Spotter

nd
Spotters (for 2 MBBS)
Department of Pharmacology,
Andaman & Nicobar Islands Institute of
Medical Sciences, Port Blair.
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
A. Identify the route of administration.
B. Mention two advantages of it.
C. Mention two disadvantages of it.
Answers
A. The route of administration is ORAL ROUTE.
B. Two advantages are
1. Safer, cheaper, painless
2. Convenient for repeated and prolonged use
3. Can be self-administered.
C. Two disadvantages are
1. Slow onset of action, hence not used in emergency
2. Not suitable for
a) Unpalatable and highly irritant drugs
b) Unabsorbable drugs (e.g. aminoglycosides)
c) Drugs with extensive first-pass metabolism (eg.
Lignocaine)
B. Mention two drugs given by this route and
two advantages of it.
C. Mention two disadvantages.
Answer
A. The route of administration is SUBLINGUAL ROUTE.
e. g., Nitroglycerin, Nifedipine
a) Quick onset of action
b) Action can be terminated by spitting out the tablet
c) Bypasses the first pass metabolism
d) Self-administration is possible
C. Two disadvantages are – Not suitable for
a) For irritant and lipid insoluble drugs
b) For drugs with bad smell and taste
c) In children
B. Mention two drugs given by this route.
C. Mention two advantages.
Answer
A. The route of administration is TRANSDERMAL ROUTE.
B. Examples: Scopolamine for motion sickness,
Nitroglycerine for angina, Oestrogen for hormone
replacement therapy (HRT), Fentanyl for analgesia
C. Two advantages are
a) Self-administration is possible
b) Patient compliance is better
c) Duration of action is prolonged
d) Systemic side effects are reduced
e) Provides a constant plasma concentration of the
drug.
Answer
A. The route of administration is INTRAVENOUS ROUTE.
a) Bioavailability is 100%
b) Quick onset of action, so route of choice in emergency
c) Large amount of fluid can be administered
d) Highly irritant drugs can be given
a) Once the drug is injected, its action cannot be halted
b) Local irritation can cause phlebitis
c) Self-medication is not possible
d) Strict aseptic conditions are needed
e) Extravasation can cause injury, necrosis and sloughing of
tissues
A. Identify the route of administration using
the above instrument.
B. Name two different groups of drugs given
by this instrument.
Answer
A. The route of administration is INHALATIONAL
ROUTE and the device is metered dose inhaler
with spacer.
B. The drugs given by this route are :

a) β-agonists - Salbutamol, Salmoterol
b) Glucocorticoids - Budesonide, Beclomethasone
c) Anticholinergic drugs - Ipratropium bromide
d) Mast cell stabilizers - Sodium chromoglycate
Answer
A. The route of administration is
SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE.
a) Self-administration is possible, eg. Insulin.
b) Depot preparations can be inserted into the
subcutaneous tissue, eg. Norplant for
contraception.
a) Suitable only for non-irritant drugs.
b) Drug absorption is slow, hence not suitable for
emergency.
Answer
A. The route of administration is
INTRAMUSCULAR ROUTE.
a) More rapid absorption as compared to oral route.
b) Mild irritants, depot injections, soluble
substances and suspensions can be given by this
route.
a) Aseptic conditions are required.
b) Painful and may cause abscess.
c) Self-administration is not possible.
d) Chances of injury to nerves.
Answer
SCIENTISTS
A. Identify the scientists.
B. Mention their contribution.
A. The scientists are Fredrick Banting and
Charles Best (left).
B. Their contributions: Discovered INSULIN

in 1921.
Answer
A. Identify the scientist.

B. Mention the contribution.
A. The scientist is Sir Alexander Fleming.
B. His contribution: Discovered PENICILLIN in

1928.
Answer

A. The scientist is J. Mclean. (Second year
medical student)
B. His contribution: Discovered HEPARIN in

1916.
Answer

A. The scientist is William Withering.
B. His contribution: Discovered DIGITALIS in

1785.
Answer

A. The scientist is W.T.G. Morton.
B. His contribution: first to demonstrate the

general anaesthetic property of ETHER in
1846.
Answer

A. The scientist is Yellapragada Subba Rao.
B. His contribution: Discovered FOLIC ACID,

METHOTREXATE, HETRAZAN,
AUREOMYCIN (chlortetracycline).
Answer
PLANT PHOTOGRAPHS
A. Identify the plant photograph.
B. Mention the active principle obtained from
it and two uses.
A. The plant photograph shows
Atropa belladona.
B. The active principle obtained from it is

ATROPINE.
Therapeutic uses:
1. Organophosphorus poisoning
2. Pre-anaesthetic medication
Answer

B. Mention the active principle obtained from it.
Digitalis purpurea.

DIGITOXIN.
Therapeutic uses:
1. Congestive cardiac failure.
2. Atrial fibrillation associated with CCF.
Answer

it and two uses.
it and two uses.
Coffea arabica.

CAFFIENE.
Therapeutic uses:
A. Adjuvant in treatment of migraine.
B. CNS stimulant.
Answer

it and two uses.
Catharanthus roseus (Vinca rosea).
VINCRISTINE and VINBLASTINE.
Therapeutic uses:
1. Vincristine – Childhood leukemia, Hodgkin’s and
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, Wilm’s tumour.
2. Vinblastine – Testicular tumors, Hodgkin’s
disease, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Breast carcinoma.
Answer
A. Identify the crude drug.

B. Mention two uses of its active principle.
A. The crude drug is CINCHONA BARK.
B. The uses of Quinine are

1. Uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant falciparum
malaria (oral)
2. Complicated and severe malaria
including cerebral malaria (i.v.)
3. Nocturnal muscle cramps (300 mg at bed time)
Answer
INSTRUMENTS
A. Identify the instrument.
B. Mention its uses.
A. The instrument is ISOLATED ORGAN BATH.
B. It is used to study the effect of drug /

chemical substances on isolated tissues
in vitro.
Answer

A. The instrument is ANALGESIOMETER – HOT
PLATE TYPE.
B. It is used to screen the analgesic drug

properties in rat or mice.
Answer

A. The instrument is
ELECTROCONVULSIOMETER.
B. It is used to study the anti-convulsant activity

of drug against maximal electro-shock
induced convulsions in rat or mice.
Answer

A. The instrument is HISTAMINE CHAMBER.
B. It is used to evaluate antiasthmatic activity of

drugs against histamine induced asthma in
guinea pigs.
Answer

A. The instrument is COOK’S POLE CLIMBING
APPARATUS.
B. It is used to study the antipsychotic activity

of a drug by Conditioned Avoidance
Response in rats/mice.
Answer

A. The instrument is DISINTEGRATION TEST
APPARATUS.
B. It is used for testing the disintegration time

for tablets, capsules and other solid dosage
forms.
Answer

A. The instrument is DISSOLUTION TEST
APPARATUS.
B. It is used to measure the rate of drug release

from the dosage form.
Answer
DRUG STRUCTURES
A. Identify the structure.
B. Mention two uses of it.
A. The structure is ADRENALINE.
B. Two uses of adrenaline are

a) Anaphylactic shock
b) Bronchial asthma (acute)
c) Cardiac arrest
d) To prolong the duration of action of local
anaesthetics.
e) Epistaxis
Answer

A. The structure is DOPAMINE.
B. Two uses of dopamine are

1. Cardiogenic shock
2. CCF with oligouria
Answer

A. The structure is PENICILLIN.
B. Two uses of penicillin are

1. Pneumococcal infections
2. Streptococcal infections
3. Meningococcal meningitis
4. Gonococcal infections
5. Syphilis
6. Diphtheria
7. Clostridial infections (Tetanus and gas gangrene).
Answer

A. The structure is HYDROCORTISONE.
B. Two uses of Hydrocortisone are

1. Acute and chronic adrenal insufficiency
2. Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis
3. Rheumatic fever
4. Allergic diseases
5. Bronchial asthma
6. Hypercalcaemia
7. Cerebral oedema
8. Organ transplantation.
Answer

A. The structure is THYROXINE (T4).
B. Two uses of Thyroxine are

1. Cretinism
2. Adult hypothyrodism (myxoedema)
3. Myxoedema coma
4. Non-toxic goiter
5. Thyroid nodule
6. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Answer

A. The structure is ASPIRIN.
B. Two uses of Aspirin are
1. As analgesic – for headache, backache, myalgia,
joint pain, toothache, neuralgias and
dysmenorrhoea.
2. As antipyretic – for fever of any origin
3. As anti-inflammatory – Rheumatoid arthritis and
Osteoartrhitis
4. As anti-platelet – prophylaxis of Myocardial
infarction (MI) and Transient Ischaemic Attacks
(TIA)
Answer

A. The structure is INSULIN.
B. Two uses of Insulin are
1. Insulin-dependent DM (Type-1 DM)
2. Diabetic ketoacidosis
3. Non-ketotic hyperglycaemic coma
4. Diabetes during pregnancy
5. Stress of surgery, infections and trauma
(temporarily to tide over trauma, infection,
surgery, etc.)
6. Non-obese type 2 DM unresponsive to oral
drugs.
Answer
CLINICAL CONDITIONS
A. Identify the clinical condition.
B. Mention two drugs used in its treatment.
A. The clinical condition in the photograph is
ORAL CANDIDIASIS.
B. The drugs used for its treatment are

1. Fluconazole
2. Nystatin
3. Clotrimazole
4. Amphotericin-B
5. Voriconazole
Answer

PARKINSONISM.

1. Levodopa + Carbidopa
2. Selegiline
3. Entacapone, Tolcapone
4. Amantadine
5. Benzhexol, Procyclidine, biperidine
Answer

RINGWORM INFECTION (TINEA CRURIS).

1. Griseofulvin
2. Azole anti fungals - Topical Clotrimazole
Answer

FILARIASIS (ELEPHANT LEG).

1. Diethyl carbamazine
2. Ivermectin
3. Albendazole
Answer

DEPRESSION.

1. TCA – Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline, Desipramine
2. SSRIs – Fluoxetine, Fluovoxamine, Paroxetine,
Sertraline, Citalopram
Answer

HYPERTHYRODISM.

1. Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Carbimazole
2. Thiocyanates, Perchlorates, Nitrates
3. Radioactive iodine
Answer

RICKETS.

1. Calcitriol
2. Alfacalcidiol
3. Calciferol
4. Cholecalciferol
Answer

B. Mention the cause.
CUSHING’S SYNDROME.
B. Cause: It is due to excess of glucocorticoid

production in the body.
Answer

LEPROSY.

1. DAPSONE
2. RIFAMPICIN
3. CLOFAZAMINE
Answer
Experimental Pharmacology
Graphs
Effect of Adrenaline on Mean Arterial Pressure
of Anaesthetised Dog
A. Identify the graph.

B. Explain the mechanism.
A. The graph shows - BIPHASIC RESPONSE TO
ADRENALINE.
B. Blood vessels contain both α1 & β2 receptors.

Adrenaline have more affinity to α1 for short
period of time which causes vasoconstriction
and increase in BP. After action on α1, it acts
on β2 receptors for long period of time
causing vasodilatation and decrease in BP.
Effect of different drugs on Mean Arterial
Answer Pressure of Anaesthetised Dog

A. The graph shows - DALES VASOMOTOR
REVERSAL PHENOMENON.
B. Explanation: Phentolamine is an alpha

receptor antagonist. Because of blockade of
alpha receptors by phentolamine, adrenaline
acts only on the beta receptors leading to β2
receptors mediated vasodilatation and fall in
B.P.
Effect of Ephedrine on Mean Arterial Pressure
Answer of Anaesthetised Dog

B. Mention two drugs causing this effect.
A. The graph shows - TACHYPHYLAXIS,
observed on repeated administration of the
drug at short intervals produces the
diminishing response.
B. Drugs causing tachyphylaxis are

1. Tyramine
2. Ephedrine
3. Amphetamine
Effect of Graded Doses of Histamine on the
Answer Guinea-Pig ileum.

A. The graph shows - CEILING EFFECT OF
HISTAMINE. It is that response which does
not increase further with the increase in the
dose.
B. This is due to occupation of all the receptors

in a given specimen.
Answer

B. Give two examples.
A. The graph shows - COMPETITIVE
ANTAGONISM.
B. Examples :
1. Atropine and acetylcholine on Muscarinic
receptors.
2. d-Tubocurarine and acetylcholine on NM
receptors.
3. Naloxone and morphine on Opioid
receptors.
Answer

B. Give two examples.
Answer
A. The graph shows - NON-COMPETITIVE
ANTAGONISM.
B. Examples :
1. Acetylcholine and Decamethonium
on nicotinic receptors.
2. Noradrenaline and Phenoxybenzamine on
–adrenergic receptors.
3. Diazepam and Bicuculine on BDZ receptors.
Effect of Adrenaline on Mean Arterial Pressure
of Anaesthetised Dog

A. Biphasic Response to adrenaline
B. Blood vessels contain both α1 & β2 receptors.
Adrenaline have more affinity to α1 for short
period of time which causes vasoconstriction
and increase in BP. After action on α1, it acts
on β2 receptors for long period of time
causing vasodilatation and decrease in BP.
Effect of different drugs on Mean Arterial
Answer Pressure of Anaesthetised Dog

• Dale’s vasomotor reversal phenomenon.
• Phentolamine is an alpha receptor antagonist.
Because of blockade of alpha receptors by
phentolamine, adrenaline acts only on the
beta receptors leading to β2 receptors
mediated vasodilatation and fall in B.P.
Effect of Ephedrine on Mean Arterial Pressure
Answer of Anaesthetised Dog

B. Mention two drugs causing this effect.
A. The graph shows TACHYPHYLAXIS, observed
on repeated administration of the drug at
short intervals produces the diminishing
response.
B. Drugs causing tachyphylaxis are

1. Tyramine
2. Ephedrine
3. Amphetamine
Effect of Graded Doses of Histamine on the
Answer Guinea-Pig ileum.
A. What is Ceiling Response of a Drug?

A. Ceiling response is that response which does
not increase further with the increase in the
dose.
B. This is due to occupation of all the receptors
in a given specimen.
Effect of Acetylcholine on Mean Arterial Pressure of
Anaesthetised Dog in the presence of Atropine
Answer

Answer
A. Nicotinic Action of Acetylcholine
B. Higher dose of Acetylcholine stimulates
nicotinic receptors on sympathetic and
parasympathetic ganglia and on modified
ganglia i.e. adrenal medulla. Rise in BP is
observed due to vasoconstriction secondary
to noradrenaline release from sympathetic
ganglia and adrenal medulla.
FLOW-CHARTS
Flowchart - Sequential Block in bacterial folate
metabolism
p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
A
Dihydrofolic acid (DHFA)
Dihydrofolate Reductase
Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA)

A. Name the enzyme indicated by arrow A.
B. Name the drug inhibiting this enzyme.
A. The enzyme indicated by arrow A is
FOLATE SYNTHASE.
B. Drug inhibiting this enzyme is

SULFONAMIDE.
Flowchart showing Sequential Block in bacterial
Answe folate metabolism
p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
Folate Synthase
Dihydrofolic acid (DHFA)
B
Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA)
A. Name the enzyme indicated by arrow B.
Flowchart showing various site of action of
A. The enzyme indicated by arrow B is

DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE.

TRIMETHOPRIM.
Answe
1
A. Identify the group of diuretics that acts on site 1.

B. Mention two uses of that group.
A. Drugs acting on Site 1 are

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITOR like
Acetazolamide, Dorzolamide, Brinzolamide.
B. Two uses of CA inhibitors are:

1. Glaucoma
2. To alkalinize the urine
3. As adjuvant in epilepsy
4. As prophylaxis in acute mountain sickness.
Answe

A. Drugs acting on Site 2 are LOOP DIURETICS

like Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide,
Ethacrynic acid.
B. Two uses of Loop diuretics are:

1. Renal, hepatic and cardiac oedema.
2. Hypercalcaemia
3. Acute pulmonary oedema
4. In barbiturate poisoning.
Answe
3

A. Drugs acting on Site 3 are

THIAZIDE DIURETICS like Chlorthiazide,
Hydrochlorthiazide, Benzthiazide.
B. Two uses of Thiazide diuretics are:

1. Hypertension
2. Congestive cardiac failure
3. Hypercalciuria
4. Diabetes insipidus.
Answe

A. Drugs acting on Site 4 are POTASSIUM SPARING
DIURETICS like Spironolactone, Amiloride,
Triamterene.
B. Two uses of Potassium-sparing diuretics are:

1. Primary hyperaldosteronism.
2. In oedematous conditions associated with secondary
hyperaldosteronism.
3. With thiazides/loop diuretics to compensate K+ loss
4. Resistant hypertension.
Flowchart showing Metabolism of Alcohol
Answe
Ethyl alcohol
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde
A
Acetic acid

B. Name two drugs inhibiting this enzyme.
A. The enzyme indicated by arrow A
is ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE.
B. Drugs inhibiting this enzyme are

1. Disulfiram
2. Metronidazole
3. Griseofulvin
4. Cefoperazone
5. Chlorpropamide
The reaction is known as Disulfiram-like reaction.
Flowchart
Answe showing Uric acid synthesis
Hypoxanthine
Xanthine
A
Uric acid
XANTHINE OXIDASE.

ALLOPURINOL, used in long-
term control of gout.
Flowchart
Answe showing Renin angiotensin system
Kidney
Angiotensinogen
Renin
Angiotensin I
A
Angiotensin II
B. Name two drugs inhibiting this enzyme.
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.
B. Drugs inhibiting this enzyme are

A. Captopril
B. Enalapril
C. Ramipril
Answe
IMPORTANT DRUGS
Propranolol
A. Mention 2 important uses of this drug.
B. Mention 2 important adverse effects of this drug.
Amlodipine
Lignocaine
Metformin
Levonorgestrel
Domperidone
Omeprazole
Paracetamol
Cetrizine
Haloperidol
Fluoxetine
Diazepam
Oxymetazoline
D-Penicillamine
Amoxycillin
Acyclovir
Fluconazole
Chloroquine
Ciprofloxacin
Gentamicin
Zidovudine

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nd

Spotters (for 2 MBBS)

B. The drugs given by this route are :

B. Their contributions: Discovered INSULIN

A. Identify the scientist.

B. His contribution: Discovered PENICILLIN in

A. Identify the scientist.

B. His contribution: Discovered HEPARIN in

A. Identify the scientist.

B. His contribution: Discovered DIGITALIS in

A. Identify the scientist.

B. His contribution: first to demonstrate the

A. Identify the scientist.

B. His contribution: Discovered FOLIC ACID,

B. The active principle obtained from it is

A. Identify the plant photograph.

B. The active principle obtained from it is

A. Identify the plant photograph.

B. The active principle obtained from it is

A. Identify the plant photograph.

A. Identify the crude drug.

B. The uses of Quinine are

B. It is used to study the effect of drug /

A. Identify the instrument.

B. It is used to screen the analgesic drug

A. Identify the instrument.

B. It is used to study the anti-convulsant activity

A. Identify the instrument.

B. It is used to evaluate antiasthmatic activity of

A. Identify the instrument.

B. It is used to study the antipsychotic activity

A. Identify the instrument.

B. It is used for testing the disintegration time

A. Identify the instrument.

B. It is used to measure the rate of drug release

B. Two uses of adrenaline are

A. Identify the structure.

B. Two uses of dopamine are

A. Identify the structure.

B. Two uses of penicillin are

A. Identify the structure.

B. Two uses of Hydrocortisone are

A. Identify the structure.

B. Two uses of Thyroxine are

A. Identify the structure.

A. Identify the structure.

B. The drugs used for its treatment are

A. Identify the clinical condition.

B. The drugs used for its treatment are

A. Identify the clinical condition.

B. The drugs used for its treatment are

A. Identify the clinical condition.

B. The drugs used for its treatment are

A. Identify the clinical condition.

B. The drugs used for its treatment are

A. Identify the clinical condition.

B. The drugs used for its treatment are

A. Identify the clinical condition.

B. The drugs used for its treatment are

A. Identify the clinical condition.

B. Cause: It is due to excess of glucocorticoid

A. Identify the clinical condition.

B. The drugs used for its treatment are

A. Identify the graph.