Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 1

POLYTECHNIC OF ATK YOGYAKARTA

CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE 1

LESSON PLAN PAGE 2

PREFACE PAGE 3

SESSION ONE INTRODUCTION PAGE 4

SESSION TWO COMMUNICATING ON THE PHONE PAGE 5

SESSION THREE WRITING SENTENCES PAGE 8

SESSION FOUR READING SYMBOLS PAGE 11

SESSION FIVE CAUSE- EFFECT SENTENCES PAGE 13

SESSION SIX USING WILL AND GOING TO PAGE 15

SESSION SEVEN READING ARTICLES PAGE 17

SESSION EIGHT USING CONDITIONAL IF PAGE 19

SESSION NINE WRITING A PERSONAL PROFILE PAGE 21

SESSION TEN JOB INTERVIEW PAGE 24

SESSION ELEVEN LEARNING CUSTOM OF PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD PAGE 28

SESSION TWELVE READING (TRANSLATION) PAGE 30

SESSION THIRTEEN WRITING SUMMARY PAGE 34

SESSION PERFORMING PRESENTATION
PAGE 36
FOURTEEN
REFERENCES PAGE 39

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 POLYTECHNIC OF ATK YOGYAKARTA

LESSON PLAN

SESSION TOPIC SKILL

1 Introduction Listening, speaking

Listening, speaking, reading,

2 Communicating On The Phone
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
3 Writing Sentences
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
4 Reading Symbols
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
5 Cause- Effect Sentences
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
6 Using Will And Going To
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
7 Reading Articles
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
8 Using Conditional If
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
9 Writing A Personal Profile
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
10 Job Interview
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
11 Learning Custom Of People Around The World
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
12 Reading (Translation)
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
13 Writing Summary
and writing
Listening, speaking, reading,
14 Performing Presentation
and writing

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 Preface

English competence is important to master. By having English competence, one can take many
advantages in this global era because English is regarded as a means of international communication.
Also for students of Diploma three program in rubber and plastic manufacture., English competence
needs to be mastered to support their academic and future career. English competence may help
students access information and survive in an English-speaking environment later. This module is created
for students of Diploma III program in rubber and plastic manufacture. It aims to assist them in
developing their English competence.
The module provides students the four English language skills including listening, speaking,
reading and writing. It comprises of 13 sessions. In each session, there are various activities that the
students can do individually or with other students. These activities aim to explore the students’
creativity in using the language. The students are expected to be skillful at doing the exercises, acting out
the dialogues, constructing sentences or texts and the other activities that facilitate them in using English
in communication both in the forms of oral and written.
Last but not least, the writers are very grateful to all people who have helped and given their
input, support and encouragement. Hopefully, this module will help the students of Diploma III program
in rubber and plastic manufacture learn English and achieve good English competence.

The writer

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 SESSION ONE INTRODUCTION

Introduce yourself Introduce people

• My name is ... • Dan, please meet Jim.
• I'm .... • Dan, have you met Jim?
• Nice to meet you; I'm ... • I'd like you to meet Cindy.
• Pleased to meet you; I'm ... • I'd like to introduce you to Ben.
• Let me introduce myself; I'm ... • Anna, this is Tom. Tom this is Anna.
• I'd like to introduce myself; I'm ...
Useful responses when introducing yourself or Introduce people in dialogue:
other people:
• Nice to meet you. • John: Audience, please meet Mr
• Pleased to meet you. Steve Lynch, my assistant
• Happy to meet you. • Jerry:How do you do?
• How do you do? • Grace:How do you do?

 Practice to make simple introduction with your friend!

 Exercise !
1. Andri : Good afternoon, Sir.
Mr. Rolan : ..........

2. Rani : Hi, Anton

Anton : ......

3. Mr. Iko : How are you, Prilly?

Prilly : ........

4. Merry : How do you do?

Lela : ........

5. Handy : Hi Heni, how are you?

Heni.....................and you?
Handy : I’m OK.

6. Dodi : It’s 9 o’clock. It’s time to go to bed.

Mum : Good night darling.
Dodi....................Mum.

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 COMMUNICATING ON
SESSION TWO
THE PHONE

COMMUNICATING ON THE PHONE

 Working with a partner, make a list of five types of arrangement you would make on the phone.
Example: Dinner plans
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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Listen to and read the following dialogues, and then match the people to the places.

Dave Jane Robert Eric

Tips handling the phone:

Opening Body Closing
• Show positive response • Listen carefully • Repeat the “action” you
• Smile before you say enthusiastically agreed to take
a word • Use the caller’s name • Close the call by saying
• Answer the third ring • Response the caller’s request “thank you” for their calling
• Greet the caller identity • Ask the customer/caller • Say “good-bye” instead of
and yourself. to hold “bye-bye”
• Offer to help • Wait until the caller ends the
• Avoid blind transfer*. call first.
 Listen to the dialogue and answer the questions below. (Listening U1-T05)
1. Is this a business or personal call?

2. Why is Trevor calling Becky?

3. Where is the head office?

4. What time will they meet?

5. What is The Golden Palace?

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 Read the following article. Circle any words that you don’t understand.

STOCK PHRASES ON THE PHONE

When talking on the phone, it is useful to know some stock phrases. These can help the conversation flow.

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 SESSION THREE WRITING SENTENCES

PRESENT TENSE
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby,
a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets
or usually does not do.

Positive Negative
S+V1 (s/es) /TOBE +Complement (Adj./Adv./N) S+ do/does/TOBE not + V1 +Complement
(Adj./Adv./N)
Example:
1. You speak English. Example:
2. The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. 1. You do not speak English.
3. Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. 2. The train does not leave every morning at 8
AM.
3. Jakarta is not the capital of Indonesia.
Interrogatives WH-Question and Interrogatives
Do/does/TOBE +S+ V1 WH+ do/does/TOBE +S+ V1
+Complement (Adj./Adv./N) +Complement (Adj./Adv./N)

Example:
1. Do you speak English?
2. Does the train leave every morning at 8 AM?
3. Is Jakarta the capital of Indonesia?
Example:
1. What language do you speak?
2. What time does the train leave every
morning?
3. What is the capital of Indonesia?

ADVERBIAL OF TIME USED IN PRESENT TENSE

Every day Setiap hari
Every week Setiap minggu
Every month Setiap bulan
Every year Setiap tahun
Every morning Setiap pagi
Every Sunday (name of the day) Setiap hari Minggu (nama hari)
On Friday Pada hari Jumat

ADVERBIAL OF INDEFINITES FREQUENCY

Always Selalu
Generally Biasanya
Never Tidak pernah
Often, frequently Sering kali
Seldom Jarang
Sometimes Kadang-kadang
Usually, normally Biasanya

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 Put the verbs into the sentence:
1. The teacher (teach)the students everyday. 2. Mr. Wahyu go to
the office.
3. The dancer (dance)..........................................in the hall.
4. Water (flow)....................................................from the higher to the lower.
5. My mother (not go)..........................................to the market.
6. Ramza, Razan and Rajni (study).......................together.
7. Doctor (check)................................................the patients twice a day.
8. The post man (come).......................................to my school.
9. My little sister (not cry)....................................in the night.
10. The boys (play).............................................football in the afternoon.
JAWABAN
1. teaches
2. goes
3. dances
4. flows
5. doesn't go
6. study
7. checks
8. comes
9. doesn't cry
10. play

Hi everyone! My full name ……… (1. To be) Rahmat Hermawan and this ……. (2. Be) about my family
activity. At 4.30 a.m., my mother always …….. (3. Wake) me up to pray. Then, I...........(4. Clean) myself to pray and
after that, I …… (5. Go) to bathroom for taking a shower. At 5.00 a.m., I.............(6. Wearing) my uniform and my
mother ………. (7. Cook) for my breakfast. My mother does not...........(8. Cook) noodles for my breakfast. Before I
leave my home, I ………. (9. Prepared) my book into my bag and my father................(10. Driven) a car to deliver me
to my school. At 6:30, my father and I ………… (11. Arriving) at my school and he..............(12. Go) to his office
directly after say goodbye with me. Every Monday, i ………. (13. Follow) the flag ceremony at school yard until 7.15
a.m. On Monday, class start at 7.30 a.m. but, on the others day, the class...........(14. Does) not start at 7:15 a.m. At
12:00 a.m., I.............(15. Has) lunch and I always eat together with my friends. At 15.00 p.m., my friends and i
……….. (16. Go) home by bus. After school on Friday, my friends and I always..........(17. Playing) football in soccer
field and we ……….. (18. Goes) home at 17.00 p.m. My mother always ask me about my homework and she ………
(19. Do not) ……… (20. Tolerates) if I postpone my homework. After i ……… (21. Took) a shower, I always............(22.
Doing) my homework. At 7 p.m., my family and I ……. (23. Has) dinner and sometimes we...........(24. Watched)
movies in our home. I usually ………. (25. Studied) from 10.00 p.m. until 11.00 p.m. After that, I always...........(26.
Sleeps) at 11:00 p.m. Do you ………. (27. Sleeping) before midnight everyday? My mother’s and father’s name …….
(28. Be) Sheryl and Dodo. My mother ……. (29. Be) a dentist and my father.........(30. Be) a petroleum engineer at
Pertamina. They ………. (31. Be) 50 years old and they.................(32. Does not) smoke at all. My mother and my
father ………… (33. Do not) work on Sunday and on holiday, sometimes, they always..............(34. Brings) me to
travel around Indonesia by plane. My mother hobby is cooking and she............(35. Does not) like watch a movie
while my father..............(36. Watch) a movie twice a week in our home. Although their hobby and their job is
different, but they always support each other. I..............(37. Loves) them very much

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JAWABAN

1. Is
2. Is
3. Wakes
4. Clean
5. Go
6. Wear
7. Cooks
8. Cook
9. Prepare
10. Drives
11. Arrive
12. Goes
13. Follow
14. Does
15. Have
16. Go
17. Play
18. Go
19. Does not
20. Tolerate
21. Take
22. Do
23. Have
24. Watch
25. Study
26. Sleep
27. Sleep
28. Are
29. Is
30. Is
31. Are
32. Do not
33. Do not
34. Bring
35. Does not
36. Watches
37. Love

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PAST TENSE
The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or existed before now.
You can also use the simple past to talk about a past state of being, such as the way someone felt about
something. This is often expressed with the simple past tense of the verb to be and an adjective, noun, or
prepositional phrase.
Positive
S + Verb 2 + O/C

Example :
Nia went to Jogjakarta with my friends last week

Negative
S + did + not + Verb 1 + C
or
S + To Be (Was / Were) + not + C
Example :
Rio did not come to school yesterday because he was sick

Interrogarives
Did + S + Verb 1 + C
or
Was / Were + S + C

Example :
Did they do the Math exam two days ago?

ADVERBIAL OF TIME USED IN PAST TENSE

Yesterday Kemarin
Last…..(day,week,month,year) terakhir atau lalu
a/an/one…ago yang lalu atau silam
Past date/month/year or past event kegiatan masa lalu

Complete the sentence using past tense:

1. She (meet)..............................................................her uncle last night.
2. We (do)..................................................................the test yesterday.
3. You did not (bring)..................................................the dictionary.
4. Did your father (drink).............................................the coffee yersterday?
5. They (play)..............................................................the game last night.
6. He (give).................................................................me an orange last week.
7. I (go).......................................................................to Medan last month.
8. She (sing)................................................................a song yesterday morning.
9. Mother (make)........................................................a rainbow cake last week.
10. Ditta (wash)..........................................................her shoes yesterday morning.

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 SESSION FOUR READING SYMBOLS

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 Exercise ! Please name the symbols below and mention the place where you can find them

1. 6. Name :
Name :
Place : Place :

2. Name : 7. Name :
Place : Place :

3. 8. Name :
Name :
Place : Place :

4. Name : 9. Name :
Place : Place :

5. Name : 10. Name :

Place : Place :

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 CAUSE-EFFECT
SESSION FIVE
SENTENCES

There are many ways to express a causal relationship:

 Because /bɪˈkəz/ : it is a conjunction which means ‘for the reason that’

To form a cause-effect sentence, ‘because’ should be followed by a clause.

For example: We cannot go to Julia’s party because we are going away that weekend.

 Because of / bɪˈkəz ɒv/ : it is a preposition which means ‘as a result of’

To form a cause-effect sentence, ‘because of’ should be followed by a noun phrase.

For example: The train was delayed because of bad weather.

In addition to because and because of, we can also use so........that.......and

such........that......

 So..........that........

So is paired with that + a clause to express emphasis.

For example: The meteor storm was so beautiful that we watched it all night.

 Such........that........

Such is part of an adjective phrase [such + (determiner) + adjective] + a noun.

For example: It was such a beautiful meteor storm that we watched it all night.

 Do the exercises below on the use of BECAUSE and BECAUSE OF

1. I came here I want to talk to you.
2. Sorry! I am late the traffic.
3. She got the best grades she had worked hard.
4. Paul had a terrible accident he was driving fast.
5. He couldn't run his old age.
6. Leila left early she was tired.
7. The meeting was postponed the bad weather.
8. They were looking for a Japanese restaurant they wanted to eat sushi for dinner.
9. Their new product didn't sell well its poor quality.
10. I couldn't attend the meeting I was very ill.
11. We postponed our trip the bad driving conditions.

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 12. Sue’s eyes were red she had been swimming in a chlorinated pool.
13. We can’t visit the museum tomorrow it isn’t open.
14. Jim had to give up jogging his sprained ankle.
15. heavy fog at the airport, we had to stay in London an extra day.

 Use either SO.....THAT....or SUCH.....THAT.....in these sentences as appropriate.

1. The sun shone............brightly that Maria had to put on her sunglasses.
2. Dean was.............a powerful swimmer that he always won the races.
3. There were...................few students registered that the class was cancelled.
4. We had............wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return.
5. We had............a good time at the party that we hated to leave.
6. The benefit was................a great success that the promoters decided to repeat it.
7. It was................a nice day that we decided to go to the beach.
8. Jane looked...........sick that the nurse told her to go home.
9. Those were..................difficult assignments that we spent two weeks finishing them.
10. The book looked.............interesting that he decided to read it.

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 USING WILL AND
SESSION SIX
GOING TO

 Read at the following telephone conversation between two friends. Fill in the missing blanks with be + going
to or will/won’t. Then practice the dialogue with a partner. There may be more than one correct answer.
A: Hey, you finally answered your phone! What are you (1) do tonight?
B: I’m sorry. I was studying before. I have a test tomorrow, so I (2) probably stay home and
study.
A: Are you kidding? It’s Friday. A group of us (3) go out for dinner and drinks. Everyone (4)
be there. You should come!
B: What time are you going to meet everyone?
A: We (5) meet at the station at 9 p.m.
B: Hmm, OK. Maybe I (6) study until
8:30, and then (7) come to meet you.
A: Great! We (8) wait for you in the bookstore beside the station. The
station (9) be busy!
B: OK. I (10) see you in the bookstore at 9 p.m.

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 Complete the list of activities and excuses in the table below. Then, with a partner, practice making
and declining invitations. Don’t forget to give a good excuse.
Example:
Q: Would you like to go to a movie this weekend?
A: Sorry, I already have plans. I’m going to be out of town then
Activities Excuses
go to a movie this weekend have dinner with friends
go to dinner tonight walk my dog at that time
go to KTV after class study then
go for coffee tomorrow night be out of town then
(your idea) (your idea)
(your idea) (your idea)
(your idea) (your idea)

Write and practice making and declining invitation in dialogue, see example above!

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 SESSION SEVEN READING ARTICLES

Reading Articles
 Read and study the following article.

WHAT IS RUBBER?

Rubber is a polymer with the property of elasticity. There are two categories of rubber: natural rubber currently
obtained from the rubber trees, or Hevea brasiliensis; and synthetic rubber derived from petrochemicals. The tire
industry consumes about two-thirds of natural rubber produced globally. Natural rubber is also used to make
gloves, condoms and thousands of other products for industries such as transport, construction, health, mining
and weapons. The Russian dandelion, or Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS), is a type of dandelion native to Kazakhstan
that can grow on marginal soil in temperate world regions. Its taproot produces a milky fluid, which is similar to
the fluid taken from the bark of the rubber tree.Guayule, a desert shrub native to the southwest United States and
Mexico, is also being explored as an alternative source in dry regions of the world

The rubber industry in Europe really started with Charles Macintosh in 1818. Many had sought suitable solvents
for rubber since its arrival in Europe as a raw material in the late 1700s, but none had been successful. Charles
Macintosh was an industrial chemist in Glasgow, then a major centre of the chemical industry, and was eager to
exploit the waste products of the new coal gasification process. James Syme, a medical student, found that coal
tar naphtha was a good solvent for rubber and so Macintosh’s specific skill came in exploiting the naphtha-based
rubber solution as a waterproofing layer between 2 fabrics. Hence the ‘macintosh’ was born. Only 2 years later, in
1820, Thomas Hancock discovered mastication. Hancock was using rubber in elastic fastenings for gloves, shoes
and stockings. These ‘garters’ were made by cutting strips from ‘bottles’ of pure rubber, and led to much waste.
Hancock noticed that fresh cut edges of rubber would unite perfectly and it occurred to him that if such pieces
were minced up very small, the amount of fresh cut edges would be greatly increased and with heat and pressure
might unite sufficiently for some purposes. So was developed Hancock’s famous ‘Pickle’ or wooden masticator. He
found that the effort to shred the rubber did not decrease with time, but increased, and when opened a
homogeneous roll of rubber was found. He used his ‘pickle’ to supply the Macintosh factory, and kept his
mastication process secret until he was forced to patent in 1837.
Adapted from:
http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/rubber_2.htm
http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/08/21/What-is-rubber-and-what-is-it-used- for/?
style=biz

 After reading the articles above, write down ten questions accordingly!

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 Study the following words and write the phonetic symbol.
Words Pronunciation Words Pronunciation
rubber chemical
petrochemicals medical
natural suitable
gloves waste
synthetic l ayer
industry pressure
fluid Heat

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 SESSION EIGHT USING CONDITIONAL IF

USING CONDITIONAL IF
The Second Conditional

 Complete the sentences below by matching the if clauses to the correct main clauses.
If Clause Main Clause
If I had more money, a. we’ll catch the first train.
If the weather was better, b. my friends will be very happy for me.
If you worked harder, c. I wouldn’t need my coat.
If he is on time, d. I would lose weight.
If Kate goes out with me, e. I would buy a house in London.
If I ate less, f. you would get better grades.

 Complete the following sentences with your own ideas. Then compare your answers with a partner.
Example: If I were rich, I would live in a huge house on top of a mountain.
1. If I saw somebody cheating on a test, _ .
2. If my parents asked me to stop eating chocolate, .
3. If my friend gave me a puppy for my birthday, .
4. If I didn’t like your friend’s new boyfriend/girlfriend, .
5. If my friend invited me to dinner, .
6. If a store gave me too much change, .
7. If your parents asked you move to another country, .
8. Your own idea: .

 Now choose the 3 most interesting things you learned about your partner, and present them to the class.
Example: If my partner were rich, he/she would live in a huge house on top of a mountain.
1. If my partner ,
he/she .
2. If my partner ,
he/she .
3. If my partner ,
he/she .

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 Change the following situations into second conditional questions. Don’t forget to use the past tense in
the main clause.
Example: Your company asks you to work in Mexico.
What would you do if your company asked you to work in Mexico?
1. You find out a coworker is stealing company products.

2. You find out your salary is lower than your coworkers.

3. You discover that your credit card is missing.

4. A coworker tells people that you are lazy.

5. Your company asks you to learn Russian.

 Now take turns asking your partner what he or she would do.
Example: A: What would you do if your company asked you to work in Mexico?
B: I would buy a house there.
What would you do if .
He/she would .
What would you do if .
He/she would .

 Make a short dialogue in pairs, see example above

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 WRITING A PERSONAL
SESSION NINE
PROFILE

A Simple C.V.
When applying for a job, it is important that you have a good C.V. (curriculum vitae) or résumé. Place the
following information into the correct places on the C.V. below.

Jeff Packard English Oxford Biology 2010

2006 September 2010 – Single Beverly High
Present
Salesperson American German Stanton Industries

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 Now create your own C.V. using the above as an example.

The Future Using will, Modals of Ability

 Where will you be? Use the following phrases to make questions to ask your partner. Then write down
their answers to complete the table.
Example: Q: Where will you be at 10 tonight?
A: I’ll probably be at home watching TV.

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 Phrase Question Partner’s Answer
at 10 tonight Where will you be at 10 I will probably be at home.
tonight?
in 12 hours
next Monday at 1 p.m.
in 3 years
on New Year’s Eve
on your next birthday
in 2020
after you retire

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 SESSION TEN JOB INTERVIEW

JOB INTERVIEW
 Working with a partner, list three things you should do and three things you should never do in an interview.

 With your partner, discuss one item from each column above. Why is it important to do or not to do that
thing? Write your answers in the space provided blow.
Example: You should not

You should
because
You should not
because

Job Skills
 Match the following job skills to the pictures of jobs below.
Skills
a. Running meetings and organizing a team
b. Drawing diagrams of buildings and structures
c. Caring for people and making sure they are healthy
d. Speaking in public and solving legal problems
e. Answering calls and welcoming guests
f. Listening to people and taking their orders

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Job Skills
 Complete the sentences below using the words in the box.
advising people speaking to the public budgeting expenses
screen telephone calls raising funds listening to others
makes decisions selling products

1. Financial analysts must be good at how to invest their money.

2. Salespeople spend all of their time .
3. is normally done by accountants.
4. is important in meetings.
5. Secretaries often for their bosses.
6. The company spokesman is later today.
7. New companies must be good at so that they can grow.

 Listen to the dialogue, and then answer the following questions. (U4-T15)
1. Where are the speakers going?

2. Does the woman enjoy her job?

3. How long has the man worked in sales?

4. Does the man want to keep working in sales?

5. Does the man do extra work?

Job Interviews
 In small groups, make a list of the job skills required to do the following jobs.
Secretary take messages, change appointments
Computer technician
Fashion designer
English teacher
Chef
CEO

 Read the article below.

Everyone knows that job interviews can be scary, but they don’t have to be. Here are some tips from our experts.
Be Prepared: Before you go to your interview, make sure you are ready for it. Read about the company and its produ
Be Poised: During the interview, make sure that you sit up straight; this will show that you are disciplined. You should
Be Positive: Try to smile and act positively. Nobody wants to work with someone who has a bad

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 attitude. Try not to say anything negative about previous employers.
Be on time: This is so important that it needs to be said again. Be on time. If you are late for your interview, you are s
Be relevant: Try to relate your answers to the interviewer and his or her company. Focus on achievements relevant to
If you take their advice, you are sure to get the job of your dreams.

 Study the column above and then choose the BEST ending to the following statements.
1. Before the interview, you should .
a. read about the company and its products b. read about your own company
c. read the newspaper d. read about the interviewer
2. To appear confident, you should .
a. arrive late for the interview
b. arrive on time for the interview
c. maintain eye contact with the interviewer
d. sit up straight
3. You should try to be .
a. negative about previous employers
b. positive about previous employers
c. relevant to the latest news
d. really loud
4. Employers expect you to be .
a. relaxed b. scared c. on time d. late

 Read the dialogue with a partner and choose the BEST responses to Ms. Smith’s questions.
Interviewer: Good morning. I am Ms. Smith.
1. Interviewee:
a. Pleased to meet you, Ms. Smith. I am Marcus Anderson.
b. I am Marcus Anderson.
c. Are you interviewing me?

Interviewer: Nice to meet you, too. Now you are here to apply for a job on one of our sales teams, is that
correct?
2. Interviewee:
a. Yes, it is.
b. I want a job.
c. Yes, it is. When I saw the ad, I was very excited to work for your company.

Interviewer: I am certainly pleased to hear that. Can you tell me why?

3. Interviewee:
a. I am 27 years old and have been working in sales for the last 3 years.
b. I’m not really sure.
c. Sorry, I don’t like to talk about myself.
Interviewer: According to your C.V., you left your previous job last month. Why did you do that?
4. Interviewee:

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 28

 a. I enjoyed working there but wanted to try something new.
b. I didn’t like my boss.
c. I found the work too difficult.

Interviewer: How interesting! Do you know much about our company?

5. Interviewee:
a. Not really, but I am willing to learn.
b. Yes. I have been reading up on your company. That’s why I was so excited when I saw the advertisement.
c. Yes. I thought I should find out how much you normally pay people.

Interviewer: Good, that means you know what you can expect if you come and work here. Have you
got any questions you’d like to ask me?
6. Interviewee:
a. Not really.
b. How much do you earn?
c. What is the standard dress code?

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 29

 LEARNING CUSTOM OF
SESSION ELEVEN PEOPLE AROUND THE
WORLD

Culture Clash
Business is international, but people from different countries have different taboos. Before doing business with
someone from overseas, you should try to learn a little about their country. This can save you a lot of
embarrassment. Here are a few tips to help get you started.

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 30

 Of course, one important rule in every country is to be polite. Saying please, thank you, and sorry will solve
many cultural problems.
Study the column above and then choose the BEST answers to the following questions.
1. Is it OK to be five minutes late in Germany?
a. Yes b. No c. Doesn’t say
2. How many ways are there to make the “V Sign” in England?
a. Not mentioned b. One c. Two
3. Do many Mexicans believe in God?
a. Yes b. No c. Doesn’t say
4. Should you talk to French people about how much they earn?
a. Yes b. No c. Doesn’t say
5. Should you rub your stomach after eating in Italy?
a. Yes b. No c. Doesn’t say
6. How can you solve most cultural problems?
a. By being quiet b. By staying in your own country
c. By being polite

In groups of 3–4 students, discuss the tips above. Now think of three customs in your local area.
1.
2.
3.

Introductions
Listen to the extract and answer the following questions.
(Listening U3-T13)
1. What should all introductions start with?

a. The weather b. People’s names

c. A handshake
2. What can repeating a person’s name do?

a. Help you remember it

b. Make a good impression
c. Avoid difficult subjects
3. Which of the following are neutral topics?

a. The weather and politics

b. Politics and religion
c. The weather and food
4. What does breaking the ice mean?
a. Reducing tension b. Making a drink c. Going fishing

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 31

 READING ARTICLES
SESSION TWELVE
(TRANSLATION)

READING ARTICLES
 Read the following article.

What is a Polymer?

Polymers are made up of many molecules all strung together to form really long chains (and sometimes more
complicated structures, too).
What makes polymers so fun is that how they act depends on what kinds of molecules they're made up of and
how they're put together. The properties of anything made out of polymers really reflect what's going on at the
ultra-tiny (molecular) level. So, things that are made of polymers look, feel, and act depending on how their
atoms and molecules are connected, as well as which ones we use to begin with! Some are rubbery, like a
bouncy ball, some are sticky and gooey, and some are hard and tough, like a skateboard.
Poly- means "many" and -mer means "part" or "segment". Mono means "one". So, monomers are those itty
bitty molecules that can join together to make a long polymer chain.

This is a polymer. It's a very large molecule

This is a simple diagram of a chain of monomers.

This is MONOMER. He's a small mouse lemur. He's holding a monomer,

a small molecule
Sometimes polymers are called "macromolecules". "Macro" means
"large" and by now you've figured out that polymers must be very large
molecules!
Most of the polymers we'll talk about here are linear polymers. A linear
polymer is made up of one molecule after another, hooked together in a
long chain. This chain is called the backbone.
Now, linear polymers don't have to be in a straight, rigid line.. Those
single bonds between atoms in the backbone can swivel around a bit,
kinda like paper clips hooked together end-to-end.

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 32

 A LINEAR polymer chain starts at the beginning and goes straight to the end. You can take your finger and trace
the curvy path from one end to the other.
To the rest of the world, "linear" means "straight and not curved" but for polymers, linear means "straight and
not branched". Adapted from http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/basics.htm

 After reading the text above, now translate the sentences into Bahasa.
1. Polymers are made up of many molecules all strung together to form really long chains (and sometimes
more complicated structures, too).

............................................................................................................................. ..............................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...........
2. What makes polymers so fun is that how they act depends on what kinds of molecules they're made up of
and how they're put together.
...........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..............................
3. The properties of anything made out of polymers really reflect what's going on at the ultra-tiny (molecular)
level
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
4. So, things that are made of polymers look, feel, and act depending on how their atoms and molecules are
connected, as well as which ones we use to begin with!
...........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ...........................
5. Some are rubbery, like a bouncy ball, some are sticky and gooey, and some are hard and tough, like a
skateboard.
............................................................................................................................. ..............................
............................................................................................................................. ..............................

6. Poly- means "many" and -mer means "part" or "segment". Mono means "one". So, monomers are those itty
bitty molecules that can join together to make a long polymer chain.
............................................................................................................................. ..............................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

7. This is a polymer. It's a very large molecule

............................................................................................................................. ............................

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 33

 8. This is a simple diagram of a chain of monomers.
............................................................................................................................. ............................
9. This is MONOMER. He's a small mouse lemur. He's holding a monomer, a small molecule.
............................................................................................................................. ..............................
...........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..............................

10. Sometimes polymers are called "macromolecules"

..........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
11. "Macro" means "large" and by now you've figured out that polymers must be very large molecules!
..........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .............................
12. Most of the polymers we'll talk about here are linear polymers.
............................................................................................................................. ..............................
13. A linear polymer is made up of one molecule after another, hooked together in a long chain.
............................................................................................................................. .............................
..........................................................................................................................................................
14. This chain is called the backbone
............................................................................................................................. .............................
15. Now, linear polymers don't have to be in a straight, rigid line..
..........................................................................................................................................................
16. Those single bonds between atoms in the backbone can swivel around a bit, kinda like paper clips hooked
together end-to-end.
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ..............................
17. A LINEAR polymer chain starts at the beginning and goes straight to the end. You can take your finger and
trace the curvy path from one end to the other.
..........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 34

 18. To the rest of the world, "linear" means "straight and not curved" but for polymers, linear means "straight
and not branched".
..........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .............................
 Study the following words and write the phonetic symbol.

Words Pronunciation Words Pronunciation

polymers Tough
molecule Macro
linear Swivel
curvy rubbery
chain backbone
straight monomer
reflect Rigid

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 35

 SESSION THIRTEEN WRITING A SUMMARY

A "stand-alone" summary is a summary produced to show a teacher that you have

read and understood something. It is common in many 100 and 200 level classes to
get assignments that ask you to read a certain number of articles and summarize
them. This is also a very common type of writing assignment in graduate school.

How to produce a summary:

1. Read the article to be summarized and be sure you understand it.

2. Outline the article. Note the major points.

3. Write a first draft of the summary without looking at the article.

4. Always use paraphrase when writing a summary. If you do copy a phrase from the
original be sure it is a very important phrase that is necessary and cannot be
paraphrased. In this case put "quotation marks" around the phrase.

5. Target your first draft for approximately 1/4 the length of the original.

The features of a summary:

1. Start your summary with a clear identification of the type of work, title,
author, and main point in the present tense.

Example: In the feature article "Four Kinds of Reading," the author, Donald Hall,
explains his opinion about different types of reading.

2. Check with your outline and your original to make sure you have covered
the important points.

3. Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the summary.
This means you have to be very careful of your word choice.

4. Write using "summarizing language." Periodically remind your reader that this
is a summary by using phrases such as the article claims, the author suggests, etc.

4.Write a complete bibliographic citation at the beginning of your summary. A

complete bibliographic citation includes as a minimum, the title of the work, the
author, the source..

From: http://public.wsu.edu/~mejia/Summary.htm

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 36

Fall 2003: Example 1. Summary written by a Psych 209 student for the article

Yoder, J. D., Hogue, M. Newman, R., Metz, L. & LaVigne, T. (2003). Exploring moderators of gender differences:
Contextual differences in door-holding behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1682-1686.
The social roles theory suggests that social contexts have different gender role expectations and those gender
role expectations can maximize or minimize gender differences. For instance, there are three competing
hypotheses as to why and in what situations certain people hold doors for others. The gender neutral stance
hypothesizes an equal amount of door holding would consistently be done by both sexes for both sexes. Chivalry is
associated with male roles and is another hypothesis that predicts that men hold doors open for women as an act
of helpfulness. Yet another stance looks at male dominance and how it is expressed in door holding behavior. This
stance adds to the social role theory hypothesizing that door holding behaviors will be different depending on the
emphasis on gender roles in the social context. The research done by Yoder, Hogue, Newman, Metz and LaVigne
(2003) looks at door holding behavior in a dating situation as opposed to everyday life situations, predicting that
males will hold open doors more often during a dating situation than in an everyday life situation. Seven hundred
and sixty-nine mixed-gender, college-age, male-female pairs were unobtrusively observed in 16 different
locations. The locations selected were places where either dating or non-dating couples were most likely to be
found. These locations included shopping malls, universities and fast-good restaurants, for non-dating couples,
and sit down restaurants and skate rinks, for dating couples. The amount of door holding for the other, either
male of female, was measured. In an everyday context 55.2% more women, in the couples observed, held the
door open for men than men did for women. In a dating context the reverse was found, 66.8% more men, in the
couples observed, held the door open for women than women held the door open for men. This study contradicts
studies done about 20 years ago, which suggests that door holding practices and gender roles have changed
somewhat over the years in everyday life scenarios but remain similar in dating scenarios. Applying these results
to the social role theory also suggests that door holding behavior may be different in dating versus everyday life
scenarios because gender roles are more prominent in dating scenarios.
From: http://courses.washington.edu/psy209/2003Door1.html

*See the example of article on the attachment

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 37

 PERFORMING A
SESSION FOURTEEN
PRESENTATION

When giving a presentation, it is important that you engage your audience. You need them to pay attention to
you, or you are just wasting time.
With a partner, discuss three effective ways to ensure you successfully engage your audience.
Example: Giving a good introduction
1.
2.
3.

Now list three ways to ensure that your audience doesn’t pay attention to you.
Example: Arriving late
1.
2.
3.

What tools are commonly available to help make your presentations more engaging? Write a few of your ideas
below and then share them with another pair.
Example: Music
1.
2.
3.

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 38

Useful Phrases
When giving a presentation, you need to make sure your content flows smoothly. To do this, you need to link
your ideas together. Read the list of phrases on Page 69 with a partner and try to fill in the
missing words.

As well as guiding your audience through your presentation, you need to make sure that they don’t knock you
off course. Study these phrases that you can use to prevent interruptions.

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 39

Of course you won’t always be able to prevent interruptions. If you get off track, use these phrases to return to
your prepared material.

At the end of the presentation, you should include a very brief summary of the topics covered. To introduce this
part of your presentation, use the phrases below.

After your conclusion, you should ask the audience for questions. You will need to be prepared to respond to
these questions. Your response will depend on the type of question you were asked. Separate these responses
below into the three groups in the table.

Listen to the dialogue again, and then answer the following questions (U7-T27)
1. Who does Kelly work for?
a. Mr. Preston b. Not mentioned c. TechPro Consulting
2. Why has Kelly gone to see Mr. Preston and his colleagues?
a. To apply for a job b. To seek investment c. She works for them.
3. How long was kelly’s presentation supposed to last?
a. Ten minutes b. Two minutes c. Not mentioned
4. What was on Kelly’s first slide?
a. A list of services b. A model of a new office
c. A model of how companies can work together
5. What can TechPro do as it gets bigger?
a. Offer more services
b. Pay money to Mr. Preston c. Reduce costs
6. What is TechPro’s biggest running cost?
a. Salaries b. Investment c. Unknown

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 40

 References

Altenberg, E.P. and Vago, R.M. 2010. English Grammar: Understanding the Basics. New York: Cambridge University
Press.

Azar, B.S. 1999. Understanding and Using English Grammar (3rd edition). New York: Pearson Education.

Brown, H. D. 2007. Teaching by principles: an interactive approach to language pedagogy. New York. USA. ISBN-
10: 0-13-612711-8

Davenport, M. and S. J. Hannahs. 2010. Introducing phonetics and phonology. London, Great Britain. ISBN: 978- 1
444 10988 7

H. Ismail, R. Nordin, A.M. Noor. Polymer Testing. Volume 21, Issue 5 2002, pages 565-569
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0142941801001258
accessed September, 17 2020 at 7.05 pm
Pyle, M.A., Munoz, M.E. 1982. Cliffs TOEFL Preparation Guide. Lincoln: Publisher Cliffs Notes Inc.

Rost, M. 2002. Teaching and researching listening. Great Britain. ISBN: 978 – 0 – 582- 36930-6

Shearn, R., Ferris and G. Tacket. 2012. English at work 3. Taipei, 10349, Taiwan, R.O.C. Cengage Learning ASIA Pte.,
Ltd. ISBN-10: 986- 6121-63-1

Swales, J. M. and C. B. Feak. 2007. Academic writing for graduate students. Taipei City: 106, Taiwan. R.O.C. Crane
Publishing Co., Ltd. ISBN: 978- 986- 147- 204-1

https://www.wallstreetenglish.co.id/belajar-grammar/simple-past-tense/
accessed September, 18 2020 at 4.33 pm

https://www.dimensibahasainggris.com/2019/08/soal-introduction-identity-pronouns.html
accessed September, 18 2020 at 3.30 pm

https://www.mediainggris.com/2020/06/kumpulan-contoh-soal-bahasa-inggris.html
accessed September, 17 2020 at 3.35 pm

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 41

 Cure Characteristics, Tensile Properties And Swelling Behaviour Of Recycled Rubber Powder-
Filled Natural Rubber Compounds
H. Ismail a,*, R. Nordin a, A.M. Noor b

Abstract
The effect of recycled rubber powder (RRP) on cure characteristics, tensile properties and swelling
behaviour of natural rubber (NR) compounds was investigated in the concentration range of 0 to 50 phr.
Results indicate that the minimum torque and Mooney viscosity of the natural rubber compounds increase
with increasing RRP loading whereas the scorch time and cure time exhibit a decreasing trend. Increasing
RRP loading also gives natural rubber compounds better resistance towards swelling and reduces the
elongation at break but the tensile stress, M100 (stress at 100% elongation) and M300 (stress at 300%
elongation), increases slightly. However, the tensile strength increases up to 10 phr of RRP and then
decreases. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Cure characteristics; Tensile properties; Natural rubber; Recycled rubber powder; Swelling
behaviour

1. Introduction
Scrap rubbers are made up of rubber that does not meet processing and product specifications, leftover rub-
ber from manufacturing activities and also old and defec- tive rubber products. The scrap rubbers are waste
and usually discharged. The discarded scrap rubber does not degrade rapidly enough and this causes
environmental pollution. To reduce this pollution there is a need to recy- cle scrap rubber [1]. Reclamation of
scrap (vulcanized) rubber can be done by mechanical [2,3] and chemical processes [3,4]. Crane and Kay [5]
have shown that scrap rubber vulcanizates could be depolymerized to a product known as “depoly- merized
scrap rubber”, which should be useful as a rub- ber compounding ingredient and as a fuel-oil extender. The
purpose of this study is to investigate the cure characteristics, tensile properties and swelling behaviour of
recycled rubber powder (RRP)-filled natural rubber (NR) compounds. A morphological study of the tensile
fracture surfaces of the natural rubber compounds was also carried out.
2. Experimental
2.1. Material
Natural rubber (SMR L) was purchased from Kumpu- lan Guthrie Sdn Bhd, Seremban, Malaysia. The
recycled rubber waste (rubber powder) product from the sanding process (polishing) of rubber ball and
artificial eggs with particle size of 250–500 nm was obtained from Watas Holding (M) Sdn Bhd, Penang,
Malaysia. Table 1 shows the formulation used in this study. Other compounding ingredients such as zinc
oxide, stearic acid, sulfur, N- cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS) and 2,2-methylene-bis(4-
methyl-6-tert-butylphenol were all pur- chased from Anchor Chemical Co. Compounding was done in
accordance with ASTM D 3184-89 using a two- roll mill at room temperature.
Table 1

Recycled rubber powder (RRP)-filled natural rubber compound Ingredient phr

Natural rubber (SMR L) 100.0

Zinc oxide 5.0
Stearic acid 2.5
Sulfur 2.0
N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide 0.6 (CBS)
2,2-Methylene-bis 2.0 (4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol)
Filler (recycled rubber powder) 0,10,20,30,50

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 42

 2.2 Cure characteristics
Cure characteristics were studied using a Monsanto Moving Die Rheometer (MDR 2000) according to
ASTM D 2240-93. Samples (~4 g) of the respective compounds were tested at the vulcanization
temperature (150 °C). The Mooney viscosity was determined by using a Monsanto automatic Mooney
viscometer (MV 2000) at 120°C. The testing procedure was conducted according to the method described
in ASTM D 1646-94.
2.3 Vulcanization process
Rubber sheets (3 mm thick) were compression moulded at 150 °C with force of 10 MPa using a hot
press according to respective cure times, t90, determined with the MDR 2000.
2.4 Swelling study
Swelling was studied in toluene according to ASTM D 471-79. Cured test pieces of the compounds of
dimen- sion 30 5 2 mm were weighed using an electrical bal- ance and this was taken to be the initial
weight, M1 [6]. Calculation of the change in mass was as follows:
Swelling percentage=[(M2—M1)/M1]×100 (1)

where M1 is the initial mass of specimen (g) and M2 is the mass of specimen (g) after immersion.
2.5 Tensile properties
Dumb-bell-shaped samples were cut from the moulded sheets according to ASTM D 412. Tensile test were
per- formed at a cross-head speed of 500 mm/min. Tensile testing was carried out with a Monsanto
Tensometer M500.
2.6 Scanning electron microscopy
The fracture surfaces of the RRP-filled natural rubber compounds were investigated with a Leica
Cambridge S-360 scanning electron microscope. The aim was to obtain information regarding RRP
dispersion, bonding quality between RRP and natural rubber, and to detect the possible presence of
microdefects.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Cure characteristics

Table 2 shows that increasing the recycled rubber powder loading in natural rubber compounds reduces
the scorch time. This is because of the presence of cross- linked precursors and unreacted curative in the
rubber powder [7]. The existence of unreacted accelerator in rubber powder waste has been reported by
Mathew et al. [8]. The other reason is diffusion of sulfur from the rub- ber matrix phase to the rubber
powder phase, which low- ers the concentration of sulfur in the rubber matrix [8– 11]. Increasing the
recycled rubber powder loading in natu- ral rubber compound also reduces the cure time t90, as shown in
Table 2. Similar trends were also observed by Baharin et al. [1], Ishiaku et al. [12] and Phadke et al. [11]
using different types and sizes of rubber powder particles. The minimum torque, a measure of the stock
viscosity, shows a slight increase with increasing rubber powder loading. This indicates that the
processability of the com- pounds becomes a little more difficult (Table 2). The increase could be due to
the agglomeration of rubber powder particles in the natural rubber matrix. The other possibility is that
rubber powders are already cross- linked, and do not easily flow in the matrix, so an increase in recycled
rubber powder loading will reduce the flow and consequently increase the torque. A similar observation
can be seen in Fig. 1 for the Mooney vis- cosity of RRP-filled NR compounds at 120°

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 43

 3.2. Tensile properties

The tensile strength gradually increased to a maximum at 10 phr of rubber powder as shown in Fig. 2.
Further increases of rubber powder loading led to a decrease in tensile strength. It is thought that below
10 phr of rubber powder loading, smaller particle size and uniform disper- sion of recycled rubber powder
in natural rubber com- pounds contribute to a higher tensile strength. However, when more than 10 phr
was used, the weak interaction
and bonding between the rubber powder particles and the natural rubber matrix is responsible for the
deterio- ration in tensile strength. As the rubber powder concen- tration increases, agglomeration and
hence particle–par- ticle interaction of the rubber powder also increases.
The elongation at break of natural rubber compounds decreases with increasing recycled rubber powder
loading (Fig. 3). However, the decrease is small, particularly after 20 phr of recycled rubber powder
loading. A similar observation was reported by Baharin et al. [1]. This indi- cates that the addition of
recycled rubber powder does not adversely affect this property.

Variation in tensile modulus, M100 (stress at 100% elongation) and M300 (stress at 300% elongation),
which is a measure of stiffness, is shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen that M100 and M300 increase slightly with
increas- ing recycled rubber powder. This shows that the recycled rubber powder behaves like a rigid
particulate filler since it has a higher modulus then the natural rubber matrix.
Table 2

Curing characteristics of recycled rubber powder-filled natural rubber compound

Curing characteristics Rubber powder loading (phr)

0 10 20 30 50
Minimum torque (dN 0.06 0.0 0.11 0.13 0.14
m)a 9
Scorch time (min) 6.69 4.52 3.11 2.56 2.37
Cure time (min) 12.76 9.38 7.54 6.83 6.49
a
desiNewton meter [NM (X 1/10)]

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 43

 Fig. 1. Mooney viscosity of RRP-filled natural rubber com- pounds.

Fig. 2. The effect of RRP loading on the tensile strength of natural rubber compounds.

Fig. 3. Elongation at break of RRP-filled natural rubber com- pounds

Fig. 4. The effect of RRP loading on the tensile modulus of natural rubber compounds.

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 44

 Fig. 5. The effect of RRP loading on the swelling behaviour of natural rubber compounds.

3.3. Swelling behaviour

It can be seen from Figs. 5 and 6 that increasing the recycled rubber powder loading in natural rubber
com- pounds, and hence reduction of the total natural rubber content, gives better swelling resistance. The
presence of cross-linked precursors and unreacted curative in rubber powder might reduced the
penetration of toluene into the natural rubber compound.

3.4. Scanning electron microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to study the tensile fracture surface of natural rubber
compounds filled with 0, 10 and 30 phr of RRP. In order to obtain natural rubber compounds with
satisfactory mechanical properties, good dispersion of RRP in the natural rubber matrix, effective wetting of
RRP by the matrix and strong interfacial adhesion are required. Figs. 7–9 show the failure surfaces of the NR
gum compound, the NR compound filled with 10 phr of RRP and the NR compound filled with 30 phr of RRP,
respectively, at a magnification of 150X. The micrograph of the failure surface in Fig. 7 shows that the surface
has many tear lines with branching. This pattern indicates the higher tensile strength of the NR gum
compound. Similar behaviour can also be seen in Fig. 8 for the NR com- pound with 10 phr of RRP. However,
as more RRP was used in the NR compound, hole formation as a result of detachment of RRP from the NR
matrix can be seen in Fig. 9 (NR compound with 30 phr of RRP). Usually, the presence of many holes or loose
RRP on the failure sur- face indicates a weak RRP–matrix interaction. The extensive RRP pull-out as observed
in Fig. 10 (magnification 500X) for the NR compound with 30 phr of RRP clearly provides supporting evidence
for the poor tensile strength found when more than 10 phr of RRP was used.

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 45

 Fig. 6. The equilibrium swelling of natural rubber compounds filled with different RRP loadings after 24 h.

Fig. 7. Tensile fracture surface of natural rubber gum com- pound (magnification 150X)

Fig. 8. Tensile fracture surface of natural rubber compound filled with 10 phr of RRP (magnification 150X)

Fig. 9. Tensile fracture surface of natural rubber compound filled with 30 phr of RRP (magnification 150X).

Polytechnic ATK Yogyakarta English Module Page 46

Fig. 10. Tensile fracture surface of natural rubber compound filled with 30 phr of RRP (magnification 500X).

4. Conclusion
Cure characteristics such as scorch time and cure time of the natural rubber compounds decrease with
increas- ing recycled rubber powder loading but show slight increases in minimum torque. Swelling
resistance increases with increasing recycled rubber powder load- ing in natural rubber compounds.
Tensile properties such as tensile modulus slightly increase with increasing recycled rubber powder loading
whereas the elongation break shows a decreasing trend. However, for tensile strength, the maximum
value was observed at 10 phr of recycled rubber powder.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by family and the research grant provided by
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.
References
[1] A. Baharin, M. Nasir, A.R. Rohaidah, Rubber powder from over-cure, latex and its usage, International
Rubber Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 6–9 October 1997, p. 277.
[2] R.P. Burford, M. Pittolo, Rubber Chem. Technol. 55 (1982) 1233.
[3] V.M. Makarov, V.F. Drozdoski, Reprocessing of Tyres and Rubber Wastes Recycling from Rubber
Product Industry, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1991 p. 28.
[4] C. Roy, A. Rastegar, S. Kaliaguine, H. Darmstadt, Plast. Rubber Comp. Process Appl. 23 (1995) 21.
[5] G. Crane, E.L. Kay, Rubber Chem. Technol. 48 (1975) 50.
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