1

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

RESEARCH

 a careful , critical, disciplined inquiry , varying in technique and method according to the nature
and condition s of the problem identified , directed toward the clarification or resolution of a
problem .
 a process of determining ,acquiring , analysing, synthesizing and disseminating , relevant data,
information, and insights to individuals in ways that mobilize the society to take appropriate
actions,that in turn, add new knowledge, create ,solutions and raise standard of living.

PuRPOSE

 To introduce and establish new knowledge , hence knowledge added to the body of
knowledge
 Create solutions , find remedy specifically in health science and formulate cure or medicine.
 Promote and advance quality of life and of living

CHRACTERISTICS

 Clearly defined purpose

 Detailed research process
 Thoroughly planned designed
 Highly ethical standards
 Limitations addressed
 Adequate analysis
 Unambiguous presentation
 Conclusion justified
 Credentials

TYPES

 According to Purpose
a. Applied
b. Action
c. Pure or basic
 According to method
a. Qualitative-gathering data
b. Experimental
c. Survey (Quantitative) – census, measuring
 According to Interest
a. Explanatory
b. Exploratory
 According to Analysis of Data
a. Quantitative
b. Qualitative
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THE TOPIC The identification of topic is an intellectual stimulus calling for an answer in the form of
a scientific inquiry. They are generally questions about relations among variables , or characteristics of
the phenomenon which the researcher needs to undertake.

SOURCES OF TOPICS

 Prevailing theories or philosophy

 Observations or intuitions
 Different subjects taken and from them identify a problem that interests a student-researcher
most
 Fields of interest or specialization or event from related fields
 Existing problems in the classroom /school/ campus/ university which one may wnt to solve are
good sources of research problems
 Existing needs of the community or society
 Repetition or extension of investigations already conducted or may be an offshoot of studies.
 Realted studies and literatures
 Advice of authorities or experts from funding agencies

GUIDELINES IN SELECTING THE TOPIC

 It should be something new or different

 IT must be original
 It should be significant to the field of study or discipline.
 It must arouse intellectual curiousity
 It should be of researchers interest
 It should be modest for beginner to be carried on within a limited period of time
 It should be clear
 It should be specific not general
 It should consider the availability of data involved in the study
 It should consider the availability of effective instruments for gathering the data and their
treatment
 It should consider the financial capacity of the researcher
 It should consider the time factor involved I the undertaking

SELECTED GUIDELINES IN THE FORMULATION OF A RESEARCH TITLE

1. The title must contain the following;

a. The subject matter
b. The setting or locale of the study
c. The respondents or participants involved in the study
d. The time when the study was conducted
2. The title must be broad enough to include all aspects of the study but it should be brief and
concise if possible.
3. Analysis of, A Study of , AN Investigation, should be avoided
4. If the title contains more than one line, it should be written in inverted pyramid
5. When type or encoded in the title page , all words in the title should be in capital letters
6. If possible , the title should not be longer than 15 substantive words.
3

7. Avoid a long , detailed title that gives too much information

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TITLE

 A title should give readers information about the contents of the research and is
preferable to one that is vague and general.
 Titles should not be fluffy or dull but they should generally give readers some idea at the
outset of what the research paper will contain
 Choose a title that is a phrase rather than a complete sentence
 Select a straight forward title over other kinds .
 Use no punctuations at the end of the title.
 Do not underline the title of the research.

PARTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
PRELIMINARY PAGES
Title Page
Approval Page
Transmittal Sheet
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Definition of Terms
Acronyms
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Conceptual /Theoretical framework
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Sampling Technique
Instrumentation
Data and Gathering Procedures
Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Conclusion
4

Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES

ABSTRACT
A brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article; it allows readers to survey the contents of
an article quickly and, like a title it is usd by abstracting and information services to ndex and retrieve
articles.
A well prepared abstract can be the single most important paragraph in the article. An abstract : 1. Is ead
first ,2. May be the only part of an article that is actually read , 3 . an mportant means of access in locating
and retrieving the article.A good abstract is ;
 ACCURATE .ensure that an abstract correctly reflects the purpose and content of the
manuscript.Do not include in the abstract nformation that does appear in the body of the paper .
Comparing an abstract wth an outline of the paper’s headings is a useful way to verify the accuracy
of the abstract.
 SELF-CONTAINED define all abbreviations and acronymns . Spell out names of tests and drugs (use
generic names of drugs) .Define unique terms. Paraphrase rather than quote.
 CONCISE AND SPECIFIC make each sentence maximally informative .Be brief as possible. Only
abstarcts of the longest and most complex papers require as many as 200 words but not more
than 350 words.
 NON-EVALUATIVE .report rather than evaluate.Do not add or comment on what is in the body of
the manuscript.
 COHERENT AND READABLE. Write in clear and vigorous prose. Use verbs rather than the noun
equivalents and the active rather than the passive voice. Use present tense to describe results
with continuing applicability or conclusions drawn.Use the past tense to describe variables
manipulated or tests applied.
An abstract of a report of an empirical study , describe in 150-200 words, should contain;
 The topic in one sentence if possible
 The purpose, thesis,or organizing construct and the scope ( comprehensive or selective ) not the
article
 The sources used
 The major findings
 The conclusion and implications or applications
 Should be written in one single paragraph, block style first line not indented.

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

The body of the paper opens with introduction that represents the specific problem under study and
describes the research strategy. Because the introduction is clearly identified by its position in the article
, it is not labelled. Before writing the introduction, consider;

 What is the point of the study? What is the reason for the conduct of the study? What are the
issues and concerns?
 What are the theoretical implications of the study, and how does the study related to the previous
work in the area? What are the theoretical propositions tested, and how were they derived? A
good introduction answers these questions in a paragraph or two and by summarizing the
relevant arguments and the data , gives the reader a firm sense of what was done and why?

This is the first chapter of the thesis .it supplies sufficient background information to allow the reader
to understand and evaluate the results of the present study without needing to refer to previous
5

publications of the topic. It should contain the nature and scope of the problem investigated, what
served as motivation for the motivation for the proponent to pursue the study, the objectives and
justification of the study as well as the limitations of the study. The introduction is the proper way to
define any specialized terms and concepts used in the thesis.

a. Background of the Study

This part of the research includes information which would focus attention on the importance
and validity of the problem. It is the general orientation to the problem area. A brief rationale to
justify the problem must be provided. This is the present state of knowledge regarding the
problem. Answer these questions: What facets of the problem are known and what need further
investigation? What approaches have been previously in research of the problem?
For a good background , the researcher can state antecedents of the study , reasons why this
topic proposed is relative to previous studies.
The background includes;
1. Discussion of the problem in general and the specific situations as observed and experienced
by the researcher ( macro to micro approach).
2. Concepts and ideas related to the problem including clarification of important terminologies
3. Discussion of the existing or present conditions and what is aimed to be in the future or the
gap to be filled in by the research.
b. Statement of the Problem
This is the basic difficulty, the issue, the area of concern , the circumstances which exist, then,
how they ought to be. The researcher should give the background which led to the circumstances
that exist. Briefly describe the condition or a situation that exist which is perceived as something
less than the ideal; or what it should be and how you see it to be. Answer the following questions:
What are the reasons for this circumstances? Is it answerable or possible to be solved or
changed? What are the specific problems that the study aims to answer?
This section enumerates all the specific questions to be answered , descriptions of comparison to
be made, or associations and relationships to be tested. (OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH)
c. Objectives of the Study
The objectives or purpose of the study is the first part of the problem where the researcher states
the objective. This is the statement of a long -term objective expected to achieved by the study .
This is derived by the identification and crystallization of the research problem and as reflected
in the title.

It is prefixed by these introductory phrases;

Example: “The main objective of this study is to…………”

Research Questions
The specific questions which are to be answered in the study are called research questions or
investigative questions and are all in question form. The answers to the research questions should
lead to the solution of the research problem. Is the objective or purpose of the study observable
, measureable or variable? Focus on a clear goal or objective . State the precise goal. The problem
should be limited enough in making a definite conclusion possible.
1. The major statement or question maybe followed by minor statements or questions. The
introductory statement must be the purpose /aim or the objective of the study.
6

Example : Specifically , the study aims to determine the causes of low performance of selected
programs in the board examinations.Further, it seek to answer to the following sub-problems:
………………….
2. If the goal is specifically to test a given hypothesis then state so. In many cases , the objective
will be a more general statement than that of a hypothesis.
Example;
The primary objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between
workplace condition and teaching performance of the faculty members.
3. Investigative questions are the specific topical questions that one must resolve to achieve
research objectives or test the research hypothesis.
Example;
The study attempted to evaluate the status and extent of implementation of Computer
Education Program in the Division of Rizal SY 2015-2016 as perceived by teachers and
students respondents . Specifically this sought answers to the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of :
1.1 Teacher-respondents
1.1.1 Sex
1.1.2 Field of specialization
1.1.3 Educational attainment
1.1.4 Length of service
1.1.5 Computer education seminar/training attended?
1.2 Student-respondents
1.2.1 sex
1.2.2 monthly family income
1.2.3 parents’educational background
1.2.4 accesibility to computer
1.2.5 performance in English and Mathematics
2. What is the extent of Computer Education Program implementation as perceived by the
teacher –respondents with respect to:
2.1 objectives and contents of instruction
2.2 teaching competencies
2.3 learning competencies
2.4 methods of teaching employed
2.5 computer facilities?
3. What is the extent of Computer Education Program implementation as perceived by the
student-respondents with respect to?
3.1 objectives and content of instruction
3.2 teaching competencies
3.3 learning competencies

d. Significance of the Study

In this part of the researcher, the researcher defines who will benefit out of the findings of the
study. He / She describes how the problem will be solved and specifically pinpoints who will
benefit from such findings or results. Usually the benefeciaries of the study are those experts
concerned about the problem, the administrators or policy makers who make the decisions or
implement programs, the subject themselves, future researchers and those who are directly or
indirectly affected by the problem. One may also look into any contribution of the study to the
field of specialization or discipline, any advancement or new knowledge that the study
7

contributes to the science or the state – of- the-art . In this portion of the study one may also
state the specific sectors who will benefit from the study. This part also justify the rationale of
the undertaking.

Tips in writing the Significance of the Study

1. Refer to the statement of the problem
Your problem statement can guide you in identifying the specific contribution of your study .
You can do this by observing a one-to-one correspondence between the statement of the
problem and the significance of the study.
2. Write from general to specific
Write the significance of the study by looking into the general contribution of your study ,
such as its importance to society

This part presents the reasons for doing the work ,stated as the needs the research will fill and
why the work should be done now.It could also deal with defining the contributions that the research
finding can give to its end users---people , agency , institutions , community, or even nation – who are
going to make use of the research findings.

e. Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope describes the coverage the coverage of the study. It specifies what is covered in terms
of concept, number of subjects or population included in the study as well as the timeline when
the study was conducted.
Limitation by citing factors or variables that are not to be included and the boundary in terms of
time frame, number of subjects, participants or respondents who are excluded. Specify that
which you will not deal within the study.
This section discusses the parameters of the research in paragraph it answers the basic questions;
1. What –the topic of investigation and the variables included
2. Where –the venue or the setting of the research
3. When – the time frame by which the study was conducted
4. Why – the general objectives of the research
5. Who- the subject of the study ,the population and sampling
6. How- the methodology of the research which may include the research design, methodology
and the research instrument

Example :
The main purpose of the study is to provide information regarding metro-sexuality
and how being a metro-sexual affects the lifestyle of the student. The study considers the
student’s personal information such as their name, gender, age, and section.
The researchers limited the study to 80 male and female secondary education
students enrolled in the second semester of the school year 2015 -2016 of Technological
Institute of the Philippines . Each of the respondents was given a questionnaire to answer.
The students selected came from four different sections to prevent bias and get objective
perceptions.
It includes the coverage of the study area , subjects ,research instruments, research issues or
concerns ,duration of the study , and constraints that have direct bearing on the result of the
study.

f. Definition of Terms( Operational Definition of Terms)

8

Research concepts / term/ variables / used in the study need to be operationally defined.
Researcher must find ways of translating concepts into observable events indicators to make it
researchable.Workable definitions must be adequate and relative to the purpose of the study.

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter serves to tie together two things ;1. What others have done on the topic ; 2. What the
proponents plan to do.The review of related literature is supposed to lead the leader to the proponent’s
research project and justification. This chapter should be organized depending on the field ,nature and
quantity of literature available.
It necessary for you to review information , facts , data available or theories that have some relationship
with your hypothesis which you posed in your stated problem or research question . In fact even before
you were conceptualizing your study ,you should have already read some volumes of literature on your
topic or subject matter.
The review of related literature and studies involves critiquing and evaluating of what other researchers
have done in relation to the problem to be studied, whether these studies affirmed or negate the subject
under study. These can be from books,conference proceedings, referred joirnals ( printed or online) and
other published articles.
The review of related studies is equally impotant to the review of related literature . Published and
unpublished research studies such as thesis, dissertation, and research proceedings are sources of
materials included in this section.

Simple Rules for writing Literature Review;

1. Define the topic and the audience
Topics must be interesting, important and current.
2. Take notes while reading
If you read the papers first and only afterwards start writing the review, you will need a very good
memory to remember who wrote what and what your impressions and associations were while
reading each single paper.
3. Search and re-search the literature
After having chosen the topic and the audience , start downloading published articles related to
the topic. Some useful sites are; google scholar, proquest ,etc.. Be sure to properly acknowledge
sources.
4. Keep the review focused , but make if of broad interest
Arranged readings according to themes. The need to keep a review focused can be problematic
for interdisciplinary reviews , where the aim is to bridge the gap between fields.
5. Be critical and consistent
Reviewing the literature is not like arranging hollow blocks . It is very important to have
consistency in your review.
6. Find logical structure
A good review has a number of telling features. It is worth the readers time, timely, systematic,
well-written, focused, and critical.It is also needs a good structure.It must be arranged logically,
so as not to destroy its implication.
7. Make use of feedbacks
Incorporate feedback from reviewers greatly helps improve a review draft.
8. Include your own relevant research
9. Be up-to-date in your RRL.

a. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
It is used as the foundation of research studies. The researcher presents the theoretical
framework .The researcher presents the theoretical framework to place their research
9

within the perspective of other studies in the same discipline. The theoretical framework
provides support for the proposed study by presenting known relationships among
variables and setting limits or boundaries for the proposed study. So what this means is
1. Cite previous researchers , 2. Name theories presented by previous researchers 3.
Explain how these theories tie into your own problem and purpose statements.

b. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ( guide, plan, design)

A conceptual framework is simply the structure of research idea or concept and how it is
put together . It elaborates the research problem in relation to the relevant literature .
This section may summarize major variable in your research . The framework may be
summarized in a schematic diagram that presents major variables and their hypothesized
relationships. It also cover the following;
1. Existing research and its relevance to your topic
2. Key ideas
3. Identify and discuss the vriables related to the problem
4. Conceptualized relationships between variables
Independent variables—presume cause
Intervening variables---other variables that influence the effect of the independent
variable
5. Present a schematic diagram of the relationships between key variables and discuss
the relationship of the variables
6. Always refer to the statement of the problem or research objectives for concepts and
variables.

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

This method section describes in detail how study was conducted. Such a description enables the reader
to evaluate the appropriateness of your methods and reliability and validity of results. It states essential
working plans and methods used in attaining the stated research objectives. The proposed plans and
methods should correspond to the objective of the research of the research study.

a. Research Design
The research design must be appropriate to the requirements of the research problem, wheter it
will require an experimental or non-experimental design.
b. Locale of the study
This section briefly describes the place where the study was conducted and the rationale behind
its choice.
c. Respondents
The participants /respondents are identified in this section. They are the persons who are
interviewed in the research or institution as the focus on study.
d. Sampling Size/ sampling Techniques
The total sample size must be determined in relation to the population. If any participant did not
complete the experiment, give the number of participants and the reasons they did not continue
. The manner in which they are to be chosen must follow a certain sampling procedures. Sampling
is necessary in order to draw a sample that that is truly representative of the population to which
generalization will made. The sampling technique may be probability or non-probability
depending on the design of the study.
e. Research Instrument
10

The research instrument to be used in getting the data may be a questionnaire or an interview
schedule.They contain all the questions that will be asked of the study respondents. The use of
other types of instruments may depend on the the design of the study..The tools in the date
collection must be appropriate to the data collection techniques that the study may require.
f. Data gathering Procedure
It indicates just how exactly all the information obtained in the research instrument are used and
analysed .It summarizes each step in the execution of the research . It includes the instructions to
the participants ,the formation of the groups, and the specific experimental manipulations.
Describe randomization , counterbalancing, and the other control features in the design .
Summarize or paraphrase instructions, unless they are unusual or compose compose an
experimental manipulation, in which cases they may be presented verbatim . Most readers are
familiar with standard testing procedures are used, do not describe them indetail.
g. Treatment of Data
This section presents and enumerates the appropriate statistical measures and test used in the
analysis of data . The writer should offer justification for the choice of whatever procedure or
measure he used.

CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter presents the data gathered and the information obtained from them. Results and analyses
in the form of figures, tables, graphs, and text are found in this chapter. The discussion part is a
presentation of the principles, relationship and generalization shown by the results .if applicable ,the
results need to be compared and interpreted with those in previously published works . implications as
well as possible practical application must be discussed .Proponents may opt to separate the results and
discussions in two different chapters . this is allowable.

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary: is given in a nutshell as based from the research question asked earlier in the study.
The findings must be brief , direct, concise and complete. The reader of the paper would be able to get a
full understanding what the findings were summarized.

Conclusion; a good grasp of the summary of findings will now lead the writer to express his
opinion of the study , the concluding marks. As based from the findings ,it is the development of the logical
inferences and generalizations. It is the resolution to the research problems. A good conclusion is a
measure of what and how the researcher has full knowledge and authority of the study. The common
error of most researchers is to duplicate their findings in conclusion.It should be that the conclusion is
now the researchers statement as again, based from the findings of the study
.
Recommendation; based from the conclusion , what can now be recommended? The
recommendations have to be specific , relevant and highly suggested. They may include improvements,
changes, addition and deletions that have been considered doable. They bare also presented according
to order of importance. There are two things; Recommendation for actions and recommendations for
further study. Be sure to be objective in raising your recommendation .Only those that are within the
scope and limitation of the study shall be considered.
 11

EDITING
USE ONLY THE APA FORMAT ( American Psychological Association) . APA is an author /date-based style
.This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it.

APA EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES BY TYPE

IN A REFERENCE LIST IN TEXT CITATION
1. BOOK WITH ONE AUTHOR (King ,2000) or King (2000)
King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel:A life of Janet compares……..
Frame . Auckland , New Zealand :Viking
2. BOOKS WITH TWO AUTHORS (Dancey & Reidy ,2004) or Dancey &
Dancey ,CP.,& Reidy ,J. (2004) . Statistics without maths for Reidy (2004)said…….
Psychology : using SPSS for Windows (3rd ed.).Harlow,
England :Pearson/Prentice Hall.

3. BOOK WITH THREE TO FIVE REFERENCES (Krause,Bochner & Duchesne , 2006)

Krause , KL.,Bochner,S., & Duchesne ,S (2006). Educational
psychology for learning and teaching ( 2nd ed) . South
Melbourne , Vic., Auatralia :Thompson.
4. BOOK OR REPORT BY A CORPORATE AUTHOR.e.g. (University of Waikato,1967)
organization, association, government department
University of Waikato. (1967). First hall of Residence(
Information series No.3). Hamilton , New Zealand: Author
5. BOOK CHAPTER IN EDITED BOOK (Helber,1995) or Helber (1995)
Helber,L.E. (1995). Redeveloping mature reports for new compares luxury resorts……….
markets in M.V. Conlin & Baum (Eds.) , Island tourism:
Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113).
Chichester, England: John Wiley.
6. CONFERENCE PAPER ONLINE (Bochner,1996) or According to Bochner
Bochner, S. (1996, November) . Mentoring in higher (1996)
education: Issues to be addressed in developing a
mentoring program . Paper presented at the Australian
Association for Research in Education Conference ,
Singapore. Retrieved from
http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/boschs96018.txt
7. COURSE HANDOUT/LECTURE NOTES (Salter, 2007)
Salter, G. (2007).lecture 3; SPLS205-07A (PowerPoint
Slides).Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato.
8. FILM ( see LIBRARY APA REFERENCING WEBPAGE FOR (Zhang , 2000)
MUSIC AND OTHER MEDIA )
Zhang, Y. ( Producer/ Director). (2000). Not one less (Motion
Pictures) China; Columbia Pictures
9. JOURNAL ARTICLE –ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY (ELECTRONIC (Hohepa, Schofield, & Kolt ,2006) then
VERSION)WITH DOI subsequently, 3-5 authors
Hohepa,M. , Schofield, G., & Kolt ,G.S. (2006).Physical ( Hohepa et al., 2006)
activity : What do high school students think ? Journal of
Adolescent Health , 39(3), 328-336. doi :
10.1016/j.jadohealth. 2005. 12.024
 12

10. JOURNAL ARTICLE –ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY (ELECTRONIC (Harrison &Papa, 2005) or

VERSION)WITH NO DOI Harrison and Papa ( 2005) recommend….
Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005 ) .The development of an
indigenous knowlwdge program in New Zealand Maori-
language immersion school. Anthropology and Education
Quarterly ,36(1),57-72.Retrieved from ProQuest Education
Journals database.

11. JOURNAL ARTICLE –ACADEMIC /SCHOLARLY (Print version) (Gibbs,2005) or Gibbs (2005)
Gibbs, M. (2005) . The right to development and indigenous contradicts………
peoples: Lessons from New Zealand. World Development,
33(8) ,1365-1378.
12. JOURNAL ARTICLE –ACADEMIC/SCHOLARLY ( internet only- (Snell & Hodgetts,n.d.) or Snell &
no print version) Hodgetts (n.d.) suggests “…….”(para. 3)
Snell, D., & Hodgetts,D. (n.d.) . The Psychology of heavy
metal communities and white supremacy . Te Kura kete
Aronui , 1 . Retrieved from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass
/tkka
13. MAGAZINE ARTICLE-POPULAR /TRADE/GENERAL INTEREST (Goodwin,2002) or Goodwin(2002)
Goodwin ,D.K. (2002, fFebruary 4). How I caused that defends…..
story.Time, 159 (5),69
14. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES –PRINT VERSION (Hartevelt ,2007)
Hartevelt ,J. (2007, December 20) . Boy racers . The Press, p.
3.
15. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE ( DATA BASE LIKE NEWZTEXT PLUS) ( (Cumming, 2003)
ALSO SEE LIBRARY REFERENCING WEBPAGE FOR INTERNET
VERSION)
Cumming ,G. (2003,April 5) Cough that shook the world. The
New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from Newztext Plus
database.
16. NEWS PAPER ARTICLE WITH NO AUTHOR (“Report Casts Shadow,2007”)
Report casts shadow on biofuel crops . (2007,October 16)
Waikato Times, p. 21.
17. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS (LETTERS,TELEPHONE (H. Clarke,personal communication,
CONVERSATIONS, EMAILS,INTERVIEW) March 19,2004.)
18. THESIS –INSTITUTIONAL WEBPAGE –OUTSIDE THE US (Dewstow,2006) or Dewstow (2006)
Dewstow ,R.A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance identified…..
teaching at the University of Waikato ( Master’s Thesis,
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand ). Retrieved
from http: //researchcommons
.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/2241
13

FORMAT AND STYLES

1. PAPER
Use only white letter –size paper ( 8 ½ x 11. inches). Orientation should be portrait style . Text
and figures are placed on only one side of the paper. The other side should be left blank.
2. FONT SIZE AND STYLE and COLOR
Font size is 12 . Font style is Arial or Times New Roman.
Font color is BLACK.
3. MARGIN
1.5 “ Left , 1 “ for top , bottom and right

4. SPACING
The body of the thesis should be typed double-spaced. The following ,however, should be single
–spaced;

 Abstract
 Quotations
 References/ bibliography
 Headings or subheadings
4. PAGE NUMBER
Page number on preliminary parts “ centered bottom” (footer) and the body part ”upper left
corner “ (header)
14

CASE STUDY FORMAT

I. Introduction
II. Objectives
Nurse centered
III. Nursing Process
A. Data Base
a. Nursing health history A
1. Demographic data
2. Chief complaint
3. History of present illness
4. Past medical history
5. Family history
6. Social and personal history
7. Review of system
b. Nursing health history B
1. General Description Of Client
2. Health Perception-Health Management Pattern
3. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern
4. Elimination Pattern
5. Activity-Exercise Pattern
6. Sleep-Rest Pattern
7. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern
8. Self-Perception – Self-Concept Pattern
9. Role-Relationship Pattern
10. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern
11. Coping-Stress Tolerance Pattern
12. Value-Belief Pattern
c. Physical examination
d. Laboratory Findings
e. Review of anatomy and physiology
f. Pathophysiology (highlight patient manifestation)

B. NCP
C. Drug Study
D. Medical and Nursing Management
E. METHOD
IV. Evaluation
a. Narrative evaluation of the objectives
b. Patient condition upon discharge
V. Recommendation
VI. References/Bibliography
15

CENTRAL LUZON DOCTORS’ HOSPITAL

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
San Pablo, tarlac city

CASE STUDY FORMAT

I. Introduction

a. Introduction about patient/background

 Age

 Gender

 Address

b. Significance/relevance to the concept

c. Background knowledge

 Definition

 Causative agent

 Clinical manifestation

 Mode of transmission

d. Current/target population

e. Risk factors/contributing factors

f. Prognosis and complications

 16

II. Nurse centered

a. Objectives

NURSING HEALTH HISTORY A

Demographic data

Patient:

Date: Ward: Bed:

Age: Sex: C/S: Religion:

Examiner:
Informant:

I. Chief complaint

II. History of present illness

 17

III. Past medical history (include dates and complications, if any)

A. Pediatric and Adult Illness

Mumps Pertussis HPN

Measles Rheumatic Heart Disease

Chicken Pox Pneumonia Hepatitis

Rubella Tuberculosis Others

B. Immunizations/Tests

BCG HEP B For Pneumonia

DPT Measles Others

OPV For Flu

C. Hospitalizations

D. Injuries

E. Transfusions

F. Obstetrics/gynecologic History

G. Medications

H. Allergies
 18

IV. Family history

Health Status
AGE List: or Cause of Diseases Present in the Family
Death
Parents, Spouse, Children
L D

L = Living TB = Tuberculosis HPN = Hypertension OB = Obesity

D = Deceased DM = Diabetes Mellitus CA = Cancer J = Jaundice

HD = Heart Disease MI = Mental Illness KD = Kidney Disease O = Others

V. Social And Personal History

Birthplace: Birthday:

Education: Ethnic Background:

Age and Sexes of Children (if any):

Client’s position in the family:

Residence
 19

Home Environment:

Occupation
Nature of present occupation: (stresses, hazards, etc.)

Financial Support System:

Habits (tobacco/alcohol use, others):

Diet (meal distribution, others)

Physical Activity/Exercise, if any:

Brief Description of Average Day:

VI. Review of system

General Description:
Weight Loss: __________ Fatigue: ____________ Anorexia: ____________
Night Sweats: ____________ Weakness: __________

Skin:
Itch: _________________________ Bruising: ________________________
Rash: ________________________ Bleeding: ________________________
 20

Lesions: ______________________ Color Change: ____________________

Eyes:
Pain Itch Vision Loss
Diplopia Blurring Excessive Tearing
Glasses/Contact Lenses

Ears:
Earaches Discharge Tinnitus Hearing Loss

Nose:
Obstruction Epistaxis Discharges

Throat and Mouth:

Sore Throats Bleeding Gums Tooth Aches Decay

Neck:
Swelling Dysphagia Hoarseness

Chest:
Cough Sputum: (Amount & Character) Hemoptysis
Wheeze Pain on Respiration Dyspnea: Rest/Exertion
Breast: Lumps Pain Bleeding Discharge

CVS:
Chest pain Palpitation Dyspnea on exertion Edema
PND Orthopnea Others: _________________________

GIT:
Food tolerance Heartburn Nausea Jaundice
Vomiting Pain Bloating Excessive Gas
Constipation Change in BM Melena

GU:
Dysuria Nocturia Retention Polyuria Dribbling
 21

Hematuria Flank pain

Male: Penile Discharge Lesion Testicular pains others:
Female: Menarche: (age) LMP: (date) Cycle: _____ others:

Extremities:
Joint pains varicose veins Claudication
Edema Stiffness Deformities

Neuro:
Headaches Dizziness Memory Loss Fainting
Numbness Tingling Paralysis: ____________ Paresis: _________
Seizures Others: ______________________________

Mental Health Status:

Anxiety Depression Insomnia
Sexual Problems Fears

NURSING HEALTH HISTORY B

a. General Description Of Client



b. Health Perception-Health Management Pattern



c. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern


d. Elimination Pattern

 22

e. Activity-Exercise Pattern


f. Sleep-Rest Pattern


g. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern


h. Self-Perception – Self-Concept Pattern



i. Role-Relationship Pattern


j. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern


k. Coping-Stress Tolerance Pattern



l. Value-Belief Pattern


PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

GENERAL SURVEY:

Height: ______ Weight: ______ Body Makeup: ______ Communication Pattern: ______
 23

Skin: Color: __________ Turgor: ___________ Bruises: __________

State of Hydration: _____________

Eyes: Sclera: _____________________ Pupils: ______________________

Respiratory: Easy Breathing in Distress No Distress

VITAL SIGNS:

HR ___________ / min Temperature: ____________

BP Supine R/L arm ___________ mmHg Capillary Refill: ____________

Sitting R/L arm ___________ mmHg RR: _____________________

Standing R/L arm ___________ mmHg

Others: ______________________________

BODY POSITION/ALIGNMENT:

Supine: _______ Fowlers: ________Semi-Fowlers: _______ others: _________________

Alignment: Appropriate Inappropriate

MENTAL ACUITY:

Oriented coherent appropriately responsive others: ___________

Disoriented incoherent inappropriately responsive

SENSORY/MOTOR RESTRICTIONS:

Amputation deformity paresis paralysis fracture

Gait hearing disorder speech others: ______________________

EMOTIONAL STATUS:

Euphoric Depressed Apprehensive

Angry/Hostile Others: ___________________________

MEDICALLY IMPOSED RESTRICTIONS:

CBR w/out BRP_____ BR w/ BRP_____ OOB – Chair_____ Restricted Ambulation _____

OTHER HEALTH RELATED PATTERNS:

 24

Fatigue Restlessness Weakness Insomnia Coughing

Dyspnea Dizziness Pain Others: ______________________

ENVIRONMENT:

Room Temperature: Adequate Inadequate

Lighting: Adequate Inadequate

SAFETY:

Violations of medical asepsis: ________________________________________________

Violations of safety measures: ________________________________________________

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING:

Can/Cannot perform

Feeding Brushing teeth Bathing Transferring

Dressing Combing Others: __________________________________

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION FINDINGS

HEAD/SKULL:

EYES/VISION:

EARS/HEARING:

NOSE, MOUTH AND THROAT:

25

NECK AND LYMPH NODES:

THORAX (CHEST AND LUNGS):

Anterior:

Posterior:

HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:

ABDOMEN:

NEUROLOGICAL:

MUSCULOSKELETAL:

GENITALIA:

EXTREMETIES:

(Follow IPPA format when documenting Physical Examination findings)

LIST OF IDENTIFIED NURSING PROBLEMS

26

PRIORITIZATION OF NURSING PROBLEM

1. Oxygenation
2. Nutrition
3. Elimination
4. Activity and Exercise
5. Comfort and Safety
6. Sexual- Reproductive
7. Psychological
8. Psychosocial

LABORATORY FINDINGS
27

Review of anatomy and physiology

28
29

Pathophysiology (highlight patient manifestation)

30
31

NCP

ASSESSMENT INTERVENTION
EVALUATION

PROBLEM
CUES NURSING SCIENTIFIC NURSING
STATEMENT
DIAGNOSIS EXPLANATION (GOAL) INTERVENTION RATIONALE
 32

Drug Study

DRUG DOSAGE/
NAME/ CLASSI- CONTRA SIDE ARVERSE NURSING
STOCK ACTION INDICATION
GENERIC FICATION INDICATION EFFECTS REACTION RESPONSIBILITIES
DOSE
33
34

Medical Management (
35
Nursing Management
Discharge Planning

METHOD (Example)

M (Medications):
Lasix (Furosemide). Decreases swelling and blood pressure by increasing the amount of
urine. Expect increased frequency and volume of urine. Report irregular heartbeat,
changes in muscle strength, tremor, and muscle cramps, change in mental status,
fullness, ringing/roaring in ears. Eat foods high in potassium such as whole grains
(cereals), legumes, meat, bananas, apricots, orange juice, potatoes, and raisins. Avoid
sun/sunlamps. Take with breakfast to avoid GI upset.
Digoxin (Lanoxin). Used to treat CHF. Taking too much can result in GI disturbances,
changes in mental status and vision. Report the following signs/ symptoms to your doctor:
Nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, fatigue, headache, depression, weakness, drowsiness,
confusion, nightmares, facial pain, personality changes, sensitivity to light, light flashes,
halos around bright objects, yellow or green color perception. Take pulse rate for one
minute before dose and call doctor if pulse is below 60 before taking medication. Don’t
increase or skip doses. Don’t take over the counter medications without talking to MD.
Report for follow-up visits with your doctor to monitor lab values.

E (Exercise/Environment):
Your eldest daughter will provide help with activities of daily living in the home. She will
transport you to followup appointments. It is important to take steps to prevent falls: use
of a 3-point cane for stability with ambulation; removing objects like throw rugs, cords that
may cause fall; pausing before standing and again before walking to prevent drop in blood
pressure. The “life line” allow you to access 911 for emergency help. You may resume
activities as tolerated and you have a follow-up appointment with the doctor in 1 week.

T (Treatments):
Apply A & D ointment to reddened coccyx and heels three times a day. Keep pressure off
of these areas by keeping off of back and elevating heels off of bed. Keep skin clean and
dry. Report any changes in skin condition to doctor. (i.e. open areas, drainage, elevated
temp.)

H (Health knowledge of disease):

Lasix can cause a loss of potassium. It is important to eat foods high in potassium and to
have regular blood levels drawn to make sure potassium level stays normal. Monitoring
the pulse rate before taking digoxin is important because this medicine can cause the
pulse to drop. Call the doctor if pulse rate is below 60 beats per minute. New signs and
symptoms should be reported to the physician, because they may indicate electrolyte
imbalance &/or digoxin toxicity. Sodium causes water retention so it is important to limit
sodium intake by eating a no added salt diet. Be careful to check labels for hidden salt
content.

O (Outpatient/inpatient referrals): (include resources such as websites and

organizations): American Heart Association www.americanheart.org Visiting Nurses’
Association for F/U skin assessment. Referral made to outpatient dietician for diet
planning. Meals on Wheels.

D: (Diet):
Do not add salt to your diet. Eat foods high in potassium such as bananas. We will arrange
for you to meet with the dietician.

Evaluation
a. Narrative evaluation of the objectives
b. Patient status after discharge

Recommendation

References/Bibliography
 Republic of the Philippines

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

Main Campus

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

City of Balanga, Bataan

STANDARD
REQUIREMENTS FOR
PROJECT STUDY
Made possible thru the combined efforts of all Feasibility / Project Study
Advisers, College Dean, College Coordinator and Research Coordinator, Academic
Year 2009-2010

Archt. ROBERT O. AGUILAR Engr. NELSON S. ANDRES

----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------

BSAR Adviser BSEE Adviser

Engr. JOHN RYAN O. DIZON Engr. EUGENE V. VEGA

----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
BSME Adviser Research Coordinator

Engr. JONATHAN C. MUÑOZ Engr. RODRIGO C. MUÑOZ, JR.

----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
BSCE Adviser BSECE Adviser

College Coordinator College Dean

MECHANICS AND GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT STUDY PRESENTATION:

1. Each project team will orally present their projects one at a time. Please
note that the reviewers may not be getting any advance materials and will
be seeing most of the information that is presented for the first time.
Therefore, it needs to be presented in a way the reviewers can quickly get
up to speed on the project, the work completed, results, etc. It would be
helpful if the information is summarized and presented in power point type
format.
2. The order in which the teams will present shall be determined by drawing
lots. To facilitate the order of transition of presentations, this shall be done
one week before the presentation day.
3. Only members of the team who will present their projects and the allowed
audience may stay inside the presentation venue.
4. No member of the project team is allowed to leave the presentation venue
once the presentation has started.

DURING THE PRESENTATION:

1. The time allotted to each team shall be determined by the adviser. Please
observe strict compliance with time. A board at the back will be raised to
 notify the team presenters that they only have remaining 10, 5 and 2
minutes respectively to end their presentation. No extension beyond this
time allotment will be given. After the presentation, the Question and
Answer will immediately follow.
2. There shall be 5 minutes of transition time between team presentations. At
this time, the next team to present shall prepare their presentation file or
demos. Delay or interruption due to file errors and the like shall be counted
against the time allotment.
3. All questions shall be entertained only after the presentation.
4. The official language of the presentation is English.
5. Presenters are encouraged to be at their best business attire

6. DURING QUESTION AND ANSWER:

1. The Question and Answer will follow immediately after the presentation.
2. Members of the panel of reviewers will be given a maximum of 1.5 hours to
raise questions or comments to the project team.
3. Members of the panel may direct his question specifically to particular
member of the team in which case that member shall answer the question.
However, a question which is not directed to a particular member of the
team may be answered by any member of the team.
4. A moderator shall remind the panel of reviewers of the remaining Q & A
time.
5. Only members of the panel of reviewers may raise questions or comments
to the presenters and no questions from the audience shall be entertained.

PROJECT EVALUATION:

1. The panel of reviewers shall evaluate the project studies based on the
following criteria:

GROUP GRADE Points

 COMMUNICATION
Ability to effectively convey project’s objective,
approach and conclusion; good verbal
30%
communication, effective use of diagrams,
demonstration and slides to explain and support
project goals, methods and results
STUDY APPROACH
Demonstrate how well the team achieved the
stated objective through implementation of a
40%
technically sound solution, strategy or methodology,
including project implementation details, design
considerations and decisions
RESULTS AND SUPPORT
Show how well technical data and analysis
30%
support the results and how successfully the results
support the stated objectives
TOTAL GROUP GRADE 100%
INDIVIDUAL GRADE Points
PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND
CONFIDENCE
40%
Shows adept knowledge of the project; gives
good and helpful responses to questions
PROFESSIONAL DELIVERY
Good communication skills; do not read from
35%
notes; good eye contact; strong audible voice; good
grammar
PROFESSIONAL APPEARANCE
25%
Business attire, good grooming and gestures
TOTAL INDIVIDUAL GRADE 100%
PRESENTATION GRADE AVE. of GG and
IG
FINAL GRADE 70% PG+30%
Advisers grade

2. The grades given by the panel shall be final.

3. A student’s presentation grade shall be the average of the group grade and
the individual grade. The presenters grade shall be 70% of the final grade.
The remaining 30% of the final grade shall be given by the project adviser.
REQUIREMENTS:

1. All reports must be computerized using the following specifications:

a. Paper Size : Short Coupon Bond (Substance 22 or 24)
b. Font : Type: Arial, Size: 12
c. Spacing: 1.5 spacing per line
Double space per paragraph
d. Margins: 1.0 inch on top, bottom and right side
1.5 inch at left side

2. All reports must be hard-bounded with color-coding for cover and standard
format of printing.
 a. Color-coding: Architecture - White
Civil Engineering - Red
Electrical Engineering - Maroon
Electronics Engineering - Navy Blue
Mechanical Engineering – Black
b. Front Print: (Please refer to Page 6)
c. Side Print: (Please refer to Page 7)

3. Contents:
a. Miscellaneous pages (Cover Page, Approval Sheet, Transmittal
Letter, Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables, Nomenclature,
Abstract)
b. Chapter 1: Introduction (Background/overview of the Study,
Statement of the Problem, Significance or Importance of the Study,
Objectives of the Study, Scope and Limitations of the Study)
c. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
d. Chapter 3: Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
e. Chapter 4: Methodology
f. Chapter 5: Results and Discussion
g. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations
h. Miscellaneous pages (Acknowledgement, References, Appendices,
CV)

APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the project study
prepared by Firstname M. Lastname (list all names of members) entitled Title, and that
the said project study has been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination
Committee.
 Firstname M. Lastname John Ryan C. Dizon, Ph.D.
Technical Adviser Project Study Adviser

As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined

this project study, presented before the committee on Month Date,Year, and
hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment for the project study
requirement for the degree in BS in Mechanical Engineering.

Firstname M. Lastname Firstname M. Lastname

Panel Member Committee Chairman

This project study is hereby approved and accepted by the BS Mechanical

Engineering Department as fulfillment for the project study requirement for the
degree in BS Mechanical Engineering.

Engr. Arman Ray N. Nisay Engr. Nelson S. Andres

Department Chair Dean
TRANSMITTAL LETTER

Date

Dr. John Ryan C. Dizon

Project Study Adviser
BS Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Architecture
Bataan Peninsula State University
Balanga City, 2100 Philippines

Dear Sir/Madam:

In Paragraph 1: Relate the enclosed final report to the proposal and tell who will
receive the report.

In Paragraph 2: Summarize the report.

In Paragraph 3: Conclude by offering to help.

Sincerely,

Name of Student(s)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL PAGE ii

TRANSMITTAL LETTER iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

NOMENCLATURE viii

ABSTRACT ix

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Heading 1 11
1.1.1 Sub Heading 1 …

1.2 Heading 2 12
1.2.1 Sub Heading 2 …

1.3 Heading 3 … 13

Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1.1 Heading 1 14
1.1.1 Sub Heading 1 …

1.2 Heading 2 15
1.2.1 Sub Heading 2 …
 1.3 Heading 3 … 16

Chapter 3: CONCEPTUAL OR THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 17

Chapter 4: METHODOLOGY 18

Chapter 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19

Chapter 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 20

MISCELLANEOUS PAGES (Acknowledgement, References, Appendices, CV) 21

 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1.1: TITLE 1

TABLE 1.2: TITLE … 2

TABLE 2.1: TITLE 3

TABLE 2.2: TITLE … 4

…
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.1: TITLE 5

FIGURE 1.2: TITLE … 6

FIGURE 2.1: TITLE 7

FIGURE 2.2: TITLE … 8
NOMENCLATURE
 ABSTRACT

The abstract gives the reader an overview of the study, based on information
from the other sections of the report. The information given in the abstract is usually
the basis of many readers as to whether they will read the entire report or not. The
abstract shall be about 300-500 words, 1.5 spaced per line. The typical information
elements included in an abstract are as follows: (1) Some background or general
information on the study; (2) The main topic (or purpose) of the study and its scope;
(3) Some information on how the study was conducted (or the methodology used in
the study); (4) The most important findings of the study; and (5) A statement of
conclusion (justified based on the data presented).
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

 Chapter Introduction
 Background/Overview of the Study
 Statement of the Problem
 Significance/Importance of the Study (The Need for the Project)
 Objectives of the Study
 Scope and Limitations of the Study (Requirements of the Study)
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 Chapter Introduction
 Cite related or somewhat related studies (may include journal publications,
books, magazines, patents, etc.)
 Chapter 3

CONCEPTUAL OR THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

 Chapter Introduction
 Independent Variables
 Dependent Variables
 Engineering Theory(ies) applied
 Chapter 4

METHODOLOGY

 Chapter Introduction
 Steps followed in doing the research
a) If it is an engineering design problem (Explain each of the steps
followed for the design)
b) If it is an experimental testing problem (List the samples used and the

experimental procedures followed)

 Chapter 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 Chapter Introduction
 Design Concepts Considered (3D CAD draft)
 Recommended Design Concept
o Design Description (3D CAD, Prototype and 2D drawing)
o Analytical Investigations (Calculations and if possible use softwares
such as Matlab, etc.)
o Experimental Investigations
o Key Advantages of Recommended Concept (over current technology)
 Other Issues (Financial, Socio-economic, etc.)
 Chapter 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstname M. Lastname
 REFERENCES

[1] Caparanga, A. R. (2000). Recycling and recovery of Poly-ethylene terephthalate)

from post consumer waste stream, e-merge: the MIT Review, Volume 1 (1), 27-32.

[2] Cardiel, G. G., et al, (2000). Preliminary engineering geological-geotechnical and

instability risk assessment of slopes at Peace Village, Barangay San Luis, Antipolo,
Rizal. Mapua Research Journal, Volume 1 (2), 79-84.

[3] Doma, B. Jr. T., J. L. Salvacion and S.T. Yang (2000). Mass transfer and power
consumption characteristics in rotating fibrous bed bioreactor for xanthan gum
fermentation. Mapua Research Journal, Volume 1 (1), 27-41.

[4] Scilling, R. J. and S. L. Harris (2000). Applied Numerical Methods for Engineers, 1st
edition, Brooks/Cole, New York.

Note: References should be included at the end of the text, and cited in the text like this [1].
They must be listed in order that they appear in the text.
 APPENDICES

12
 CURRICULUM VITAE

(Prepare a 1-page Resume for each member; should have the same format for all members)

13