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DONN ALDREI SERA
EDGAR ZYRYLL GAFFUD II
CAROLYN BAMBILLA
RUDIEGAIL TAGUINOD-MARCOS
MIKIAS BONA
TOPIC 2
Types of
Sampling
Techniques
What is Sampling?
Sampling is a technique of selecting
individual members or a subset of the
population to make statistical inferences
from them and estimate characteristics of
the whole population.
Types of Sampling: Sampling Methods
• Probability Sampling
• Non-Probability Sampling
A. Probability Sampling
- is a sampling technique in which
researchers choose samples from a larger
population using a method based on the
theory of probability. This sampling method
considers every member of the population
and forms samples based on a fixed process.
Simple Random Sampling
- One of the best probability sampling
techniques that helps in saving time and
resources, is the Simple Random
Sampling method. It is a reliable method of
obtaining information where every single
member of a population is chosen randomly,
merely by chance. Each individual has the
same probability of being chosen to be a part
of a sample.
Cluster Sampling
- Cluster sampling is a method where the
researchers divide the entire population into
sections or clusters that represent a population.
Clusters are identified and included in a
sample based on demographic parameters like
age, sex, location, etc. This makes it very
simple for a survey creator to derive effective
inference from the feedback.
Systematic Sampling
- Researchers use the systematic sampling
method to choose the sample members of a
population at regular intervals. It requires the
selection of a starting point for the sample and
sample size that can be repeated at regular
intervals. This type of sampling method has a
predefined range, and hence this sampling
technique is the least time-consuming.
Stratified Random Sampling
- Stratified random sampling is a method
in which the researcher divides the
population into smaller groups that don’t
overlap but represent the entire
population. While sampling, these groups
can be organized and then draw a sample
from each group separately.
Uses of Probability Sampling
• Reduce Sample Bias
- Using the probability sampling method, the
bias in the sample derived from a population is
negligible to non-existent. The selection of the
sample mainly depicts the understanding and the
inference of the researcher. Probability sampling
leads to higher quality data collection as the
sample appropriately represents the population.
• Diverse Population
- When the population is vast and diverse, it is
essential to have adequate representation so that
the data is not skewed towards one demographic.
• Create an Accurate Sample
- Probability sampling helps the researchers
plan and create an accurate sample. This
helps to obtain well-defined data.
B. Non-Probability Method
- is a sampling method that involves a
collection of feedback based on a researcher or
statistician’s sample selection capabilities and
not on a fixed selection process.
Convenience Sampling
- is a non-probability sampling technique
where samples are selected from the
population only because they are conveniently
available to the researcher. Researchers choose
these samples just because they are easy to
recruit, and the researcher did not consider
selecting a sample that represents the entire
population.
Consecutive Sampling
- This non-probability sampling method
is very similar to convenience sampling,
with a slight variation. Here, the
researcher picks a single person or a
group of a sample, conducts research
over a period, analyzes the results, and
then moves on to another subject or
group if needed.
Judgmental or Purposive Sampling
- In the judgmental sampling method, researchers
select the samples based purely on the researcher’s
knowledge and credibility. In other words,
researchers choose only those people who they
deem fit to participate in the research
study. Judgmental or purposive sampling is not a
scientific method of sampling, and the downside to
this sampling technique is that the preconceived
notions of a researcher can influence the results.
Thus, this research technique involves a high
amount of ambiguity.
Quota Sampling
- Hypothetically consider, a researcher wants to
study the career goals of male and female
employees in an organization. There are 500
employees in the organization, also known as the
population. To understand better about a population,
the researcher will need only a sample, not the
entire population. Further, the researcher is
interested in particular strata within the population.
Here is where quota sampling helps in dividing the
population into strata or groups.
Snowball Sampling
- helps researchers find a sample
when they are difficult to locate.
Researchers use this technique when
the sample size is small and not easily
available. This sampling system
works like the referral program.
Uses of Non-Probability
Sampling
• Create a Hypothesis
- Researchers use the non-probability
sampling method to create an assumption
when limited to no prior information is
available. This method helps with the
immediate return of data and builds a base
for further research.
• Exploratory Research
- Researchers use this sampling
technique widely when conducting
qualitative research, pilot studies,
or exploratory research.
• Budget and Time Constraints
- The non-probability method when
there are budget and time constraints,
and some preliminary data must be
collected. Since the survey design is
not rigid, it is easier to pick
respondents at random and have them
take the survey or questionnaire.
How do you decide on the type
of sampling to use?
• Jot down the research goals. Generally, it must be
a combination of cost, precision, or accuracy.
• Identify the effective sampling techniques that
might potentially achieve the research goals.
• Test each of these methods and examine whether
they help in achieving your goal.
• Select the method that works best for the research.
Difference Between
Probability Sampling
and Non-Probability
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling Non-Probability
Methods Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling is a Non-probability sampling
sampling technique in is a sampling technique in
which samples from a which the researcher
Definition larger population are selects samples based on
chosen using a method the researcher’s subjective
based on the theory of judgment rather than
probability. random selection.
Alternatively Non-random sampling
Random sampling method.
Known as method
Population The population is selected The population is
selection randomly. selected arbitrarily.
The research is
Nature The research is conclusive.
exploratory.
Since the sampling
Since there is a method for method is arbitrary, the
deciding the sample, the population
Sample
population demographics are demographics
conclusively represented. representation is
almost always skewed.
This type of sampling
Takes longer to conduct since the
method is quick since
research design defines the selection
Time Taken neither the sample or
parameters before the market research
selection criteria of the
study begins.
sample are undefined.
This type of sampling is
This type of sampling is entirely entirely biased and hence
Results unbiased and hence the results are the results are biased too,
unbiased too and conclusive. rendering the research
speculative.
In probability
sampling, there is an
In non-probability
underlying
sampling, the
hypothesis before the
Hypothesis hypothesis is derived
study begins and the
after conducting the
objective of this
research study.
method is to prove
the hypothesis.
COCHRAN’S FORMULA
• The Cochran formula allows you to calculate an ideal
sample size given a desired level of precision,
desired confidence level, and the estimated proportion
of the attribute present in the population.
• Cochran’s formula is considered especially
appropriate in situations with large populations. A
sample of any given size provides more information
about a smaller population than a larger one, so there’s
a ‘correction’ through which the number given by
Cochran’s formula can be reduced if the whole
population is relatively small.
• The Cochran formula is:
Where:
• e is the desired level of precision (i.e. the margin of error),
• p is the (estimated) proportion of the population which has the
attribute in question,
• q is 1 – p.
The z-value is found in a Z table.
SLOVIN’S FORMULA
• - is used to calculate the sample size (n)
given the population size (N) and a
margin of error (e).
- it's a random sampling technique
formula to estimate sampling size
• -It is computed as:
n = N / (1+Ne2)
Whereas:
n = no. of samples
N = total population
e = error margin / margin of error
THANK YOU!
