904 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 32, NO.
4, JULYlAUGUST 1996
Instantaneous
Signature Analysis of hductio
Stanislaw F. Legowski, Senior Member, IEEE, A. H. M. Sadrul Ula, Senior Member, IEEE,
and Andrzej M. Trzynadlowsh, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstruct- Preventive maintenance of electric drive systems
with induction motors involves monitoring of their operation
for detection of abnormal electrical and mechanical conditions
that indicate, or may lead to, a failure of the system. Intensive
research effort has been for sometime focused on the motor
current signature analysis (MCSA). The MCSA techniques utilize
the results of spectral analysis of the stator current. Reliable
interpretation of the spectra is difficult, since distortions of the
current waveform caused by the abnormalities in the drive system
are usually minute. In this paper, an alternate medium for
the motor signature analysis, namely the instantaneous power,
is proposed. By theoretical analysis, computer simulations, and
laboratory experiments, it is shown that the instantaneous power
carries more information than the current itself. Utilization of
the instantaneous power is thus enhancing the reliability of
diagnostics of induction motor drives.
I. INTRODUCTION
NDUCTION MOTORS dominate the field of electro-
mechanical energy conversion. Reliability of drive systems
with these motors has a serious economical impact on
operation of industrial plants. Often, even a short interruption
of a manufacturing process due to a drive failure causes a
serious financial setback for the manufacturer. Certain drive
systems, such as those of coolant pumps in nuclear reactors,
are crucial for safety of the plant. Consequently, the issue of
preventive maintenance and diagnostics of induction motor
drives has become increasingly important in today's electrical
engineering technology.
Monitoring the operation of a drive system allows detection
of abnormal electrical and mechanical conditions [ 1]-[4].
Large electromachine systems are often equipped with me-
chanical sensors, primarily vibration sensors based on prox-
imity probes [5], [6]. Those, however, are delicate and ex-
pensive. Therefore, intensive research efforts have recently
been focused on the so-called motor current signature analysis
(MCSA) [7]-[lo]. The MCSA techniques utilize results of
spectral analysis of the stator current (precisely, the supply
current) of an induction motor to spot an existing or incipient
failure of the motor or the driven system. Of particular
interest are broken bars in the rotor cage, rotor imbalance and
Paper IPCSD 96-1 1, approved by the Electric Machines Committee of the
IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the 1995 IEEE Industry
Applications Society Annual Meeting, Lake Buena Vista, FL, October 8-12.
Manuscript released for publication February 5, 1996.
S. F. Legowski and S. Ula are with the Department of Electrical Engineer-
ing, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
A. M. Trzynadlowski is with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0153 USA.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0093-9994(96)04162-X.
0093-9994/96$05.00 0 1996 IEEE
eccentricity, worn or damaged bearings, and resonant torsional
vibration [ 111-[ 161. Commercial vendors offer specialized
software for interpretation of the current spectra [9]. Such
interpretation is not an easy task and the practical results
are often unreliable because of the typically small extent
of distortions of the current waveform and noisiness of the
spectrum. Use of expert systems and neural networks for the
diagnostics of induction motor drives has been experimented
with and reported in several publications, e.g., [lo], [17], [18].
In this paper, in place of the stator current, the instantaneous
power is proposed as a medium for the motor signature
analysis oriented toward detection of mechanical abnormalities
in a drive system. It is shown that the amount of information
carried by the instantaneous power, which is a product the
supply voltage and current, is higher than that deducible from
the current alone.
11. INSTANTANEOUS POWER AND ITS MODULATION
No abnormalities in stator windings are assumed in further
considerations. Indeed, in practice, different techniques than
the spectral analysis are employed for detection of such
faults [lo], [19]. Also, an ideal three-phase supply voltage
is assumed. The instantaneous power, p ( t ) , is defined here as
p(t) = V L L ( ~ ) ~ L ( ~ ) (1)
where V L L ( ~ is ) the voltage between any two of the three
stator terminals and i ~ ( tis)the current entering one of these
terminals. Taking as a reference a perfectly healthy drive
system running with a constant speed, waveforms of the
voltage, l i ( t~) ,current,
~ i ~ , ~ ( and
t ) , instantaneous power,
p o ( t ) , are given by
liLL(t) = AV,, cos(wt) (2)
(3)
where VLL and I L denote rms values of the supply line-to-
line voltage and line current, respectively, w is the supply
radian frequency, and p is the load angle of the motor.
The power spectrum of the current has only the fundamental
component at frequency f = w / ( 2 7 r ) , while the spectrum of
instantaneous power has a dc component (average power) and
the fundamental component at f = 2w/(27r).
 ~

LEGOWSKI et al.: INSTANTANEOUS POWER AS A MEDIUM FOR THE SIGNATURE ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION MOTORS 905

If a mechanical abnormality develops in a drive system, SPECTRUM OF CURRENT

harmonic torques are generated in the motor, accompanied by

slip and speed oscillation, and modulation of the stator current.
Frequency components characteristic for the type of abnormal-
ity appear in the power spectrum of stator current. Location
of these components allows identifying the abnormality.
For simplicity, it is assumed that a fault in the motor causes
sinusoidal modulation of amplitude of the stator current, while
the phase modulation of the current is negligible. The latter
assumption is justified by the fact that practical motors are so
designed that within a wide range of the load torque, the load
angle does not change significantly, staying at a low level to
maintain a high power factor. The modulated current, i ~ ( t ) ,
can be expressed as

=iL,O(t) + -{cos
MIL
Jz
"
"1
[(w- w1)t - p - -
6 Fig. 1. Power spectrum of stator current of the simulated motor with constant
cp - -I}
load.
(w - w1)t - (5)
6
SPECTRUM OF POWER
where M is the modulation index and w1 is the modulating 0
4
radian frequency. Clearly, in the power spectrum of current,
two sideband components will appear about the fundamental,
+
at frequencies f = (w w1)/(27r) and f = (w - w1)/(27r).
The expression for the modulated instantaneous power,
obtained by multiplying (2) and (3,is

(2w - w1)t - p - -"1

6
+ 2cos (p + E) c o s ( w l t ) } .
It can be seen that besides the fundamental and two sideband
) f = (2w-w1)/(2"),
components at f = ( 2 w + w l ) / ( 2 ~and 0

the power spectrum of instantaneous power contains an ad-

ditional component directly at the modulation frequency f =
f l = (w1)/(27r).The latter component, subsequently called a
characteristic component, provides an extra piece of diagnostic
information about the health of the motor.
111. COMPUTERSIMULATIONS
Advantages of the power signature analysis have been
confirmed by computer simulations of an example lo-hp, 230-
V, 60-Hz, six-pole, wye-connected induction motor. Initially,
the motor drives a load with a constant torque equal half the
rated torque, and a mass moment of inertia equal to that of
the rotor of the motor. Power spectra of the stator current and
instantaneous power are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.
These and the subsequent spectra, obtained using fast Fourier
transform with 213 samples taken over one second of operation
of the drive system, have been drawn in the logarithmic
magnitude scale and normalized format, i.e., the magnitude
of the fundamental had been assigned the value of 0 dB.
Obviously, only the fundamental 60-Hz component appears in
the spectrum of current, while the spectrum of power contains
only the 120-Hz fundamental component and a dc component.
Fig. 2. Power spectrum of instantaneous power of the simulated motor with
constant load.
When the load torque is changed to that shown in Fig. 3,
the previously constant speed and slip of the motor begin
oscillating due to the pulsating 25-Hz component of that
torque. This situation may represent, in a simplified manner,
torsional vibration of the shaft of the motor. As illustrated
in Fig. 4, the speed oscillation is barely perceptible, as its
peak-to-peak amplitude is 0.6 r/min only, i.e., about 0.05% of
the average speed. The associated slip oscillation is, however,
relatively stronger since the value of 0.6 r/min represents as
much as 1.7% of the average slip speed of 36 r/min. As a
result, the spectra of current and power significantly differ
from those in Figs. 1 and 2.
In the power spectrum of stator current, shown in Fig. 5,
prominent sideband components appear at 35 Hz and 85 Hz,
i.e., at 60 Hz (fundamental frequency) plus and minus 25 Hz
(frequency of speed oscillation). A frequency component at
110 Hz, i.e., 60 Hz +2 x 25 Hz, generated by the second
harmonic of the pulsating torque, is also visible. The 35-Hz
906 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 32, NO. 4, JULYIAUGUST 1996

SPECTRUM OF CURRENT
0

- -
m :
w :
U -
0. ...................... ................................................................ ..
w :
n -
3 :
i-:
zx: ............................................ I ..................... J .....................
c3 1:

e: 4 1

+
2 -

c3 *: ......................;......................
nD. ........L. ..................................
Q :
'U':
3 A - 35 Hr I

11:

c, ..................................................
0

Fig. 5. Power spectrum of stator current of the simulated motor with variable
load torque.

SPECTRUM OF POWER
c.,

- -
m -
u :
vo-
- .......................................................................................
w -
n :
3 :
e
z%
: ...................... J ...........................................1....................
c3 1 :
Q :
2 :

0
I " " ' I ' I , I " ' " " ' I
bb""""""
0.1" " " " " ' 0.2 0.3 04 0.5
TIME ( s e c )

Fig. 4. Speed oscillation due to the variable torque of Fig. 3 .

Fig. 6. Power spectrum of instantaneous power of the simulated motor with
variable load torque.
component, at -52 dB, has the highest magnitude after that of
the fundamental. In contrast, in the spectrum of instantaneous
RESISTOR
power, shown in Fig. 6, the highest magnitude nonfundamental D C GENERATOR
CURRENT INDUCTION SHAFT
frequency component (not counting the dc component) appears
directly at the 25-Hz frequency of speed oscillation. Moreover,
SENSOR
-
PIOTOR POSITION
SENSOR

its magnitude, at -47 dB, is higher by 5 dB than that of

the strongest nonfundamental spectral component of the stator
current. This can be attributed to the synergistic effect of
phase modulation of the current, disregarded in the theoretical I I #I~VOLTAGETRANSDUCER 1 ' ,
1
I
analysis in the previous section of the paper. PROGRANMABLE
FREOUENCY
MULTIPLIER
DIVIDER
IV. EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS AWL1 FIER
INSTANTANEOUS
STATOR POWER
To verify the generality of the presented considerations, the
computer simulations described were followed by laboratory STATUR CURRENT
experiments with an induction motor that was purposefully
different from the simulated one. The investigated drive system Fig. 7. Experimental setup.
is shown in Fig. 7. A 7.5-hp, 220-V, 60-Hz, four-pole, wye-
connected motor drives a 5-hp dc compound generator. Two switched on and off by a power electronic switch based on an
resistor banks serve as a load for the generator. The first bank insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). In this way, periodic
is used as a fixed load, while the second one can be periodically torque oscillation of any frequency and duty cycle can be
 ~

LEGOWSKI et al.: INSTANTANEOUSPOWER AS A MEDIUM FOR THE SIGNATURE ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION MOTORS 907

Fig. 8. Oscillogram of the stator current and instantaneous power of the Fig. 9. Power spectrum of stator current of the motor with constant load.
motor with constant load.

produced. An optical sensor of the motor shaft’s position

and a programmable frequency divider are employed to make
the torque oscillate either synchronously with the position of
the shaft, or asynchronously. In practice, synchronous torque
oscillation is typical for such mechanical abnormalities as rotor
imbalance and eccentricity and, in an extreme case, a rub
between the rotor and stator. Asynchronous torque oscillation,
on the other hand, may result from abnormalities in a load
that is geared to the motor, or from torsional vibration of the
motor shaft.
To obtain an analog signal representing the instantaneous
power, laboratory current and voltage probes were initially
used, specifically the A6303 current probe with the AM503
amplifier and P.5200 differential voltage probe, all from Tek-
tronix. Later, a dedicated system was built using the current
sensor IHA-100 from F.W. Bell and differential voltage probe
ADFlS from Test Probes Inc. The Burr-Brown’s MPYlOO Fig. 10. Power spectrum of instantaneous power of the motor with constant
analog multiplier performed the multiplication according to load.
( I ) , Circuits interfacing the sensors with the multiplier were
based on instrumentation amplifiers. The HP3S82A spectrum impact of the 60-Hz electric field of neighboring power
analyzer was employed for determination of the power spectra lines on the insufficiently screened measuring equipment.
The first experiment involved the drive system driving a Frequency components at multiples of the supply frequency
constant load, realized by the first resistor bank. As shown in can, generally, be disregarded, since the rotational frequency
the oscillogram in Fig. 8, the waveform of the stator current of an induction motor is asynchronous with respect to the
is slightly distorted, mainly due to the nonideal supply voltage supply frequency. Therefore, mechanical abnormalities affect
and minor motor imperfections. The power waveform, also the analyzed spectra at frequencies unrelated to the supply
shown in Fig. 8, displays even stronger distortions because frequency.
of the cumulative effect of multiplication of the voltage and In the second experiment, the load torque was varied
current. Power spectra of the current and power are shown periodically by adding the second resistor bank and switching
in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively. The distortions introduced it on and off with a frequency of 10 Hz and a duty cycle of 0.5.
by the supply voltage manifest themselves in the spectrum Although the investigated motor and its operating conditions
of current as a small second harmonic, at 120 Hz, and were different from those employed in the simulations, the
a prominent third harmonic, at 180 Hz. Interaction of the power spectra of stator current and instantaneous power shown
first three harmonics of the voltage and current produce in Figs. 11 and 12 bear distinct resemblance to those in
frequency components at 0 Hz (average power), 60 Hz, Figs. 6 and 7. As expected, the sideband components appear in
120 Hz (fundamental), 180 Hz, 240 Hz, 300 Hz, and 360 both spectra, and in the spectrum of instantaneous power, the
Hz (the latter two not shown). The 60-Hz component is characteristic component, pointed at by the arrow, coincides
additionally strengthened by the “antenna effect,” i.e., the exactly with the 10-Hz frequency of torque oscillation. Note
908 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 32, NO. 4, JULYIAUGUST 1996

when the rotational frequency, or one of its even multiples,

coincides with the first natural frequency of the torsional mode
of the drive train [16]. If this frequency is low, e.g., if the
vibration is excited at the rotational speed of a low-speed
high-inertia motor, the frequency of speed oscillation of the
motor is also low, and the resultant sideband components
are close to the fundamental. Similarly, broken rotor bars
generate sideband components at frequencies differing from
the fundamental by only the double slip frequency [ 101-[13].
Clearly, in both the described cases, it would be difficult
to filter out the fundamental without affecting the sideband
components. In contrast, the characteristic component in the
spectrum of power can easily be separated from the dc
component by compensation of the latter component, similar
to, for instance, a dc offset voltage in an operational amplifier
circuit. Thus, the spectrum of power provides easier filtering
conditions than that of the stator current.
Fig. 11. Power spectrum of stator current of the motor with variable load. Generally, not denying the diagnostic value of the sidebands
components, the characteristic component provides a precious
additional piece of information, which enhances the reliability
of the diagnosis of health of an induction motor drive. As seen
in Figs. 6 and 12, the characteristic component also tends to
be stronger than the sideband components.
Extensive experimental studies are necessary to fully assess
usefulness of the instantaneous power for the preventive-
maintenance diagnostics and failure prevention in drive sys-
tems with induction motors. Nevertheless, it can already be
asserted that use of this variable as a medium for motor
signature analysis deserves serious consideration. It is worth
mentioning that application of the instantaneous input power
for detection of electrical faults in the stator has already been
proposed in [ 191.

APPENDIX
PARAMETERS OF MOTORSUSED IN
Fig. 12. Power spectrum of instantaneous power of the motor with variable THE SIMULATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS
load.

Simulations Experiments
an adjacent small frequency component at the 29.1 Hz (1746 Rated power 10 hp 7.5 hp
r/min) rotational frequency of the motor, generated by the Rated voltage 230 V 220 v
mechanical imperfections in the drive train, such as imbalance Rated current 23.8 A 20.1 A
and eccentricity of the rotating parts and misalignment of the Rated frequency 60 Hz 60 Hz
motor and load shafts. Rated speed 1164 r/min 1735 r/min
Number of poles 6 4
V. CONCLUSIONS Stator connection WYe WYe
It has been demonstrated that the instantaneous electric Stator resistance 0.294 Rlph 0.403 Rlph
power, proposed as a medium for signature analysis of induc- Rotor resistance 0.156 Rlph 0.354 Wph
tion motors, has definite advantages over the traditionally used Stator inductance 42.4 mWph 36.0 mWph
current. The characteristic spectral component of the power Rotor inductance 41.7 mH/ph 36.0 mWph
appears directly at the frequency of disturbance, independently Magnetizing inductance 41.0 mWph 34.8 mWph
of the synchronous speed of the motor. This is important
in automated diagnostic systems, in which the irrelevant
frequency components, i.e, those at multiples of the supply
frequency, are screened out. Consider, for instance, a case of ACKNOWLEDGMENT
torsional vibration in a drive system, always very dangerous on The authors would like to thank S. Tallapaneni, an M.S.
the long run, since it causes material fatigue and, ultimately, degree graduate of the University of Wyoming, for setting up
cracking of the shaft. The torsional vibration usually occurs the experimental system and making measurements.
LEGOWSKT et al.: INSTANTANEOUS POWER AS A MEDIUM FOR THE SIGNATURE ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION MOTORS
REFERENCES
[I] J. T. Renwick, “Condition monitoring of machinery using computerized
vibration signature analysis,” IEEE Trans. fnd. Applicat., vol. IA-20,
pp. 519-527, 1984.
[2] J. Penman, M. N. Dey, A. J. Tait, and W. E. Bryan, “Condition
monitoring of electrical drives,” Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng., vol. 133, pt.
b, no. 3, pp. 142-148, 1986.
[3] P. J. Tavner and J. Penman. Condition Monitorin2- of “ Electrical Ma-
chines. New York: Wiley, 1987.
P. Vas, Parameter Estimation, Condition Monitoring, and Diagnosis of
Electrical Machines. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993.
J. T. Renwick and P. E. Babson, “Vibration analysis-a proven tech-
nique as a preventive maintenance tool,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,
vol. IA-21, pp. 324332, 1985.
A. Muszynska and D. E. Bently, “Fundamentals of rotating machine
diagnostics,” Bently Nevada Corp., 1992.
R. C. Kryter and H. D. Haynes, “Condition monitoring of machinery
using motor current signature analysis,” Sound and Vibration, pp. 14-21,
Sept. 1989.
G. B. Kliman and J. Stein, “Induction motor fault detection via passive
current monitoring,” in Proc. Znt. Con$ Electric Machines, 1990, pp.
13-17.
-, “Methods of motor current signature analysis,” Elec. Mach. and
Power Syst., vol 20, no. 5, 1992, pp. 463474.
R. R. Shoen, B. K. Lin, T. G . Habetler, J. H. Schlag, and S . Farag,
“An unsupervised, on-line system for induction motor fault detection
using stator current monitorinE,”- ZEEE Trans. fnd. Applicat.,
.. vol. 31,
pp. i ~ o - 1 2 8 6 , 1995.
W. Deleroi, “Broken bar in squirrel cage rotor of an induction motor,
Part 1: Description by superimposed fault currents” (in German), Arch.
fur Elektrotechnik, vol. 67, pp. 91-99, 1984.
K. R. Cho, J. H. Lang, and S. D. Umans, “Detection of broken rotor
bars in induction motors using state and parameter estimation,” in Con$
Rec. 1989 IEEE-ZAS Annu. Meeting., pp. 1-6.
F. Filipetti, G. Franceschini, C. Tassoni, and P. Vas, “Broken bar
detection machines: Comparison between current spectrum approach and
parameter estimation approach,” in Con$ Rec. I994 IEEE-fAS Annu.
Meeting, pp. 95-102.
J. R. Cameron, W. T. Thomson, and A. B. Dow, “On-line current
monitoring of induction motors-A method for calculating the level
of airgap eccentricity,” in Proc. Con$ Elec. Mach. and Drives, 1987,
pp. 173-178.
R. R. Schoen, T. G. Habetler, F. Kamran, and R. G . Bartheld, “Motor
bearing damage detection using stator current monitoring,” ZEEE Trans.
Ind. Applicat., vol. 31, pp. 1274-1279, 1995.
R. Belmans, A. Vandenput, and W. Geysen, “Influence of torsional
vibrations on lateral oscillations of induction motor rotors,” IEEE Trans.
Pow. Appar. and Syst., vol. PS-104, no. 7, pp. 1832-1837, 1985.
M. V. Chow, P. M. Magnum, and S. 0. Yee, “A neural network approach
to real-time condition monitoring of induction motors,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 38, pp. 449454, 1991.
F. Filipetti, G. Franceschini, and C. Tassoni, “Development of the
knowledge base of an expert system to diagnose rotor electrical faults
of induction motors,” in Con$ Rec. 1992 IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, pp.
92-99.
R. Maier, “Protection of squirrel-cage induction motor utilizing instan-
taneous power and phase information,” ZEEE Trans. Znd. Applicat., vol.
28, pp. 376-380, 1992.
Stanislaw F. Legowski (SM’84) received the M.S.
and Ph.D. degrees in electronic engineering from
the Technical University of Gdansk, Poland, in 1962
and 1971, respectively.
From 1958 to 1962 he was a Research Assistant at
the Oceanographic Institute of the Polish Academy
of Sciences in Sopot, Poland, where he conducted
research in instrumentation and measurement meth-
ods used in hydrography. From 1962 to 1983, he
was with the Technical University of Gdansk as a
Teaching Assistant, Lecturer, and Assistant Profes-
sor. His main research areas were electrical measurement of nonelectrical
quantities and automated measurement methods for analog integrated circuits.
909
In 1983, he joined the faculty of the University of Wyoming, Laramie, where
he is currently Professor of Electrical Engineering. His research interests entail
analog and digital system design and power electronics.
Dr. Legowski was elected the Best Teacher for the 1979-1980 academic
year in the Electronics Department of the Technical University of Gdansk.
and the Outstanding Faculty Member of the College of Engineering of the:
University of Wyoming for the 1983-1984 academic year. He is a member.
of the IEEE-IAS Industrial Drives Committee.
A. H. M. Sadrul Ula (M’77-SM’86) received B.S.
and M.S. degrees in Bangladesh, and the Ph.D.
degree from the University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K.,
all in electrical engineering.
Between 1977 and 1982, he worked at the Depart-.
ment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sci-
ence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, C a m
bridge, MA, where he was involved in the develop
ment of superconducting generators. He joined the
University of Wyoming, Laramie, in 1982, where he
is Professor of Electrical Engineering and founding
Director of the Wyoming Electric Motor Training and Testing Center. Since
1992, with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Denver Regionall
Support Office, he has been conducting studies on oil-field electric motor
efficiency improvements at the Naval Petroleum Reserves. As a part of this
technology transfer initiative, energy efficiency improvement protocols are
being developed for use by the oil field operators.
Dr. Ula is active in several professional organizations. He was instrumental
in setting up the Centennial Subsection of the IEEE. He was awarded the 1987
Oustanding Branch Counselor Award by the Technical Activities Board ancl
the US. Activities Board of the IEEE. He is the Student Activities Chairman
for IEEE Region 5. He also served as Chairman of the Energy Conversion ancl
Conservation Division of the American Society for Engineering Education.
His fields of interest are power engineering, energy education, and energy
policies and management.
Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski (M’83-SM’86)
received the M.S. degree in electrical engineering
in 1964, the M.S. degree in electronics in 1969,
and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering in
1974, all from the Technical University of Wroclaw,
Wroclaw, Poland.
From 1966 to 1979 he was a faculty member
at the same university. In the following years,
he worked at the University of Salahuddin in
Iraq, the University of Texas-Arlington, and the
University of Wyoming.
. - Since 1987 he has been
with the University of Nevada, Reno. where he is now Professor of Electrical
Engineering and Assistant Director of the Industrial Assessment Center. He
has authored or coauthored over eighty publications in the areas of poweir
electronics and electric drive systems and has been granted eleven patents.
He is the author of The Field Orientation Principle in Control of Induction
Motors (Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1994).
Dr. Trzynadlowski is a member of the Industrial Drives and Industrial
Power Converters Committees of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. He
was the recipient of the 1992 IEEE-IAS Myron Zucker Student-Faculty Grant.