H2 and F2 will react explosively meaning the chemical reaction

CHEMICAL KINETICS OUTLINE is very fast.

I. Reaction Rate and Rate B. Subheading 2
Law 1. As the reaction progresses, the concentration of Bromine will
A. Rate of Reaction Sub-subh
steadily decrease causing the color to fade.
B. Rate Law eading 1
II. Integrated Rate Laws III. Theories of Chemical
A. Subheading 1 Kinetics and Catalysis Spectrophotometer – use wavelengths and presence of light
B. Subheading 2 (393 nm) passing through the solution. A quantitative way to
1.
Sub-subhea
ding 1
2.
Sub-subhea
ding 2
check the concentration.
Chemical Kinetics: The Basics

● the study of how fast a chemical change occurs.

● how fast or slow a reactant changes into a product.

I. REACTION RATE AND RATE LAW

A. Rate of Reaction

● the amount of chemical change which takes place in a

given interval of time.
● Measure the changes in concentrations of reactants
or products per unit time: Chemical processes occur over a wide range of rates:

measured in terms of: ● Neutralization – reaction of acid and bases; product is

● products formed per unit time at a given temperature
● disappearance of reactants per unit time at a given
temperature.
As the time elapses, reactant decreases and product
increases
○ Faster Reaction = HIgher Rate: reactant
concentration decreases quickly
○ Slower Reaction = Lower Rate: reactant
concentration decreases slowly
Rate is determined by set of conditions:
1. Temperature – influencing the frequency and energy
of collisions. Always factored in chemical kinetics. It
often changes the rate of reaction to go faster.
2. Pressure
3. Physical state of reactant
4. Nature of the reactant
water
● Precipitation- precipitate formation at the end of
reaction on the product side
● Explosion
● Ripening of fruit—take days to months
● Human aging- decades
● Formation of coal from dead plants takes hundreds of
millions of years
● To compute for shelf-life and expiration dates of drugs
Factors Affecting the rate of Reaction
1. Concentration of Reactants
● Molecules must collide to react
● Reaction rate is proportional to the
concentration of reactant
● More molecules = higher concentration =
higher collision = increases rate of reaction
2. Physical State of Reactants
● Collision frequency depend on physical
state as it determines how easily the
reactant mix
● molecules must mix to collide

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 ● the more finely divided a solid or liquid
reactant = greater its surface area = more
contact it makes with the other reactant = 3.
faster the reaction occurs
● shorter the time we choose = the closer we
come from instantaneous rate
Initial rate
● the instantaneous rate at the moment the
reactants are mixed

3. Temperature Expressing Rate in Terms of Reactant and Product

● Molecules must collide with enough energy Concentrations
● Higher temperature = collisions will occur
more often = more molecules react = faster
the rate of reaction

Ex: Fridge (Low Temperature)

slows down chemical processes that would
lead to food spoilage.

Expressing the reaction rate:

Rate: change in some variable per unit of time

(Delta) = indicates change

Remember: Balance the Equation

Rate of Reaction
Reactant side: negative (-)
Product side: positive (+)

B. Rate Law
● is the change in the concentration of a reactant or a
● Also called as rate equation
product with time (M/s).
● Express the relationship of a reaction to the rate
constant and the concentrations of the reactants
M = Molarity (Molar); moles/ L raised to some power
● Focused on reactants only (not products)
Reactant concentrations: Decrease ● The order of a reactant is not related to the
stoichiometric coefficient
● Components of rate law: Rate, Reaction orders, and
rate constant

Product concentrations: Increase

3 types of Reaction rates:

1. Average rate
k = rate constant (determined by experiment)
● The slope of the line joining two points
● a constant of proportionality between the reaction
along the curve over a given period of time.
rate and the concentration of reactants
● Total change in concentration divided by the
= specific for a given reaction at a given temperature and does
total change in time
not change as the reactions proceed.

● m, n = reaction order. It defines how the rate is

2. Instantaneous Rate
affected by the reactant concentration
● the rate at a particular instant during the
● [ ] = indicates the concentration
reaction.
● A, B = Reactants
● slope of a line tangent to the curve at any
point

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Some laboratory methods for determining the initial rate 1. First-order rate equation

1. Change in Color
● spectroscopic methods through the use of
spectrophotometer
2. Change in Pressure
● Formation and evolution of gas
[A]0 = concentration of A at O
3. Change in Conductivity
● Strong acids are strong electrolytes, they [A]t = concentration of A at any time
completely dissociate in solution.
2. Second-order rate equation
Reaction Orders
● A reaction has an individual order “with respect to” or
“in” each reactant
● an overall order = sum of the individual orders.

1. 1st Order Reaction 3. Zero-order rate equation

Graphical Representation of the Reaction Orders

● rate is directly proportional to [A]
● rate doubles = [A] doubles

2. 2nd Order Reaction

Reaction Half-life
● rate is directly proportional to the square of
● The time taken for the concentration of a reactant to
[A].
drop to half its initial value.
● rate quadruples = [A] doubles

3. Zero Order Reaction 1. First-order reaction

● Half-life does not depend on the starting
concentration.

e.g., radioactive decay

● rate is not dependent on [A]

2. Second-order reaction
e.g., metal-catalyzed processes and Biochemical processes
● Half-life is inversely proportional to the initial
concentration

II. INTEGRATED RATE LAWS

● Concentration changes over time
● Includes time as a variable

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 3. Zero-order reaction
● Half-life is directly proportional to the initial
concentration
III. Theories of Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis
Collision Theory
● particles must collide in order to react.
● increase in the concentration of a reactant = larger
number of collisions = increasing reaction rate
● The number of collisions depends on the product of
the numbers of reactant particles, not their sum.
● A reaction occurs when molecules collide with
sufficient energy, called the activation energy, to
break the bonds and initiate the reaction.
Temperature and the Rate Constant
● Temperature has a dramatic effect on reaction rate.
● An increase of 10°C = double or triple the rate.
● k increases exponentially as T increases.
Exponentially means high/ great
Arrhenius equation:
Higher Temperature = larger k = increase rate
Activation energy
● It is the energy required for the reaction to proceed
● Collisions between particles must exceed a certain
energy threshold for it to be effective
● The energy difference between the reactants and
the activated state
Smaller Ea = larger f = larger k = increased rate
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Temperature and Collision Energy
Increase temperature = increase kinetic energy = more
frequent collision = reaction rate increases
Molecular Structure and Rate
● Must be properly oriented and have sufficient
energy for the reaction to proceed
Transition State Theory
● Focuses on high-energy species
● Unstable species that contains partial bonds
● Can’t be isolated
Catalysis
● a process in which the outcome of the reaction is
influenced by the presence of a substance (the
catalyst)
Catalyst
-Substances that increase or speed up a reaction.
-provides an alternative reaction pathway that has
a lower total activation energy
Lower Ea = larger k = higher rate
General Types of Catalysis:
1. Homogeneous Catalysis
● Exist in a solution with a reaction mixture
● Catalyst is mix in the same phase
● Acid and Base Catalyses are one of its most
important type in liquid solutions
● Lead Chamber Process is well known example
of gas-phase reaction
e.g., NaBr is a commonly used catalyst
2.Heterogeneous Catalysis
● Speeds up in a different phase such as solid
interacting with gas or liquids
● Usually uses metal surface
● Most important type of catalysis in industrial
chemistry
e.g., Hydrogenation – adding hydrogen on the reaction
Specific Examples:
● The Haber Synthesis of Ammonia
● The Manufacture of Nitric Acid
 ● Catalytic Converters

Expressing rate in terms of reactant and product

3. Enzyme Catalysis concentrations
● Biological catalyst
● An enzyme acts only on certain molecules, called
substrates (reactants)
● There are 6 families and names according to
the type of reaction they catalyzed.

Catalytic specificity – it can only catalyze specific conditions.

Models of Enzyme Action

● If reactant negative (It denotes that the
1. Lock-and-key model reactant is decreasing)
● Fixed shaped of active site matches the shape ● If product positive (It denotes that the product
substrate is increasing)

Small portion of enzymes are the active site and are used as
a site of catalysis. It provides the reaction site for the Rate of change (M/s) (mol/L • s)
substrate.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑑
M/s of given × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

● Moles are the coefficients

2. Induced-fit model
● The active site will still be selective but it will
change its shape to bind substrates more Units of k
effectively.

FORMULA:

Reaction Rate (M/s) (mol/L • s)

Summary of equation for rate law

Average rate of Reactant (M/s) (mol/L • s)

Average rate of Product (M/s) (mol/L • s

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Activation Energy (kJ/mol) (J/mol)

Activation Energy at two different temperatures (kJ/mol)

(J/mol)

Conversion: 1kJ = 1000 J

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