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The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering

The 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering

Acoustic
Acoustic and
and thermal
thermal properties
properties of
of hemp-cement
hemp-cement building
building materials
materials
Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conferencea 2017, MESIC 2017,
a 28-30 June
Raluca Ferneaa,a, *, Daniela Lucia Manea a
a, Luminita Plesaa, Răzvan Iernuțana, Mihaela
Raluca Fernea *, Daniela Lucia Manea , Luminita
2017, Vigo Plesa , Răzvan Iernuțan , Mihaela
(Pontevedra), Spain
0F

Dumitranaa
0F

Dumitran
Costing models for capacity
a
Technical University
a
of Cluj-Napoca, optimization
28 Memorandumului Street,in Industry
400114, 4.0: Trade-off
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
between used capacity and operational efficiency
Abstract
Abstract A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb
The present research aims to analyze the sound absorption coefficient and the thermal conductivity of the building materials
The present research aims to analyze the a
sound absorption
University coefficient
of Minho, 4800-058 and thePortugal
Guimarães, thermal conductivity of the building materials
based on hemp. Nowadays, two main problems affect the89809-000
Unochapecó,
characteristics of SC,
Chapecó,
the space where people live and work: the unwanted
of the Brazil
b
based on hemp. Nowadays, two main problems affect the characteristics space where people live and work: the unwanted
sounds and the thermal insulation. On the materials building market there are products which can reach these parameters, but
sounds and the thermal insulation. On the materials building market there are products which can reach these parameters, but
separately. For this reason this study looks at more in-depth constructive solutions of the hemp-based composite materials, which
separately. For this reason this study looks at more in-depth constructive solutions of the hemp-based composite materials, which
can respond at the same time to the acoustic and thermal properties of the space where people are.
can respond at the same time to the acoustic and thermal properties of the space where people are.
The experimental program was based on the study of hemp based building materials divided in two categories: monolayer and
Abstract
The experimental program was based on the study of hemp based building materials divided in two categories: monolayer and
multilayer samples. For obtaining the building materials the hemp elements used were the fiber and shiv, produced in Romania.
multilayer samples. For obtaining the building materials the hemp elements used were the fiber and shiv, produced in Romania.
The binder
Under thewhich connected
concept the hemp 4.0",
of "Industry elements was the white
production cement. will
processes The sound absorption
be pushed to coefficients were analyzed
be increasingly using the
interconnected,
The binder which connected the hemp elements was the white cement. The sound absorption coefficients were analyzed using the
impedance tube
information and for
based on the
a thermal
real time conductivity
basis and, the Fox200 device
necessarily, much was
moreused. It was noticed,
efficient. In thisincontext,
the first capacity
situation, that the recipe
optimization
impedance tube and for the thermal conductivity the Fox200 device was used. It was noticed, in the first situation, that the recipe
whichbeyond
goes was made
the only from one
traditional aimlayer of fiber had
of capacity better acoustic
maximization, and thermalalso
contributing properties than the shiv profitability
for organization’s monolayer recipe. In the
and value.
which was made only from one layer of fiber had better acoustic and thermal properties than the shiv monolayer recipe. In the
second situation the samples with triple layer compositions presented a difference of 25% for the sound absorption coefficient
Indeed, lean management
second situation the samples withandtriple
continuous improvement
layer compositions approaches
presented suggest
a difference of 25%capacity optimization
for the sound absorptioninstead of
coefficient
and 20% for the thermal conductivity coefficient depending of the layer composition of the samples.
maximization. The study
and 20% for the thermal of capacity
conductivity optimization
coefficient dependingandofcosting
the layermodels is anofimportant
composition research topic that deserves
the samples.
contributions
© 2018 The from both
Authors. the practical
Published by Elsevier andLtd.
theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical
© 2018
© 2019 The
The Authors. Published
Published by
Authors. management by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been
model for capacity based on
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open
developed and access
it wasarticle
used under
to the CC
analyze BY-NC-ND
idle capacity license
and (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International
value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency Conference Interdisciplinarity
is highlighted and itinisEngineering.
shown that capacity
optimization might
Keywords: acoustic hide operational
materials; sustainability;inefficiency.
hemp-cement; sound absorption coefficient; thermal conductivity.
Keywords: acoustic materials; sustainability; hemp-cement; sound absorption coefficient; thermal conductivity.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference
2017.

Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +40-740-420-210.
* The
Corresponding
cost
E-mail author.
of idle
address: Tel.: +40-740-420-210.
capacity is a fundamental
ralucafernea@gmail.com, information for companies and their management of extreme importance
ralucafernea@ccm.utcn.ro
E-mail address: ralucafernea@gmail.com, ralucafernea@ccm.utcn.ro
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©ways:
2351-9789 tons
2018 The of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
2351-9789
This © 2018
is an Afonso.
open The Authors.
access Published by Elsevier Ltd.
* Paulo
This is an and Tel.:article
openpeer-review
access article
under
+351 253
under
the761;
510 CC BY-NC-ND
the CC fax: +351 253license
BY-NC-ND
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
604 741
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
E-mail address: under responsibility
psafonso@dps.uminho.pt of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review
2351-9789 © under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of the scientificbycommittee
Published Elsevier of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.204
 Raluca Fernea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 208–215 209
2 Raluca Fernea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

1. Introduction

The hemp plant and the building industry have a lot in common, especially when it is about sustainability. At the
European Union level, the construction industry is answerable to 35% of the GHG-greenhouse gases emissions, 30%
of the water consumption and waste generation, 42% energy consumption, and the highest percent is 50% of the
extracted materials [1].
Therefore, the concept of sustainability in the construction sector tries to find solutions to develop the materials
building market in the way in which the future of the coming generations will not be compromised, as Brundtland
report defines development in 1987 - to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs [2].
The increasing needs to develop and deepen the research on sustainable materials, which can be defined as
building products with low density, composed of affordable raw materials and which have a positive impact on the
environment are made in order to find solutions to use the materials as naturally as possible to reduce energy
consumption during transport and processing and help retain a higher percentage of CO2 in the environment where
they are located.
However, finding solutions to decrease the 50% of extract materials connects more the building sector with the
agricultural one, in the pursue of two of the main goals of sustainable development: number 11- sustainable cities
and communities by implementing affordable building materials and number 12- responsible consumption and
production which can be focus on decreasing the percentage of extract raw materials.
In the last years, many studies were made in the sector of building materials having a perspective on the raw
materials derived from the agricultural sector, as hemp, flax, jute, and so on, which can represent an alternative to
the natural extracted materials.
For this reason the research is focused on the hemp plant, finding a proper composition which can respond to
three aspects: improving the impact upon the unwanted sounds, decreasing the energy consumption and obtaining a
composite which reduce the percentage of the extract materials.
The hemp plant is known as Cannabis sativa L., which has a low concentration of THC, and allows the plant to
be cultivated for the seed and fiber, without having psychoactive effects as marijuana. It is a plant which grows
rapidly, having an annual regeneration rate. The hemp plant is used for the seeds, fiber and shiv. The seeds are used
especially in the food and cosmetics industry, while the fibers are more met in the paper, textiles, automobiles
industry. The hemp shiv represents the highest percentage from the plant and it is considered a form of waste
obtained after the extraction process of the fibers. The shiv is used for bedding and recently, after 1990 in the
building industry [3].
Today, more than 25000 products have in their composition hemp elements [4]. One hectare of the hemp culture
for fiber represents 6 to15 kg of dry plant from which it results 75% of hemp shiv, 20% of long fibers and 5% dust
[3].
In the scientific literature the hemp plant, shiv or fiber, or both of them, are found in mixtures with various
natural or artificial binders, to obtain hemp based composited building materials which have the role to decrease the
negative percentages on the enviroment of the building industry.
Regarding the building materials based on hemp and cement, the scientific literature presents the study of
Guillaume Delannoy (2014) which compared the composition of the hemp shiv with a binder based on cement and
one with lime and showed that the acoustic, thermal and hydric properties of the compositions are similar [5],
Hakamy (2014) analyzed the characteristics of hemp fabric reinforced nanoclay–cement nanocomposites [6],
Balčiūnas (2015) studied the impact of hemp shives aggregate mineralization on the physical–mechanical properties
and structure of composite with cementitious binding material [7], Çomak (2018) deepens in the subject of the
effects of hemp fibers on the characteristics of cement based mortars [8], Hamzaoui (2017) analyzed the mechanical
performance of mortars modified with hemp fibres, shiv and milled fly ashes [9] and Balčiūnas (2013) presented a
paper about the physical properties and structure of composites made from hemp hurds and different binding
materials [10].
Starting from the studies presented in the literature, the present research discusses more in-depth the composition
of hemp elements and white cement and identifies the acoustical and thermal properties of the hemp based building
materials.
210 Raluca Fernea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 208–215
Raluca Fernea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 3

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Materials

The four compositions proposed for this study present as the main components the short hemp fiber (Figure 1a),
the hemp shiv (Figure 1c) and the white cement (Figure 1b). Both the short fibers and the shiv are considered hemp
waste after obtaining the long fibers from the stem plant. The hemp products used for this research are produced by
HempFlax Romania. The binder we used is a commercial white cement CEM I 52.5 N which presents 95% clinker.
The white cement was chosen to be able to get an esthetic final product. The whiteness of the cement is given by the
small percentage of iron present in the composition.

a b c

Fig. 1. Raw materials used for the compositions

(a)hemp short fibers; (b) white cement; (c) hemp shives.

2.2. Composition

Four compositions of hemp-cement based materials were studied. Two samples are defined as monolayer
compositions and two samples are multilayer.
The monolayer samples are defined by one composition prepared from shiv and the second one from fiber. The
other two samples are multilayer compositions with a three layer formula. The first composition presents the inside
layer from shiv and the other two layers from short fiber. The second sample presents the intermediate layer from
fiber and the other two with shiv.
To obtain the final composition of the recipes, both the fibers and the shiv were mixed with the cement-based
solution according to Table 1. The ratio of hemp – binder solution used for the recipes was 1:2. The binder solution
is a mix of water and cement with a ratio of 1:1.

Table 1. Composition of the recipes

Recipes Shiv-binder Short fiber- binder Water-binder Observation
R1 1:2 - 1 Shiv Monolayer sample
R2 - 1:2 1 Short fiber monolayer sample
R3 1:2 1:2 1 Shiv-Fiber-Shiv multilayer sample
R4 1:2 1:2 1 Fiber- shiv- fiber multilayer sample

2.3. Methods

The acoustical behavior of the samples was established through the sound absorption coefficient. This parameter
is defined as the sound energy absorbed by the composition. The sound absorption coefficient is symbolized with
the Greek letter α and it can range between 0 and 1. When the value is 0, then the characteristic of the material is to
 Raluca Fernea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 208–215 211
4 Raluca Fernea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

reflect, and as soon as it approaches to the value of 1 the material becomes more absorbent of the sound energy
present in the building. [11]

a b c d

R1 R2 R3 R4

Fig. 2. Samples for the sound absorption coefficient

(a) R1- monolayer shiv; (b) R2- monolayer fiber; (c) R3- multilayer shiv; (c) R4- multilayer fiber.

The acoustical measurements of the sound absorption coefficient were performed according to [12] using the
impedance tube (Kundt tube). For each composition two specimens were evaluated, 28 mm and 100 mm with the
thickness of 30 mm, for frequencies in the range 50–6400 Hz, Figure 2. For the first sample of 28mm was
determined the sound absorption coefficient of the frequency range of 1200-6400Hz and for the second samples
100mm were established the values of the acoustic parameter between the range frequencies of 50-1600Hz. The two
curves of values for the sound absorption coefficient were compiled using the PulseSoft to obtain the final diagram
for the frequency spectrum of 50-6400Hz.

a b c

Fig. 3. Acoustic and thermal devices

(a)Kundt tube- sample 100mm; (b) Kundt Tube- sample 28 mm; (c) Fox 200- sample 150x150x30 mm.

The thermal performances of the hemp based materials were analyzed through the density and thermal
conductivity of the samples. The density of the materials was calculated as the ratio between the compositions mass
and volume. The thermal conductivity measurement was carried out with the Fox 200 device according to [13]. The
specimens used to determine the thermal conductivity were 150x150 mm with a 30 mm thickness, Fig. 4. The
specimen stands between two plates which control the temperature and the method used is the heat flow meter
method [14].

a b
R1 R2 R3 R4

Fig. 4. Samples for thermal conductivity

(a)R1- monolayer shiv and R2- monolayer fiber; (b) R3- multilayer shiv and R4- multilayer fiber.
212 Raluca Fernea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 208–215
Raluca Fernea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 5

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Acoustical properties

The sound absorption coefficients of the hemp based building materials are presented in Figure 5 and 6. The
values of the acoustic parameter are presented in the diagrams 5a and 6a on a frequency spectrum from 50-6400 Hz
and on the diagrams 5b, respectively 6b, on standardized frequency bands.
In the first diagram, Figure 5a, the two curves of the sound absorption coefficient of the composition with fiber-
blue line and the composition with shiv- orange line can be noticed. After evaluating the values of the samples, the
most performing composition is the one based on fibers which present the highest point of absorption at 90% on the
1500 Hz frequency. At the frequency of 2500 Hz, the monolayer composition with fibers and cement solution
presents the lowest value on the interval between 500-6400Hz of sound absorption which is around 65%.
The sound absorption coefficient for the monolayer sample with shiv presents a maximum of absorption of the
sound on the frequency of 1000Hz around 80%. From de 1000Hz until 6400 Hz the lowest value of the sound
absorption is around the frequency of 2000Hz where only 45% of the sound is absorbed.
For the results of the sound absorption coefficients presented on the standardized frequency bands, Figure 5b, it
can be noticed that the both samples have similar values on the average frequency of 1000Hz, but a substantial
difference is recorded on the 500Hz frequency where the shiv sample presents less than 30% sound absorption
comparative with the fiber sample.

a b

Fig. 5. Sound absorption coefficients of the compositions

(a) α - monolayer samples-50 to 6400Hz; (b) α - monolayer samples- standardized frequency bands.

Analyzing Fig. 6a, the values recorded for the sound absorption coefficients in the samples with multilayer
composition best perform on the first part of the diagram between 0-500Hz, where the both samples show 90%
sound absorption.
The lowest sound absorption values from 500 to 6400Hz is around 50% for the composition R3 at the 2000Hz
and 60% sound absorption for mixt R4 at 1000Hz.
Evaluating the values of the sound absorption coefficients on the standardized frequency bands, Figure 6b, the
highest values 87% are obtained by the composition with shiv-fiber- shiv on a frequency band of 500Hz, where the
sample with fiber-shiv-fiber shows only 60% of sound absorption.
On 250Hz the situation change, the most performing composition is R4 with 70% of absorption and R3 present
only 38%. For the other standardized frequency bands 1000Hz, 2000Hz and 4000Hz, the values of the sound
absorption coefficients are similar for both recipes with an average value of 60%.
 Raluca Fernea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 208–215 213
6 Raluca Fernea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

a b

Fig. 6. Sound absorption coefficients of the compositions

(a) α - multilayer samples-50 to 6400Hz; (b) α - multilayer samples- standardized frequency bands.

3.2. Thermal properties

The parameters analyzed for the thermal behavior of the elements are the density and the thermal conductivity.
According to Fig. 7a, the difference of the densities achieve between the two monolayer compositions is around
200kg/m3, the fiber composition record a density around 400kg/m3 and the shiv composition around 600kg/m3. The
thermal conductivity is directly connected with the density of the samples. The lightest composition presents a
thermal conductivity of 0.061W/mk and the heaviest composition - a thermal conductivity over 0.1W/mk. If the
value of thermal conductivity increases, the thermal performances of the sample are lower.

a b

Fig. 7. Thermal performances of the materials

(a)R1 and R2 monolayer; (b) R3 and R4 multilayer.

According to Fig. 7b, where is presented the situation on the multilayer samples, one can notice that the density
of the sample with fiber-shiv- fiber is around 500Kg/m3 and that of the sample with shiv-fiber-shiv is around
600kg/m3 resulting a difference of 100kg/m3. The thermal conductivity of the two multilayer compositions is under
0.1W/mk. For the sample with shiv outside and fiber inside the composition recorded the value of 0.097W/mk and
for the sample with the shiv inside and fiber outside the value recorded is 0.078W/mk.
214 Raluca Fernea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 208–215
Raluca Fernea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 7

3.3. Comparison between the samples with shiv and fiber

The values of the sound absorption coefficient for the four recipes on a frequency range between 50-6400Hz are
presented in Figure 8a. Analyzing the diagram it is noticed that the most performing composition is the monolayer
sample with fiber. The second observation which can be made on the graphic is that the multilayer samples present
the highest values of the sound absorption coefficient on the interval 50-400Hz, while the monolayer samples have
the highest values on the interval 800-1200Hz.
Figure 8b presents the values of the sound absorption coefficient on the standardized frequency bands where on
250Hz the most performing composition is fiber-shiv-fiber with 70%, on 500Hz shiv-fiber-shiv with a percentage of
almost 90%, on 1000Hz the values for the sound absorption coefficient are similar for the composition made only
from fiber or shiv with over 80% and for 2000Hz, respectively 4000Hz the sample only with fiber has the highest
value of the sound absorption coefficient, followed by fiber-shiv-fiber, which means the samples with fiber better
perform that the samples with shiv.

a b

c d

Fig. 8. Acoustic and thermal performances

(a)Sound absorption coefficient 50-6400Hz; (b) sound absorption coefficient –standardize frequency bands; (c) density; (d) thermal conductivity.

The density of the materials is between 400-600kg/m3. The monolayer fiber sample shows to be the lightest
composition. It is followed by the sample with fiber-shiv-fiber with a difference of 100kg/m3, which denotes that
shiv is the one which influences the difference between the two materials. On the other hand, the compositions
which present the highest quantity of shiv are heavier, with a density around 600Kg/m3.
The thermal conductivity of the samples from fiber performs best, if the composition is only with fibers the
value is 0.061, but if in the composition has an intermediate layer of shiv the value of the thermal conductivity
increases by 0.017W/mk. In the other situation, where the compositions are made mostly of shiv, the thermal
 Raluca Fernea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 208–215 215
8 Raluca Fernea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

performances of the materials decrease. If the sample made from shiv has an intermediate layer of fiber, the value of
the thermal conductivity decreases by 0.009 W/mk.
A classification of the materials according to their durability will be presented in the research to follw, by
analyzing the production cost and energy savings for each composition. In addition to the above investigations, the
materials will also be tested to exposure to any environmental conditions.

4. Conclusion

The acoustical and thermal performances of the hemp based building materials were investigated in the present
study. As a conclusion, after determining and analyzing the samples, it can be remarked that the monolayer
composition with fibers has the most performing composition for the acoustic, but also for the thermal
performances. It was also noticed that if a sample has the hemp fiber as the final layer, the acoustic and thermal
performances increase.
However, neither hemp shiv compositions should be neglected; the results obtained for the sound absorption
coefficient and thermal conductivity can be improved.
Further investigations are proposed to be made in order to obtain the hemp based building materials that can
respond to the performance requirements of synthetic materials and can contribute to the goals of sustainable
development.

References

[1] A. Kylili, P.A. Fokaides, Policy trends for the sustainability assessment of construction materials: A review, Sustainable Cities and Society
35 (2017) 280–288
[2] Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, 1987, United Nations
[3] Y. Florentin, D. Pearlmutter, B. Givoni, E. Gal, A life-cycle energy and carbon analysis of hemp-lime bio-composite building materials,
Energy and Buildings 156 (2017) 293–305
[4] C. Schluttenhofer, L. Yuan, Challenges towards Revitalizing Hemp: A Multifaceted Crop, Trends in Plant Science, November 2017, Vol.
22, No. 11
[5] G. Delannoy, S. Marceau, P. Glé, E. Gourlay, M. Guéguen-Minerbe, D. Diafi, I. Nour, S. Amziane, F. Farcas, Influence of binder on the
multiscale properties of hemp concretes, 2018, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering
[6] A. Hakamy, F.U.A. Shaikh, I.M. Low, Characteristics of hemp fabric reinforced nanoclay–cement nanocomposites, Cement & Concrete
Composites 50 (2014) 27–35
[7] G. Balciunas, I. Pundiene, L. Lekunaite-Lukosiune, S. Vejelis, A. Korjakinsc, Impact of hemp shives aggregate mineralization on physical–
mechanical properties and structure of composite with cementitious binding material, Industrial Crops and Products 77 (2015) 724–734
[8] B.Çomak, A.Bideci, Ö. Salli Bideci, Effects of hemp fibers on characteristics of cement based mortar, Construction and Building Materials
169 (2018) 794–799
[9] R. Hamzaoui, S. Guessasma, K. Abahri, Mechanical performance of mortars modified with hemp fibres, shives and milled fly ashes, 2nd
International RILEM/COST Conference on Early Age Cracking and Serviceability in Cement-based Materials and Structures - EAC2 12–14
September 2017, ULB-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
[10] G. Balčiūnas, S. Vėjelis, S. Vaitkus, A. Kairytė, Physical Properties and Structure of Composite Made by Using Hemp Hurds and Different
Binding Materials, Procedia Engineering 57 ( 2013 ) 159 – 166
[11] C125-2013 Norms related to the acoustics in construction and in urban zone
[12] ISO 10534-2:2002 Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes. Part 2: Transfer-function method
[13] SR EN 12667:2002 Thermal performance of building materials and products - Determination of thermal resistance by means of guarded hot
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[14] Fox 200 Instrument for measuring thermal conductivity -BROCH-LC-2015-EN-1.