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Ingeniería de Explosivos - Clase 1
Ingeniería de Explosivos - Clase 1
Converted to specific gravity and fps for velocity, the expression becomes .
ve = 12,500 (SGe) fps. The detonation pressure, on the other hand, is a
function of the explosive's density and the reaction velocity developed, or
Pd ᵙρeve 2, which suggests that even though the density may not have been
changed, the pressures will not vary linearly but as the square of the
velocity actually attained. Thus, where the theoretical velocity may have
)
been determined to be 10,000 fps but only 5,000 fps was actually
attained, the resulting pressures produced would be not one-half but only
one-quarter of the maximum ideal value potentially available.
There are many reasons why the ideal theoretical values for v e
and the pressures developed for a specific chemical and density combination
may not be obtained under actual field blasting conditions. In the first place,
theoretical determinations are based on the assumption that adequate initiating
energy has been supplied. Thus, a low strength primer manifests itself by
causing a longer induction time lag and frequently by the
development of lower-than-ideal reaction velocity. In addition, the
explosive must be given infinite confinement, with no possibility for the
release of explosion products and heat loss. Another assumption made is that
the explosive's mass is unlimited, and there is no lateral restraint to the
passage of the detonation wave. It should be recognized, however, that those
conditions as required would be difficult to attain under
many circumstances encountered in field blasting.
T h e d e s i g n o f a n e x p l o s i v e t h a t w i l l h a v e c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c q u a l ities
necessarily requires a more thorough understanding of explosive
compounds and their respective reactions than could be discussed here.
However, the basic principles and procedures are not difficult to
understand. Users of explosives should be familiar with those
principles because the composition of a mixture, along with the
environm e nt al c o n d it i o n s u n d e r w h ic h it is e mp l o y e d, i s d i rec tl y c o n t ro l le d
b y it e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l , s e n s i t i v i t y , a b i l i t y t o b e a f f e c t e d b y m o i s t u re a n d
tem pe rat u re , an d o the r si g ni fi ca nt p ro pert ies.
E s t i m a t i n g th e h e at s of ex p l o s i o n w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d in a la t e r section.
Mixture Proportioning
hand, ammonium nitrate (N2H403) has one excess oxygen atom for each
mole. Thus, if one mole each of nitrostarch, Al, and CH2 were used, one
can deduce the following oxygen balance equation:
+ Al + CH + XN
C6N3H7011 2 2H403
- 41 - 11 -- 3 + X= 0
where X = 9
Thus, for one mole each of the reducers 9 moles of AN must be used
to provide an oxygen balance, or
+ Al + CH + 9N2H403
C6N3H7011 2
The respective weights of each ingredient in a ton batch then would be:
4.
lb.
Nitros tarch: 297
1058 x 2000 = 562 28.1
+ Al + CH + 9N
C6N3H7011 2 2H403
1/2A1203 + 7CO2 + 22-1/2 H2O + 10-"1/2N2.
Secondly, from Table 2 the respective heats of formation for the in-
gredients and explosion products are grouped according to the ex-
pression Q e = Q - Q r.
Thus, Q 1/2A1 + 7C0 + 22-1/2H + 10-1/2N
= 0
p 203 2 2 2'
and Q = 1/2(-399) + 7 (-94.1) + 22-1/2(-57.8) + 0,
To convert Q to o t h e r u n it s , t h e re s pe ct iv e fac t o rs li st e d i n
Table 2 can Be employed. For example,
4KC10
Ch l o r a t e 695 752 (Decompose) + 6 + 4KC1 12
3 02
4NaNO
SN 585 712 (Decompose) 4N0 + + 2Na 10
3 0
3 02 2
4 AN 340 460 8 0 + 3 + 2NO 4
N2H403 H2 N2 2
NOTE: * - These c ompounds a re use d in the wa te r-we t condition. PETN can be initiate d
b y a s in g l e # 6 b l a s t i n g c a p w i t h u p t o 3 5 p e r c e n t w a t e r c o n t e n t . Nitro-
cellulose and nitrostarch are very sensitive to initiation when dry.
4 e. Fa40
-4- C
1)0,tvaLy-. tn,
8.
TABLE 2
HEATS OF FORMATION FOR SELECTED
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
(Rf: Handbook
of Chemistry and Physics, 48th Ed., 1967-68)
Compound Qp or Qr
Formula Form Mol. Wgt. Kcal/mole
A10 g 43.0 + 10.7
A 0 70.0 - 31.7
l2 g
Corundum A
l203 s 102.0 -399.1
CaC1 s 111.1 -190.0
2
Calcite CaCO 3 s 100.00 -288.5
Lime Ca0 s 56.1 -151.9
Ca0 s 72.1 -158.3
2
Paraffin C s 14.0 - 7.0
H2
Formaldehyde C 0 g 30.0 - 27.7
H2
Formic acid C
H202 g 46.0 - 86.7
Methyl alcohol C OH 1 32.0 - 57.0
H3
Nitromethane C
H302
N 1 61.0 - 21.3
Methane C g 16.0 - 17.9
H4
Urea C O s 60.0 - 79.9
H4 N2
Acetylene C2H2 g 26.0 + 54.2
Oxalic acid C2H204 s 90.0 -197.6
Ethylene C2H4 g 28.0 + 12.5
Acetic acid C 0 1 60.0 -116.4
H4
Ethylene glycol C2H406N2 1 152.0 - 56.0
dinitrate
Ethyl alcohol OH 1 46.0 - 66.4
C2H5
Ethane C2H6 g 30.0 - 20.2
RDX C3H606N6 s 222.1 + 18.3
Propane C3H8 g 44.1 - 24.8
Glycerine C3H803 1 92.1 +159.7
TABLE 2 (cont.) 9.
Qp or Qr
Compound Formula Form Mol. Wet. Kca l/mol e
Cellulose s 162.2 -1 7 0 .5
C6H1005
Starch s 162.2 -2 0 5 .2
C6H1005
Dextrose & Glucose s 180.2 +303.6
C6H1206
Hexane
C6H14 g 86.2 - 40.0
M a nn ito l s 182.2 +317.3
C6H14
Trinitrotoluene s 227.1 - 13.0
C7H506N3
Tetryl s 287.2 + 9.3
C7H508N5
Dinitrotoluene s 182.1 - 6.9
C7H604N2
Toluene 1 92.2 + 12.0
C7H8
Heptane
C7H16 g 100.2 - 44.9
Octane
C8H18 g 114.3 - 49.8
Nonane
C9H20 g 128.3 - 54.7
Nicotine 1 162.2 5.2
C10H14N2
Camphor s 152.3 + 79.8
0
C10H16
C a st or Oil 1 302.2 -
C11H10010
Suc rose C s 342.4 +535.1
2H22011
CIO
g 51.5 + 33.0
010
3 g 83.5 + 37.7
CO
g 28.0 - 26.4
C
O2 44.0 - 94.1
g
LO.
TABLE 2 (cont.)
Qp or Qr
Compound Formula Form Mol.Wgt. Kc al/mole
e r o x i de 1 34.0 - 47.1
H202
H g 58.0 + 70.3
N3
ylvite
KC1 s 75.6 -1 0 4 . 2
otassium chlorate
KC10 s 122.5• - 93.5
3
otassium perchlorate KC10
s 138.6 - 10 3. 6
4
alt peter KNO
s 101.1 -117.8
3
austic potash
KOH s 56.1 -111.8
0 s 94.2 - 86.4
K2
. r c a n it e
S s 135.2 -342.7
K2 O4
ariclase
Mg0 s 40.3 -143.8
alite
NaC1 s 58.5 - 98.2
a di u m c hl ora t e
NaC10 s 106.5 - 85.7
3
Ddium perchlorate
NaC10 s 122.5 - 92.2
4
Na2CO3
S 106.0 -2 7 0 .3
ad a Nite r NaNO
s 85.0 -1 0 1 .5
3
austic soda NaOH
s 40.0 -1 0 2 .0
N 0
a2 s 62.0 - 99.4
+
N
i on 14.0 + 85.1
11.
TABLE 2 (cont.)
Qp or Or
Compound Formula Form Mol.Wgt. Kcal/mole
NO 30.0 + 21.6
g
N g 46.0 + 8.1
O2
0 g 44.0 + 19.5
N2
S g 80.1 - 95.1
O3
ATOMIC WEIGHTS
Al = 27 .0 0, C = 1 2. 0 1 , Ca = 4 0. 0 8 , Cl = 35. 4 6 , H = 1.01,
Hg = 200.6 1, K = 39. 09 , Mg = 2 4. 3 1 , N = 14.00, Na = 23.00,
CONVERSION FACTORS
A. COMPOUNDS
Qe, Qe,
Formula Products c al/gm ft-lb/lb
:EGDN) C 0, C
2N2H406 H2 N2' O2 -1,620 -2,285,770
CaCO CaO,CO2
4424 + 596,275
3
(PETN) C5N4H8012
0, C ,C0 -1,402 -1,967,570
H2 N2' O2
(RDX) C
-1 , 2 2 0 -1,711,240
0, CO
3N6H606 H2 N2'
(NC&NS) C 0, C CO - 1, 4 0 2 -1,966,870
6N3H7011 H2 N2' O2'
(Tetryl) C7N5H508 H20,N2,CO,C - 1, 0 0 9 -1,415,210
(DNT) C7N2H604
H20,N2,CO,C - 1 ,0 5 4 -1,478,480
(Cellulose) C6H1005
0,C -777 -1,089,710
H2
(Starch) C-H
0,C -517 -725,770
b 10-05 H2
(Lead ide) PbN2 ,Pb -370 -519,110
N2
(FO) CH2
H2 ,C -500 -701,500
KC10
KC1,0 -87 -122,480
3 2
B.MIXTURES
2 +
(27/73) C -2 , 1 3 9 -3,000,600
02 O2
13
B. MIXTURES
e
Formula Products cal./gm ft-lb/lb
Cellulose + 12AN
(15/85) H2O, N C -911 -1,277,570
2, 02
2CH
+ 9AN + 2A1 (3/90/7) H20,N2,CO2,A1203 - 1, 1 6 0 -1,626,920
2
.CH
+ 9AN + 4A1 (2/85/13) 11 20,N2,CO2,A1203 - 1, 3 9 8 -1,961,113
2
2CH
+ AN + 2SN (10/29/61) 0 C N 0 -693 -9 71, 58 0
2 H2 N2' O2' a2
(2RATOL)53AN +
10TNT (65/35) 0 N CO C -500 -70 1, 500
H2 ' 2"
(.NAAATOL) 21AN + 2TNT (79/21) H20,N2,CO2
- 1, 3 1 0 -1,840,000
(TRITONAL) 10TNT + 21A1 (80/20) H20,N2,A1203,CO,C
-3,938 -5,525,300
(PENTOLITE) 14TNT + lOPETN (50/50) H ,CO,C
0, -998 -1,400,330
2 N2
(CONP.B) 7OTNT + 100RDX +
103 Wax + 8 Polyisobutylene
H 0 N CO C -1,157 -1,623,270
2 ' 2"
(COMP.C-4) 100RDX + 28 Wax + 9 Polyisobutylene + 3 Sebacate
H 0 N C0 C -1,293 -1,814,080
2 ' 2"
C + 4NG (1/99) 0 C -1,598 -2,242,130
H2 N2' O2
H20,N2,CO2,Na20 -1 , 12 1 -1,572,623
CH + 20 (20/80)
H20,CO2 -2 , 3 7 5 -3,332,130
4 2
CEZTAIN SEMXTED CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
0 N — \1 0
14 — Kt H— 1,40
cyo'l 2
C1-12 0 NO,
CI — 0 — is404.
NO2—
c Ha.
140
ct.t,og.
16.
STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS FOR CERTAIN SELECTED CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
0420
c,4,0
Picric Acid - C 3.
6H 071
NO2
C C
a NO2.
c"
1\10a. 1-1
Benzene - 0 0 6
C C -1-4
\H
0 1-1
H
t.; . ow
,c,
H o` CH I
C11-4 204
17.
STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS FOR CERTAIN SELECTED CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
C HO C HO H
NO z„
C..
H
C
2.0
----
NO, Lo
Dextrose - C6H 06
12
H H DH 14
I I I I
C -7C — — CHO
I I I I
014 014 1- 1 014
Glucose - H 0
6 1 2- 6
0
I 1-1 ON H I
C 1-17_014 — C— C— C C.— 014
I I I
H OH H OIH H
Mannitol (Manuite) - aH a
6 14 6
H H OH OH
i 1 i-t
C H 2.0 1-4 c_ G C W L0
I I L
01-1 H Fl
STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS FOR CERTAIN SELECTED CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Maltose - C. H
12 22 '11
Y 0 0
C I-Ipt-I
C- C-C 0 1-1 01-1--C- 1 1
h I4 O - H 0 14
Sucrose
- °12H22°11
C1-12.014
I
—
1
c—c 4,0 14
ci 14
0
C t42..01-1° 94 Y I
61114 OH
Water - H20,
H.
PROPERTIES F
FERTIO 1ZER AND KAMM PULS.
rip
•SODIRIM. I i1=111.1••■•••