BAB

KADAR TINDAK BALAS

04 RATE OF REACTION
4.1 Pengenalan Kadar Tindak Balas | Introduction to Rate of Reaction Buku Teks: m.s. 116 – 124

Tindak balas kimia merupakan satu proses pertukaran bahan tindak balas kepada satu atau lebih
hasil tindak balas.
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more reactants are converted to one or more products.

Video Tindak balas kimia

Bahan tindak balas Chemical reaction Hasil tindak balas
Reactant Product

Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas perlahan

Fast reaction Slow reaction
Persamaan/ Similarities

al
• Kuantiti bahan tindak balas berkurangan/ Quantity of reactant decreases
• Kuantiti hasil tindak balas bertambah/ Quantity of product increases

iju
Perbezaan/ Differences
Kadar tindak balas tinggi kerana Kadar tindak balas rendah kerana
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tindak balas berlaku cepat Kadar tindak balas tindak balas berlaku perlahan

D
Rate of reaction is high because the Rate of reaction Rate of reaction is low because the
reaction is quick reaction is slow
Masa yang singkat untuk menjadi Masa yang panjang untuk menjadi
lengkap
h
Masa tindak balas
lengkap
Reaction time
le
Shorter time to complete Longer time to complete
Nyalaan gas butana Pengaratan besi
Burning of butane gas
Contoh Rusting of iron
Bo

Example
Peneutralan/ Neutralisation Fotosintesis/ Photosynthesis

Kadar Tindak Balas/ Rate of Reaction

Kadar tindak balas ialah perubahan kuantiti bahan tindak balas atau hasil tindak balas per unit masa.
k

Rate of reaction is the change in the quantity of reactant or product per unit time.
da

Perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil tindak balas Antara perubahan yang boleh
Kadar tindak balas = dilihat dan diukur:
Masa berlakunya perubahan kuantiti tersebut
• pengurangan jisim, isi padu
Ti

atau kepekatan bahan tindak

Change in the quantity of reactant or product balas
Rate of reaction =
Time taken for the change to occur • pertambahan jisim, isi padu
atau kepekatan hasil tindak
balas
Among the changes that can be seen or measured:
• pengurangan atau
• decrease in the mass, volume or concentration of the pertambahan tekanan, suhu,
reactant nilai pH, kekonduksian
• increase in the mass, volume or concentration of the product elektrik, kekonduksian
• decrease/ increase in the pressure, temperature, pH value, haba atau keamatan warna
electrical conductivity, heat conductivity or intensity of campuran tindak balas
colour of the reacting mixture • pertambahan isi padu atau
• increase in the volume or pressure of the gas released tekanan gas yang terbebas
• increase in the height of the precipitate formed
• pertambahan ketinggian
mendakan yang terbentuk

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 Cara mengukur kadar tindak balas
How to measure the reaction rate

Kadar tindak balas purata Kadar tindak balas pada tempoh masa tertentu
Average rate of reaction atau kadar tindak balas seketika
Nilai purata kadar tindak balas yang berlaku dalam Rate of reaction at a particular point of time or
sesuatu tempoh masa tertentu. instantaneous rate of reaction
The average value for the rate of reaction that occurs in a Kadar tindak balas yang berlaku pada satu-satu
specific time interval. masa atau ketika tertentu.
The rate of reaction at any particular point of time or
Isi padu (cm3) specific instance.
Volume (cm3) Jumlah kuantiti hasil
tindak balas Isi padu (cm3) Kecerunan tangen
yang dihasilkan Volume (cm3)
lengkung pada masa t
Masa tindak balas Gradient of tangent to
The total quantity of the curve at time t

al
product produced
Time of reaction
t Masa (s)

iju
Time (s)
t Masa (s)
Time (s)

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D
4.2 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas | Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
h Buku Teks: m.s. 125 – 133
le
Suhu Mangkin Kepekatan Tekanan (gas) Saiz
Temperature Catalyst Concentration Pressure (gas) Size
Bo

Semakin tinggi Kadar tindak Semakin tinggi Semakin tinggi Semakin kecil
suhu bahan tindak balas meningkat kepekatan bahan kepekatan bahan saiz bahan tindak
balas, semakin apabila mangkin tindak balas, tindak balas, balas berbentuk
tinggi kadar digunakan semakin tinggi semakin tinggi pepejal, semakin
k

tindak balas Rate of reaction kadar tindak balas kadar tindak balas tinggi kadar
The higher the increases when The higher the The higher the tindak balas
da

temperature of catalyst is used concentration of concentration of The smaller the size

reactants, the higher reactants, the higher reactants, the higher of solid reactant, the
the rate of reaction the rate of reaction the rate of reaction higher the rate of
reaction
Ti

4.3 Aplikasi Konsep Kadar Tindak Balas | Applications of the Concept of Rate of Reaction
Buku Teks: m.s. 134 – 136
Proses Haber/ Haber process Proses Sentuh/ Contact Process

Penghasilan ammonia Penghasilan asid sulfurik

Ammonia production Sulphuric acid production

Mangkin/ Catalyst : Serbuk ferum, Fe Mangkin/ Catalyst : Vanadium(V) oksida

Iron fillings, Fe Vanadium(V) oxide
Suhu/ Temperature : 450°C – 550°C Suhu/ Temperature : 450°C
Tekanan/ Pressure : 200 atm Tekanan/ Pressure : 1 atm

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 PRAKTIS DSKP (PENTAKSIRAN BILIK DARJAH)

4.1 Pengenalan Kadar Tindak Balas | Introduction to Rate of Reaction

SP 4.1.1 Menjelaskan melalui contoh tindak balas cepat dan tindak balas perlahan dalam kehidupan harian.
SP 4.1.2 Mentakrif kadar tindak balas.

A 1 Padankan tindak balas di bawah sama ada tindak balas cepat atau perlahan. Buku Teks: m.s. 116 – 117 TP1
Match the reaction below whether it is a fast or slow reaction. SP 4.1.1

Fotosintesis Pembakaran
Photosynthesis Burning
Tindak balas cepat
Fast reaction
Peneutralan Penapaian
Neutralisation Fermentation
Tindak balas perlahan
Slow reaction

al
Pengaratan besi Bunga api
Rusting of iron Fireworks

iju
2 Lengkapkan tempat kosong di bawah dengan perkataan yang betul mengenai kadar tindak balas.
Bab 04

D
Complete the spaces below with the correct words about the rate of reaction. Buku Teks: m.s. 116 – 118 TP1 SP 4.1.1

(a) (Apa) Tindak balas kimia merupakan satu proses pertukaran bahan tindak balas kepada
hasil tindak balas .
h reactants
(What) A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more are converted to one or
le
more products .
(b) (Mengapa) Semasa tindak balas berlaku, kuantiti bahan tindak balas semakin berkurang
Bo

manakala kuantiti hasil tindak balas semakin bertambah .

(Why) During a reaction, quantity of the reactant decreases while the quantity of the product increases .

(c) (Bagaimana) Kadar tindak balas ialah perubahan kuantiti bahan tindak balas atau hasil
k

tindak balas per unit masa .

reactant product time .
da

(How) Rate of reaction is the change in the quantity of or per unit

(d) (Bagaimana) Kadar tindak balas adalah tinggi bagi satu tindak balas cepat tetapi kadar tindak
balas adalah rendah bagi satu tindak balas perlahan .
Ti

(How) The rate of reaction is high for a fast reaction but the rate of reaction is low for a slow reaction.

3 Nyatakan perubahan yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas. Buku Teks: m.s. 118 TP2
State the changes that can be used to determine the rate of reaction.

isi padu hasil tindak balas bahan tindak balas tekanan ketinggian
volume product reactant pressure height

(a) Pengurangan jisim, isi padu atau kepekatan bahan tindak balas .
Decrease in the mass, volume or concentration of the reactant .
(b) Pertambahan jisim, isi padu atau kepekatan hasil tindak balas .
Jawapan Increase in the mass, volume or concentration of the product .
(c) Pengurangan atau pertambahan tekanan , suhu, nilai pH, kekonduksian elektrik, kekonduksian
haba atau keamatan warna campuran tindak balas.
Kata Laluan: Decrease or increase in the pressure , temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity, heat conductivity or
bakar123
intensity of colour of the reacting mixture.

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 (d) Pertambahan isi padu atau tekanan gas yang terbebas
Increase in the volume or pressure of the gas released
(e) Pertambahan ketinggian mendakan yang terbentuk
Increase in the height of the precipitate formed

TP 1 Mengingat kembali pengetahuan dan kemahiran saintifik mengenai kadar tindak balas. 3 7 15
TP 2 Memahami kadar tindak balas dan dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut. 3 7 5

SP 4.1.3 Menentukan kadar tindak balas.

B 1 Nyatakan dua cara untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas. Buku Teks: m.s. 118 TP1
State two ways to measure rate of reactions.

(a) Kadar tindak balas purata .

Average rate of reaction.
(b) Kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu atau kadar tindak balas seketika .

al
Rate of reaction at a particular point of time or instantaneous rate of reaction.

2 0.32 g serbuk zink bertindak balas selengkapnya dengan asid hidroklorik cair dalam 50 saat. Hitung kadar

iju
tindak balas dalam g s–1. Buku Teks: m.s. 118 TP3
0.32 g zinc powder reacts completely with dilute hydrochloric acid in 50 seconds. Calculate the rate of reaction in g s–1.

Bab 04
Penyelesaian/ Solution:

D
Pengurangan jisim zink
Kadar tindak balas =
h Masa yang diambil
Decrease in mass of zinc
Asid hidroklorik Rate of reaction =
Time taken
le
Hydrochloric acid 0.32 g
Serbuk zink =
50 s
Bo

Zinc powder
= 0.0064 g s–1
3 Graf berikut menunjukkan isi padu gas karbon dioksida melawan masa bagi tindak balas di antara kalsium
karbonat dengan asid hidroklorik. Buku Teks: m.s. 119 TP4
The following graphs shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas against time for the reaction between calcium carbonate
k

and hydrochloric acid.

da

160
Ti

140
Isi padu karbon dioksida (cm3)

120
Volume of carbon dioxide (cm3)

100

80

60

Jawapan
40

20
Kata Laluan:
0 Masa(s) cara123
60 120 180 240 360 Time (s)

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 Berdasarkan graf, hitung kadar tindak balas purata:
Based on the graph, calculate the average rate of reaction:
(a) dalam minit pertama/ for the first minute
(b) dalam 2 minit pertama/ for the first 2 minutes
(c) dalam minit kedua/ in the second minute
(d) dalam minit ketiga/ in the third minute
(e) keseluruhan bagi tindak balas ini/ for the whole reaction

Penyelesaian/ Solution:

(a)

160
Kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit
140 pertama
Average rate of reaction for the first minute
Isi padu karbon dioksida (cm3)

120 60 cm3
Volume of carbon dioxide (cm3)

=
60 s
0 s – 60 s

al
100 = 1 cm3 s–1

80

iju
60
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D
40

20
h
le
0 Masa(s)
60 120 180 240 360 Time (s)
Bo

(b)
k

160
Kadar tindak balas purata dalam 2 minit
da

140 pertama
Average rate of reaction for the first 2 minutes
Isi padu karbon dioksida (cm3)

120 100 cm3

Ti
Volume of carbon dioxide (cm )

=
3

120 s
100
0 s – 120 s
= 0.833 cm3 s–1

80

60

40

20
Jawapan

0 Masa(s)
60 120 180 240 360 Time (s)
Kata Laluan:
purata123

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 (c)
160
Kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit
140 kedua
Average rate of reaction in the second minute

Isi padu karbon dioksida (cm3)

120 100 – 60 cm3

Volume of carbon dioxide (cm3)

=
120 – 160 s
100 60 s – 120 s
= 0.667 cm3 s–1

80

60

40

20

0 Masa(s)
60 120 180 240 360

al
Time (s)

(d) 160

iju
Kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit
140 ketiga
Average rate of reaction in the third minute

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Isi padu karbon dioksida (cm3)

120
Volume of carbon dioxide (cm3)

130 – 100 cm3

=
180 – 120 s 120 s – 180 s
100
h = 0.5 cm3 s–1
le
80

60
Bo

40

20
k

Masa(s)
da

0
60 120 180 240 360 Time (s)

(e) 160
Ti

Kadar tindak balas purata keseluruhan

140 bagi tindak balas ini
Average rate of reaction for the whole reaction
Isi padu karbon dioksida (cm3)

120
Volume of carbon dioxide (cm3)

160 cm3
=
240 s
100
= 0.667 cm3 s–1
80

60
Jawapan
40

20
Kata Laluan:
karbon123
0 Masa(s)
60 120 180 240 360 Time (s)
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 4 Dalam suatu eksperimen, satu spatula mangan(IV) oksida ditambahkan kepada 50 cm3 larutan natrium
klorat(I).
In an experiment, one spatula of manganese(IV) oxide is added to 50 cm3 of sodium chlorate(I) solution.

Oksigen
Oxygen Kaki retort
Retort stand

Tiub penghantar
Buret
Delivery tube
Burette

Besen
50 cm3 larutan natrium klorat (I) Basin
50 cm3 of sodium chlorate (I) solution
Air
Mangan(IV) oksida Water
Manganese(IV) oxide

al
Isi padu gas oksigen yang dibebaskan dicatat pada sela masa 30 s di dalam jadual di bawah.
The volume of oxygen liberated is recorded at intervals of 30 s in the table below.

iju
Masa (s)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
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Time (s)

D
Isi padu gas oksigen (cm3)
0 12.00 22.00 30.00 36.50 42.00 46.00 48.00 48.00
Volume of oxygen h
(a) Berdasarkan jadual di atas, plot sebuah graf bagi isi padu oksigen melawan masa dalam kertas graf
le
yang disediakan. Buku Teks: m.s. 121 – 123 TP4
Based on the above table, plot a graph of volume of oxygen against the time in the graph paper provided.
Bo

Isi padu gas oksigen (cm3)

Volume of oxygen (cm3)

50
k
da

40

30
Ti

20

10

0
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Masa (s)/Time (s)

(b) Hitung kadar tindak balas purata bagi keseluruhan tindak balas ini. TP3
Calculate the average rate of reaction for the whole reaction.
Jawapan
48 cm3
=
210 s
= 0.229 cm3s–1
Kata Laluan:
oksida123

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 (c) Hitung kadar tindak balas: TP4
Calculate the rate of reaction:
(i) pada saat ke-30/ at the 30th second

Kadar tindak balas/ Rate of reaction

(26 – 5) cm3
=
(66 – 12) s
= 0.389 cm3s–1

(ii) pada saat ke-150/ at the 150th second TP3

Kadar tindak balas/ Rate of reaction

47 – 34 cm3
=
186 – 96 s
= 0.144 cm3s–1

al
(iii) pada saat ke-210/ at the 210th second

iju
TP3

= 0 cm s3 –1

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D
h
TP 1 Mengingat kembali pengetahuan dan kemahiran saintifik mengenai kadar tindak balas. 3 7 3
le
TP 3 Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai kadar tindak balas dan dapat melaksanakan tugasan. 3 7 3
TP 4 Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai kadar tindak balas dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah
3 7
Bo

mengenai kejadian atau fenomena alam. 7

4.2 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Tindak Balas | Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
SP 4.2.1
k

Menjalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas.
da

C 1 Nyatakan sama ada tindak balas meningkat atau berkurang bagi faktor berikut. Buku Teks: m.s. 125 TP2
State whether the reaction increases or decreases for the following factor.

(a) Apabila suhu bahan tidak balas meningkat, kadar tindak balas meningkat .
Ti

When the temperature of reactants increases, the rate of reaction increases .

(b) Apabila mangkin digunakan, kadar tindak balas meningkat .

When catalyst is used in a reaction, the rate of reaction increases .

(c) Apabila kepekatan bahan tindak balas meningkat, kadar tindak balas meningkat .
When the concentration of reactants increases, the rate of reaction increases .

(d) Apabila tekanan meningkat, kadar tindak balas meningkat .

When pressure increases, the rate of reaction increases .

(e) Apabila saiz bahan tindak balas besar, kadar tindak balas berkurang . Jawapan

When the size of the reactants is large, the rate of reaction decreases .

TP 2 Memahami kadar tindak balas dan dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut. 3 7 7 Kata Laluan:
pekat123

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 4.3 Aplikasi Konsep Kadar Tindak Balas | Applications of the Concept of Rate of Reaction
SP 4.3.1 Berkomunikasi mengenai aplikasi kadar tindak balas dalam kehidupan harian dan industri.

D 1 Lengkapkan tempat kosong di bawah tentang penghasilan ammonia dalam industri. TP2
Complete the following blanks below about the production of ammonia in industry. Buku Teks: m.s. 135

(a) Ammonia dihasilkan dalam kuantiti yang besar dalam industri melalui proses Haber .
Ammonia is produced in large quantities in industry through Haber process .

Gas yang tidak

bertindak balas
Gas nitrogen Unreacted gas
Nitrogen gas

al
Gas hidrogen
Hidrogen gas

iju
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Reaktor Kebuk

D
Reactor penyejukan
Pemampat Cooling Cecair ammonia
Compressor Liquid ammonia
chamber
h
Penghasilan ammonia/ Production of ammonia
le
(b) Gas nitrogen dan gas hidrogen dicampurkan di dalam pemampat dalam nisbah 1:3 .
Bo

Nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are mixed in the compressor in the ratio 1:3 .
(c) Kemudian, kedua-dua gas ini disalurkan ke reaktor dan gas itu bertindak balas untuk
membentuk cecair ammonia.
Then, both gases are passed into the reactor and they react to form liquid ammonia.
k

(d) Penghasilan ammonia dipengaruhi oleh tiga faktor berikut:

The production of ammonia is affected by these factors:
da

(i) Mangkin/ Catalyst : Besi/ Iron

(ii) Suhu/ Temperature : 450°C – 550°C
Ti

(iii) Tekanan/ Pressure : 200 atm

(e) Gas-gas yang tidak bertindak balas akan dikitar semula dan disalurkan semula ke reaktor dan
bercampur dengan sumber gas-gas yang baharu.
The unreacted gases are recycled and passed back into the reactor and mix with the new sources of gases.
(f) Persamaan kimia/ Chemical equation:

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Nitrogen Hidrogen Ammonia
Nitrogen Hydrogen
Jawapan

Kata Laluan:
rosak123

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 2 Lengkapkan tempat kosong di bawah tentang penghasilan asid sulfurik dalam industri. TP2
Complete the blanks below about the production of sulphuric acid in industry. Buku Teks: m.s. 135 – 135

(a) Asid sulfurik dihasilkan dalam kuantiti yang besar dalam industri melalui proses Sentuh .
Sulphuric acid is produced in large quantities in industry through Contact process .

Asid sulfurik pekat

Concentrated sulphuric acid

Gas buangan
Sulfur
Waste gas
Sulphur gas Y
gas X
Oleum
Udara kering H2S2O7
Dry air
Vanadium(V) oksida
Vanadium(V) oxide Air/ Water
Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid H2SO4

al
Penghasilan asid sulfurik/ Production of sulphuric acid

sulfur dioksida, SO2 .

iju
(b) Pembakaran sulfur dalam udara berlebihan menghasilkan gas X:
Sulphur is burnt in an excess of air to produce gas X: sulphur dioxide, SO2 .

Bab 04
Persamaan kimia/ Chemical equation:

D
S + h O2 SO2
Sulfur Oksigen Sulfur dioksida
Sulphur Oxygen Sulphur dioxide
le
Bo

(c) Sulfur dioksida dicampur dengan udara berlebihan untuk menghasilkan gas Y: sulfur trioksida, SO3 .
Sulphur dioxide gas is mixed with an excess of air to produce gas Y: sulphur trioxide gas, SO3 .
k

2SO2 + O2 2SO3
da

Sulfur dioksida Oksigen Sulfur trioksida

Sulphur dioxide Oxygen Sulphur trioxide
Ti

Suhu/ Temperature : 450°C

Tekanan/ Pressure : 1 atm

Mangkin/ Catalyst : Vanadium(V) oksida,V2O5 / Vanadium(V) oxide

(d) Gas sulfur trioksida dilarutkan dalam asid sulfurik pekat untuk membentuk oleum, H2S2O7 .
Sulphur trioxide gas is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to produce oleum, H2 S2O7 .

(e) Oleum dicairkan dengan air untuk menghasilkan asid sulfurik pekat . Jawapan

Oleum is diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid .

TP 2 Memahami kadar tindak balas dan dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut. Kata Laluan:
3 7 20 sulfur123

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 PRAKTIS SPM
Jawab semua soalan./ Answer all questions.
1 Antara berikut, yang manakah tidak boleh
digunakan untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas?
BT m.s. 118
Which of the following cannot be used to determine the rate
of reaction? OMG m.s. 60 DSKP A S3, TP2 ARAS : R
A Perubahan dalam suhu
Changes in temperature
B Isi padu gas yang dibebaskan per unit masa
Volume of gas released per unit time
C Perubahan dalam jisim bahan tindak balas
semasa tindak balas
Changes in mass of reactants during reaction
D Perubahan saiz bagi bahan tindak balas
berbentuk pepejal
Changes in size of solid reactants
KERTAS 1 (OBJEKTIF)
4 Persamaan perkataan di bawah menunjukkan satu
tindak balas.
Magnesium + Asid sulfurik → Magnesium sulfat + Hidrogen
Magnesium + Sulphuric acid → Magnesium sulphate + Hydrogen
Antara tindakan berikut, yang manakah dapat
meningkatkan kadar tindak balas?
Which of the following actions increases the rate of reaction?
BT m.s. 125 OMG m.s. 65 DSKP C S1, TP2 ARAS : S
A Menambahkan tekanan udara
Increase the air pressure
B Menambahkan saiz zarah bagi magnesium
Increase the particle size of magnesium
C Menambahkan kepekatan asid sulfurik

al
Increase the concentration of sulphuric acid
2 Jadual menunjukkan jumlah isi padu oksigen yang D Mengurangkan suhu asid sulfurik

dikutip pada sela masa yang tetap bagi penguraian
hidrogen peroksida.
Table shows the total volume of oxygen collected at regular
Bab 04
iju
Decrease the temperature of sulphuric acid
5 Pilih padanan yang betul bagi mangkin yang

D
time intervals for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. digunakan bagi proses berikut.
Choose the correct pair of catalysts used for the following
Masa/ Time process.
0 1 2 3 4
(min)
h BT m.s. 136 OMG m.s. 66–67 DSKP D S1, S2, TP2 ARAS : R

Isi padu gas

le
Proses Haber Proses Sentuh
Volume of 0 9.6 18.1 26.4 34.3 Haber process Contact process
gas (cm3)
Bo

Besi Vanadium(V) oksida

Hitung kadar tindak balas purata dalam minit ketiga. A
Iron Vanadium(V) oxide
Calculate the average rate of reaction in the third minute.
BT m.s. 119 OMG m.s. 63 DSKP B S3, TP4 ARAS : T Nikel Vanadium(V) oksida
B
A 7.9 cm3 min–1 Nickel Vanadium(V) oxide
k

B 8.1 cm3 min–1 Vanadium(V) oksida Besi

C
da

C 8.3 cm3 min–1 Vanadium(V) oxide Iron

D 8.8 cm3 min–1
Vanadium(V) oksida Nikel
D
Vanadium(V) oxide Nickel
3 Tindak balas antara zink dan asid hidroklorik
Ti

menghasilkan 30 cm3 hidrogen dalam 12 s.

6 Persamaan perkataan di bawah mewakili satu
Tindak balas itu lengkap dalam 80 s dan isi padu
peringkat dalam pembuatan asid sulfurik.
maksimum hidrogen yang diperoleh ialah 52 cm3.
The word equation below represents a stage in the
Hitung kadar tindak balas itu pada 12 s. manufacturing of sulphuric acid.
The reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid produces
30 cm3 hydrogen in 12 s. The reaction is completed in 80 s P + Asid sulfurik pekat → Oleum
and the maximum volume of hydrogen obtained is 52 cm3. P + Concentrated sulphuric acid → Oleum
Calculate the rate of reaction at 12 s.
BT m.s. 120 OMG m.s. 61 DSKP B S2, TP3 ARAS : S Apakah P?/ What is P?
What is represented by X? BT m.s. 136 OMG m.s. 67 DSKP D S2, TP2 ARAS : R
Jawapan A 0.4 cm3s–1 A Sulfur/ Sulphur
B 0.65 cm3s–1 B Sulfur dioksida/ Sulphur dioxide
C 1.54 cm3s–1 C Sulfur trioksida/ Sulphur trioxide
D 2.5 cm3s–1 D Hidrogen sulfida/ Hydrogen sulphide
Kata Laluan:
kadar123

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 PRAKTIS SPM KERTAS 2 (BAHAGIAN A)
Jawab semua soalan./ Answer all questions.

1 Rajah menunjukkan dua eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk menyiasat faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak
balas.
The diagram shows two experiments carried out to investigate factor affecting the rate of reaction.
Kaki retort Kaki retort
Retort stand Retort stand
Tiub penghantar Tiub penghantar
Delivery tube Asid sulfurik Delivery tube
cair + Larutan
kuprum(II)
Asid sulfurik cair Buret Buret
sulfat
Dilute sulphuric acid Burette Burette
Besen Dilute sulphuric Besen
Basin acid + copper(II) Basin
sulphate solution

al
Ketulan zink berlebihan Air Serbuk zink berlebihan Air
Excess zinc powder Water Excess zinc pieces Water

iju
Eksperimen I/Experiment I Eksperimen II/Experiment II

Bab 04
(a) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah berikut:/ State the following variables: TP2 ARAS : R

D
(i) pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan/ manipulated variable
Kehadiran mangkin/ Presence of catalyst h [1 markah/ mark]
(ii) pemboleh ubah bergerak balas/ responding variable ARAS : R
le
TP2

Kadar tindak balas/ Rate of reaction

Bo

[1 markah/ mark]
(b) Lengkapkan persamaan berikut. TP2 ARAS : R
Complete the following word equation.
Zink + Asid sulfurik → Zink sulfat + Hidrogen
k

Zinc + Sulphuric acid → Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen

[1 markah/ mark]
da

(c) Apakah kuantiti yang digunakan untuk mengukur kadar tindak balas? TP3 ARAS : S
What quantity is used to measure the rate of reaction?
Ti

Isi padu gas hidrogen yang dibebaskan/ Volume of hydrogen liberated

[1 markah/ mark]
(d) Keputusan bagi eksperimen I diwakili oleh graf di bawah. TP4 ARAS : S
The result for experiment I is represented by the graph below.
Kuantiti produk
Quantity of product

II

I
Jawapan

Masa (s)/ Time (s)

O

Lakarkan pada paksi yang sama, graf bagi eksperimen II. Kata Laluan:
Sketch on the same axes, the graph for experiment II. ubah123
[1 markah/ mark]

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 PRAKTIS SPM KERTAS 2 (BAHAGIAN B)
Jawab semua soalan./ Answer all questions.

1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua peralatan memasak yang hendak digunakan untuk memasak sup daging.
The diagram below shows two cooking appliances to be used to cook meat soup.

Periuk A/ Pot A Periuk B/ Pot B

(a) (i) Peralatan memasak yang manakah akan mengambil masa yang singkat untuk memasak sup daging?
Which cooking utensils will take the shortest time to cook meat soup? TP1 ARAS : R

al
Periuk A/ Pot A
[1 markah/ mark]

iju
(ii) Terangkan jawapan anda di a(i). TP2 ARAS : R
Bab 04

Explain your answer in a(i).

D
Tekanan lebih tinggi dalam periuk A meningkatkan takat didih air dengan lebih cepat
The higher pressure in pot A increases the boiling point of water more rapidly
h [1 markah/ mark]
le
(b) Apakah hubungan antara tekanan dengan kadar tindak balas? OMG m.s. 65 DSKP C S1 TP3 ARAS : S
What is the relationship between the pressure and the rate of reaction?
Bo

Apabila tekanan meningkat, tindak balas meningkat maka kadar tindak balas meningkat
When the pressure increases, the reaction increases thus, the rate of reaction increases
[1 markah/ mark]
k

(c) Setelah sup siap dimasak, satu mangkuk disimpan di dalam peti sejuk dan satu lagi mangkuk dibiarkan di
da

atas meja. Pada pendapat anda, sup yang manakah boleh tahan lebih lama? TP4 ARAS : T
(Apa) Sup yang disimpan dalam peti sejuk boleh tahan lebih lama (Mengapa) kerana aktiviti
Ti

mikroorganisma dilambatkan dalam suhu rendah.

(What) Soup which is kept in a refrigerator can last longer (Why) as the activities of microorganisms are slowed down
at low temperature
[2 markah/ marks]

(d) Tandakan (3) aplikasi kadar tindak balas dalam industri untuk menghasilkan ammonia.
Tick (3) the application of reaction rates in industry to produce ammonia. OMG m.s. 66 DSKP D S1 TP1 ARAS : R

Proses Sentuh Proses Haber Proses elektrolisis

3
Jawapan Contact process Haber process Electrolysis process

[1 markah/ mark]

Kata Laluan:
kadar123

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 PRAKTIS SPM KERTAS 2 (BAHAGIAN C)
Jawab semua soalan./ Answer all questions.

1 Kaji maklumat berikut. BT m.s. 129

Study the following information.

Makanan pepejal seperti ubi kentang mesti dipotong kepada ketulan lebih kecil supaya boleh
dimasak dengan lebih cepat.
Solid food like potatoes must be cut into smaller pieces so that it can be cooked faster.

(a) Nyatakan satu pernyataan masalah daripada maklumat di atas. TP4 ARAS : T
State one problem statement from the above information.
[1 markah/ mark]

(b) Cadangkan satu hipotesis untuk menyiasat pernyataan di atas. TP4 ARAS : T
Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the above statement.
[1 markah/ mark]

al
(c) Berdasarkan pernyataan yang diberi, reka bentuk satu eksperimen makmal untuk menguji hipotesis anda
dengan menggunakan kepingan kecil zink, serbuk zink, asid nitrik dan radas lain yang sesuai.

iju
Based on the given statement, design a laboratory experiment to test your hypothesis by using small pieces of zinc, zinc
powder, nitric acid and other suitable apparatus. Buku Teks m.s. 129

Bab 04
Huraian anda harus mengandungi aspek berikut: TP3 ARAS : S

D
Your description should include the following criteria:
(i) Tujuan eksperimen/ Aim of experiment [1 markah/ mark]
(ii) Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah/ Identification of variables
h [2 markah/ marks]
(iii) Prosedur atau kaedah/ Procedure or method [4 markah/ marks]
(iv) Penjadualan data/ Tabulation of data [1 markah/ mark]
le
1 (a) Bagaimanakah saiz bahan tindak balas pepejal mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas?
Bo

How does the size of solid reactants affect the rate of reaction?
(b) Semakin kecil saiz bahan tindak balas pepejal, semakin tinggi kadar tindak balas
The smaller the size of solid reactant, the higher the rate of reaction
(c) (i) Untuk mengkaji kesan saiz bahan tindak balas pepejal ke atas kadar tindak balas
k

To study the effect of size of solid reactants on rate of reaction

(ii) Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan/ Manipulated variable : Saiz zink/ Size of zinc
da

Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas/ Responding variable : Kadar tindak balas/ Rate of reaction
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Suhu, jisim zink, kepekatan dan isi padu asid nitrik
Constant variable: Temperature, mass of zinc, concentration and volume of nitric acid
Ti

(iii) 1. Buret diisi penuh dengan air. Bacaan awal bagi buret dicatatkan.
The burette is filled fully with water. The initial burette reading is recorded.
2. 100 cm3 asid nitrik 0.1 mol dm–3 disukat menggunakan silinder penyukat dan dituangkan ke
dalam kelalang kon.
100 cm3 nitric acid 0.1 mol dm–3 is measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into a conical flask.
3. Timbang 2 g ketulan kecil zink menggunakan neraca elektronik dan masukkan ke dalam asid itu.
Kelalang kon ditutup serta merta dan sebuah jam randik dimulakan.
Weigh 2 g of small pieces of zinc using an electronic balance and add into the acid. The conical flask is closed
immediately and a stopwatch is started.
4. Langkah 1 hingga langkah 5 diulang dengan menggunakan 2 g serbuk zink.
Step 1 to step 5 are repeated by using 2 g of zinc powder.
Jawapan
(iv) Masa/ Time 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Bacaan buret/ Burette reading (cm3)
Isi padu H2/ Volume of H2 (cm3) Kata Laluan:
makmal123

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