Professional Documents
Culture Documents
December 1998
Revised (Errata) October 2001
ii
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Symbols, terminology and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4 Manufacturing and purchasing considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Measuring methods and practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6 Application of the AGMA classification system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7 Tolerance values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Tables
1 Alphabetical table of terms with symbols, by terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Alphabetical table of symbols with terms, by symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Reference for methods and tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Gear types and measurement methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 Minimum number of measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6 Recommended checking load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figures
1 Tolerance diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Example reference surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 Tooth identification terminology from apex end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 Schematic of two probe device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Schematic of single probe device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6 Relationships of single pitch variation, fpt, and total cumulative pitch
variation, Fp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7 Single pitch variation, fpt, and total cumulative pitch variation, Fp: graphical
data from single probe device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8 Single pitch variation, fpt: graphical data from two probe device . . . . . . . . . . 11
9 Single probe runout check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10 Two probe runout check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
11 Measurement grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
12 Explanation of V, H and G movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
13 Runout contact pattern variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
14 Schematic of bevel gear double flank tester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
15 Double flank test data -- 12 tooth gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
16 Mounting distance and variation measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
17 Measurement of tooth thickness by means of a gear tooth caliper . . . . . . . . . 21
18 Measurement of backlash in a pair of gears by means of a dial indicator . . . 21
19 Axial movement per 0.025 mm change in backlash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Annexes
A CMM measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B Examples of contact pattern check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
C Single flank composite (Method SF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
D Tolerance tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
E Gear blank tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
F Tolerance system development and comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
G Example of statistical process control (SPC) application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
H Interpretation of composite data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
iii
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA Standard
2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods.]
The accuracy grades have been significantly changed from the previous AGMA 390.03a.
The “B” designator has been added to differentiate from previous classification systems.
This standard provides tolerances for different gear accuracy grades from B3 to B10 for
unassembled bevel gears. It further describes methods and practices for measuring the
various gear elements for which tolerances are provided. Applicable definitions are
provided.
The purpose is to provide a common basis for specifying accuracy, and for the procurement
of unassembled gears. It is not a design manual for determining the specific accuracy
grades for a given application. It is not intended for use as a reference in procurement of
enclosed drives.
The AGMA Standard 390.03 was published in 1973 as a consolidation and updating of
several withdrawn AGMA publications, including:
AGMA 235.02 (February, 1966), Information Sheet for Master Gears
AGMA 239.01 (October, 1965), Measuring Methods and Practices Manual for Control
of Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gears
AGMA 239.01A (September, 1966), Measuring Methods and Practices Manual for
Control of Bevel and Hypoid Gears, and parts of
AGMA 236.04(05), Inspection of Fine--Pitch Gears
AGMA 390.02 (September, 1964), Gear Classification Manual originally published as
AGMA 390.01 (1961)
The tolerance source identifier “Q” was added to indicate that the tolerances in 390.03
applied. If Q is not used as a prefix in the quality number, tolerances in AGMA 390.01 and
390.02 applied.
This standard is an update of those sections from AGMA 390.03a for bevel gears only.
Additionally, the formulas have also been developed to derive the tolerances in metric
terms. The spur and helical portions of AGMA 390.03 were removed and updated, and are
now in ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88. The other material in AGMA 390.03a on racks and worms is
not covered here, and is left unchanged in AGMA 390.03a.
ANSI/AGMA 2009--A98 was approved by the AGMA membership in October, 1998, and
approved as an American National standard on December 10, 1998.
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 is a correction of ANSI/AGMA 2009--A98. In 2000, an errata
revision of clauses 7.2.3 and 7.2.8 was balloted. This was approved by the AGMA
membership in March 2001, and approved as an American National standard on
November 20, 2001.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
ACTIVE MEMBERS
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
applying the most recent editions of the standards definitions of geometric, measurement and toler-
listed. ance terms related to gearing, see ANSI/ AGMA
1012--F90 and ANSI/AGMA 2005--C96.
ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90, Gear Nomenclature,
Definitions of Terms with Symbols NOTE: Some of the symbols and terminology con-
tained in this document may differ from those used in
ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88, Gear Classification and other documents and AGMA standards. Users of this
Inspection Handbook -- Tolerances and Measuring standard should assure themselves that they are using
Methods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears the symbols, terminology and definitions in the manner
(Including Metric Equivalents) indicated herein.
3.1 Fundamental terms and symbols
The terminology and symbols used in this standard
3 Symbols, terminology and definitions are listed alphabetically by term in table 1, and
alphabetically by symbol in table 2. To convey the
The symbols, terminology and definitions pertaining maximum amount of information, however, the
to the tolerances and inspection of bevel gear teeth names of several terms have been rearranged so the
are listed here for use in this standard. For other principle characteristics will be grouped together.
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Table 1 (concluded)
Where
Symbol Terms first used
fis Tooth--to--tooth variation, single flank Annex H
Fid Total composite variation, double flank 5.6.3
Fis Total composite variation, single flank Annex H
pm True position pitch 5.2.2.1
hkm Working depth, mean 3.2
Characteristic symbols as subscripts:
A Allowable variation
T Tolerance
1 Pinion
2 Gear
Table 2 -- Alphabetical table of symbols with terms, by symbols
Symbol Terms
B Accuracy grade
dm1 Pitch diameter, mean, pinion
dm2 Pitch diameter, mean, gear
dT Diameter, tolerance
Fid Total composite variation, double flank
FidT Double flank composite tolerance, total
Fis Total composite variation, single flank
FisT Single flank composite tolerance, total
Fp Cumulative pitch variation, total
Fpk Cumulative pitch variation within a sector of k pitches
FpT Cumulative pitch variation tolerance, total
Fr Runout variation, total
FrT Runout tolerance
Fs Spacing variation
Fx Index variation
fid Tooth--to--tooth variation, double flank
fidT Double flank composite tolerance, tooth--to--tooth
fis Tooth--to--tooth variation, single flank
fisT Single flank composite tolerance, tooth--to--tooth
fpt Single pitch variation
fptA Single pitch variation, allowable
ham Addendum, mean
hkm Working depth, mean
met Module, outer transverse
mmn Module, mean normal
Re Cone distance, outer
pm True position pitch
Rm Cone distance, mean
z1 Number of teeth, pinion
z2 Number of teeth, gear
α Pressure angle
βm Spiral angle, mean
δ1 Pitch angle, pinion
δ2 Pitch angle, gear
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
NOTE: Specifying an AGMA accuracy grade or mea- NOTE: Documentation may be deemed unnecessary
surement criteria that requires closer tolerances than for products manufactured under process control when
required by the application may increase the cost inspection records are not specified in the purchase
unnecessarily. contract.
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
The manufacturer or the purchaser may wish to tolerance diameter, dT, as specified in 3.2.
measure one or more of the geometric features of a
Normally the tolerances apply to both sides of the
gear to verify its accuracy grade. However, a gear teeth unless only one side is specified as the loaded
which is specified to an AGMA accuracy grade must side. In some cases, the loaded side may be
meet all the individual tolerance requirements appli- specified to a higher accuracy than the nonloaded or
cable to the particular accuracy grade and size as minimum--loaded side; if applicable, this information
noted in tables 4 and 5. Unless otherwise specified, is to be specified on the gear engineering drawing
all measurements are taken and evaluated at the (see 4.4.6).
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
-- materials furnished by the purchaser; NOTE: This standard provides tolerances for unas-
sembled gears only. The inspection of gearing mated in
-- matching gears as sets; an assembly for a specific application is beyond the
-- reference gears for composite measurement; scope of this standard. The matching process for such
gears sold as pairs assumes greater importance than
-- replacement gearing; the individual absolute measurements.
-- modified AGMA accuracy grade; 4.4.4 Reference gears for composite action tests
-- mounting distance and backlash markings on
gear and pinion; When a composite check is specified, a reference
gear becomes necessary. The design, accuracy,
-- record of tooth contact patterns by AGMA accuracy grade validation procedure and
photographs, transfer tapes, etc.
cost of a reference gear must be negotiated between
The listed items and other special considerations are the manufacturer and purchaser. A specific
to be reviewed and agreed upon by the manufacturer reference gear is required for each different produc-
and purchaser. tion gear design.
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
4.4.5 Modified AGMA accuracy grade Spur and helical gears can be inspected for involute
and tooth alignment (lead) as a measure of tooth
Conditions may require that one or more of the
form. Such discrete elemental measurements of
individual elements or composite tolerances be of a
bevel gears are not typical, although sophisticated
lower or higher accuracy grade than the other
CMM technology is available and is in use by some
tolerances. In such cases, it is possible to modify the
manufacturers. This technology requires suitable
accuracy grade to include an accuracy grade for
software and careful procedures; the alternative,
each gear element or composite tolerance.
which is more common, is to inspect the tooth shape
4.4.6 Additional criteria with contact pattern testing. Either method -- CMM
measurement or contact pattern testing -- involves
Gear blank dimensions supplied by the purchaser
some subjective judgement that must be made only
must be mutually agreed upon to permit the gear
with qualified personnel.
manufacturer to hold the tolerances for the specified
accuracy grade. See annex E. Guidelines to measurement options:
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
in some cases only the loaded flanks need to be gear to the theoretical position relative to a datum
measured. Measurement requirements are to be tooth (see figure 5). A single probe, on a precision
agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. slide mechanism, is brought into contact with the first
datum and each successive tooth flank around the
5.2.1 Basic devices for single pitch variation, gear. The readings from this series of measure-
cumulative pitch variation and index variation ments are recorded as the actual value of index
measurement variation from the theoretically correct position
Two common types of devices are commonly relative to the datum tooth.
available for measuring single pitch variation, cumu-
lative pitch variation and index variation:
A high precision indexing device, such as an index The difference between successive measurements
plate, circle divider, optical or electronic encoder or determines the individual values of single pitch
polygon and auto collimator is used to index the test variation, fpt. See figures 6 and 7.
Index mechanism
--Fx
Datum circle
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
A B C D E F G A
Position
Theoretical
Actual
F 0 F minus E +2 4 E to F 0 4 +2 0
G --2 G minus F --2 4 F to G --4 4 --2 --2
A 0 A minus G +2 0 G to A 0 0 +2 0
Total cumulative Max single Max spacing Max spacing Max single Total cumulative
N=7 --14 Sum
pitch variation pitch variation variation variation pitch variation pitch variation
pm = --2 Avg.
Fp = 6 fpt = --6 Fs = 8 Fs = 8 fpt = --6 Fp = 6
Figure 6 -- Relationships of single pitch variation, fpt, and total cumulative pitch variation, Fp
5.2.2.2 Total cumulative pitch variation, Fp (CMM) with suitable software. This often will include
use of a rotary axis with an encoder--controlled
The algebraic difference between minimum and
index.
maximum index readings is total cumulative pitch
variation, Fp. See figures 6 and 7. 5.2.3 Use and interpretation of the two probe
device
--fpt
flank at the tolerance diameter. The second probe,
0 which is either a mechanical or an electronic
+fpt indicator, contacts the adjacent tooth flank at the
tolerance diameter (see figure 4). As the gear is
rotated around its datum axis, the two probe device
--
is moved in and out on a precision slide and stop and
indicates successive pitches.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tooth number 5.2.3.1 Single pitch variation, fpt
Figure 7 -- Single pitch variation, fpt, and total The readings taken by a two probe device are
cumulative pitch variation, Fp: graphical data summed together and divided by the number of
from single probe device teeth. This yields the true position pitch, pm. The
theoretical pitch is then subtracted from each actual
Gears can also be measured in the above described pitch reading to obtain the plus and minus values of
manner with a coordinate measuring machine single pitch variation, fpt. See figures 6 and 8.
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
5.3.2.2 Out--of--roundness
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
NOTE: When checking bevel gears where the opposite b. Minimum requirement is to take 4 readings at
sides of the teeth have been cut by different machine 90°.
setups, the single probe ball check is not valid. The two
probe, 180° test must be used. The tolerance only -- the difference between the high reading
applies to radial runout as defined in 5.3.2. Measure- and the low reading is taken to be the runout;
ments in other axes must be either corrected or agreed -- the average of the four (4) readings is
upon in order to use the tolerances. used to determine the size.
5.3.3.2 Two probe check
Runout of bevel gears, as caused by eccentricity,
can be measured by two probes, one fixed and the
Runout other free to move, positioned on diametrically
(2X eccentricity) opposite sides of the gear to make contact with the
corresponding profiles approximately 180° apart at
mid--face and readings are taken in the plane of
rotation. Runout of other forms cannot be reliably
measured by this method. The difference of range
Fixed 4X
stop eccentricity between the highest and lowest readings of the dial
(2X runout) indicator represents twice the runout when making a
check of one complete revolution. Therefore, the
total indicator reading should be divided by 2 before
applying the tolerance. See figure 10.
Figure 10 -- Two probe runout check
5.4 Tooth flank measurement by CMM
(coordinate measuring machine): (Method CM)
5.3.3.1 Ball probe test
Bevel pinion and gear tooth flank shape may be
The ball probe is used by various manufacturers to
defined mathematically and subsequently mea-
measure runout, size or both.
sured by a suitable CMM with associated special
Ball probe readings that stay within normal variations software. This measurement technique produces
can be used to control the process. It is recom- analytical results analogous to the elemental mea-
mended that a statistical process control (SPC) chart surements for spur and helical gears. The generally
be used to determine normal variation and control accepted procedure for bevel gear CMM measure-
limits. When the process drifts or goes out of control, ment is to mathematically define the theoretical flank
elemental checks must be made to determine which shape in three dimensions, measure a set of
parameter is causing the improper condition. It is individual points with a suitable CMM with
important to remember that the ball probe test is associated special software, output the results in a
influenced by many parameters (see 5.3.3). numerical format with a corresponding topological
Before using the ball probe test in production, the graph, then compare the actual measured and
gage reproducibility and repeatability must be stu- theoretical surfaces. This measurement technique
died to determine if the gage is capable of providing may be applied to soft (non--heat treated) and hard
meaningful information. In the study the teeth must (heat treated) bevel pinions and gears, and is useful
be randomly chosen as would be the case in for manufacturing corrections, heat treat distortion
production. The runout information is based on a evaluations, fitness--for--use decisions, etc.
single reading and the size is based on an average of 5.4.1 Coordinate measurement of bevel pinion
several readings. As a result, the gage will show and gear tooth flank geometry
more capability on size than on runout.
Guidelines for process control: The CMM system includes the hardware, software
and the procedure for interpretation of measured
a. The best method is to sequentially measure data. The CMM must be calibrated by a certified and
all teeth. approved method and must have a suitable environ-
-- the high--to--low can be taken as runout, ment. The software must be compatible with the
but this may not be sinusoidal, or eccentricity; coordinate data provided by the gear engineer. The
-- the average of all readings is used to measurement personnel must be experienced with
determine the size. proper training.
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
5.4.2 Bevel pinion and gear tooth flank form surement time, and the location of the points must
geometry definition measure as large an area as possible without being
too close to the top land, fillet radius or end faces.
Bevel pinion and gear tooth flank form geometry is The following grid point system is used unless user
traceable only to the motions of the specific machine and manufacturer agree on another appropriate
system that produced the tooth shape. system.
The choice of the ideal tooth shape for CMM -- 45 grid points: 5 places root--to--tip, 9 places
measurement reference is between one of two toe--to--heel (known as the conventional “5¢9”
distinct methods: grid, see figure 11);
-- Midpoint of the grid is to be established at the
-- An existing gear or pinion can be measured
tolerance diameter, dT;
and the results stored to provide the tooth
coordinate reference grid; -- Top of the grid is 5% of working depth, not to
exceed 0.6 mm below the topland;
-- The reference tooth shape can be calculated
mathematically. -- Bottom of the grid is 5% of working depth, not
to exceed 0.6 mm above the start of the working
When the specified coordinates are determined by depth;
measuring an existing master reference gear, the -- 10% inside the heel and toe.
normal direction is determined by measuring at least
Special consideration must be given for gears which
three points that are close together on the tooth
have a large chamfer at the top corner of the toe or
surface. The tooth coordinates and direction
heel; it may be preferential to increase the distance
cosines are calculated from these measurements.
from the heel and toe rather than increase the
When the specified coordinates are determined by distance from the top land.
mathematical calculation, they define points on 5.4.2.2 Tooth flank grid point analysis methods
theoretical tooth surfaces. These theoretical sur-
faces might be those produced by the motions from See annex A for tooth flank grid point analysis
an errorless cutting machine with some built--in methods and CMM examples.
modifications. Alternatively, the theoretical tooth 5.5 Tooth form measurement by contact
surfaces might be those for a perfectly conjugate patterns (Method VH)
gear and pinion. By either choice, advanced
Bevel gears are typically measured by rolling the
mathematical techniques are required to define this
bevel pinion and gear together in a roll test machine
shape. Special computer programs are available for
under light load with a marking compound which
the most common bevel gear tooth forms (spiral,
produces a visible contact pattern. This measure-
Zerol, hypoid and straight); for specific details
ment is performed to control:
important to any given application, consult the CMM
manufacturer and software developer. -- tooth flank form (contact pattern);
-- tooth thickness (backlash);
5.4.2.1 Tooth flank grid points
-- accuracy (runout and spacing);
The location of any discrete point on the surface of -- functional characteristics (noise);
the tooth flank may be measured with respect to any
-- surface characteristics (roughness and
appropriate reference datums such as bearing waviness).
surfaces or mounting diameters. The measured
location is then compared to the specified coordinate For additional information, see ANSI/AGMA
and the error is calculated. The errors are calculated 2005--C96 and ANSI/AGMA 2008--B90.
in a direction normal to the surface, so the direction 5.5.1 Roll test machine
cosines of the normals are required with the
The roll test machine is to be capable of supporting
coordinates (3 dimensional) of each point.
the bevel pinion and gear with the following require-
CMM measurement is based on a carefully defined ments:
set of grid points on the tooth flank: the number of -- Support the bevel pinion and gear in relation
grid points must be sufficient to provide an accurate to each other to simulate the actual or theoretical
sample of the tooth without taking excessive mea- position in the application;
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
5% working depth
but not ≤ 0.6 mm
Heel (outer side)
Topland C
B 10%
Face
width
Toe (inner side) 5% working depth
but not ≤ 0.6 mm D
Start of working
10%
depth
Face A
width
Root
Gear apex
5 Topland
C
4
B
3
Lines
The reference point
is at the tolerance
2 diameter, dT.
D
1 Root
A 8 9
6 7
4 5
2 3
1
Toe Columns Heel
Figure 11 -- Measurement grid
-- Permit rolling the bevel pinion and gear a V&H evaluation. See figure 12;
together at a controlled RPM and brake load; NOTE: This is also referred to as an E,P, & G test,
where E is equivalent to V, P is equivalent to H, and G is
-- Be capable of adjusting the relative positions one and the same.
of the gears in relation to gear cone (G), pinion -- Include provisions to measure normal or
cone (H) and offset (V). This is necessary to allow plane of rotation backlash.
Gear Pinion
axial axial
+ (G) (H) +
-- --
+
--
Vertical
movement
(V)
Figure 12 -- Explanation of V, H and G movements
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Accuracy must be maintained to allow meaningful normal central position toward the heel. This is to
results. The test machine must be calibrated on a be done in a manner which maintains a central
regular basis to assure that the setup does, in fact, contact on the profile (top and bottom) while the
duplicate the theoretical mounting positions of the pattern blends to the heel end of the tooth. The
bevel gear pair. teeth must be painted with additional gear mark-
ing compound after each movement and applica-
5.5.2 Taking tooth contact patterns tion. The operator then is to record the V&H
values for this final heel position. Next, the
The use and evaluation of tooth contact patterns is operator is to move the contact pattern to the toe
the most common method for the control of bevel with the method described above and is, again, to
gear tooth flank form. The procedure is as follows: record the V&H values.
2. Profile adjustment of the tooth (profile
1. Mount the bevel pinion and gear in a roll test
crown): Adjust the pinion cone, “H”, in the plus
machine in a manner that accurately simulates
direction until the contact pattern just blends to the
the theoretical position in the application.
tip (top) of the gear tooth. Record the V&H values.
2. Verify that the two mating gears have the Then adjust the pinion cone, “H”, in the minus
proper backlash. direction until the contact pattern just blends to the
tip of the pinion tooth. Again, record the V&H
3. Coat (paint) the flanks of the bevel pinion and
values.
gear teeth with an approved gear marking com-
pound (similar to jeweler’s rouge). Be careful not In cases where the bevel gear member has a left
to apply too much: this would give a false hand spiral angle, the algebraic signs for the vertical
indication of the tooth shape. (See ANSI/AGMA “V” value change.
2000--A88, annex D.)
In cases where the bevel gear mesh falls into the
4. Roll the bevel pinion and gear together with category referred to as “small cutter geometry”, it is
the required brake load for a long enough time to not possible to adjust the pattern to the heel and toe
allow the contact pattern to develop (typically 5 to as described above. Instead, it is recommended that
30 seconds). The compound will be wiped off any a V--only measurement be applied to move the
area of metal--to--metal contact. pattern to the heel and toe. That is, adjust the pattern
5. Visually inspect the contact pattern to evalu- to the heel and toe without concern for the profile
ate the length, width, shape and position. position and record the V--only value when the
Generally there will be a reference pattern for pattern just blends to the ends of the tooth. V&H
comparison. See annex B for typical tooth contact measurements will still be required to control the bias
patterns and examples. characteristics of the tooth, but the pattern will only
move approximately half way to the heel and toe.
This type of measurement on straight, spiral, Zerol
With the combination of the V--only and V&H
and hypoid bevel gears can indicate the bias, measurements, the tooth can be evaluated for
lengthwise curvature and profile width of the tooth lengthwise sensitivity and profile curvature.
contact pattern. The V&H requirements may be
particularly important in gear applications where See annex B for example of V&H measurements.
strength, noise and durability are critical. The tooth 5.5.4 Bias measurements
contact pattern method of measuring bevel gears is
subjective; proper evaluation and judgements of The term “bias” refers to the length--wise “twisting” of
acceptance require an experienced person. the tooth flank form. This characteristic is commonly
specified by the gear engineer to assure that the
NOTE: Accurate records are a fundamental require-
ment for proper evaluation of bevel gear contact pat-
bevel tooth mesh will have proper action under
terns. Proper control begins with good organization. loaded conditions. Bias choices are typically made
from experience and, whenever possible, with data
5.5.3 V&H (E, P & G) measurements from actual loaded testing of the bevel gear set.
1. “Heel” and “Toe” measurement (lengthwise Generally, “bias in” is specified for the contact
crown): The test machine operator is required to pattern to improve the contact ratio and the contact
adjust the vertical “V” and the horizontal “H” in action of the rolling mesh. In most cases, “bias out” is
controlled increments to move the contact pat- avoided because it tends to reduce the contact ratio
tern, along the tooth lengthwise surface, from the and increase noise. See annex B, figure B.2.
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
5.5.5 Record of tooth contact patterns posite variation. Radial runout can also be evaluated
in certain cases.
Frequently the tooth contact pattern must be
recorded on a hard copy to provide a permanent The tooth--to--tooth composite variation and total
record. Such a record may be provided with a tape composite variation can be evaluated by meshing
transfer or a photograph. Tape transfers offer the with a reference gear which has smaller variations
advantage of a one--to--one scale factor that allows than those expected in the gears to be measured.
readings of contact pattern size and length.
To achieve a legible tape transfer pattern record, first
be certain the pinion and gear teeth are free of oil or
other foreign material. Then paint several teeth on
the pinion and gear (general preference is to paint
three or four) and roll them together with the required
brake load for a long enough time to allow the contact
pattern to develop (typically 5 to 30 seconds). Next,
place a piece of transparent mending tape over the
entire tooth that has the contact pattern and apply a
small amount of pressure (not too much; often, a
cotton swab is used to gently wipe the tape across
the tooth surface). Finally, carefully remove the tape,
without smearing the contact pattern impression,
and place on a pattern tape record sheet.
For a photographic record, use an instant camera
with a close--up lens attachment and a special light
Shifting of tooth contact shows presence of runout.
source. Retain the photographs in an organized Sound variation also characterizes the existence of
fashion to allow future reference. runout.
5.5.6 Runout by contact pattern check Figure 13 -- Runout contact pattern variation
Variations in runout of the teeth may be observed by 5.6.1 Equipment requirements for double flank
running the gears in a suitable test machine. The composite testing
runout is characterized by periodic variation in sound
during each revolution, and by tooth bearing (contact Figure 14 shows a schematic diagram of a gear
pattern) shifting progressively around the gear from rolling fixture. This figure, with the following discus-
heel to toe and from toe to heel. This test also sion, is intended to show the basic kinematic and
includes the effects of tooth--element variations. mechanical requirements of the equipment neces-
There are no specified limits for this check. Runout is sary to comply with this standard; it is not intended to
observed by visually checking contact pattern varia- imply that this is acceptable construction.
tion; actual runout amount is preferably determined
by one of the other methods. See figure 13. Gear
Pinion
5.6 Double flank composite (Method DF)
Double flank measurement involves rolling gears
together in tight (zero backlash) mesh. The gears
are mounted together in a test rolling fixture with a
variable mounting distance, which allows movement Dial
Load
of the pinion in a direction at right angles to the pinion Indicator
axis. The variations in mounting distance, which
occur as the gears are rotated together in tight mesh,
are either recorded on a chart or require the reading W
of a dial indicator.
Gear variations evaluated by this method are Figure 14 -- Schematic of bevel gear double
tooth--to--tooth composite variation and total com- flank tester
17
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Some items which are to be considered because and reduces handling of the master reference
they affect the composite action test measurements gear;
are: -- Means for protecting the equipment from
contaminants and accidental damage;
-- Minimum runout and wobble: Provision is
required for the work and reference gears to -- A solid base and controlled environment
rotate with a minimum of runout or wobble. for measurement of gears of high accuracy.
Ground bushings, arbors or ball sleeve interfer- 5.6.2 Reference gears
ence fit tooling may be considered for more
accurate test results. Any clearance between the
Reference gears used for composite measurement
test gear bore or hub and mounting stem or
may be one of two types of known quality:
bushing will be reflected in the measurement
results;
-- A reference gear designed and manufactured
specifically to measure the composite variation of
-- Mounting: Preferred practice is to hold the a work gear;
work gear in the rolling fixture by the same
mounting surfaces as those for the final assembly -- A selected mating gear of known accuracy. It
(these surfaces are expected to be identified on must be certified by complete measurement.
the engineering drawing). Although not essential
to the conduct of the test, the use of these 5.6.3 Method of conducting double flank
surfaces will eliminate sources of error in the composite measurement
measurement;
The following procedure is to be applied when using
-- Maintaining prescribed mesh: A method is the composite variation test:
necessary for adjusting the force which holds the
test gear and reference gear in tight mesh. This a) The gear to be measured and the reference
force needs to be uniform over the entire reading gear are to be mounted on the gear rolling fixture.
scale. Two traditional ways of doing this are: (a) If mounting surfaces are specified, these are to be
by means of a weight, or (b) by means of a coil used. Set the checking load in accordance with
spring or Negator constant force spring; 5.6.5;
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
1 Revolution of work gear
20
15
Figure 15 -- Double flank test data -- 12 tooth gear
--10
--15
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
--20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tooth number
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
moved axially into metal--to--metal contact with the readings at 90° be taken. The average of the
pinion, with a pinion head movement that is parallel readings indicates the part size.
to the gear axis. The amount of movement of the
head from its original position is observed. Then
when testing production gears, the head is to move 6 Application of the AGMA classification
past the correct mounting distance by the same system
amount with allowance for the specified backlash
tolerance. 6.1 Basis of the classification system
See figure 19 for the relationship between axial The AGMA classification system is an alphanumeric
movement and backlash. For further information, code which consists of a prefix letter “B” identifying
see ANSI/AGMA 2008--B90, 7.2. the tolerance source and an accuracy grade identify-
ing the specific tolerances.
5.8.4 Ball probe comparison of tooth size
6.1.1 Accuracy grade (required)
When size is measured with a ball probe, a reference Eight accuracy grades are provided in this standard
gear is used to set up the gage. The ball probe which are numbered B3 through B10.
reading is influenced by many parameters (see Accuracy grade B3 has the smallest tolerances;
5.3.3) so a complete understanding of the measure- accuracy grade B10 has the largest. These accura-
ment system is necessary. cy grades are separated by a uniform geometric
progression (see 7.1.2).
Guidelines for ball probe comparison of tooth size:
6.1.2 Gear accuracy evaluation
-- Use a reference gear to set up the gage;
Gear accuracy is evaluated by comparing measured
-- To use the ball probe measurement in produc- deviations to the numerical values calculated
tion for size, it is recommended that at least 4 according to the equations in 7.2.
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
Axial movement (mm)
0.12
0.10
0.08
Pressure angle, α = 20°
0.06
0.04
0.00
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Pitch angle (degrees)
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
6.1.3 Reference tables and graphs -- If greater than 10 micrometers, round to the
nearest integer;
Reference gear accuracy tables are provided in
annex D as an alternate means of checking the gear -- If 0.5 micrometers or greater but less than or
equal to 10 micrometers, round to the nearest 0.5
accuracy calculation. These tables are not designed
micrometer;
to allow for straight line interpolation between the
tabulated values. Graphs are also provided for -- If less than 0.5 micrometers, round to the
comparison of accuracy grades. nearest 0.1 micrometer.
7.2 Tolerance equations
6.2 Additional characteristics
The allowable pitch variation tolerance and total
In certain applications there may be additional
cumulative pitch variation tolerance equations for
characteristics that require tolerances to assure
diameters greater than 400 mm are identical to the
satisfactory performance. For example, if tooth
corresponding equations in ISO 1328--1, except in
thickness tolerances or surface finish tolerances are
all cases, the actual values for module, diameter and
desirable for special applications, such tolerances
face width shall be used (in all equations) rather than
are to appear on drawings or purchase specifica-
the geometrical mean values which are used to
tions. Methods of measuring some of these
generate the tolerance tables in ISO 1328--1. For
characteristics are discussed in clause 5 and in the
smaller gears the change in tolerance as diameter
annexes.
decreases is less than ISO 1328--1, the resulting
value is slightly higher for a given diameter.
7 Tolerance values The equation for the total double flank composite
tolerance for a gear greater than 144 mm in diameter
is identical to the corresponding equations in ISO
The tolerance values for each item that govern the 1328--2. For smaller gears the change in tolerance
accuracy are calculated by the equations given in as diameter decreases is less than ISO 1328--2, the
7.2. Tolerance tables are provided in annex D. resulting value is slightly higher for a given diameter.
Values outside the limits of the equations are beyond The equation for the tooth--to--tooth double flank
the scope of this standard and are not to be composite tolerance is similar to the corresponding
extrapolated. The specific tolerances for such gears equation in ISO 1328--2. However, the calculated
are to be agreed upon by the buyer and the seller. values have been reduced to account for the filtered
7.1 Use of equations analysis used within this standard.
Unless otherwise stated, the range of the application Allowable single pitch variation, fptA, is to be
is as per 1.1. calculated according to equation 4 or 5.
23
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Double flank composite tolerance, tooth--to--tooth, Single flank composite tolerance, total, FisT, is to be
fidT, is to be calculated according to equation 9. calculated according to equation 13.
B − 5 B − 5
f idT = 1.6 m mn + 0.01 d T + 0.8 2 ...(9)
F isT = 0.33 m mn + 0.033 d T + 22 2 ...(13)
where the range of application is restricted as where the range of application is restricted as
follows: follows, if FisT is specified:
24
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
25
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Annex A
(informative)
CMM measurement
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods.]
Measured data may be calculated into individual Bevel gear CMM measurements are commonly
features. Example features are shown in figure A.2. applied to assist with applications to the manufactur-
ing process. Examples of these are:
An example of feature--based graphical output is
shown in figure A.3. The measured surface, -- Identification of master gears and master
specified surface or both are compared to a conju- pinions for consistent control of the tooth geome-
gate surface, which is indicated by the straight try;
horizontal and vertical lines in the figure A.3 exam- -- Calculation of machine setting corrections to
ple. Both the specified and the actual features may assist with routine adjustments to the machining
be illustrated; comparison is possible between them. process;
27
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
28
5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4
1
+70 +57 +42 --36 --60 --86
70.2
2 --85.9
Figure A.1 -- Example of 3--dimensional graphical output
34.1 --
4 --91.5
+46 +35 --43 --63 --85
5
+34 --33 --51 --70 --91
TOE HEEL
TOPLAND
--80 --62 --44
5 +41
40.6
--74 --55 --38 --
--79.8 4
+36 +47
MD = 121.75
Tolerance: +/-- 30 µ m
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
More positive
Positive
profile
modification
Tip T
Positive
alignment
Profile Alignment modification
crown crown
M More
positive
Convex side
Profile at
Heel Midface Toe
Tooth Tip Tip
Measured
or specified
surface
Conjugate
Root Root surface
Heel Alignment Toe
Scale:
0.1 in = 0.0010 in
Concave side (0.025 mm)
1 mm = 0.010 mm
Profile at (0.0004 in)
Heel Midface Toe
Tooth Tip Tip
Root Root
Heel Alignment Toe
29
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Figure A.4 -- Example of numerical output as list of deviations from specific points
30
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Summary Report
Hard pinion
File Names: (concave or top) CJ1PAL.K1
(convex or bottom) AJ1PAL.K1
Avg --0.336
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Annex B
(informative)
Examples of contact pattern check
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods.]
B.1 Purpose top: The top of a gear tooth is the upper portion of
the tooth surface.
This annex is provided as an example of bevel gear
contact pattern check. flank: The flank of a gear tooth is the lower portion of
the tooth surface.
B.2 Introduction
topland: The topland of a gear tooth is the surface of
Tooth contact pattern check is a method of inspec- the top of the tooth.
tion of either assembled gears or gears mounted on
a gear testing machine. It provides an indication of gear: The gear is the member with the larger
correct tooth shape both up and down the tooth number of teeth.
profile and lengthwise on the tooth. It evaluates that pinion: The pinion is the member with the smaller
portion of the gear tooth surface which actually number of teeth.
makes contact with its mate. With this technique, the
areas that contact can be observed by coating the
Left side
teeth with a marking compound, and running the
Outer end
gears for a few seconds under light load. Flank of tooth
Toe Heel
The tooth profiles of bevel and hypoid gears may be Top
Inner end
Topland
inspected by observing the contact pattern obtained of tooth
Top
by running a gear with a specified mate (reference or Heel
Toe
sample gear) at a specified mounting distance. The Flank
teeth are lightly coated with a marking compound Right side
and are run under a light load for a few seconds.
When the active profiles of the teeth are examined, Figure B.1 -- Nomenclature of bevel and hypoid
the areas where contact was made can be seen. gear teeth
The tooth contact is an indication of correct tooth
shape, both up and down the tooth profile and B.4 Measuring methods
lengthwise on the tooth.
B.4.1 Tooth contact
Bevel gears, when running in their mountings, are Tooth contact pattern with a known or mating gear
subject to deflections. These values vary according may be used as a tooth--pattern control. Although
to the size of the gear, rigidity of the mountings, this method is not subject to numerical evaluation, it
accuracy of the machining of the mountings and can be an extremely sensitive method. However, for
gears, and magnitude and character of the load. As results to be repeatable the following conditions
a result, the contact pattern must be related to the must be clearly defined:
particular application.
-- mounting accuracy or conditions for tooth
B.3 Nomenclature contact pattern check;
Figure B.1 shows the various parts of a bevel or -- load applied during inspection.
hypoid gear tooth. Tooth contact for bevel and hypoid gears can be
evaluated on bevel gear testing machines which
toe: The toe of a bevel gear tooth is the portion of the
should be provided with axial adjustments for both
tooth surface at the inner end.
the gear and pinion, which extends the capacity of
heel: The heel of a bevel gear tooth is the portion of each machine over a wide range of gear size and
the tooth surface at the outer end. ratio, and usually with a vertical offset adjustment for
33
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
raising or lowering the axis of one member vertically necessary for proper operation of the gears in the
with respect to the other for the testing of hypoid actual mountings, and to measure the changes
gears. In addition, the axial adjustment of the pinion which must be applied to the cutting machines for
is used to simulate the same effect on the tooth locating the tooth bearing correctly.
contact as a change in pressure angle; the axial
adjustment of the gear is used to control backlash, The sketches in figure B.2 illustrate tooth bearing
and the vertical offset of the axes to simulate the patterns on the pinion tooth. A left--hand pinion is
same effect on the tooth contact as a change in spiral used throughout. The patterns are representative of
angle. With these adjustments, it is possible to those on a right--hand pinion or a straight bevel
obtain the equivalent position of the tooth contact pinion as well.
(a) Central toe contact (b) Desired contact under full load
(f) Low contact (flanking) (g) High contact (topping) (h) Lame contact
(i) Wide contact (j) Narrow contact (k) Bridged (profile) contact
(l) Long (full length) contact (m) Short contact (n) Bridged (lengthwise) contact
34
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
As a method of checking the contact pattern length from these zero positions. The following rules will
and bias on spiral and hypoid gears, it is convenient determine the correct signs to be used with these
to use the vertical and horizontal check, commonly movements:
known as the V and H check. On straight and Zerol
-- increase pinion mounting distance = (+) plus;
bevel gears, the V and H method is restricted to
either the vertical or horizontal movements. -- decrease pinion mounting distance = (--)
minus;
B.4.2 The V and H check
-- pinion axis lower with reference to the gear
The V and H check is a method for measuring the axis = (+) plus;
amount and direction of the vertical and axial
-- pinion axis raised with reference to the gear
displacements of the pinion, from its standard
axis = (--) minus.
position, to obtain a tooth contact in the middle of the
tooth profile, at the extreme toe, and at the extreme See figure B.3.
heel of the tooth. Interpretation of the data obtained
In the following example, the first three columns
from this check provides an indication of the shape of
entitled “Reading at toe”, “Reading at heel”, and
the actual profiles, and provides a practical way of
“Total movement toe to heel”, constitute the V and H
accurately measuring the amount of relative vertical
check. It is occasionally very desirable to determine
displacement from the specified mounting position
the vertical and horizontal settings necessary to
which the gears can withstand without causing load
place the tooth bearing in the center of the tooth
concentrations at the ends of the teeth. It is also the
profile at the extreme toe and extreme heel. The
method used for accurately determining the quantity
total movement between the toe and heel readings is
and direction of bias. See figures B.2(o) and B.2(p).
obtained by subtracting the heel reading from the toe
The readings for all dials on the testing machine may readings algebraically. To obtain the average
be considered as zero readings when the gears are readings between the toe and heel readings, add the
mounted in their specified mounting positions. All values algebraically and divide by two. See figure
horizontal and vertical movements are measured B.3 and table B.1.
Gear Pinion
axial axial
(G) (H)
+ +
-- Toe Heel
+ --
Toe contact
--
Vertical
Toe Heel
movement
(V)
Heel contact
35
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
2)
(+ 0.25) + − 0.46
Average vertical setting = = − 0.11
2
− 0.36 + (+ 0.51)
Average horizontal setting = = + 0.08
2
When obtaining the average readings, both the magnitude and the direction (sign) are important. The average
reading is used to place the tooth bearing in the center of the tooth, and to observe its appearance, or to
compare it with the average reading for a master set of gears for the same job.
36
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Annex C
(informative)
Single flank composite (Method SF)
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods.]
37
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
z1 z2
Optical gratings
Reading heads
f1 pulses/sec f2 pulses/sec
Multiplier
z1
z1
z 2 f 1 = f 2 pulses∕sec
Figure C.2 -- Schematic of a single flank measuring device
30
20
Amplitude, 0.001 mm
10
--10
--20
--30
--40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tooth number
Figure C.3 -- Individual tooth variations revealed by single flank testing
38
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Tip
Perfect or
conjugate
tooth shape Angular motion curve
Root
Tip
Modified
tooth shape
Root
Tip
Modified
tooth shape
Root
39
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Tip
Tip
1
T
Root
2
Figure C.5 -- Graphical representation of non--uniform motion of gears under light load
Runout occurs in a gear with a bore or locating pitch variations, but has a large accumulated pitch
surface that is eccentric from the pitch circle of the variation to which the single flank tester responds.
teeth. Runout is shown as a variation in depth of a
ball type probe as it engages each successive tooth These accumulated pitch variations have the unde-
slot. Or, it can be a large total composite variation if sirable effects of a gear with traditional runout. It
observed on a double flank tester. would check good by either a ball check or a double
flank composite test. Accumulated pitch variation
A gear can be produced by various means that will can be found and evaluated by a precision index/
have little or no runout as described above, and will single probe spacing checker, or by a single flank
test excellent by the ball check. It could, however, composite test.
have large cumulative pitch variation. This happens
Figures C.6 and C.7 are shown to help illustrate the
when a gear is cut with runout, and then shaved or
advantages of single flank versus double flank
ground on a machine that does not have a rigid drive
composite tests.
coupling the tool to the workpiece.
C.2.2 Data analysis
When the gear is cut with an eccentric pitch circle,
the slots are at different radii and angular positions. Much of the needed information can be read directly
When the gear is shaved, it is run with a tool that from the analog graph as described above. However
maintains a constant, rigid center distance, but is not in many cases, this data becomes complex and
connected to the workpiece by a drive train. There- difficult to read. Fourier analysis (real time analyz-
fore, all slots are now machined to the same radius ers), time history averaging techniques, and com-
from the center of rotation, and are displaced from puter aided data analysis can be employed. It is not
true angular position by varying small amounts. The the intent of this annex to go into the details of these
resulting gear has very small amounts of individual subjects.
40
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Double flank
Single flank
Figure C.6 -- Typical recordings of gears with runout variations (double and single flank testing)
Double flank
Single flank
Figure C.7 -- Typical recordings of gears with accumulated pitch variation with small runout
variations (double and single flank testing)
41
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Annex D
(informative)
Tolerance tables
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods.]
35
30
25
FpTA, micrometers
20
15
10
1 module
5 20 module
50 module
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Tolerance diameter, mm
Figure D.1 -- Allowable single pitch variation, grade 5
43
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
80
70
60
50
FpT, micrometers
40
30
20
1 module
10 20 module
50 module
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Tolerance diameter, mm
Figure D.2 -- Total cumulative pitch variation tolerance, grade 5
44
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
80
70
60
50
FrT, micrometers
40
30
20
1 module
10 20 module
50 module
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Tolerance diameter, mm
Figure D.3 -- Runout tolerance, grade 5
45
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Table D.4 -- Double flank composite tolerance, tooth to tooth, fidT, grade 5
Table values in micrometers
Tooth size Tolerance diameter, mm
DP Module 25 50 75 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
127.0 0.2 1.0 1.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
84.7 0.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
63.5 0.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 -- -- -- -- -- --
50.8 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 -- -- -- -- --
42.3 0.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 -- -- -- -- --
36.3 0.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 -- -- -- --
31.8 0.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 -- -- -- --
28.2 0.9 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 -- -- --
25.4 1.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 -- --
21.2 1.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 --
19.5 1.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Table D.6 -- Single flank composite tolerance, tooth to tooth, fisT, grade 5
Table values in micrometers
10
6
fisT, micrometers
1 module
2
20 module
50 module
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Tolerance diameter, mm
Figure D.4 -- Single flank composite tolerance, tooth to tooth, grade 5
47
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
120
100
80
FisT, micrometers
60
40
1 module
20 20 module
50 module
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Tolerance diameter, mm
Figure D.5 -- Single flank composite tolerance, total, grade 5
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Annex E
(informative)
Gear blank tolerances
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods.]
NOTE: For SPC requirements, see annex G. E.3.1.1 Solid workholding equipment
Bore roundness, Tbc, is to be calculated according to Maximum clearance between the workpiece and the
equation E.1. workholding equipment is 50% of FpT or 0.025 mm,
whichever is the smaller value.
T bc = 0.25 × F pT ...(E.1)
E.3.1.2 Collet type workholding equipment
Bore taper tolerance, Tbt, is to be calculated
according to equation E.2. This type of equipment can allow for larger blank
tolerances (0.1 mm typical). However, this should be
T bt = 0.10 × F pT ...(E.2) used only when the parts have a press fit in
assembly. If a workpiece has a bore or shaft size that
Bore size tolerance, Tbs, is to be calculated accord-
requires this large amount of expansion or contrac-
ing to equation E.3. See E.3.1.2.
tion, it would be loose in an assembly that uses
T bs = 0.25 × F pT ...(E.3) standard fits.
Gear mounting surface runout tolerance, Tmr, is to be E.4 Secondary blank tolerances
calculated according to equation E.4.
These can be applied accurately on either the gear
T mr = 0.25 × F pT ...(E.4) blanks or the finished gears. Items to be checked
include:
Gear mounting surface perpendicularity to bore
tolerance, Tmp, is to be calculated according to -- face cone;
equation E.5. -- back cone.
49
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Figure E.1 shows the recommended method of Table E.1 gives suggested tolerances for face and
dimensioning the gear blanks. back cones.
Outside diameter
to crown points
.XXX B A
(XX.XXX)
Back** Crown to back
(X.XXX)
XX°
.XXX B A
Face*
XX°
XX.XXX
XX.XXX
.XXX A
--A--
X.XXX
Facewidth
XXX
.XXX
.XXX A
(XXXX) M.D. --B--
Figure E.1 -- Recommended method for specifying blank tolerances on bevel gears
50
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Annex F
(informative)
Tolerance system development and comparison
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods.]
F.1 Purpose B − 5
f ptA = 0.003d T + 0.3m mn + 5 2 ...(F.1)
51
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
140
120
100
80
Fpt, micrometers
60
+
40 +
+
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
140
120
100
80
Fpt, micrometers
60
+
+
40
+
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
52
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
140
120
100
80
Fpt, micrometers
60
40
+
+ +
20 +
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
140
120
100
80
Fpt, micrometers
60
40
+
+
+ +
20 +
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
53
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
140
120
100
+
80
Fpt, micrometers
+
+
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
140
120
100
80
Fpt, micrometers
+
60 +
+
+
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
54
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
140
120
100
80
Fpt, micrometers
60
40
+
+
++
20 +
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
160
+
140
120 +
100 +
Fpt, micrometers
80
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
55
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
140
120
100 +
+
80
Fpt, micrometers
+
+
60
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
35
30
25
20
fptA, micrometers
15
10 + +
+
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
56
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
35
30
25
20
fptA, micrometers
15
+
+
10
+ +
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
35
30
25
20
fptA, micrometers
15
10
++ + + +
5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
57
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
35
30
25
20 + +
fptA, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
35
30
25
20
fptA, micrometers
+
+
15 + +
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
58
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
35
30
25
20
fptA, micrometers
15
+
+ + +
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
35
30
+
25 + +
20
fptA, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
59
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
35
30
25
+
+
20 + +
fptA, micrometers
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
35
30
25
20
fptA, micrometers
+
+
15 ++ +
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Diameter, mm
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
Annex G
(informative)
Example of statistical process control (SPC) application
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods.]
61
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Annex H
(informative)
Interpretation of composite data
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods.]
H.1 Purpose The problem with this is that the greatest tooth--to--
tooth variation will be along the part of the runout
This annex is provided as a comparison of the curve that has the greatest slope. This has the effect
traditional and a new proposed method of evaluation of distorting the amplitude of the data relating to that
of composite data. The method can be applied to particular tooth.
single flank as well as double flank composite tests.
The purpose of the new method is to provide For the same quality of tooth form and runout, the
information that is more useful for diagnostic pur- tooth--to--tooth variation will be greater for a gear
poses and quality improvements. with a lower number of teeth than it will for higher
numbers of teeth. See figures H.2a and H.2b for a
H.2 Introduction comparison.
H.2.3 Relationship between tolerances
See 5.6 for more information on the double flank
composite testing method. See annex C for more Because of this relationship between runout and the
information on the single flank composite testing tooth--to--tooth variation, the current tolerances have
method. unrealistic values in some cases. In previously
existing standards, the tooth--to--tooth tolerance is
H.2.1 Chart information about 1/2 to 1/3 of the total composite tolerance. This
has come about in order to accommodate the
Double flank composite data charts are made up
distortion of tooth--to--tooth data, by runout, and
primarily of information related to radial runout and
especially for the low numbers of teeth. There should
variations in tooth form.
be a greater difference between total and tooth--to--
Single flank composite data charts are made up tooth (VqT = 0.1 to 0.2 times VcqT). This would be
primarily of information related to tangential index feasible if the tooth--to--tooth variations were sepa-
variation (accumulated pitch variation) and varia- rated from the runout or accumulated pitch varia-
tions in tooth form. tions.
H.3 New method
H2.2 Traditional interpretation
The separation of tooth--to--tooth from total variation
Double flank composite measurements are can be done by different techniques. The best
toleranced for total composite variation, Vcq, and method would be some form of electronic “filtering”.
tooth--to--tooth composite variation, Vq. They were This can be done by either analog circuits or digitally
interpreted from the charts as shown in figure H.1. in a computer. This would result in charts as shown
The total composite variation was read as the in figure H.3 a, b and c. If these methods are not
difference between the highest to lowest point on the available in the measuring system, a very good
chart. The tooth--to--tooth variation was read as the approximation can be done manually.
greatest change in any 360 degree/z part of the Manual interpretation can be done by drawing in the
chart. upper and lower envelope of the measured data. The
This may be acceptable for evaluation of the final upper envelope is the long term component and the
gear quality relative to the application for some vertical distance between the upper and lower
purposes. However, it doesn’t tell the true picture as envelope is the short term component. This is shown
far as diagnostic purposes. For example, it doesn’t in figure H.4.
help in the case of determining noise potential. Also, Either method sorts out the long term component of
if one is trying to evaluate the manufacturing the data from the short term component. For double
process, it gives a distorted picture of the tooth form flank composite tests, the long term component
that the machine and tool is producing. represents radial runout, Fr, and the short term
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
component represents the tooth form variations, fid. H.5. This can be caused by oval shapes, triangular
For single flank composite tests, the long term shapes, etc. This is common in ring gears where
component represents the accumulated pitch varia- heat treat distortions occur at the location of each
tion, Fp, and the short term component represents bolt hole in the blank. Even the short term
the tooth form variation, fis. component can have distortions from variations in
the tooth shape.
H.4 Additional diagnostics
These higher order variations can be analyzed by
Most situations with long term component variations the use of Fourier analysis techniques, such as a
will be in the sinusoidal form as shown in figures H.3 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyzer or by digital
and H.4. This is caused by eccentricity. There are filtering techniques. They also can be analyzed, to
cases, however, where long term variations will some extent, by manual techniques using the upper
show up at higher orders, such as shown in figure and lower envelope curves as drawn in figure H.5.
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0 Vq
1.0
Amplitude
0.0 Vcq
--1.0
--2.0
--3.0
--4.0
--5.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tooth number
Figure H.1 -- Strip chart of double flank composite test
63
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
Vq
1.0
Amplitude
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--5.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tooth number
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
Vq
Amplitude
1.0
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--5.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Tooth number
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
5.0
4.0
1.0
Amplitude
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--4.0
--5.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Tooth number
5.0
4.0
3.0
Long term component
2.0
(Fr -- Double flank)
(Fp Single flank)
Amplitude
1.0
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--4.0
--5.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Tooth number
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ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
5.0
3.0
2.0
Amplitude
1.0
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--5.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Tooth number
5.0
4.0
Total composite variation
3.0
(Fid -- Double flank)
(Fis -- Single flank)
2.0
Short term component
1.0 (fid -- Double flank)
(fis -- Single flank)
Amplitude
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--4.0
--5.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tooth number
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01
40
30
20
10
Amplitude
--10
--20
--40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tooth number
Figure H.5 -- Complex variations
67
ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Bibliography
The following documents are either referenced in the text of ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01, Bevel Gear Classification,
Tolerances, and Measuring Methods or indicated for additional information.
1. AGMA 390.03a, AGMA Gear Handbook Volume 1 Gear Classifications, Materials and Measuring
Methods for Unassembled Gears
2. ANSI/AGMA 2008--B90, Assembling Bevel Gears
3. ANSI/AGMA 2005--B88, Design Manual for Bevel Gears
4. ANSI/AGMA 2010--A94, Measuring Instrument Calibration -- Part I, Involute Measurement
5. ANSI/ASQC Z1.4--1993, Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes
6. ISO 1328--1:1995, Cylindrical gears -- ISO system of accuracy -- Part 1: Definitions and allowable
values of deviations for corresponding flanks of gear teeth
7. ISO 1328--2:1997, Cylindrical gears -- ISO system of accuracy -- Part 2: Definitions and allowable
values of deviations relevant to radial composite deviations and runout information
68
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