaci­
isTvis iyeneben.

2
1 3
5 6
hepatitis vaqcinis damzadeba
1. hepatitis virusi; 2. cila antigenis geni; 3. safuaris ujredi; 4. safuaris dnm;
5. safuaris gamravleba; 6. hepatitis vaqcina.

sufTa antisxeulebis didi raodenobiT

1 misaRebad mecnierebma hibridomebi Seqmnes.
2 3
4 virTagvas organizmSi ineqciiT speci­
5
hepatitis vaqcinis damzadeba
1. antigeni; 2. limfociti;
3. simsivnuri ujredi;
4. hibridoma; 5. monoklonuri
antisxeulebis miReba.
hibridoma ujredia, romelic limfocitisa
da simsivnuri ujredebis SeerTebiT miiRe­
ba. limfocits didi raodenobiT antisxe­
ulebis damzadeba SeuZlia, magram ada­mianis
organizmis gareT kargad ver mravl­deba.
simsivnuri ujredi antisxeuls ver amza­
debs, Tumca, Zalian kargad mravlde­ba xe­
lovnur pirobebSi. hibridomebis mier sin­
Tezirebul antisxeulebs monoklonur
an­­tis­xeulebs uwodeben.
2 ganmarte es termini.
a­luri antigeni SehyavT. amis Semdeg misi
elen­Tidan specifikur limfocitebs ga­
mo­yofen da maT simsivnur ujredebTan aj­
va­reben. miRebuli hibriduli ujredi _
hib­ridoma mxolod garkveuli saxis, spe­ci­
fikur antisxeulebs amzadebs.
monoklonur antisxeulebs mravalgva­
ri gamoyeneba aqvs. maT iyeneben, magaliTad,
fexmZimobis testirebisTvis.
cnobilia, rom erT-erTi cila SardSi

310
mxolod fexmZimobis dros Cndeba. hibridomebs swored am cilis sawinaaRm­
dego antisxeulebs amzadebineben. antisxeulebi daaqvT testis lentze da
lents SardSi aTavseben. dadebiTi reaqciis SemTxvevaSi fexmZimobis diagnozi
ismeba. monoklonuri antisxeuli SeiZleba medikaments miebas. amis Semdeg me­
dikamenti daniSnulebisamebr, mxolod im ujreds daukavSirdeba, romelsac
antisxeuli amoicnobs.
samwuxarod, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac imunuri sistemis gamarTuli mo­
qmedeba irRveva da is araadekvaturi xdeba _ brZolas iwyebs ararsebul
mterTan. magaliTad, autoimunuri daavadebebis dros organizmi antisxeu­
lebs sakuTari ujredebis sawinaaRmdegod gamoimuSavebs. diabetis dros
imunuri sistema pankreasis im ujredebs miiCnevs mtrad, romlebic insulins
gamoimuSavebs da iwyebs antisxeulebis damzadebas maT sawinaaRmdegod.
revmatoiduli arTritis dros nadgurdeba SemaerTebeli qsovilis uj­
re­debi, romlebic saxsrebs aSeneben, amitom moZraoba Zalian mtkivneuli da
TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeba.
alergiuli daavadebebisas organizmi ratomRac Zalian mgrZnobiare
xdeba sruliad uvnebeli da zogjer Zalian sasargeblo nivTierebebis, maga­
liTad, Taflis, rZis, kvercxis, Tevzis, marwyvis mimarT. gansakuTrebiT
problemuria gadanergili organos dacva imunuri sistemis `Tavdasxmisgan~.
recipientis limfocitebi amoicnoben donoris organos ujredebis zeda­
pirze arsebul antigenebs, romlebsac organizmi, cxadia, ucxod miiCnevs da
cdilobs maT moSorebas.
SeuTavseblobac, romelic Tavs iCens sisxlis gadasxmebis dros, imunuri
sistemis muSaobazea damokidebuli. saqme isaa, rom eriTrocitebs membranaze
gaaCnia naxSirwylovani bunebis ori saxis antigeni _ A da B, romlebsac aglu­
tinogenebs uwodeben, xolo plazma ki Seicavs a da b antisxeulebs, romleb­
sac aglutininebi hqviaT. aglutinogenebisa da aglutininebis Semcvelobis
mixedviT, ganasxvaveben A, B, A B da 0 jgufis sisxls.
daakvirdi sisxlis jgufebis sqemas. Seicavs Tu ara sisxlis romelime
jgufi erTdroulad erTi saxis aglutinogensa da aglutinins?
msgavsi ram mxolod sisxlis araswori gadasxmis dros xdeba. am SemTxveva­

A B
A B
A

A
A

b a a b
A
A jgufi B jgufi AB jgufi 0 jgufi

311
Si aglutininebi boWaven eriTrocitebs, rasac eriTrocitebis erTmaneTTan
Sewebeba mohyveba. am process aglutinacia hqvia. Sewebebuli eriTrocitebi
ileqeba da kapilarebs axSobs. amas hemolizic emateba _ dazianebuli er­
iTrocitebidan hemoglobini plazmaSi iJoneba. amiT sabolood ferxdeba da
irRveva organoebis sakvebiTa da JangbadiT momarageba da adamiani iRupeba.

antisxeuli cilaa, romelsac organizmi antigenis sapasuxod ga­

moimuSavebs. antisxeulebs B limfocitebi gamoimuSavebs. an­ti­­­
sxeuli erTi boloTi antigens ukavSirdeba, meore boloTi ki
fa­gocits an T limfocits atyobinebs antigenis SeboWvis Se­sa­­
xeb. efeqtur vaqcinebs genuri inJineriis gziT amzadeben. an­ti­
sxeulebs hibridomebic amzadebs. autoimunuri daavadebe­bis mi­
zezi imunuri sistemis muSaobis darRvevaa. sisxlis sxva­dasxva
jgufebad dayofas safuZvlad antigenebisa da an­tisxe­ulebis ga­
nawileba udevs.

gadaitane rveulSi sqema da Cawere cariel ujrebSi magaliTebi.

imuniteti

aqtiuri pasiuri

bunebrivi xelovnuri bunebrivi xelovnuri

1. kargad daakvirdi tabulaze (gv.311) aglutinogenebisa da ag­

lu­tininebis ganawilebas da upasuxe Semdeg kiTxvebs:
a. Seni azriT, romeli jgufis sisxli SeiZleba gadaesxas uprob­
lemod yvela sxva danarCeni sisxlis jgufis mqone adamianebs?
axseni, ratom? (gaiTvaliswine, rom donoris aglutininebs
mxedvelobaSi ar Rebuloben, radgan isini Zalian mcire rao­
denobiT arian).
b. romeli jgufis sisxli ver gadaesxmeba verc erTi sxva jgufis
sisxlis mqone adamianebs?
g. ratom aris SesaZlebeli A B jgufis sisxlis gadasxma A B jgu­
fis sisxlis mqone adamianebisTvis?
d. Sen icnob sisxlis jgufebis sxvagvar klasifikaciasac, rom­
lis mixedviT gamoyofen sisxlis I, II, III da IV jgufis sisxls.
sisxlis romel jgufs miakuTvneb A B jgufs?
e. sisxlis romel jgufs miakuTvneb 0 jgufs?
2. ratom ar iwvevs B hepatitis vaqcina B hepatits?

312
3. organoTa gadanergvisas cdiloben axlo naTesavebis, dedis,
mamis, Zmebiss da debis organoebi gamoiyenon. axseni, ratom?
4. warmoidgine, rom eqimi xar. SenTan movida pacienti, SeSfoTe­
buli imiT, rom sami dRis win mas kontaqti hqonda megobarTan,
romelsac muclis tifi aRmoaCnda. rogor gadawyvetilebas
mi­iReb _ daavadebis Tavidan asacileblad vaqcinas gamoiyeneb
Tu Srats?
gaiTvaliswine, rom muclis tifis inkubaciuri periodi 7-14
dRe grZeldeba. inkubaciuri periodi droa mikrobis SeWridan
daavadebis pirveli niSnebis gamovlenamde.
1. cxrili gamoxatavs sisxlis sxvadasxva jgufebis SeTavsebado­
bas sisxlis gadasxmisas. gadaixate cxrili rveulSi da Cawere
donoris grafaSi Sesabamisi sisxlis jgufebi.

donori
recipienti

A
b

B
a

AB
ar Seicavs
aglutininebs
0
a
b
2. α-galaqtozidaza fermentia, romelsac SeuZlia B jgufis sis­x­
lis gardaqmna 0 jgufis sisxlad. rogor fiqrob, rogor axer­
xebs fermenti amas?
3. cilis agebulebis ra Tavisebureba uzrunvelyofs imas, rom
adamianis organizms milionamde gansxvavebuli antisxeulis
damzadeba SeuZlia?
moiZie informacia BB hepatitis Sesaxeb da dawere referati Sem­
degi gegmis mixedviT:
daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezi;
daavadebis mimdinareoba;
mkurnalobis saSualebebi;
daavadebis prevencia.

antisxeuli _ antibody
http://.highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swf

313
VI adamiani da mikroorganizmebi
§49
individualuri da saerTo dacva daavadebebisgan
mZime infeqciuri daavadebebi: Sids-i da tuberkulozi
daavadebebis prevencia
Sids-isa da tuberkulozis gavrceleba msofliosa da
saqarTveloSi

daavadebasTan brZola efeqturi mxolod maSin SeiZleba iyos, rodesac ada­

miani marto ar aris darCenili zogjer Zalian veragi mikrobis pirispir, aramed
masTan erTadaa sazogadoeba. XXI saukuneSi adamiani daavadebas sam sxvadasxva
_ individualur, sazogadoebriv da msoflio doneze ebrZvis. adamianTa mxo­
lod aseTi gaerTianebuli ZalisxmeviT aris SesaZlebeli mravali daavadebis
damarcxeba. individualurad adamiani daavadebas SeiZleba SeebrZolos per­
sonaluri higieniT, dabalansebuli kvebiT, regularuli fizikuri varjiSiT,
Tambaqosa da alkoholze uaris TqmiT, medikamentebis drouli miRebiT, eqimis
yvela rCevis gaTvaliswinebiT. sazogadoebrivi brZo­la daavadebis winaaRmdeg
gulisxmobs saxelmwifos mier standartebis da­wesebas sasmel wyalze, moni­
torings mosaxleobis sufTa sasmeli wyliTa da medikamentebiT uzrunvelyo­
faze. msoflio jandacvis organizacia ki pa­suxismgeblobas iRebs, gaataros
iseTi RonisZiebebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs msoflios TiToeuli moqalaqis
janmrTel sicocxles. magaliTad, Se­ebrZolos malarias vaqcinaciis koor­
dinirebuli programiT, Seamciros bav­SvTa sikvdilianoba fexmZime qalebisa
da bavSvebis normaluri kvebiT uzrun­velyofiT.
vnaxoT, rogor ebrZvis kacobrioba or yvelaze metad gavrcelebul da
mZime daavadebas msoflioSi _ tuberkulozsa da Sids-s.

tuberkulozi

msoflio jandacvis organizaciis monacemebiT,

de­damiwis mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi tuberkulozis
ga­momwvevi baqteriiT aris inficirebuli, romelTa­
gan 20 milioni tuberkuloziTaa avad. yovelwliurad
msoflioSi 8 milioni adamiani avaddeba da 2 milioni
iRu­peba tuberkulozis garTulebis Sedegad. amasTan,
erTi avadmyofi wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis 100 ada­mi­
ans ainficirebs, romelTagan 10 avad xdeba.
koxis Cxiri naxvelSi tuberkulozis gamomwvevi baqteria, romelic mo­
sa­x­­leobaSi koxis Cxiris saxeliT ufroa cnobili, jan­­­­
mrTeli adamianis sxeulSi daavadebulisgan xvdeba, romelic laparakis,
ce­­­minebis, xvelebis dros irgvliv baqteriebs avrcelebs. Tumca, adamianis
da­saavadeblad es srulebiTac ar aris sakmarisi.

314
 zogierTi adamianis imunuri sistema imdenad
Zlieria, rom umklavdeba paTogens da anadgurebs
mas. ufro xSirad ki imuniteti mxolod droebiT
Trgunavs mikrobs da rogorc ki imunuri sistema
sxvadasxva mizezis, magaliTad, arasrulfasovani
kvebis, stresebis, Tambaqos mowevis, narkotikebis
gamoyenebis gamo. sustdeba, baqteria aqtiurdeba
da gamravlebas iwyebs. limfis saSualebiT is mTel
organizmSi _ limfur jirkvlebSi, filtvebSi,
Zvleb­Si, TirkmelebSi, saSvilosnoSi xvdeba. am or­
ganoebSi Tavmoyril baqteriebs fagocitebi uteven,
Tumca, maTi moqmedeba araefeqturia, radgan ko­xis
robert koxi
Cxi­rebi gamoyofen qimiur nivTierebebs, rom­­lebic
fagocitebSi lizosomebis moqmedebas Trgu­naven.
amis gamo baqteriebi fagocitebSi Tavs usafrTxod grZnoben da intensiu­
rad mravldebian. sabolood leikociti iRupeba, Cxirebi kvlav uj­redSoris
sivrceSi aRmoCndebian, swrafad mravldebian da azianeben kans, saSarde gzebs,
nawlavebs, Tvalebs. yvelaze xSiri mainc filtvebis tuberkulozia. misi niS­
nebia: sxeulis temperaturis momateba (370C), xvela, zogjer sisxliani naxve­
liT, oflianoba, sisuste, umadoba, sigamxdre, limfuri jirkvlebis gadide­
ba, anemia.
Tu inficirebuli adamiani maSinve ar
da­avadda, is infeqciis mtarebeli xdeba.
amis gamovlena mxolod mantus reaqciiT
aris SesaZlebeli.
adamianis piradi pasuxismgebloba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom daavadebis Tundac erTi
simptomis xangrZlivad gamovlenisas, man
aucileblad unda mimarTos eqims, romelic
gamokvlevebs Cautarebs da mkurnalobas
dauniSnavs. mkurnaloba sakmaod xangrZli­ mantus sinji

via _ avadmyofi 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime preparats Rebulobs. Ti­To­

euli maTgani specifikurad moqmedebs tuberkulozis gamomwvevze. avad­myofs
eniSneba aseve imunitetis asamaRlebeli preparatebi, utardeba sunTqviTi
varjiSebi. mas didi moTmineba sWirdeba, radgan mkurnalobis droze adre
SewyvetiT SesaZloa tuberkulozis advilad gankurnebadi forma medika­
mentebis mimarT mdgradi _ rezistentuli formiT Seicvalos, romlis
mkurnaloba Zalze rTulia. aseTi SemTxvevebi filtvis nawilis amokveTiT
mTavrdeba. avadmyofis piradi pasuxismgebloba imaSic mdgomareobs, rom
ecados, Seamciros garSemo myofTa dasnebovnebis riski: xvelebisas pirze
cxvirsaxoci aifaros, qaRaldis cxvirsaxoci gamoyenebis Semdeg dawvas, ar
misces sakuTari WurWliT sargeblobis ufleba sxvebs, xSirad gaaniavos
oTaxi, tansacmeli da logini xSirad gafinos mzeze, radgan koxis Cxiri, ro­
melic medegia sicxis, sicivis, spirtis, mJavis, tutis mimarT, mzis pirdapiri
sxivebis moqmedebiT 5 wuTSi iRupeba.

315
 tuberkulozis axali SemTxvevebi msoflios sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi 2007 wlis monacemebiT

msoflio jandacvis organizaciis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi situacia

kri­tikulia. oficialuri statistikis Tanaxmad, tuberkuloziT yovelwli­
urad 6 aTasamde adamiani avaddeba da 190-mde iRupeba. gaizarda rezistentu­
li tuberkulozis SemTxvevebi. avadmyofebi droze adre wyveten mkurnalobas,
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi tuberkulozis diagnostika, mkur­­­naloba
da saWiro medikamentebi ufasoa.
tuberkulozis kontroli mxolod samedicino samsaxurs ar SeuZlia. di­
di mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis yvela wevris Tanadgomas. saqarTveloSi
aris regionebi, sadac tuberkuloziT daavadebuli adamianebis STamomavle­
bic ki gariyulebi arian sazogadoebidan.
msoflio jandacvis organizaciam 1992 wels sagangebo mdgomareoba ga­
moacxada da tuberkulozTaAn brZolis axali strategia SeimuSava, romelic
DOTS-is saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. misi warmatebulad ganxorcielebis Sem­
TxvevaSi msoflio 2050 wlisTvis srulad unda gaTavisufldes tuberku­
lozisgan. es strategia msoflios 180 qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic
aris danergili da ramdenime aucilebel punqts iTvaliswinebs. esenia: pro­
eqtisadmi politikuri mxardaWera, saimedo diagnostika, standartizebu­
li moklevadiani mkurnaloba medmuSakebis uSualo meTvalyureobiT, avad­
myofebis medikamentebiT regularuli da uwyveti uzrunvelyofa.

SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi

SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis (Sids-is) epidemia kacobriobis is­

to­riaSi erT-erT yvelaze saSiS epidemiad iTvleba. mas adamianis imunode­
fi­citis virusi (aiv) iwvevs. msoflioSi 40 milionamde adamiani am virusis
mta­rebelia. maTi 2/3 afrikis samxreT raionebSi cxovrobs. afrikaSi aris
adgilebi, sadac yoveli mesame adamiani aiv-virusiT aris inficirebuli. vi­
rusi Zalian swrafad vrceldeba centralur aziasa da aRmosavleT evropaSi.
aiv-virusi mxolod 1983 wels aRmoaCines. virusisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

316
xangrZlivi inkubaciuri periodi da infeqci­
uri procesebis neli ganviTareba. aiv-viruss 1
sferos forma aqvs. misi cilovani garsis ze­­
dapirze moTavsebulia gansakuTrebuli ci­
2
la, romelic specifikurad ukavSirdeba ama
Tu im ujredis receptors da xels uwyobs
viruss maspinZel ujredSi SeRwevaSi. ci­lo­
van­i garsis SigniT rnm-is ori identuri mo­
le­kulaa.
1 ra informaciaa Cawerili aiv-is rnm-is
mo­lekulaSi?
virusis moqmedebis meqanizmi bolomde Sids-is virusi
jer kidev kargad ar aris gaSifruli, Tum­
1. cila; 2. rnm.
ca, mecnierebma ukve ician, rom daavadebis
mTa­vari mizezi T limfocitebis specialu­
ri jgufis, e.w. T-helperebis (T-helpers) ganadgurebaa. T-helperebi imunuri
sistemis Zalian mniSvnelovani ujredebi arian. isini imunur sistemaSi mare­
gulirebel funqcias asruleben. T-helperebi gansazRvraven, rogor Seebr­
Zolos organizmi paTogens. mis winaaRmdeg aamoqmedos fagocitebis armia,
romlebic STanTqaven da ineleben `mters~, Tu B limfocitebi, romelTa mier
gamomuSavebuli antisxeulebi boWaven _ `tyved ahyavT Tavdamsxmeli~. ase
rom, T-helperebzea damokidebuli imunuri sistemis brZolis swori strate­
giis arCeva da, aqedan gamomdinare, brZolis efeqturoba, infeqciis keris ga­
nadgurebis siswrafe.
T-helperebSi SeWris Semdeg, virusi iwyebs gamravlebas, rasac am ujre­
debis membranebis destruqcia mohyveba. isini TiTqos `webovanebi~ xdebian
da sxva, dauzianebel T-ujredebs ekvrian. aseT, erTmaneTze Sewebebul kom­
pleqsebze ieriSi sxva saxis limfocitebs miaqvT da anadgureben maT. sain­
teresoa, rom aiv virusis SeWris Semdeg, ratomRac, irTveba T-ujredebis
TviTganadgurebis meqanizmi da isini `suicidiT~ amTavreben sicocxles. T-
limfocitebis ganadgurebis procesi daxloebiT 10 wels grZeldeba. sabo­
lood, ujredebis masiuri ganadgurebis gamo, imunuri sistema veRar icavs
organizms da nebismieri mikrobi, isinic ki, romlebic janmrTeli adamianis
organizmSi Cveulebriv arseboben, Zalize saSiSi xdeba. Sids-iT daavadebuli
adamiani nebismieri mikrobis msxverpli SeiZleba gaxdes.
jerjerobiT, aiv-infeqciis mkurnalobis efeqturi meTodi, romelic
mTlianad gaanadgurebda am viruss organizmSi, ar arsebobs. mkurnalo­
bis Tanamedrove meTodebi aferxebs da praqtikulad aCerebs aiv-infeqciis
prog­resirebas da ar aZlevs mas saSualebas, gadavides bolo stadiaSi, anu
Sids-Si. drouli mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi, dainficirebuli adamiani Cveu­
lebriv, aqtiur cxovrebas eweva. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom xangrZlivi
mkurnalobisas virusi mutacias ganicdis da samkurnalo preparatebi arae­
feqturi xdeba. saWiro xdeba axali preparatebis daniSvna. didi mniSvne­loba
aqvs aseve swor kvebas, Zils. dainficirebuli adamiani daculi unda iyos
Zli­eri stresebisgan, unda moeridos mzeze xangrZlivad yofnas.

317
 aiv-virusi daavadebuli adamianis organizmis praqtikulad yvela saxis
siTxeSi SeiZleba arsebobdes, Tumca, maTi is raodenoba, romelsac sxva ada­
mianis daavadeba SeuZlia, mxolod sisxlSi, limfaSi, spermaSi da rZeSia. das­
nebovneba mxolod im SemTxveaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu virusis Semcveli siTxe
uSualod janmrTeli adamianis sisxlsa da limfaSi, an dazianebul lorwovan
garsze moxvda. organizmis gareT virusi ususuria, is sisxlis, limfis, sper­
mis gaSrobisas an 560C-ze zemoT momentalurad iRupeba.
sisxlSi moxvedrisas ki virusiT dasnebovnebis albaToba 95%-ia, amitom
dasnebovnebulTa ricxvi Zalian maRalia narkomanebSi, romlebic mravajera­
dad xmaroben erTmaneTis Spricebs, axalgazrdebSi, romlebic xSirad icv­
lian sqesobriv partniorebs da ar xmaroben damcav saSualebebs. aiv-virusiT
inficirdebian axalSobilebi, romlebic inficirebuli dedis rZiT ikvebe­
bian.
2 daasaxele kidev erTi SemTxveva, romlis drosac Zalian maRalia aiv-
virusiT dasnebovnebis Sansi.
gaeros mier gamoqveynebuli angariSis Tanaxmad, msoflioSi aiv-iT dain­
ficirebis SemTxvevebi Semcirda. bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi infeqciis gavr­
celebis maCvenebelma 20%-iT iklo.

SidsiT daavadebulTa ricxvi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

afrikis qveynebSi Catarebulma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom iq axalgazr­

debi ukve gacilebiT gvian amyareben sqesobriv kavSirs da bevri maTgani am
dros Tavs icavs. magram siaxleebi yvelgan dadebiTi ar aris. angariSis Ta­
naxmad, aiv-iT dainficirebulTa raodenobam sagrZnoblad imata aRmosav­
leT evropasa da centralur aziaSi. am regionebSi bolo aTi wlis manZilze
inficirebis SemTxvevebi TiTqmis gasammagda. epidemiis msxverplni arian,
ZiriTadad, narkomanebi, prostituciis mimdevrebi da homoseqsualebi.
saqarTveloSi aiv-infeqciis pirveli SemTxveva 1989 wels gamovlinda.
2011 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi registrirebulia sul 2991 SemTxveva.
aqedan 2199 mamakacia da 792 _ qali. inficirebulTagan Sids-i ganuviTarda
1764 pacients. maTgan 662 gardaicvala. pacientTa umravlesoba 29 wlidan 40

318
wlamdea. eqspertebis varaudiT, saqarTveloSi 4000-mde araregistrirebuli
aiv-iT inficirebulia.
saqarTveloSi Sids-is gavrcelebas bevri faqtori uwyobs xels, maT So­
ris: narkomania, mosaxleobis migracia da farTo kontaqtebi sxva qveynebTan,
erTjeradi samedicini instrumentebisa da sasterilizacio saSualebaTa na­
kleboba, Sids-is Sesaxeb mosaxleobis informirebulobis dabali done.

37,3 % 55,7 %

intravenuri
narkomaniiT
vertikaluri
gziT
homoseqsualuri
kontaqtiT
heteroseqsualuri
kontaqtiT
0,9 % daudgenelia
3,3 %
2,3 % sisxlis gadasxmiT
0,5 %

aiv-YiT inficirebulTa ganawileba gadacemis gzebis mixedviT

adamiani daavadebebs sam sxvadasxva _ individualur, sazogadoeb­

riv da msoflio doneze ebrZvis. msoflios mosaxleobis 1/3 tu­
berkulozis gamomwvevi baqteriiT aris inficirebuli. infeqcia
air-wveTovani gziT vrceldeba. saqarTveloSi situacia kritiku­
lia. yovelwliurad tuberkuloziT 190-mde adamiani iRupeba.
Sids-is epidemia kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erT yvelaze saSiS
epidemiad iTvleba. msoflioSi 40 milioni adamiani am virusis mta­
rebelia. saqarTveloSi registrirebulia aiv-inficirebis 2991
Sem­Txveva.

1. arsebobs Tu ara Tundac Zalian dabali Sansi imisa, rom adamia­

ni aiv-iT kocnisas dasnebovndes? axseni, ratom fiqrob ase?
2. gaixsene da daasaxele erT-erTi Zveli qarTuli rituali, rom­
lis dros Zalian maRaAli iqneboda aiv-virusiT dasnebovnebis
Sansi.

319
 1. diagramaze aiv-iT inficirebulTa ganawilebaa regionebis mixedviT.
Tbilisi 994
aWara 370
samegrelo 453
imereTi 389
foTi 44
kaxeTi 124
afxazeTi 214
qvemo qarTli 119
Sida qarTli 87
mcxeTa-TianeTi 22
raWa-leCxumi 5
samcxe-javaxeTi 37
guria 57
svaneTi 9

a. romeli regionebi gamoirCevian aiv-inficirebulTa mcire ric­

xviT?
b. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?
2. diagramaze warmodgenilia aiv infeqciis SemTvevaTa dinamika
saqarTveloSi, wlebis mixedviT.
1989 1
1990 3
1991 1
1992 6
1993 0
1994 6
1995 2
1996 8
1997 21
1998 25
1999 35

2000 79
2001 93
2002 95
2003 100
2004 163
2005 242
2006 276
2007 344
2008 351
2009 58
2010 456
a. rogori tendenciaa saqarTveloSi aiv-virusis gavrcelebis
TvalsazrisiT?

320
b. romel wels aris piki virusis gavrcelebis mixedviT?
g. riT gansxvavdeba saqarTveloSi aiv-virusis gavrcelebis dina­
mika afrikisa da evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT?
d. ra punqtebs unda efuZnebodes saqarTveloSi Sids-Tan brZolis
strategia?
gadawere rveulSi, moZebne wyvilebi da daakavSire erTmaneTTan
isrebiT:
koRos kbeniT
tatus gakeTebiT
haeriT
aiv-virusi gadaecema stomatologTan vizitisas
WurWliT
tansacmliT
salonSi manikuris gakeTebisas
aiv-virusi ar gadaecema ofliT
nerwyviT
sisxlis gadasxmiT
wyliT sacurao auzSi

1. moiZie informacia mantus testis Sesaxeb.

2. moiZie informacia, rogor xorcieldeba DOTS–is proeqti
saqarTveloSi da ramdenad efeqturia tuberkulozTan brZo­
lis es gza. informacia warmoadgine referatis saxiT. moawyeT
klasSi msjeloba am Temis irgvliv.
1. gaiTvaliwine tuberkulozTan brZolis magaliTebi da mo­ifiq­
re, rogor SeiZleba SeebrZolos adamiani Sids-s individua­
lur, sazogadoebriv da msoflio doneze.
2. cnobilia, rom aiv-iT dasnebovnebuli qalis rZiT mxolod axal­
Sobilebi inficirdebian. samecniero cdebiT dadginda, rom
mozrdil adamians am gziT virusi ar gadaecema. gaiTvaliswine
vi­rusis Tvisebebi da axseni, ra SeiZleba emarTebodes viruss
mozrdili adamianis organizmSi.
tuberkulozi gaxda vaJa-fSavelas, solomon do­
daSvilis, iakob go­gebaSvilis, lado asaTianis gar­
dacvalebis mi­ze­zi.
`veneras dabadeba~ sandro botiCelis cnobili ti­
loa. mxatvris modeli simoneta vespuCi 22 wlis asakSi
tuberkuloziT gardaicvala. medikosTa azriT, Zli­
er daxrili marcxena mxari baqteriiT mxris sartylis
mniSvnelovan dazianebaze unda miuTiTebdes.

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120088/micro41.swf

321
VI adamiani da mikroorganizmebi
§50
sasargeblo mikroorganizmebi
sokoebis gamoyeneba puris cxobasa da yvelis warmoebaSi
antibiotikebi
baqteriebis roli Rvinis warmoebaSi. fermentebis miReba gen-
modificirebuli baqteriebidan

rac ar unda didi iyos paTogenuri mikrobebis mier miyenebuli ziani da

diskomforti, isini mainc umciresobaSi arian im mikrobebTan SedarebiT,
romlebsac CvenTvis didi samsaxuris gaweva SeuZliaT, miTumetes, Tu maT
kargad gavugebT, anu Tu bolomde gavSifravT maT metabolizms da Sevecde­
biT, Cvens sasargeblod gamoviyenoT isini.
obis soko peniciliumi Tavis mtrebi­
sa da konkurentebis sawinaaRmdegod ga­
remoSi gamoyofs specialur nivTierebas
_ penicilins, romelic Trgunavs aseve
adamianebisTvis saSiSi paTogenuri mik­
robebis gamravlebas. es faqti 1929 wels
ingliselma mecnierma flemingma sruli­
ad SemTxveviT aRmoaCina. flemingi didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi ikvlevda daavadebis
aleqsandre flemingi gamomwvev baqteriebs. zafxulis arda­
degebidan laboratoraSi dabrunebulma
flemingma SeamCnia, rom magidaze Zveli, ukve gamokvleuli da Seswavlili
baqteriebiani petris finjnebi darCenoda. man maTi gadayra moindoma. mag­ram
SeniSna, rom erT-erT finjanze mwvane obis soko gaCeniliyo, romlis garSemo
baqteriebi aRar izrdeboda. flemingma mravali eqsperimentiT daadgina, rom
soko peniciliumi meningitis, difteriis, qunTruSis, filtvebis anTebis ga­
momwvev baqteriebs Trgunavda.
am aRmoCenam gadatrialeba gamoiwvia medicinaSi. 10 wlis Semdeg mec­
nierebma SeZles penicilinis masobrivi warmoeba. daiwyo antibiotikebis era
medicinaSi. antibiotikebs iseT nivTierebebs uwodeben, romlebsac mikroor­
ganizmebi sxva mikrobebis sawinaaRmdegod gamoimuSaveben, adamiani ki mas sam­
kurnalo miznebisTvis iyenebs.
dReisTvis 10 000-mde sxvadasxva antibiotikia cnobili, romlebic sxva­
dasxva gziT Trgunaven baqteriul infeqciebs ise, rom ar azianeben adamianis
ujredebs. penicilini, magaliTad, xels uSlis baqterias ujredis kedlis
warmoqmnaSi. aseT antibiotikebs baqteriostatikuri antibiotikebi hqviaT.
isini xels uSlian baqteriebis gamravlebas. zogi antibiotiki klavs paTo­
genur baqterias. aseT antibiotiks baqteriociduli antibiotiki ewodeba.

322
didi dozebiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi baqteriociduli moqmedeba penici­
linsac SeiZleba hqondes, Tumca, is am dros cudad moqmedebs adamianis or­
ganizmzec.
zogierT baqterias penicilini verafers aklebs. anu is rezistentu­lia
penicilinis mimarT, radgan gamoyofs ferment penicilinazas, romelic Slis
mas. xSirad baqteriebi antibiotikebis mimarT mgrZnobelobas maSin kargaven,
rodesac adamianebi droze adre wyveten eqimis mier daniSnuli antibio­
tikebis miRebas an piriqiT, antibiotikebs maSin Rebuloben, rodesac maTi
miRebis saWiroeba srulebiT ar aris.
adamianisTvis komerciulad Zalian saintereso aRmoCnda safuara sokoe­
bis gansakuTrebuli unari, gardaqmnas glukoza naxSirorJangad da spirtad
anaerobul pirobebSi. adamiani sokoebis am unars puris, Rvinisa da spirtis
warmoebaSi iyenebs.
1 ra mniSvneloba aqvs sokosTvis spirtul duRils?
puris cxobisas fqvilsa da wyals
erTmaneTSi ureven, safuars umate­
ben, coms zelen da garkveuli xniT
siTboSi (daaxloebiT 280C) aTavseben.
sokos fermentebis mier warmoqmnili
naxSirorJangi comSi nasvretebs aCens,
comi moculobaSi imatebs _ fuvdeba.
coms patar gundebad anawileben da
RumelSi 1800C-ze aTavseben. cxobisas
sokoebi iRupebian da spirtuli duRi­
lis procesi wydeba, spirti ki orTql­
deba.

2 coms zogjer Saqars umateben. axseni, ratom?

Rvinis warmoebaSi mTavari mniSvne­
loba sokos mier warmoqmnil spirts
aqvs. yurZens sruli simwifisas kre­
fen, rodesac masSi SaAqris raodenoba
maRalia da specialuri dana­dgarebiT
Wyleten. maRali xarisxis Rvinis misa­
Rebad safuari sokoebis sufTa kul­
turas umateben da didi zomis Wur­
WelSi gadaaqvT. 15-200C-ze sokoebi
moqmedebas iwyeben da spirtsa da nax­
SirorJangs warmoqmnian. yur­Znis wven­
Si spirtis koncentracia TandaTan izrdeba da ramdenime dReSi 14%-s aR­
wevs. sokoebi spirtis aseT maRal koncentracias ver uZleben da iRu­pebian.
amis Semdeg yurZnis wvens kansa da wipwebs acileben, filtraven da kas­rebSi
gadaqvT.

323
 yvelis warmoebaSi adamiani sokoebTan erTad baqteriebsac `amuSavebs~.
pasterizebul rZes baqteriebs umateben, romlebic rZis Saqars _ laq­
tozas rZis mJavad gardaqmnian. mJAava areSi rZis xsnadi cilebi denaturird­
eba da rZidan gamoileqeba. koagulaciis procesis dasaCqareblad rZes qimo­
zins umateben. qimozini fermentia, romelsac adamianebi genmodificirebul
baqteriebs didi raodenobiT amzadebineben. adre qimozinis funqcias xor­
cisTvis dakluli xbos kuWidan miRebuli renini asrulebda. rZidan gamole­
qil cilebs Srats acileben, wnexaven wylis maqsimalurad mosacileblad da
sxvadasxva yalibebSi aTavseben formis misaRebad.
e.w. cisferi yvelis warmoebaSi soko peniciliu­
mi gamoiyeneba. evropaSi cnobil rokfors, gorgon­
zolas Tu stiltons yvelisTvis damaxasiaTebel
garegnobasa da gemos swored es obis soko aniWebs.
cisferi yvelis misaRebad masSi grZeli nemse­
biT sahaero xvrelebs akeTeben da sokos sporebi
SeaqvT. sporebidan peniciliumis mwvane miceliumi
viTardeba. cisferi yveli

1 imisTvis, rom genmodificirebuli baqterie­

2 bul ferments svetebSi aTavseben. aseT svetebSi
3
1. gardasaqmneli produqti;
2. imobilizirebuli fermenti;
3. gardaqmnili produqti.
bidan miRebulma fermentebma stabiluroba
SeinarCunon da didxans imuSaon, maT `amagre­
ben~ inertul niv­Tierebebze, romlebic fermen­
tebTan reaqciaSi ar Sedian. aseT fermentebs
imo­bilizebuli fermentebi hqvia. imobilize­
produqtebis gatarebiT maT sxvadasxva niv­Ti­­e­
rebebisgan aTavisufleben. magaliTad, zo­­­gierT
adamianze rZis Saqari laqtoza cudad moq­­medebs
_ isini aratoleranturebi xdebian mis mi­marT
da amitom iZulebulni arian saerTod uari Tqvan
rZeze. imobilizebul fermentebian svet­Si ga­ta­
re­buli rZe srulad uxifaToa maTTvis.

3 romel ferments Seicavs sveti?

tyavis warmoebaSi baqteriul proteazebs iyeneben, romelic arbilebs
tyavs da aumjobesebs mis xarisxs.
baqteriebisgan miRebuli fermentebiT amohyavT laqebi qsovilebidan.

paTogenuri mikrobebis garda, arseboben mikroorganizmebi, rom­

lebic did samsaxurs uweven adamians. baqteriebsa da sokoebs ada­
miani iyenebs yvelis, spirtis, Rvinis, puris warmoebaSi.

324
aiRe ori qimiuri Wiqa, danomre. orive WiqaSi Cayare 5 gr. safuari.
meore WiqaSi Caamate 10 gr. Saqris fxvnili. orive Wiqas daumate
200 ml. Tbili wyali da cotaodeni fqvili. ingredientebi kargad
Seurie erTmaneTs. dadgi Wiqebi Tbil adgilas 15 wT. axseni, ra
moxda pirvel da meore WiqaSi.

1. gagisinjavs maWari? is Rvinisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro gemri­

elia _ tkbilia da gaTrobs kidec. axseni, ratom?
2. SeiZleba Tu ara, penicilinma adamianis ujredebis gamravle­
bas SeuSalos xeli?

moiZie informacia, rogor awarmoe­

ben iogurts, warmoadgine masala
re­fe­ra­tis saxiT da imsjelT klas­
Si, riT gansxvavdeba iogurti qar­
Tuli mawvnisgan.

1. SeiZleba Tu ara penicilini efeqturi iyos virusuli daavade­

bebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi?
2. ekonomiurad Zalian momgebia­nia
fer­­­­mentebis Semcveli iseTi sa­re­
c­xi fxvnilebi, romlebic dabal
tempe­raturaze moqmedeben. mo­if­ iq­­­
re, ratom?

flemings penicilinis aRmoCenisTvis nobelis premia mieniWa. es

aRmoCena aTaswleulis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan aRmo­Cen­adaa
­­
miCneuli. Tvlian, rom penicilinma aRmoCenidan dRemde 200 mil­
ion adamians SeunarCuna sicocxle.

325
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