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Chemistry I Fall 2016
Chapter 4Cycloalkanes and Their Stereochemistry
4.1 Naming Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes
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2 Steps for naming:
1. Find the parent.
2. Number the substituents.
• Choose lowest numbers possible.
• When 2 or more substituents could be at C1, choose first alphabetically to be at C1.
Practice!
Ch 4
4.2 CisTrans Isomerism
Movement about C—C bonds is limited in cycloalkanes.
___________________________ have atoms connected in the same order but different 3D
orientation.
• “Top” face & “bottom” face
4.3 Ring Strain
Baeyer Strain Theory
Ch 4
• Observation: 5 and 6membered rings abundant but not 3 or 4membered rings
• Assumption:
• Angle strain—when bond angles are forced to deviate from ideal 109° tetrahedral values.
• Conclusion: Further the ring angle is distorted from 109°, the less stable the system.
Heats of combustion data
Most stable:
Types of strain in cycloalkanes:
1. Angle strain
2. Torsional strain
3. Steric hinderance
4.4 Conformations of Cycloalkanes
Cyclopropane
Ch 4
Cyclobutane
Cyclopentane
4.5 Conformations of Cyclohexane
Chair conformation
Boat conformation Twistboat conformation
Ch 4
4.6 Axial and Equatorial Bonds in Cyclohexane
2 Types of positions for substituents:
• Each C has 1 axial and 1 equatorial H
• cis = same face; trans = opposite face
Cyclohexane rings are conformationally mobile.
4.7 Conformations of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
All conformations are not created equal.
Ch 4
Ch 4
4.8 Conformations of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
Look at all steric interactions for both conformations.
cis1,2dimethylcyclohexane:
trans1,2dimethylcyclohexane:
4.9 Conformations of Polycyclic Molecules
Polycyclic = 2 or more rings fused together
Decalin—bicyclo[4.4.0]decane
Ch 4
Norbornane—bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane