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Chemistry Fall 2016
Chapter 1Structure & Bonding
Why organic chemistry?
Mid 1700s: Organic vs. Inorganic
1816: Michael Chevreul
Used animal fat -> soap and glycerin -> fatty acid
Both disprove theory that organic
and inorganic are different
1828: Friederich Wöhler
Electron shells
Centered around nucleus with larger size and energy
1.3 Ground State Electron Configurations
3 Rules:
1. Aufbau Principle Lowest energy first
2. Pauli Exclusion Principle 2 e- per orbital with opposite spin
3. Hund’s Rule e- added with parallel spin to orbitals of equal energy until
each is half filled
H: C: S:
1.4 Chemical Bonding Theory
Ch 1
Ionic bonds Atom gains/loses e- to get 8 e-
Covalent bonds e- are shared between atoms
Lewis structures
CH4 NH3 H2O
CH3OH
Kekulé structures
How many covalent bonds? Look at valence shell!
Lonepairs
1.5 Valence Bond Theory
Simplest molecule: H2
Ch 1
Sigma bond
A _________________________ results from headon overlap of two atomic orbitals.
Bond strength
Bond length
1.61.7 sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
CH4 experimental findings:
• 4 C—H bonds of equal strength
• tetrahedral shape
Electron structure of C:
• Assuming covalent bonds result from overlap of
½filled orbitals, how many C—H bonds can be made?
• What would be the bond angle?
Hybridization!
Ch 1
4 new orbitals
Methane: Ethane:
1.8 sp2 Hybrid Orbitals
Pi bond
A _________________________ results from sideways overlap of atomic orbitals.
1.9 sp Hybrid Orbitals
Ch 1
1.10 Hybridization of N, O, S, P
methylamine methanol
row = Expanded
P and S are in the 3rd octet in valence shell
methylphosphate methanethiol
1.11 Molecular Orbital Theory—OMIT for now
1.12 Drawing Chemical Structures
Ch 1
Condensed structures omit bonds between C—C and C—H with the exception of some vertical bonds.
2-methyl butane