Documents

Section 3 of Indian evidence act, 1872, describe a

document as, Section 3 of the Evidence Act defines
'document' as any matter expressed or described upon any
substance by means of letters, figures or marks or by more
than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may
be used, for the purpose of recording that matter.
Illustrations: A writing 5 is a document; Words printed,
lithographed or photographed are documents; A map or
plan is a document; An inscription on a metal plate or stone
is a document; A caricature is a document.

Question Documents
Any document whose authenticity is in doubt, or
suspected to be forged are known as questioned
document.
For example: suicide letters, financial document which
may include money receipt, cheques, currency notes,
records, orders, answer sheet etc.

Paper examination
Paper is made of cellulose, which is obtained from plants.
 Process of paper making
Knowledge of process of papermaking is useful when the
paper examination is required. The papermaking normally
have following steps:
1. Beating process- the raw material is broken down in small shreds. For this purpose,
mechanical grinders can be used or chemicals like sulphates can be used.
2. Pulp making-water is added to the material and the resulting material is known as pulp.
3. Use of metal gauze- the pulp is passed over a continuous shaking. Due to continuous
shaking the water is drained out, shreds join with each other and a sheet is produced.

What is loading process?

Small pores of paper are filled by loading materials like: Kaolin or Calcium.

Coloring agent
Coloring agents are added as desired.

Calendaring
It is a process of compressing paper by passing into a pair of heated rolls. The surface can be made
smooth by using certain material like; rosin starch or vax.

In certain papers water marking is also done.

Types of paper
1. Bond paper: These are durable, and suitable for letterhead, report writing etc.
2. Glogiquoted paper: these have a shining surface. These can be use in brochures, calendars etc.
3. Met finish paper: These are not shining papers, and generally used for preparing visiting cards
etc.
4. Recycled paper: these are made from already used papers, as the name itself suggests. For
example, advertisement templates.
5. Silk quoted paper: paper like a smooth silk quoting and can be used in catalogues, magazines,
visiting cards etc.
6. Unquoted papers: these are good example of ink, and have a rough surface.
 Paper examination
For matching of a paper, following observations are made:

1. Identification of row material:

I. it may be natural, and may have synthetic fiber.
II. In beating process, if some chemicals are used, it can be identified.

2. Identification of loading material,

3. Identification of material used for smoothing of surface of a paper like; rosin, starch or vax.
4. In ruled papers matching of lines can be done.
5. Matching of watermarking can be done by transmitted light.
6. Size of paper is also noted.
7. The weight of paper is noted in gram per squire meter (GSM). The weight of standard paper is in
between 75-200 GSM.