Mark!

4ll.l Reg. ir-o.

.,015) Signature

MA EXAMINATION IN ENGINEERING/TECHNOLOGY/
NAGEMENT/COMMERCIAL PRACTICE APRIL, 2018
-
PRODUCTION ENGII{EERING - II
[772e : 3 hours
(Maximum marks : 100)

PART A
-
(Ma,rimurn marks : 10)

Marks

rrl/ questions in one or two sentences. Each question carries 2 marks.

rhe different milling opa'ations.

$-Nrn"

is meant by loading on grinding wheel ?

trvo applications of fixtues. (s x2 = 10)

:

, PART-B
(Maximurn marks

6 marks.

ffiird.** baween up -ilt g *a rbwn milling with sketches.

ffitr,ru t" properties of cutting fluids.

j,* l]qrcnt the constructional features of extemal cytindrical grinder.

"
EGa.

ffihin mng and &essing of grinding wheel.

the features of super finishing.

the advantages of jigs and fixtures.

(sx6=30)
IP.r.o.
 L

PART C
-
(Marjmum mark : 60)
(Answer one full question &om each rurit. Each fuIl question carries 15 marks')

IlNn I
-
III (a) Sketch and explain the working of vertical milling machine.

(b) Explain simple indexing with necessary sketch.

C)n

rv (a) Sketch and identify the nomenclahre of a plain nulling cutter.

(b) Write shorts notes on (i) End miIls (ii) Dividing head.
UNrr II
-
V (a) Explain the theory of cutting fluid which in{luence the tool life'
(b) Sketch the block diagram ofa horizontal spindle surface grinder and
identifu its parts.
On

VI (u) Describe the factors affecting tool life.

@) Explain the main features of cylindrical centreless gpinder-

Urvrr III
-
VII (a) Dstinguish between lapping and super finishing.

@) Illustrate the block diagram of an open front type jig boring machine and

explain the principle of working.

VIII (a) Describe the elanents of double colurnn tlpe jig boring machine.

(b) Sketch and explain the method of honing. State its applications.

U:vn IV
-
x (u) Explain 3-2-l principle of location.
(b) Describe the essential points to be considered ur designing a miliing fixture'
On.

X (a) What considerations should be kept on mind when selecting a clamp for a job'

(b) Illustrate the various elements of jigs and fixtures.

 -1'
Proclcictto'n Eng,'rrecl,r'g -l) Ap,l*aoE.
1 Nom. the cl,ffnren[ rnril'rng operot ,ons *(2,-na"i.s)
ca Plorn PnrlllPg o.> fncJ 6'llrrig
b; Fq.e ro rllrng LJI Soott rnrlling
q Srda rnrllrng (r) 6ea'r r,rl.lrng
d.t Slrqcldl. pnr [lrr:g
0-l tlelrcctl rorll'ng
e2Angulot r",rllrng
(n) Ccrro rnttlrng
D 30",g rnrllrng
{.r fir"., nrrilrn$
ht Prolrle rorlling
De{ln'e lnclerong - (z -"okt)
Jtrclerrng 'fhu i,rethocl oF selbrog tbe- job *o
drvrdc its perrpberg ioto ecluol pol'ls c'f ar'5 numbe-es
"po.l,"..,la, -nurnbcr
cf Le-elh'
fir Seqr'rntll,oq 6f o
J'ob
\aJhcL ts FneonL bg loocJ 'ng cl c1 $rrnelrng c'''rheel-@ *"'@
ben 'th. grounJ r'.lott"rit'l p&tr$rcles e[og trt sPlt*L-'"
Lr,J

pores o[: '[h.".oheel flce , ib preven[ 'tha tl-l.heal f'o*

cuttrog fiec-19 c.ncl r1- IS colled a'5 u'rheel rs Ioqclad '

De.fin'e broq"h,""rq operotron , Q rnazks)

Broach rDg 15 1-he 66{Luo1 o P cct tt trlcr rn etal bg pushing
or pullrig q cubbrng tool cotlad c. broqoh uu h,ch
cqls tD o firce.,l poth., fla* or con{oure-.l , tnterno-l
(1r ecete'rt,ol s.rrfoces eo,t bo 4ptnrabed bg broo"h,'i9

Stobe{,uo opplroq{16n oP dlrcbur.s.. C-z rno"ks)

Mo.:t of th. qutomobrle porls l,X* corrne"t,rg rc.is,
bre-qk hotclers efc cro rDoch'nac,l bg us,ng fi.ct.ure'
. oft er costrog .

N4obor boclg costrng l; rnocbrnecl w) c,Ll oF il-r 5tcies

b1 clornproq tn {lr"fures qF-let oqsb,tb
 PNRTB

Dr.:tra-rgursb be{ cdean

.up ror.ilrdg ar-,d clorun mrllrng &l rih s kcla
/';G'' \ '\aamaxks
\-/
\ro ) cqtt,er

Job Movr$3
.DueeIion
LI PMILLING DoLun M illing

Mrl.lrn Douro mriiro (rt,rrb rD I i,ll

The cqg61 ts rol-,qfad -fhe cutLrnq ts rc,toted
agorosl
-tha drractton ol roovemenb Jfre ro
sqr-oe cf rieclron oF {rovel
o fltha i;oor k preca oF tPre c.-rorl< praaa
-tBu thicl.ness ol thc chrp -TLa'Jirrclrnessof the eh,p rs'
ts^ mlDu ?-DLlro ab *fi.,e begrr,nul. rrorctrrurn of tha bagrnn,fig
6l -lFre cqt oDcl roo:rrr,?um OF tha crrl crrld iL raoluoes to
Glhaa -lie ccrt te.lrnrnqtas. rnrnqrnqn/l Coha6 f6o cu*
.[.arrntrrqtas.

lll:. cuLL,tg {tot"" ts' Th a e rrLl- r.r: g ffrc. ts rD olrcr

rnlnurDLlrD &?,l *.h", the Loo.{,h bagrns
UJbe'n .\,he
tLs cu-h q2d it reolqces to
t ooLh [egtns ibs cub q'nd rn)ntt
mqvn uloe o {ooilo ieoy
i[- tncrecr.se-s to rrq?crrnqm *h a c.,ror
l<
crlhen -Lhe tootb leqve-.Lhe
G:er k ,

'{iro. ts drr
'Th u- c..rdLr"rg
'The- cuLt,rn\ {3roe cJrre-c-t.d
putooo] qnd'rt tencl to
a-lo tl n c.^.r oq d 4o -tfi - Colrf .
lrFt fha job and rlqcurrad q n cl "t L eo.s as +h o c-lont
Yt g rcl clornprn! .

Dr y ts atcp ex
f'lieu I t te
TE. o ooloan L c. n be, pou,r
to porrd {he eoolqn6 o-f rrccbll on b\-atAlr.r,7
drrecttq ovor [fug cuttin 3ona.
r'h rec{Lr..s
!tR;gr"t Joolr,t
As 'l'h. chr6s a."urr,)lok
ovet 9e cu[rb$ ed go ond
-t
rnaq De- Coyyrocl .;ot,th lAp
 - J-

Up rnrll,r;g n ror lirog Dotra

G
l0' l\q Lbe- cbtp crcc- As \V1- cb,P t5 $ernq cleo r
|

It rnuloLe ovcr t he o{'l rorn -lh. cutb'n9 ., J oe

I

'.,,rbL, dlg 3clne .-^ncl t*! ,1

4V;uri ,, beLLu jrnrsh a n")
ba coonad tlttb'fhe srDoot.h cubbing'
, sPo,] #^" Jrorsl'
:;rLl,nguJcdl< Suvfoca
ol'the
I 0n. o N
-lB" otdvon ho3" 7n'llrng sl':our'ld l),
'-Thu, cloc-r3'P
Ol on ,r, ,llr ne OVo, do* n - perft16ed on t r$rd mochroe
rnrllrrg 15 i6 lo Sefe lo o.r'Lhoul bock Iosh e'tro{
I
perlormed on olc] rrrrllrrq
I
lrrochrne.s cutt[r bock loth
Errof ,

+
i

, State 6f cutbrng fiurds -Grncr''rlt-s)

L,'te- properbtas

'' 1l,g h heat crlsorptio'r: {o, ruod,L! absorbtig ''th. ha-aL

cl"vel opad
2.Good ,.,rr,.arl ,,r.,g qrtrc,l,lres 'Lo ploduce /ocu' co-cfflorenb
of lricbto n '

o, tIiflI, 'liosI pornb 5o Gs do eltrrrnc't'e- the ha3oac) oF{?se

4. SLobrlil-q s0 as trot to or"idu tn'th.- oir
5 Neu,&rol so o-s nol Lo re.act chernrcnl/g
C. Od ov lcss so os not to prcrduce- onX bod errell euen
Cr:her bectbe-ol
:1 $o,rrnless Lo 4he skin oF -fhe operator
g , *fcr"rrnle.:s Lo tbe beot,bg.
I Non corrostve €o -t,be u)orh ar macbtnL
l0 .Tiospctrancg so -bhat -lhe ccrLtrng octroD c:f 'lho Lool
rr* ! fo 6[garue-d .

lr' f-o cr-r VtscosrtS *o perrnib fi.. fluL.r o F *B- lrq.crrd

Iz !..oc.r Pttced Lo mrntrn$o producEion c-osb
 - L*"

Des"r$a Lhu cc,nstvucttonal leotu'lzu> of a e .rc t,e z nol

cg[,no)rtc-cil grrzlol er ' (brnatL<)

f-lbolllea,ld
Heocl Slock +
+
Gr rndrog
Nl,eai *l
1

-- la rl stOci<

*.* Uppr,r 16l, le

l- a ute r t"ab la

Bose r.- Tfre tos. 6r b"o) 16 *Vte- roaln ccrsdrn3 {bot resd or:
the-.{-loor 61pd supporL th. porbs mounted on it CJn tf:c top
of -fbe bose qre prectsl6n hori3ontal t,.,qUs sed qt vtghL
engles '1?rr tba tabl.e to s lrcl e on.
-l-qbles ,- -Theru a.u 2 tobles - to ure.l & u [3 p€? . -1ho louset lable
Slrcle on dha hrags of tB e bed oncl prouid. trovczse oF {fi*
(.t.tsyl< post the rrnclr ng r,rh ael
S ll c:a"n be movad b.1 ho,md
"

or pocua.r c^l ,tP:,n clesrrad Ira-orts.

-TEe upper l"c.bte. ts rrr'cf.c.l
t c.t ik ac.v^,)_
;,:" T;". :
*tec\d.siock
f ""il' n:
"*ft nf
;[ ; I ;:,' ?,ilI ; i' ;J;
:- tleqc,lstock s upporE tBe cuork
;
preca br1 rnna*s a:F
b1
i13':ir"Y,",il"t*',;::.:t -.o-,s or q oros,o, \l.,-&s
'rBetorrstock
Stlstoct"r.- cem b. o"lJ',rrL../ ond clornpe-"1
ln vqrlous posrbrons {o qeco rnmodo;e clrFFcran b li.mg.lh ., p
Luonl.rprece,
 l:- .-

Wbeel #eacl ,- -ffi. utheel herrd eq'rrtas Lh" XrrndrrLg Lobeel e6-
qDd itr c]Ylv,Dg motor r-i rnoLtnled an l.he slr& at .11,r Lctp
qfiCIl raov of lhc- baso-.

E r;c. pl -Lvuing oord cJrassrnE ol gln"l,ng

crlheel -Grno, re'
Dyesstnq .- Dresstz:g trer-nove-t Lhe- looclrnh c.'ne{
brea[<s c.woy -fhe glogacJ surFoce. so tNrq6 sho"tp
gbrcrs rv;e portrcles qre ogoi# presenlee do
tbe cuork
Vq.,rou t *ype. oF cl ressars qr€_ used crrq ato,,r clressc,a
Qbrosrva -sdone lXez .ro.l o{r",rnond elressez,
Drq,rnonc.] o[resseo ls usec] {ir4fun,sh grtncltol Ir.t< €
9Ur{Lc. qnd fylinclrrc-al gnn-drrg
-qoh,nu]
Grrnd,nX coheel

D resser .

,r
<- Rest

--l-l
Irur,gr- Idq)Dg /s 'l-h- process
ol <ha-g,n,g *h.
Shopa ol -tB. grroohng b.:hael qs 'rt
bu"ornJ, tNatn
Jrorn an at tgtnol e, 6wrng to -th" broohlng c.r^ro.tr
ih:f
oF+Be ctbrosrve qpd bond . -Tfi,, *' 4or.
to -oi." tfr.
c0heal {yue- crnd Concen}rre <,.lr-lB
ihu bore-, or to
Cboog" cBu' {iou- con.lour
fi, .{lr- nr,rcl,ng. -F
-Ir Urn'g o,ndclrers,nq Gre olon- crffi -fh e- sclane-
-lool" , buL not, lor -lhe sei-n c_ purpose .
 (j

Iiluslnc.l. lh" GoL....ro" oI soper fi6va'L>'na - €*a,rL<.5)

lt,po f,rarsh,o3 ts ea-nplog ed +o cblain q ,or1 N,nu
-J-j nrsh cn m"tal eutfacns t'tfire-b ate prevtouslS Xtound

6v F)ractsto n lurntd , gpectctl genetcr:l FLL'tposQ f

ools o're
lb rnc'9 b^e- apgclrccl 1o
ovqtlqble -{ir sup"o fiorahing '
ercLe'lrrol o"] Ln'rnl pifs ol sbeel ' 9osL r{do
fnode
Nurrous allcgs -IE" r"Ftho'l of s apelfiaushng
cnd horr- ",
-ift - ta'/71 '
I E rlltl*/al nol "ltog
''

N,n,'h'ng o verY fi'u q'rl ctbtostve-

-l n sups-x
'Lo th'srrvfloce' o['lh" Li]o']<Plec€-
61 [c,e1 ,; cipplre"l
c,rrlfi a. lrghl s;rrrng PressLl( e' 'Tl'u sf tck rs' grvan
o'

feed,nt L"d osoLl atrng rnobro vt ' A spccrcr.l Iubttc:o'nl'

trsuallq o. ^s6 12,1;Lute- oF ke'roseDe- ari o,l rs urSe4 ''o
obtqti a hqh aualr! s"rvflocc finrsb'
s't-qfe th e- aQvorLa g e o F frg s L ur e.a
Frac t
1 l{ ali.,rrnoln; 'Lha . n1o, krng ouul , me4Su?'?r9 cod olher
'
5ctl-l o.9 rne--I,D
lhocts b'e(c,to macbtntnl'
r

7. JL rncraose.r th e* ntechrDr?xg accurclc!J , be causa th.

u,.:ork pleca ri eutcrnotrcatly Iocc'tccl oncl {he- tool . Ls'

9u'".1..,1 tui-.lfioul rrra'knlg aull mantt,.\l acl'crs irnzri{s

,

3L enable s prodt{cLrcr; of Loleu-,ttcrrl pazt.s g",}21.b Qrc-

lt;Lerchorrgeabla .rtts {hc,l,*c.tns '16a oss embtq oiretatoons
l+ jt tncrerrses tle- proc{ucfuon c-&llc,ctl3 b1 enobl'nX o
nLrrn[er o{t tuorlrpr"cas to be roach tnud rn the *ngh-
SeL u1t , Gncl tn scrne case-s ct rl.t"nbul ,rf t,ool.s
cq)r be ep,trolc") g.rnL.t k'r.eou..ly .
 r
i'Lyec)Ll cc -fie tl"lrLrcl t'"'ork
( 'c't

iru *,n)nrr.!ccl a{')c) sr rnpli{ic-rj

e Skrlle cl opcro'lors ala no'L relcura cJ

f[n fo'bour cc'si'

re.!uc e -the e---p endr-i ura cn
+ -lt
,-C Jr;1;i'r:.'r'! l''.)
I
1;
i

iitb or'c) fcf)e r,){\bi. iru,g i'

'--'1',Ll\
'r,rr-t f,. l'r'll
i'v't'

o{e mode *o 7
LlDe, Bushes -T*
fi& rr',lo -the-J'tg Plala *ooY <f,1
al I

-# -{Il *he hW bu rhes "t

,fi

-fF'e *ooI clrrectlS .!

I

i fir,"f
, J
Y ori [g , -tbe-q or e ole s Ig n e
t'f

(-uffioctl- sl:Xtr loler s '

OR RENJEWAELiS BUSH llerenl siYs

I)r
ST.I P BUsI.I
fo suil-d,Pf'
13 t-ts o"J
slrp busbe! ar e- cc'rn mor
.'.-t.-^ Ulifh G [rnerbrtsh
l, c"!lucc,lor).
'-fo g.riol" fha tool'
T6e slrp bushea hcvtng vqatable-
are fttted on o" ltne:
bore-clraz'nelaas
bush tc recetve 'luuo or more Lools
*Brough fiu- sc,rne bole oP *h" its
b ocll .
 v

A, Skatch oricl ercplain lBu cuorking of yertrcal ro,tling role-$naor

,rry

Ve'rlrcol o'r perpencltcttlc., *c*6. c,lorl. *crbl".Tlle spir:dle

, J,, E>c-pl oiri srr',ple

rnel ee. 11-rg c,Jrth neces-sa-rg skolcb
{ r,,lctek)
Srimple to"l ea. rng W:eJhoci ts roaye- occuaafa, cr.zrcJ
suit-oble {or nwrnbtt.s cohrch cqrepot be- tnoleocnd bY
I
d,ynoI rnclear.i:s rnclhocl
-16e tpcl erci6-)g /c.{ rvrclr,Tg hec,cl tE' ernfrlo.-..1 ad, *o hotc.l
a.ro+,lnclerc arlctr clannp the- iob ln
pusrl-tcn'
-JEs- ffie-chc^rrlsr"-, oF tnelez:rzrg hu-tr-cl
ts' such thol-
L,,rbeo Jhe ope'rofcr rotcrte tfie cva'rk , #* fut'r$o-
t6ih l.1-O vru6el2a'r o f yotalto rls,'1fie- sptndle-
hcldrng =fh e- crlork curll be rotoled b1 Orte cornPLi
Yolollon' larcle>c platns ef '{il"..l nt-trnbav c'P hokr
tn o et,vclc rs f,H n.1 rn flrorl-h ol Jhu- <ta.rtl< +c
--i r- .-r+ ^-^-.4t l- ^ t r r I I A r .i-.
 1
.=f6. 4, tndez c{ox1k r,.lcvcrD€ro+
{Lrrrr.-riq rs r

)r"1n, c{a'nk ,rove {ne'{-)+ = ..$. ffr;l;rrt:fr:;J,

-lB* fr. .g:- rf 'rl lg reqtriracl -lc clrvtclc c,. 1:;e'rtphu'1
inh 20 .e%ual nurober oF c-hvrsions
Jn.ler. crcr.nk move.rnaari- = \- = >
So ectch *trno rny>lefa- fofotrcrr, rs reqlu)ta
2 c.,
-,o [.roP].*e- 20 no e1 elrvisroru on 'lffr job'
-'Jnor crnoTher eg:- tf tl rs recbulracl *o eltVrele-'J'LNo'
c'l{ clrv lstc ns
l8 ' S-
'Jnelex cvo'lk rnov€ meof. ho
nL- cae* rll
',
= 1'+
33
| r.
y1s'Ie
t - lh" elerrorDrncLlor q -tfr. Go"iron volrc rs
brougl,"f t-e 3! , as -lh"r. 13 rnc,lerc pla{cs Y
3Z nvrpbc4 oP hcles o?e- ava"tl able ,

Nlo"t rolol-c- JEa craTrk 1 cornple l-. yol-ql-ron e1n.j

aT holes rr) a zZ hoie etrcle Fl*b 1 g&c h ftlry>9
fo coroplal-a LL n.rrnber oF eir.\rrstons on th"..;.aL,
fffe- bolo.," {g 5horrJs -th o p4..ban,s rn u,1 e/tilrclr.og
h"q".l : tvt e+{*P srrtrPlt rncJe:crvrs
t -Tob
Sprncllc
x -...-.....:t
{
I
/rl/il.7h/
N -=---'1
\
-.-
F \,-_:
P
\nro r rr: u= 1\ \- C NULI\
v

\ *orr', t€:o-d

X r> de'{:P ale .

,-
DP'rr/Y , l,'., "lool or i->
r .- Jnclor c'qr)E '
1r -
 d lcf enlrFg Y'l o t'tt e nclctt ur e- oF q rnr llt'cg euilca
IV Skelch ovl
- ? rnofkr
cotl rng e c.loe

.,
1o^
,..,..y
^ Bark oI tooth

Cu*ttr dtatndet
ol ,

cLrfl cr I ,,4, C oc
1t P":
i\c'
1.- ,u 3
Dv
/o t..,. f ,, e lao ro nc e
PY I * ';iPgle '
-7 * ChlP SPoce ov Sosh
I

qnq\e ' L-,F angle

Fe lreP - ,

-the cqtler tefl* qfl"fei erclusrcn

Boclg oF c.ltter:- JB. parf ol
-lo c-ohrch '{ectT: atc- aHcl'oheol
of -tfie {eeth qYrcl the pcr{t1oP1
cutlrng edger-lha e-clge $rnnnd b"1 th e tnlar s ecLto il o
F

Jh. {Loo, and lhe qrculat lqmcl or .Ehe surface. laflt bg

the provtsron of P{)roqrg clearqrrca '

Focer* -TBe portton of tfre gosh ael.1'acent to 'i'he cu6t,ing

edgu op tr;hrcb -lBe' ch,p lrnprnges qs 'i E ts cc'lt fiomtha coorlt
9g$'- TE. chrp s?ace Selute-eo -the- {c,te oF one- tootb ot-:c
bqck ol ne*E Loct%
L-ord-, - 1tt. pa.L cf -iBn bacl' oF tooth ac1;-occnb fu the
curttrng sdte uuhrch rs rel tevec.) {o o'vo'lc.l tnlelfe{cn ce b eiuerr

. the surhcu bertig rnochrntd o"ncl cubter.

Cut{ey .- Jl rs' +he- ouLsrclo cltqr,,u}tr or
clr6r.a6 a'is,1 clroroo ler of
#r. ar.l" po*,t9 -JLrouS b lfro cutLrrrg eclge
 *1""t., thorf nrL,, on Q)8D"1 r''lls Oi )Drvtc-lta'g he-c*A" Bma*
rn,ils have cuil'Lrrig Ln^" f
enc) t,,tl.ls - f,e enci
as u''rell os lhe- P:1rfia'-{X
t:Ie crrttpr
oy? tb u end @f dD" qocl
sJ"CItgh-|. or helrcol''
1ln pe't,phet..l tec'lb mog be.
at tif c n"nd th< e*l'
fh.. hetrx rooY be 'qv ia,,d lrk'
rnr[lg oTa usec'l i'" I';n;'-'it"'g ,ope'aof,ton's
ot"t*clt''t' htlcs ' procluetng
cuLtrng slot,s, rnocbt'l-''g
operaltorx'
Y?orroc.o {tcr} surPo"u. ori {Zr proftle rnrltrng
sbonk
End mr lls q.ra qvorlobt. os tapalshook ,SJ-rc'tgh}
oncl shell end rorlls
Drvrdrri? *feo"l t- jnrlcx.tnq head ,o, cl.,rutclrng bertci r':' a
wcrv notaffievice usaQ tn mtlling rnacbtnes
o/ clt,"1lirz'rg
e'F 'if"
Jo beld -;6." 1ob and *o oJrvi"i" ii' pc"'pb"'5
inh o,"5.6t'..l nu'nbe'' af patbs Ert.ctmple t1
.1ob
lr,ll,^i'<t' tl"ibil' '. Xe..{ ' ?f a reqrutreol *o boic'i
thuxearblc',kond-trrdered.i-oe.u.fec..loLe-etx,,
thdJr.,rg oPo'{c1l1gp eo,, olso be c''dopba'l Je't prodt'
cr^g l'1u'i".gl-n'd qn"'{ [oaode- ol] boLl:.
S{',uo"re- '
o$ shqF+; , llt,rt''it1 elriLls o''d
ct-tbLrn-1
"pl"*-' .b"f:
ffBc'r tJ'obs .1eqlui'rl,9 tf'''
Yeq'locas q-"ll roatnl
Ldorl<Ptute- *o ba- olrv'olad eq.rtc'tl5
Pr.,?h*1 o F the-Tfi.
qr"t occ.r,rcul4X, c..livrcl ,q hend: ora of 3 +Xp""
I' platn or srraple c{tvrclr"g beld 2' Untve'sol c'll'vrclrTg
heqcl a'ncl 3 opttcc'l eltvtd rng b'crcl "

v 5 >cptoin
|/.-
*h. -ltreorg oF cctLbrng fuLttd t'thu.b rt'fttt emc'z t'b'
toot lr[e. Qrnorks)
--f1teorl ol' 'ftutd, -
 l')

_Tfi.'
bas r" fir,,"{ron o I a, e Fftclrvu ctrthng fl,,,"l ,r"
+o -yedqc" l<lncLrc ca-.lfi.1pny of fir"frotr' l"l rs Qsse-lnrare'/
ffic,t rnrnule coprll<1r1g1 ercrats ql tB" tocl-..hrp lnferFace
o5 .5fot-*n ln qbovo fig.,ra' oD a rotc'tc-sc.opii 9c-ql e
rt,s thn- ch,p lx? cve s up lhetoo I fi"", t{ curr}ocfs
hrotnlg "tt e 'l'rP, of -Jfie- osperrf ,u. tn A"e- pc6l ccilfac F
.lone ere-q1rnq capt)lcn res be-]r,tt"n Jrc ch rp a y,d tt,e- futl-
JE.u" Ccrptllci-rras .Jrc,..u n the c{it}rne {tqr,j t_o hllr chernrunllj
r

ra-oclE 'fo prcrluc" c, .solrd lor,i .3hno* ahenX.fh filr,t (t n"l ea

-fF:" ccnr.lrlrc.,n cl h,gh pres.sur. an6 4_<:rnp"rolur.
ei fh.
nqsc-amL"
"hi,p ''il'aFhcu the highl,l r'ecrc]rye- croc-mrcal ocr..on
prcduce] yafrrirvrl:l sohcl provrcJ,ng c "sorrd curd.t filltnrt,,
c;.rccr]<

*e, kerP tha ch,p ancl &c[ opoo[ fi.reby rac]ucing ftrc,ttan.

hcrtYonl.rl sPrnclle sc-rrFace-

5kef .h 1b t btock draqra"' oP
s
ancl lcleolrfX rts Parls B c-' o"? t<

firtndat
 IZ
.)
vt Descarh" lfie fictors o.Ffectrng tool t,A" G r''ro,,lu
=16. t,6L oF a tool ri oPf.ctud bX r",c,,-LJ fa"*ort,,
Swch qs cuLtrng speec,f , {'uuc), .I.plT, oF ccth , ehtp.Lh*knex'
L.ool qcornahq , rooi.,,ol of *Lu cuHrng ftqrd'
c'nd
rr grdr"rv of -18" mqchtna
CutLtng speeclr- c utlrn'1 ep"ol has th' ?.'t'lo ' ,. --
,rr'ltl,t,fic ovi +oo,-trfe ' ,{s cuflrag ?Pe'4 lnc)'ecs(s.tt 'Lcr"P;t1'r';
cJtfhslo'd
qlgo rrses. As 1il'>. yec\ Vtaqdness ie JD,? ohrlrlg
on d'Plz'qemt'
il*drugs eL' eleval'att *e'-nPeralur'' va'ttis ciso Ycrl€J
*uoq oP e.llt,t,3 *ocl rocriattal',41" tool ffrfe
J{ of t'.'ct4'I 'lt cJel;earclelL-
r-"rG ffi,- -fqpe- of tool-u"..l ' '-l [" c'l''lt''tn*
ecr'i nl'LLJ L'e'
on cufttno speed bg'cci"su thn ;'t"c')ut-nil';ct'nti cu;'Lncf
L.,ccr,r .{i, f,lor.,t .c:r c.ac,}e,t tf cut|tng Speeol u' ecrs{4
-F-.cl c,,zrcJ cl"pl|, oF c-ub ,- -lFtt l,& oP q .luol Lr' af le.,l,.ol
US ya,aE 'Gx,+*, , s**r*s {ie..l "u"rrle olso F.eeol o",d deyai,t-
ol- cqL c]ecrdc, -lBc rno.ic,rrctl ye-rnovec)
pex rrtnr^lc Nhzn w e-

rs greal4 thon acczsa #ec] ol ,rrllol

T* l::" reoson rernavc,l volu,n*
-:n:fFrs to gei mo(e oclvczrlo,$e tD C-crvotrn of lhtck cJ.,,,p,
Tfic cultrro3 tool 6rc. *o proircle -ffr" {fi,.k.n chrp.-yt rs oble f6
bqlar.u +L,re opposrmg ri,rf lue'rce fo obf6rn apt rntunt €acl rate.
]::]-S:gt@,- 16. tut,/ tif. ri 6ilro at{}cieJ [,1 ,]zo/
?.ot.,l eh1 . A ft,ol t.ffi lorge v.,[<e 6, 1c LeF ar'rqle becorres
t^reok qs <\ )orge vake ycrfluc"es 'the tuol cross celttcrn ancl -the'
qmounl ol rnelal to absorb 4l-,e hest.
-i-ool mc{terrctl:- pbgstce(}
c?rd elterrttcc,.l ptapertt>rcs ol a.rorr.
-.L"oiol -Fl.,"r*e toollin by
r o[GcLrng -ft,ro s.lolli,g r,..rrol
lor[e of' uueaq o[ t col.
cuttrbg fture]:- Jt ye.duces lhe co-efficrenb ol frtc6ron
at lke cVtp *ool lh{,crGce qnd r}rcre ojer .6oal trfa
 l+

Eecplo,.rj IJL€ l)'len] (?,ilcrrnS of' cgIrnc]r tcol cenlre [e s s

gv'r,de , Q,,,a,rs)
C"r"rhu less gr rnclplg ,s q rndthc,cl *0 gr rntlrrLg eele, .tai
cglmdr tcrrl ,iaVerecl amel {trmecl sqrFuoes on q e$orkpteee':
thob a"c htd not, helcl ancl robotacl on centres '-he- Prr'"']F'rPcl
ra' llgo.;
ulo'r-,rnrt. of an e ;r'te'rr-:al ee t-lh'aless $ I ir-lcle'r t&' -sl)otuil
ore grro4tng UUleel, re gulot,ng cl baclt u;r c,rheal ,arrcl 't[''e
cuuK rast Both c"lheels qre ratcrbed ltl the sotnra c-lrrecttorr.
uork tc..st t! rot<rte c{ lctctree-tt -tBc Lt,heels .-lfic (r,o'o K ti
ploczd opon-.bbe c,rork rest ,^or,d -lBe-_ lofLer *oge-l'he, er:$h
-tBe Te-gulqttng tr.:heel t.s l]cl 'ltr c^rorc'l , fir.,ng th". u-ior i<
ogor","d -fBe g)flhdrng ('Jheei
-fi. *olol rooverrre.nb oFJfie- e.,Jolk post -ttre grwrelrrrg
Nheel rs obtojneej bl {ltrng -tBc rcgulatrng cobc-el ob 1
SILqht or,gle {iom horgontot An qngulan .ot",!rrenb' oS
't.o t.s pTovrde_4 rn -1he fnqchrne {dr thrs pu'potL
,rh S o,

Sr$ tn{arn",,l ce-r}velers griadrig :JBe- ruork ri su'porra,

br+hru. rol.ls '0ne ts *hn re-gulcr'lrng roll ,oncl tff" ffiu, 'n
G pressure roll -to botd the tt'ork PtLce Sr-lg ag.,rr,sh
tBo supporb crmd re$ulot,mg rolls. 'liw^ ,r' ,Llcuhe,ftel rn
t r\ r'
Q'bove ft3ure ,"+.
-f nlerncrl Cer, l're[" ss Gv rncltnq

.i' Ptessq{a Potl 2 'No{k 3 ' |?e g ul e't rn1

Potl q. SuPPotl- Poll

q. /:,-,* -l ,-' r,rGprI
 t5

Vtt DrsLrnAt.rrsh b.tclan6 iapprrig q'ncl superflnrsbrrqg Qma'i:r)

Q t-c1rp,r4 ,"' ew-tp,oJ,4 c.tbon ,t l, ,e-tlu r"1rTr,,,
,fr,.Xtt,
eorn ef,rtcoilY fuvv Aurft.oes , corrzc>b mrnol
Procltrce
Idlr 5
5ur fr.c e s t rnPQl fect to r:s , lrr)DtaVe ol trrr anE to nal
I
o.cccrroeX r o { f)60'ttd@- c closo frt,b"lur r-e-n *c,ta
Cenkrct surFac es.
Bupea fir,sh,rg .ts' erophyeQ +c procluee oj.r).
ecclternety higb quott\' *u,rface €rntsb lzr c01.,;'"rltor
t^rilb Gfl alrnos b io Gbsenee- af trr'
""piele- "leFac)s
*f,e surFo"" Ioycr ,
, poruclers suc h as ery)"r.1., cctrt)n
*::i!re,
l.roD Orrde "lc,ro,
,ehrorr,rUm orrde, efc- t Or,r.u") cr:Ill, orl or
specto.f poate.s uj-#f" ,4a1^rie LGrrret a,
u.s-_c) urfh tappry
Jar sup.rffo'sb,tri a. vorq ftne @a-tl q.b,rc,-:1vc_
Slrck 15 appltec) 1t -lF,t $db.r)oc. 'ot lfy c^:orkpre_ce-
k,T,h a
.ligkuf sprtrrg ptessure '

3) Lait.srnc.l b" cpcralecl b1 har,l ad ,-I?cr,chriru- ,'h.

mollo n bontg t*oqu ar ^r?ct Draccrlrnq Cq lrrrdatcrt I
u,)ork rnat-/ lipp.,) L)1 rclaltnil +no *J,r. ,1, q lclhe at
c]rr.ll prajs arr"l r..,proco-l ,ng )he lap,, avat lhe wn'rl<
lo on avsz choz.ig'^j potB S;qtl ,JI st.ui, lace mc,N .

be taPpe4 by hotdrng -lf'r- cr:ort< otaros b "t reic,lr7,s.

tlts"'
Jn s'ulDe,x fintsh,ir -lth: obrasrye s*rcK rs' grvo?)
A fe"i,"rg "g-',d osctllai-'n! rrotton, qnd +h.:
cuoil{Pt..i tt lolaFecl oi ie"rproortl-e"l accordlg
-fo -.fh- yaq.vtt'c-mc-nh oll *Bt shope beng
S t-rPer Pt'p rshod
VU .1DluslrcLl" -thu. block eJragrom ,l an o?en fionL .l5pe. jrg
borrng crncl e>cystaw tho pr rnc'rpl. of crioll<rre G rnart$)
,mochrnb
-lh. cltc.,|)rc,rrr oF oo-r opan llonl lypu J'.? bou,ng
Fnncbrn e r> Sho uu n

-Th. talrt. CQ?r; b" h-'crrecl t!') X- arcls at';c) )- a';r'rs'

cne op *f'e f.ll uturr^'g rn.'ff:o.l '
Qc.:-Lv{c^"lLt
"f bf u..?r,,i
C r) L e,ac] f' ot eto rn tfl o
e- cl

qz-) l'4eclro1'ric,,c) o,-r.l clarh I.(tl ga,,g,,i1 t'r,c-fl,,",o.1

[3) 6 ptrr-r,1 nl ac(Sr\r)Dg rit.JLocl

Sprn'1 [c- *@, t^rrlt, -]fie rof6;,.r-,, hrn,",q kol cnr, he-
rncve c,l rrp .rncl dc'ru", 'i: so-l J[ r ,1.-h 0I +0 Llrv e-
c-).'r.,.,", fue.l aellopnal-tco['[: ,t)
[rrac*€- qutdr tLr&!,,,\ ,n
*f-,. Vatrcc.r'l rclumn '
\4il b. .3kelch cncJ zrplon -tl,- rnell'o.t a{r hcnin.J . Shle ils op^plrcolrcr,:.
_lJcn ,i u (8 t",o"r.f)
ing qr t6;drrr1 ot abrod,r.1 pxoc€sj r;rc.sdL3-..- {ir
-Gt,sh,r,g roui')d \'ralo-s lry t-y)ao?rs cf bandud q!,rqsryc .-ql.-.nes

c.rlloci h c'res
AlrPlrcq'l rcn'* f}n,.,1 car, he tr.recl -|c r€.rpove c3 riiucl; oq
3l',.,,,.r oF stocl. buL rs )lor nrc, Il.J eonfl''n.d *o Q'rrroc,.zrh le-ss
-Ihar C'y25 rnw> '

- J-lcnlng ls prirnoorlg usacl fu rcrrect sorr. oc,_l- oA

YcuncJ ne ss , {crp"i , -(,ool racak.s, o-nc) occrcl elr,:JerErcn
.

- E'scq'nrr; [u - ti, ,, ,;:d]irc el rs r-i:ut L [5 c-r;ecl

J,-rr,J'sttt'-l ii,,"1
ert.L1.31 6tl[6 clol/l.slr.
l,L ,j6ur,,.lu.
t'.lelhod oi' hcnrarg, h/hen hon,-q ,.s c,l on. rnarr)Lr.c\llq ,

Jhe tt'ol ro rctc,Led , orrci -the r.:crkptec" rs f as-sacJ hrrok .:ncl

-Gdh cv.r Lhe {.col .

Fct ptecrsrcri |-1asltrt$ ,-t|t,_ c-r.lcrk rs rrs uol/q l-..refqf 1,j Q..Lnu_,
q-ll'J tle crncl -n)c- horrng :hcl ,; qrvcar .] Srer,,
)Gr-i,1r)r,ccrrr,r.,]
hro"l_ror: qs ri rot<rla.s. -llorrrrrg .,lones rrau be looso-I5 helcl
Itr ltoldels r ceynen{eoJ tnio n)etol e,,re }ir G)hrc[
61,y6_ helc_l
)n holcle rs. sotry:e sicnes cre
-llrc trrloe6o1 o_1 re.g rl))_,n,r*n*l
QYottnci holcJer ,buL 5l1ru".
*,
$"y prerent, o, Lofllrroru: ..t,r/)r.^ tnt'erlocktng ic Jh,r{
tht bato-' 'fl lgprc.,;
honrrl *r,ol heocr ti .shc.r,o rr.r
[-*"
T:
{ t:.
I ri!.\.\.'\'i!\. c'. ...t,: I Qc.rr cles

3 to n e- s,

r'-
l h
 t?)

,\ E>cplarn Z-l*t ptrnc,pl' ol lccolto'p Q rr'"t's)

3-2-1 l-"
]ilne y)'ttu',c,lsle
- r- e( l. r('{/crl (Sttt PLtb)f lr'c'ctlrt
r((\TlCt)
I

r.

fnrncrflcl i, c.,cu'ci f,r cr n'i to,r^ *fl ? rr('ve,,nen]' 1'{' wcTl:ptttr.1

alartg'lEu lltre-1 etxrt .lx, l/, o,ncl Z2-,-IF,rs' ts Qtl;ravacl
b1 prc,vt<1rnc1 sr'x locr:ltnrl pr'rnlsC= f tns tn bctse .plule,
L p,r',s ,ri y'ctltco. I l:lane ancl 1 p,,t tn ct y/crrre N/ircL>
Is 1crt;tmdt.ula' h firsl 1..^ e plarieg 1:
I
1. I \t>
9,j

I
i.
1.. ..

\\
J l
\ 11-
@ 1-
2

Tr. cbcv- rllttshnltcns d.fin", 'tho punc rptz. )et Thts

i-De*ti;ocl 1 oi .g/eeJ 6 f' fteo,darr., ( t.- q), s <o nk o l/" oJ
-lfi" rerrtetrtrrt\ cJegree,s c,f fiec"l ,,m lot t1 & lL rs
trynre shrcl-ecJ. lt {?.",lrjaier thc Iood,r,g aP{;,.,. car-ltpan<nL
In fractqre .'fh,-, dlbr"" cl egr.e t, l f"reedor., rnqy zeela,il
o 11
"t /ooclrni of co rnpoirr,f y,.1 qrrrl€ <:larny:tc,3 sf evrce.

*" bctse |:tk-'lae-

restotcl lhe rol..liro-
'.'::,^.:'t.ot. or bocLit Y
-"'Pot,.rl X_errrs ortcl l_qxu. /l ctlso /rz_nr)_
rrrr clot{DLdarrcl
mbvLve.nl- af eornponen}* along z_oxt<.
lL 1,2 r), h a:-,c]
,9 ol"gr". a F frtedodi) qr ., rnskr"fe"l
l'r4 plll 6 w p+#n6 pyay"nb *l"q
rofalron of Ctrr/lP 0ar,
qboL,l z- qxti (,. 6,1e\e-grza of f.leedom) and 4l,u
Ynott e rnonl alop g
| * q*,s 4o u,.,o"rc{s an drc e ol to i: (r.
6 el.go.u o[t fluec)orn
-[he lasl ptit F ve sJ.,-r.l ]h. ntcve rrrer,] t'F ccn Paoe nl
Qlcog V=*4Za)nf-S /-ozts tD ar-l--cl ru-Gclrayj (,a
{ tl, o)eqr ea o f Qr-.dc,r1),
-{ [l hoi er'oirr)r) irrie scf ocl';-rc1
,) <]o tr.! rc,l Sl-rc rlic,] be k.pt- clr nr,)rd trr
cr olqr)op Gr ,r j.Ll G roart<s)
- JIr"
l^
/-
./cllc,r,r,rq r5p416j rexlc,J '1oolc,rs
.., rnrrsl bn ccnsrdeyaj
l' *ili. clor,rl;ri? pr.gsLrlc sbot-rlol b. ex:e.rLeal cn -flie seilrd
Suppca'Lrng poal of' t'lrc too6h -lc pre vel.rt drt'lcrltcn.

2.fii. of -#r" cl<,,rrp {ir

?-Dov€a-rlc.nL lo.,,cl,-g .,.rr.l ,rnlc,oclrzrg
purpo.res shc,urlcl b. kopt li-it.d

3.The elor.oprr,3 pre-ssqoa ti"pL loc.,. 5l- Sboqld L,.

sLrF{l.runt .La hotol -fiia L*ork crgorru.t, t'ha cu*trig e,1!ri?
pT e.
+,'Th" eIarnl .3h0.-rlol lre pe.srlrvelg gurclecl 'Lo lqcrlrtcrCe.
luuclrpg -*ectro'n ,

5' -Jhe !"stgn shoulei be -<Ucir ,3o qs to enqbla -1ho clornf,s

't,.r b" cornplclctg lrl{.cl orit 6,; JBe crork, tobrle- ,rnla.,d,r,q.
6.*li" clomp shculcl b" .sotplc, crncl Jtul prcol.
1 -[r" Clclrup shcold be s.rF{icrenlll "rebult fc plevenl i;no..l1,rg
& .-fh" clarnf1 shorrlcl he *wf,fi.ctewtr.4 e lfacte"l bcJ ope.rcrir rru
oleveq,q hnuvled c, q'{iqtt"d nu1 -Iho h.r-oerono-l
hectcl e-l nql or !,761f 6|^rould be sVotd€,ci so fir cs Prqe+tcclhl<
-fr,el rr-nrr..r1. *e, use of $ponnels' ll l* becornes
esse"rtioJ 4o use heacagonal r,uts, onL3 one'-si3t
Bponner eboqtd b. u.:e-d -fhruugh oub'
9 . -Th - p Shcutel be ccdsa be,rdenecl {c pteveal}-
alqrn
cNea"r el *he "[q?-t'Prrr'g '{ice'
ro, -Ifie elo.nnp shoulel b. .so <rrrcr'arqed cn'fhe u:gk &r
pe'lFbrnr cls hla'nY operoltcrt <s possr,bl.- /It one setting
lr'Tre chnrprnt pc,4s sb,:u[<j b. clesrgned +D rloke iE
nur - delqc-frcrble {iu,-o 'th. .i g
 L@

yb -l llus*ro{u 'fire tctls € le'rrre-r,-ls of ..;'rEs oz;cl {l:cf,rr es @-o"rr)

vcr
\/ortous.etemonls ol -Jt?s &f:rlclueeJ e'te fsootors,
clo.mps, g",i"l. b.,sbn, an.l SupporLtng plales
Lgggtol!,- On. ot'-fh. re.6u,ra.,re',1 ,f- J',g & Itrrxlc,,re-
,S {.c, lccaf e -Jh" .1'e b rn c-\ <ltfi,r""l"poi'lrc'i ' cLncl
'n'ove ?rD t'.f,-
-l'ft* ro'-'lor" c'f
+c olTe>b PJ''b'" al d"s ' Vazroc': lgpn'
)""yto.1"'f
1-cco.*ol s Q'te " ]3oz a1e i'[:]al localot s' "P
l oc.''|o1, o{ [oc.oE''\'y "t"thid'
Lcc.l tocttl-o"' Canrcal ]ocaters p\TaoL< ptn'
ei; Irnclr 'belot'c fa"..t o16'i loc".tcr-' ..'t (
l::;i,; ' a{St11wre )
v_lo c c,rc,r , srrcrcnr^j"f c,c,,.to/ , clrfsrel;.?,:
roccnfr, t1.ek.

h,c Bl(
I
{

Flot lo calo, rLel !-es"1!r

-:- V*
: lo Jofar
clq'I-n On"" af{ert Iocc*lrr9 th'f,€- LL) ol l< r',) rt o4 ..1

Frrctqrc- /
't
l- ts' Te.bulre-cl tt' t lawD
,
r4 rcl lt1 'l o t" tTh
,_r_.^^^^
h""n, Vctz'o' i^f5pt' ol,'c'l'rrrnp 3
Stomcl th " ..,H,;o n'*
al€-.1 oL-d?P lrc;lf ta
Ql e- ttse-c{ a
o* Sttap
\ l.?
\- 5Cn(]a\.1

Scr c.r: c\O rr'p =_l

f lqf clolrt p

Vvedgc c Iorrrp
 7+
I I orttcfe
r- -1
Grirclrrrq olerrtrrtrs'* 1,a o i"l
. rlJ r\ lGl I'tttte.'l
, '!\ttt.tt
-r .,t / *c do r-n (\.hrnrar1
arl 1l'-
.JJ',e- .f (:ol rt a:-r-axttFlG
,;ot .1 i1 t Ap-^ i t ,s alolt
'TL' J"3 bcLsher ffflecl art i*nu
,*.,',,."1 pt-i'l'oa-' AIL
*3P"t oF J't9 bashus
.Jo"{h't 3'.r'ot'u" ' 3 d'f'{qenl
rl.lus}l.,le.i rrl Jtgure' hi lrl;n'1
c }'huvl"l {i t t '
, \ | on -l

Ltnua+ Bu-*h
l'rra e"l Bush J\t*Y!: