Alcohols and

Carboxylic Acids

ADG
 ALCOHOLS

Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds

which have the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group

• They have the general formula CnH2n+1OH

Methanol
Naming Alcohols:-
The name of an alcohol ends with ‘-ol’
Physical properties of alcohols:-
Alcohols are volatile liquids at room temperature and
pressure

•Solubility decreases as the molecular size increases

• Boiling point increases as the molecular size increases. This is because
as the sizes of alcohol molecules increase, the forces of attraction
between the molecules also increase.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS:-
• Combustion

• alcohol + oxygen →carbon dioxide + water vapour

• ethanol + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water vapour

• C2H5OH(aq) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

Alcohol combusts (burns) with a smokey flame due to the production of solid
carbon. Combustion of alcohols releases energy making alcohols useful as fuels.

Work to do:- Write balance equation 1. Combustion of butanol

(C4H9OH) and Heptanol(C7H15OH)
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS :-
• Oxidation
• alcohol
+ oxygen from oxidising agent + heat →
carboxylic acid + water

• ethanol + oxygen from oxidising agent + heat → ethanoic acid + water

• CH3CH2OH(aq) + 2*O+ + heat → CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)

PRODUCING ETHANOL
• Producing Ethanol from Ethene
• ethene + steam → ethanol
Conditions:-
• 3000C
• 60 atm
• phosphoric (V) acid(H3PO4)

• CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(g) → CH3CH2OH(aq)

PRODUCING ETHANOL BY FERMENTATION:-
Conditions:-
USES OF ETHANOL:-

• Ethanol is used in alcoholic drinks.

• Ethanol is used as a solvent.
• Ethanol is used as a fuel
 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
• Carboxylic acids are a homologous series of
organic acids which have the carboxyl (-COOH)
functional group

• They have the general formula CnH2n+1COOH

Ethanoic acid
Naming carboxylic acids:-
The name of a carboxylic acids ends with ‘-oic acid’
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS:-

•The above carboxylic acids are all soluble in water.

• Boiling point increases as the molecular size increase
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS:-

• Carboxylic acids are weak acids because they ionise

only partially in aqueous solution.

• ethanoic acid ⇌ ethanoate ion + hydrogen ion

• CH3COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS:-

• Reaction with reactive metals

• carboxylic acid + metal →salt + hydrogen

• ethanoic acid + magnesium→ magnesium ethanoate +

hydrogen

• 2CH3COOH(aq) + Mg(s) →(CH3COO)2Mg(aq) + H2(g)

Work to do :- Write balance reaction 1)Propanoic acid with Sodium

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS :-

• Reaction with carbonates

• carboxylic acid + carbonate → salt + carbon dioxide

+ water

• ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate → sodium

ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water

• CH3COOH(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2CH3COONa(aq) +

CO2(g) + H2O(l)
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS :-

• Reaction with bases

• carboxylic acid + bases → salt + water

• ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium ethanoate +

water

• 2CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)→CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

PRODUCING ETHANOIC ACID:-

• Oxidation by acidified potassium manganate (VII)

• ethanol + oxygen from oxidising agent + heat → ethanoic

acid + water

• CH3CH2OH(aq) + 2*O+ + heat → CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)

• Oxidation by atmospheric oxygen

• ethanol + oxygen from air + bacteria → ethanoic acid + water

• CH3CH2OH(aq) + O2(g) + bacteria → CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l

 ESTERS
• A sweet smelling compound called esters.

• An ester is a colourless liquid that is insoluble in water. The

function group is:

• Esters are formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with

an alcohol. This reaction is known as esterification
ESTERIFICATION:-
• Ethanoic acid is warmed with ethanol in the presence of a few
drops of sulfuric acid, water and an ester called ethyl
ethanoate are formed. Concentrated sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst
for the reaction.

• ethanoic acid + ethanol + concentrated sulfuric acid ⇌ ethyl

ethanoate + water

• CH3COOH(aq) + C2H5OH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) ⇌

CH3COOC2H5(aq) + H2O(l)

• During the formation of ethyl ethanoate, the –OH group from ethanoic
acid is replaced by the CH3-CH2-O- group from ethanol.
Work to do :- Write the reaction between methanol with propanoic acid
Naming Esters:-

USES OF ESTERS • Esters are used in perfumes, as artificial food flavourings and as
solvents for cosmetics and glues