FIRE PROTECTION

DESIGN COURSE

AYMAN HASSAN
MECHANICAL ENGINEER
2013
 FOURTH LECTURE CONTENTS

 Revision on Hydraulic Calculation Method.

1. Fire Elite Hydraulic Calculation program & Example.

2. Calculation of Fire Water Tank Capacity.

3. Introduction to Fire Alarm System.

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 1. FIRE ELITE SOFTWARE
HYDRAULIC CALCULATION

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 1. INSIDE& OUTSIDE
HOSE STREAM ALLOWANCE

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 (2&4)DEFAULT K-FACTOR&
SPRINKLER SIZE

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 3. TEMPERATURE RATING

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 (5&7)MINIMUM DESIRED DENSIT Y&
AREA OF SPRINKLER OPERATION

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 (8)MAXIMUM AREA PER SPRINKLER

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 MINIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE
FOR SPRINKLER

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 WATER VELOCIT Y THROUGH PIPES

 FOR PUMP SUCTION& DISCHARGE LINE:

 V Suction = 10ft/sec = 3 m/s
 V Discharge = 13.33ft/sec = 4 m/s

 FOR NET WORK VELOCIT Y NOT TO EXCEED 2.5m/s(8.2ft/sec)

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 HYDRAULIC JUNCTION POINT
(NODE PRESSURE)

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 DAMPING FACTOR

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 2. CALCULATION OF FIRE
WATER TANK CAPACIT Y
 After determination of pump capacity, according to occupancy
hazard type the amount of firefighting water tank shall be
calculated.

 The fire pumps should operate for a specific minimum

duration according to the type and hazard of the occupancy.

 Fire water tank should be calculated according to the highest

hazard at the project being designed.

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 EXAMPLE

 Calculated pump capacity=750 gpm.

 Hazard Type= Ordinary Hazard. (60-90 minutes).
Or 30 Minutes(NFPA -14)
 Fire Water Tank Capacity=750*60=45,000 gallons= 170m 3

Fire water tank should consist of ( 2 compartments) of 170m 3

water reserve for firefighting purposes.

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 MINIMUM WATER SUPPLY TIME

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 WATER TANK

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 3. INTRODUCTION TO
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

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 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

 A fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted

presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes
associated with combustion .(automatically or manually
actuated or both)

 Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the

building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other
emergency, report the event to the responsible authorities for
emergency services, and to prepare the structure and
associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.

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 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1. Initiating Devices.

2. Control Panel.

3. Power Supply.

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 1. INITIATING DEVICES

 This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit

and are either manually or automatically actuated.

 Examples would be devices pull stations, heat detectors, or

smoke detectors.

 Heat and smoke detectors have dif ferent categories of both

kinds.

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 MANUAL INITIATING DEVICES

Manually actuated devices ; also known as fire alarm boxes,

are installed to be readily located (near the exits), identified,
and operated.

 manual pull stations

 Break glass stations.

 call points or Buttons.

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 MANUAL CALL POINTS

 A Manual Call Point is a device which enables personnel to

raise an alarm in the event of a fire incident by pressing a
frangible element to activate the alarm system .

 Manual Call Point should be installed at a height of 1 .2m

above floor level at easily accessible positions , on exit routes,
at the entry floor landings of staircases and at all exits to the
open air.

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 MANUAL CALL POINTS

 Manual Call Points should be spaced so that one may always

be found within a maximum distance of 45m apart or 25m for
disabled person.

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 FIRE ALARM SOUNDERS

 Fire Alarm Sounders should be installed throughout the

building with an even distribution, to generally provide a
minimum sound level of 65dB(A) or 5dB(A) above any
background noise which is likely to persist for more than 30
seconds.

 Where the alarm may have to arouse sleeping persons e.g.

Hotel bedrooms, nursing homes, etc, a minimum sound level
of 75dB(A) is required, at the bed head with all the doors
shut.

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 FIRE ALARM SOUNDERS

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 1.2 AUTOMATIC INITIATING DEVICES

 Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended

to respond to any number of detectable physical changes
associated with fire:
 Heat detector.
 Smoke detectors.
 Flame detector.
 Fire gas detector, and release of extinguishing agents.
 The newest innovations can use cameras and computer
algorithms to analyze the visible ef fects of fire and movement
in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection
methods.

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 FIRE ALARM DETECTOR

 A device suitable for connection to a circuit that has a sensor

that responds to a physical stimulus such as heat or smoke .

Types of Detectors:
1. Smoke Detector.

2. Heat Detector.

3. Beam Detector.

4. Combined Detector(Smoke + Heat).

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 SMOKE DETECTOR

 Smoke detectors are preferred since it senses fire existence

fir st(SMOKE).
 It includes a light source (infrared LED-Light-Emitting Diode) and a
photodiode or other photoelectric sensor at an angle to the beam as
a light detector. In the absence of smoke, the light passes in front
of the detector in a straight line. When smoke enters the optical
chamber across the path of the light beam, some light is scattered
by the smoke par ticles, directing it at the sensor and thus triggering
the alarm.

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 SMOKE DETECTOR

 In open spaces under flat horizontal ceilings, every point

should lie within 7.5m of a smoke detector.
Smoke detection should be generally avoided in the following
areas to avoid unwanted alarms:
 Contamination in dusty areas may cause unwanted alarms and
reduce the life of the detector.
 Humid conditions such as showers, bathrooms and external areas
should be avoided as the water vapor may cause unwanted alarms
and reduce the life of the detector.
 Detectors should never be used at low temperature where ice or
condensation can affect detector sensitivity.
 Kitchens, garages, welding shops and boiler houses should generally
be avoided.

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 SMOKE DETECTOR

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 HEAT DETECTOR

 A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond

when the convected thermal energy of a fire increases the
temperature of a heat sensitive element.
 The most common fixed temperature point for electrically
connected heat detectors is 136.4°F (58°C). Technological
developments have enabled the perfection of detectors that
activate at a temperature of 117°F (47°C), increasing the
available reaction time and margin of safety.

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 HEAT DETECTOR

 In open spaces under flat horizontal ceilings, every point

should lie within 5.3m of a heat detector.

 Heat detectors are designed to either detect a rapid rise in

temperature or to operate at a fixed temperature. Although
they provide a slower response time than smoke detectors
they do provide a method of protection for areas where smoke
detectors cannot be used .

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 HEAT DETECTOR

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 BEAM DETECTOR

 A type of photoelectric light obscuration smoke detector

wherein the beam spans the protected area.
 Used for places which its height is higher than 10 meters.
 L=50 meters or 100 meters & installed each 15 meters.

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 2. FIRE ALARM CONTROL UNIT (PANEL)

 A system component that receives inputs from automatic and

manual fire alarm devices and might supply power to
detection devices.

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 ADDRESSABLE CONTROL PANEL

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 ADDRESSABLE CONTROL PANEL

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 ADDRESSABLE CONTROL PANEL

 Allowed range of fire detectors to be connected to one loop

is( 126 – 200) detector.

 Maximum number of loops to be connected to an addressable

control panel is 10 loops ( 2- 4 – 6 – 8 - 10).

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 CONVENTIONAL CONTROL PANEL

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 CONVENTIONAL CONTROL PANEL

 Allowed range of fire detectors to be connected to one loop

is( 20 - 30) detectors.

 Maximum number of zones to be connected to a conventional

control panel is 8 zones ( 2- 4 – 6 – 8 ).

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 3. POWER SUPPLY SOURCE

 Primary Power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or

240 Volt Alternating Current source supplied from a
commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a
branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its
constituents. "Dedicated branch circuits" should not be
confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy
to a single appliance.

 Secondary (backup) Power supplies : This component,

commonly consisting of sealed lead -acid storage batteries or
other emergency sources including generators, is used to
supply energy in the event of a primary power failure.

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 NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES

 This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm

system or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate
persons of the need to take action, usually to evacuate.

This is done by means of :

 flashing light.
 strobe light.
 electromechanical horn .
 Bell.
 Speaker.

 OR a combination of these devices which makes a beeping

sound and electromechanical sound together.

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 EXIT DOORS

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