TEMA 2 : Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam

BIDANG
PEMBELAJARAN

4
BAB
Kadar Tindak Balas
Rate of Reaction

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Penentuan kadar tindak

Takrif kadar tindak balas
Jenis tindak balas balas
Definition of the rate of
Types of reaction Measurement of the rate
reaction
of reaction

Tindak balas cepat Perubahan kuantiti bahan Contoh: Pertambahan isi

dan perlahan per unit masa padu gas
Fast and slow The change in the quantity Example: Increasing of
reactions of substance per unit time the volume of gas

Faktor mempengaruhi Aplikasi faktor yang Kadar tindak balas dalam

kadar tindak balas mempengaruhi kadar tindak industri
Factors affecting the balas The rate of reaction in
rate of reaction Application of factors affecting industry
the rate of reaction

Contoh: Suhu dan Contoh: Pembakaran arang Proses Haber dan proses
mangkin Example: The burning of Sentuh
Examples: Temperature charcoal Haber process and
and catalyst Contact process

APAKAH KADAR TINDAK BALAS?

WHAT IS THE RATE OF REACTION?

Kadar tindak balas adalah kelajuan di mana bahan tindak balas diubah menjadi hasil tindak balas. Jika tindak
balas mempunyai kadar yang rendah, ini bermakna atom atau molekul bergabung atau terurai pada kelajuan
yang lebih perlahan.
The rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into products. If a reaction has a low
rate, that means the atoms or molecules combine at a slower speed.

45
 NOTA BESTARI
Kadar Tindak Balas
1. Kadar tindak balas dapat ditakrifkan sebagai
perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil tindak balas
dalam satu unit masa.
Kadar tindak balas
= Perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil
Masa yang diambil
2. Tindak balas yang berlaku dengan cepat mengambil
masa yang singkat untuk menjadi lengkap. Maka,
kadar tindak balasnya adalah tinggi.
3. Tindak balas yang berlaku dengan perlahan-lahan
akan menjadi lengkap dalam masa yang panjang.
Maka, kadar tindak balasnya adalah rendah.
Pengukuran Kadar Tindak Balas
BAB
1. Kadar tindak balas dapat diukur dengan mengukur
4 perubahan-perubahan yang dapat diperhatikan
seperti pengurangan jisim bahan, pembentukan
hasil tindak balas, pembentukan mendakan dan
pembebasan gas.
2. Unit kadar tindak balas yang melibatkan gas ialah
cm3 s–1.
3. Kadar tindak balas boleh diukur sebagai kadar tindak
balas purata dan kadar tindak balas pada masa
tertentu atau kadar tindak balas seketika iaitu kadar
tindak balas yang berlaku pada satu-satu masa atau
ketika tertentu.
Faktor-faktor Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas
1. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
termasuk:
(a) saiz bahan-bahan tindak balas
(b) kepekatan bahan tindak balas
(c) suhu tindak balas
(d) mangkin
(e) tekanan
2. Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak balas, semakin tinggi
kepekatan bahan tindak balas, semakin tinggi suhu,
kewujudan mangkin atau semakin tinggi tekanan,
semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas.
3. Tekanan akan mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas bagi
bahan tindak balas dalam keadaan gas sahaja.
4. Penambahan tekanan akan memampatkan gas dan
dengan itu meninggikan kadar tindak balas. Zarah-
zarah gas akan berlanggaran dengan lebih kerap dalam
keadaan termampat (isi padu lebih kecil).
Aplikasi Kadar Tindak Balas
Suatu suhu atau tekanan optimum dipilih untuk
mendapatkan hasil yang banyak pada masa yang singkat
dalam industri. Sebagai contoh, suhu optimum 450-500°C
dan tekanan 200-500 atmosfera dipilih dalam industri
penghasilan ammonia.
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Rate of Reaction
1. Rate of reaction can be defined as a change in
quantity of reactant or products of reaction per unit
time.
Rate of reaction
Change in quantity of reactant or product
=
Time taken
2. A fast reaction takes less time to be complete.
Therefore, the rate of reaction is high.
3. A slow reaction takes a longer time to complete.
Therefore, the rate of reaction is low.
Measurement of the Rate of Reaction
1. The rate of reaction can be measured by measuring the
changes that can be observed such as change in mass
of substance, the formation of products, formation of
precipitates and emission of gases.
2. Unit of rate of reaction involving a gas is cm3 s–1.
3. The rate of reaction can be measured as the average
rate of reaction and instantaneous rate of reaction at
a given time i.e. the rate of reaction that occurs at a
given time.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction
1. Factors that affect the rate of a reaction include:
(a) size of reactant
(b) the concentration of the reactants
(c) the temperature of the reaction
(d) catalysts
(e) pressure
2. The smaller the size of reactant, the higher the
concentration of the reactants, the higher the
temperature, the presense of catalyst or the higher
the pressure is, the higher the rate of reaction will be.
3. Pressure will also affect the rate of reaction of gaseous
reactant only.
4. The increase of pressure will compress the gas and
that will increase the rate of reaction. Particles of a
gas will collide more frequently when in a compressed
state (smaller volume).
Application of the Rate of reaction
An optimum temperature or pressure is chosen to
obtain a large product yield in a short period in
industry. As an example, an optimum temperature
of 450-500°C dan 200-500 atmospheric pressure
are chosen in industry to produce ammonia.
Nota Grafik
 Standard Kandungan
4.1 Pengenalan kadar tindak balas Tarikh:

4.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Tindak balas cepat dan dan tindak balas perlahan
Fast reactions and slow reactions
PBD
Kontesktual

Buku teks m/s 116 – 124

Tentukan tindak balas di bawah sama ada tindak balas cepat atau lambat. TP1
Determine the reaction below whether it is a fast or slow reaction.

Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas lambat

Fast reaction Slow reaction
Praktis
Kendiri

1 2 3

BAB
Fotosintesis
Photosynthesis
Pembakaran arang kayu
Burning of charcoal
Berkarat
Rusting 4
Tindak balas lambat Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas lambat
Slow reaction Fast reaction Slow reaction

4 5 6

Pereputan daun Menggoreng telur Percernaan makanan

Decay of leaves Frying an egg Food digestion

Tindak balas lambat Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas lambat

Slow reaction Fast reaction Slow reaction

7 8 9

Pembakaran pita magnesium Natrium dan air Membakar kek

Burning of magnesium ribbon Sodium and water Baking a cake

Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas cepat

Fast reaction Fast reaction Fast reaction

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 Tarikh:

4.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Masalah numerikal tentang kadar tindak balas
Numerical problems about the rate of reaction
PBD
Masteri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 116 – 124
Selesaikan masalah numerikal di bawah yang melibatkan analisis data.
Solve numerical problems involving data analysis below.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengumpulkan gas hidrogen yang terbebas bagi
tindak balas antara zink dan asid hidroklorik cair./The diagram below shows an experiment to collect
hydrogen gas released for the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.

Buret
Burette

Asid hidroklorik cair

Dilute hydrochloric acid
Kelalang
kon Besen
BAB

Conical Basin
flask

4
Ketulan zink Air
Zinc granules Water

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan isi padu gas yang terbebas pada sela masa 30 saat bagi tindak balas antara
zink dan asid hidroklorik cair tersebut./The table below shows the volume of gas released at 30 seconds
interval in the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.

Masa (s)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Time (s)
Isi padu gas (cm3)
0 115 225 132 38 42 46 48 48 48
Volume of gas (cm3)

Kadar tindak balas bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam eksperimen ini adalah perubahan isi padu gas
yang terkumpul per unit masa./The rate of reaction for the reaction occurs in this experiment is the volume
of gas released/collected per unit time.

1 Hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata untuk:/Calculate the average rate of reaction for:  TP3/KBAT
(a) keseluruhan bagi tindak balas ini./Whole reaction.
48 cm3
Kadar tindak balas purata =
210 s
Average rate of reaction
= 0.23 cm3 s–1
(b) dalam 2 minit pertama./In the first two minutes.
38 cm3
Kadar tindak balas purata =
120 s
Average rate of reaction
= 0.32 cm3 s–1
(c) dalam minit pertama./in the first minute.
25 cm3
Kadar tindak balas purata =
60 s
Average rate of reaction
= 0.42 cm3 s–1
(d) dalam minit kedua./in the second minute.
(38 – 25) cm3
Kadar tindak balas purata =
(120 – 60) s
Average rate of reaction
13 cm3
=
60 s
= 0.22 cm3 s–1

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 2 Plot graf bagi isi padu hidrogen terkumpul melawan masa.  TP3/KBAT
Plot a graph of the volume of hydrogen collected against time.

Volume of gas (cm3)/Isi padu gas (cm3)

50

45

40

35

30

BAB
4
25

20

15

10

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 Time (s)

Masa (s)

3 Tentukan kadar tindak balas pada 60 saat dan 120 saat. [Tunjukkan pada graf bagaimana kadar
tindak balas itu dapat ditentukan]  TP3/KBAT
Determine the rate of reaction at the 60th and 120th second. [Show on the graph how you would determine
the rate of reaction]
(33.00 – 10.00) cm3
(a) Kadar tindak balas pada 60 saat =
(90 – 0) s
The rate of reaction at the 60th second
23.00 cm3
=
90 s
= 0.26 cm3 s–1

(48.00 – 28.00) cm3

(b) Kadar tindak balas pada 120 saat =
(180 – 60) s
The rate of reaction at the 120th second
23.00 cm3
=
120 s
= 0.17 cm3 s–1

(c) Kadar tindak balas pada 240 s = 0 cm3 s–1

The rate of reaction at 240 s

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 Standard Kandungan
4.2 Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas Tarikh:

4.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas
Factors affecting the rate of reaction
PBD
Kontesktual

Buku teks m/s 125 – 134

Lengkapkan ruang dalam peta buih di bawah dengan perkataan yang betul tentang faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas./Complete the spaces in the bubble map below with the correct words
about the factors affecting the rate of reaction. TP2

Banyak Luas permukaan Meningkat Laju Besar

More Surface area Increases Faster Larger
Tenaga kinetik Memampatkan Isi padu Berlanggar Kerap
Kinetic energy Compress Volume Collide Frequently

1 Saiz bahan tindak balas 2 Kepekatan bahan tindak balas

The size of reactant The concentration of reactants

Praktis
Kendiri
BAB

Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak

4 balas, semakin
luas permukaan
besar
jumlah
Semakin pekat suatu bahan tindak balas,
semakin banyak bilangan zarah per
bahan yang terdedah.
unit isi padu . Maka, kadar tindak
Maka, kadar tindak balas meningkat .
The smaller the size of the reactant, the balas meningkat .
larger The more concentrated a reactant, the
the total surface area
more the number of
of the exposed material. Thus, the rate of
increases particles per unit volume .
reaction .
Thus, the rate of reaction increases .
3 Suhu tindak balas
The temperature of reaction
4 Mangkin/Catalysts
Faktor-faktor yang Mangkin meningkatkan
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.
kadar tindak balas increases
Factors affecting Catalyst
the rate of reaction the rate of reaction.
Semakin tinggi suhu tindak
balas, zarah-zarah mengandungi
lebih banyak tenaga kinetik 5 Tekanan/Pressure
dan bergerak dengan lebih Penambahan tekanan akan
laju . Maka, kadar memampatkan gas. Zarah-zarah
tindak balas meningkat . gas berlanggar dengan lebih
The higher the temperature of kerap
reaction, the particles contain . Maka, kadar
tindak balas meningkat .
more kinetik energy and
faster Increasing the pressure will compress the gas. Gas
move . Thus, the rate
increases particles collide more frequently . Thus the
of reaction .
rate of reaction increases .

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 6 – 9: Mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas (rujuk silang m.s.167 – 182).
Compulsory Experiment 6 – 9: To study the factors affecting the rate of reaction (cross reference pp.167 – 182).

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 Standard Kandungan
4.3 Aplikasi konsep kadar tindak balas Tarikh:

4.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Aplikasi kadar tindak balas
The application of the rate of reaction
PBD
Kontesktual

Buku teks m/s 134 – 136

Pilih jawapan yang betul tentang aplikasi kadar tindak balas dalam kehidupan harian dan industri. TP1
Choose the correct answers about the application of the rate of reaction in everyday life and industry.

1 Pembakaran bahan api 2 Memasak

The burning of fuel Cooking

Ketulan kecil makanan mengambil masa

Bahan api lebih mudah dinyalakan jika
saiz yang (kecil , besar) digunakan. Ini
kerana jumlah (isi padu , luas permukaan)
ketulan kecil adalah lebih (kecil , besar).
yang lebih (pendek , panjang) untuk
masak. Ini kerana saiz makanan yang
kecil mempunyai jumlah (isi padu , luas
permukaan) yang lebih (kecil , besar).
(Kurang, Lebih banyak) haba dapat diserap.

BAB
(Kurang , Lebih banyak) haba akan diserap Oleh itu, kadar memasak adalah (rendah ,

menyebabkan kadar pembakaran lebih
(rendah , tinggi).
(Smaller , Bigger) pieces of fuel burn more
easily. This is because the total (volume,
surface area) of small pieces is (smaller ,
larger). (Less, More) heat is absorbed causing
the rate of burning is (lower , higher).
4
tinggi).
Small pieces of food take a (shorter , longer)
time to cook. This is because the small pieces
of the food have a larger total (volume ,
surface area). (Less , More) heat can be
absorbed. Therefore, the rate of cooking is
(lower , higher).

3 Penyimpanan makanan dalam peti sejuk 4 Memasak makanan dalam periuk tekanan
Storage of food in the refrigerator Cooking food in a pressure cooker

Tekanan yang tinggi dalam periuk tekanan

Dalam keadaan sejuk, pertumbuhan
(bakteria , alga) dan proses biokimia iaitu
tindakan enzim dalam makanan dapat
(diperlahankan, dipercepatkan). Oleh itu,
makanan dapat disimpan lebih lama.
Under cold conditions, the growth of
(bacteria , algae) and biochemical processes
i.e. enzyme action in food can be (slowed
down , speed up). Therefore, food can be
stored longer.
akan (mengurangkan, meninggikan) takat
didih air. Suhu air yang lebih (rendah ,
tinggi ) (mengurangkan , meningkatkan)
kadar tindak balas yang menyebabkan
makanan lebih (lambat , cepat) dimasak.
High pressure in a pressure cooker will
(decrease, increase) the boiling point of
water. (Lower , Higher) water temperatures
(decreases , increases) the rate of reaction
that causes food cooked (slower , faster).

5 Dalam industri/In industry
Pada amnya, suhu dan tekanan yang (rendah , tinggi) serta
penggunaan (mangkin , gas adi) dapat meningkatkan penghasilan
bahan kimia tertentu dalam proses industri seperti Proses Haber
dan Proses Sentuh yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan baja.
In general, (low , high) temperature and pressure and the use
of a (catalyst , noble gas) are able to increase the production of
chemicals in industrial processes such as the Haber Process and
Contact Process that are used to produce fertiliser.

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 SPM PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 4
Kertas 1
Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
1 Antara tindak balas kimia
berikut, yang manakah mem­
punyai kadar tindak balas
yang dapat ditentukan dengan
menyukat isi padu gas yang
terbebas?
Which chemical reaction has
the rate of reaction that can be
determined by measuring the
BAB
volume of gas released?
A Ferum dan larutan
4
kuprum(II) sulfat
Iron and copper(II) sulphate
solution
B Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat
dan natrium klorida
Lead(II) nitrate and sodium
chloride solutions
C Larutan natrium tiosulfat
dan asid sulfurik
Sodium thiosulphate solution
and sulphuric acid
D Magnesium dan asid
hidroklorik
Magnesium and hydrochloric
acid
2 Seorang murid sedang
memerhatikan tindak balas
antara kalsium karbonat dan
asid sulfurik dalam sebuah
bikar. Bagaimanakah kadar
penghasilan karbon dioksida
boleh ditingkatkan oleh murid
itu?
A students is observing the
reaction between calcium
carbonate and sulphuric acid.
How can the rate of production
of carbon dioxide be increased
by the student?
A Meningkatkan suhu asid
sulfurik/Increase the
temperature of sulphuric acid
B Mengurangkan kepekatan
asid sulfurik
Reduce the concentration of
sulphuric acid
C Meningkatkan saiz kalsium
karbonat/Increase the size of
calcium carbonate
D Menambahkan air ke dalam
asid sulfurik/Add water to
the sulphuric acid
3 Graf I dalam Rajah 1
menunjukkan graf isi padu
gas melawan masa bagi tindak
balas antara 6 g ketulan zink
dengan 50 cm3 asid sulfurik
1 mol dm–3.
Graph I in Diagram 1 shows the
graph of the volume of gas against
time for the reaction between 6 g
of zinc granules and 50 cm3 of 1
mol dm–3 sulphuric acid.
Isi padu gas (cm3)
Volume of gas (cm3)
I The presence of a catalyst
II
Masa (s)
Time (s)
      Rajah 1/Diagram 1
Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah perlu dilakukan
untuk menghasilkan Graf II?
Which of the following must be
done to produce Graph II?
A Memanaskan asid sulfurik
Heat the sulphuric acid
B Mencampurkan air
Add water
C Menggantikan ketulan zink
dengan serbuk zink
Replace the zinc granules
with zinc powder
D Menambahkan larutan
kuprum(II) sulfat/ Add
copper(II) sulphate solution
4 Tindak balas antara asid nitrik
cair dengan zink menghasilkan
hidrogen. Tindak balas lengkap
dalam masa 60 s dan isi padu
52
maksimum gas yang terbebas
ialah 120 cm3. Hitung kadar
tindak balas bagi tindak balas
ini./The reaction between dilute
nitric acid and zinc produces
hydrogen. The reaction completes
within 60 s and the maximum
volume of gas released is 120 cm3.
Calculate the rate of reaction for
the reaction.
A 0.5 cm3 s–1 B 1.0 cm3 s–1
C 1.5 cm3 s–1 D 2.0 cm3 s–1
5 Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah tidak mempengaruhi
kadar tindak balas?
Which of the following does not
affect the rate of reaction?
A Isi padu larutan
Volume of the solution
B Kehadiran mangkin
C Suhu bahan tindak balas
Temperature of the reactant
D Kepekatan larutan
Concentration of the solution
6 Mengapakah kepekatan larutan
meningkat, kadar tindak balas
turut meningkat?/Why does the
rate of reaction increase when
the concentration of a solution
increases?
A Zarah-zarah bahan tindak
balas mengandungi tenaga
kinetik yang lebih tinggi
Reactant particles contain
higher kinetic energy
B Larutan mengandungi lebih
banyak zarah per unit isi
padu/Solution contains more
particles per unit volume
C Jumlah luas permukaan
bahan tindak balas adalah
lebih besar/Total surface area
of the reactant is larger
D Larutan pekat lebih panas
Concentrated solution is hotter
 Kertas 2
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all the questions.
Bahagian A/Section A
1 Jadual 1 menunjukkan gas yang dikutip dalam 2 minit bagi tindak balas antara kalsium karbonat
berlebihan dan asid hidroklorik.
Table 1 shows the gas collected in two minutes for the reaction between excess calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid. Praktis
SPM
Eksperimen Kepekatan asid (mol dm–3) Isi padu gas hidrogen (cm3)
Experiment Concentration of acid (mol dm–3) Volume of hydrogen (cm3)
I 50 cm3 0.5 mol dm–3 20
II 50 cm3 1.0 mol dm–3 40

(a) Apakah maksud kadar tindak balas?/What is meant by the rate of reaction?
Perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil tindak balas per unit masa/Perubahan isi padu gas yang dikumpul

BAB
per unit masa./Change in the quantity of reactant or products per unit time/Change in volume of gas collected
per unit time.

(b) Hitung kadar tindak balas bagi Eksperimen I dan II dalam dua minit.
[1 markah/1 mark]
4
Calculate the rate of reaction for Experiment I and II in two minutes.
Eksperimen I/Experiment I: Kadar tindak balas/Rate of reaction = 20 = 0.17 cm3 s–1
120
Eksperimen II/Experiment II: Kadar tindak balas/Rate of reaction = 40 = 0.33 cm3 s–1
120
[2 markah/2 marks]
(c) Bandingkan kadar tindak balas bagi Eksperimen I dan II. Jelaskan jawapan anda berdasarkan faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.
Compare the rate of reaction for Experiment I and II. Explain factors that influence the rate of reaction.
Kadar tindak balas dalam Eksperimen II lebih tinggi. Ini kerana kepekatan asid dalam Eksperimen II
lebih tinggi./The rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher. This is because the concentration of acid in
Experiment II is higher.
[2 markah/2 marks]
Bahagian C/Section C
2 Kaji pernyataan yang berikut./Study the following statement.

Detergen yang lebih pekat dapat membersihkan pakaian kotor dengan lebih cepat.
The
more concentrated detergent can clean the dirty clothes faster.
(a) Nyatakan satu pernyataan masalah daripada maklumat di atas.
State one problem statement from the above information. [1 markah/1 mark]
(b) Cadangkan satu hipotesis untuk mengkaji pernyataan di atas.
Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the above statement. [1 markah/1 mark]
(c) Berdasarkan pernyataan yang diberi, reka bentuk satu eksperimen makmal untuk menguji hipotesis
anda dengan menggunakan ketulan zink, asid hidroklorik 1 mol dm–3 dan 0.1 mol dm–3, kelalang kon,
penyumbat getah dan jam randik.
Based on the given statement, design a laboratory experiment to test your hypothesis by using zinc pieces,
1 mol dm–3 and 0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, a conical flask, a rubber stopper and a stopwatch.
Huraian anda harus mengandungi aspek-aspek berikut:
Your description should include the following aspects:
(i) Tujuan eksperimen/Aim of the experiment [1 markah/1 mark]
(ii) Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah/Identification of variables [2 markah/2 marks]
(iii) Prosedur atau kaedah/Procedure or method [4 markah/4 marks]
(iv) Penjadualan data/Tabulation of data [1 markah/1 mark]

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