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    Unit-4 PC

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    Karan Veer

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    of 14
    THE COLLOIDAL STATE The Colloidal Systems, 4 cotto; ined as a suspension of Colloid MS. A colloidal dispersi articles in ac edi Beer sion has tradi and their a Presa hee cus Eien eee thelr auinR TS SEE igh and tel osm > Particles were recognized to be rel fiege a nate , r ae (aso called gels) and (2) lyophobic or solvent fearing collie (co eeted eae ee The lyophilie colloids are invariably polymeric molecules so that the colloidal of a dispersion of single molecules. The stability of the lyophilic colloid is a 1 strong, favourable solvent-solute interactions. Typical lyophilic systems would be proteins gelatin) or starch in water, rubber in benzene and cellulose nitrate or cellulose ii ‘The process of dissolution may be rather slow. The first additions of solven the solid which swells as a result (this stage is called imbibition). F with mechanical kneading (as in the case of rubber) slowly dis lathe case of ordinary gelatin, the dissolution is As the solution cools, the long and twis open space between the molecules. 7 Which is physically trapped in the Consequence of cor Particularly efter sharge of the ion is no Scanned with CamScanner PRINCIPLES UF FHYSICAU GH EMistay Z i. - mechanical grinding. This is done in, ora eS ae dises held at a very small distanee’* ists of "at a high speed (of the order of 7009 an, | t cae 1pm) j ys fed in between the two discs in the form “4 & a ofa < shearing force 3 Th mensions by the operating $ » How qppesit: ScciNe, TE broken 10 couOs formly of colloidal dimensions, cal dispersion in a high int ever, it -y into mec! oe wuartz oscillators W! h so fn Ge Se ier weg Cause local, rapidly alternating 0 son of minute cavities which disappear ima ag the Frente slid and converting it into a COHPASSE ical Dispersion. In this method an arc is struck a feo electrodes of a metal like platinum, gold, silver or "fhe metal first changes into vapours (molecular sccouat of the heat of the spark and the vapours then give aggregates of colloidal range. The function’ -xplained shortly in this chapter ised 2 method to obtain organosols of metals method, the electrodes are usually ‘om and alternating current (instead of the direct Brediz method) is employe .. The material to be Gispersed is taken in the form of gramules and pasted on the electrodes immersed in the organic medium) through which the electric 2s the electric spark gets through the granules of the material quc is used for obtaining organosols of several metals Organosols of metals are used (i) in the hydrogenation and ret caalysss for combustion of liquid fuels in rockets, (iii) as fillers gucrs and paints and (iv) in medicine. 3. Peptization. Certain freshly formed precipitates, such as aluminium hydroxide, can be converted into colloital sOlsian suitable electrolyte. An electrolyte havin; ion in con requied for sol formation. The peotizston tee of the : Peptization action is due to th Scanned with CamScanner on "Condensation Meth, 3 gs double decomposition’ idee idan ayste 1215 bans are not always formed jn reaction Mins, a8 for example, at genni oi efinite order of their mixing, et. 1, Double Decomposition, gle solution of arsenious oxide ° ‘ ntiODs hydrolyse ited by various chemical reactions Capable of mau St Te should be noted that colloidal ols initial sub Mrations of the i i they are formed under specific stances, at a definite temperature Of arsenio and remoyse US sulphide j i Aa + ng net nS Puy pa : Wits ASSs + 31 i 2, Oxidation. A colloidal sulphur sol yes yyaogen sulphide with air or sulphur dioxiai j 21S + 0, 2H2S + so, I is . "Mined by the xitalon ofan ee cHN Se OM 28 + 21,0 figs idation of HS to : a Ne aa ex Oxidation react ienton of polythionie acids, These acs se nae ee ate sulphur to form bigger colloidal Particles called miscelles which are Ena ae ically more. tate constituent species: In othesl words) genymimeste Se ‘There Baad Sea that Pentathionic acid, HyS50,, formed during the oxidation xb a the stabilizing electrolyte, converting the sulphur colloidal particle i aeceltell famula : (m{S] nSsO§”.2(n — x)H*)oxH*. idal particle into a miscel 3, Reduction. Sols of metals such as silver, the aqueous solutions of their salts by non-electrol cao monoxide and phosphorus. Zsiemondy prepared the gold hydrosol by reducing potessie mit formaldehyde. In this reaction, chloroauric acid, H{AuCl].4H,0, first formed, is made vit potassium carbonate in an aqueous solution to yield potassium aurate + 3 2H[AICI,] + SK,CO; —> 2KAUO; + SCO) + 8KC1+H,0 The resulting solution is heated and a dilute solution of formaldehyde is added dropwi ‘eduction occurs according to the reaction : — S, comp! . ions occur simultaneously 2KAuO, + 2CH,O + KxCO; —4> 2Au (sol) + 3HCOOK + KHCO, il 1 obtained. Potassium aurate, KAuO, acts as the stabilizer of the red gold sol o! SM¢sol is represented by the formula : bie i i (m{Au]nAu03.(n—2)K" )xK i the hydrolysis of the so . Colloidal sols of heavy metals ar obuinat by ie Rusbolysl Of he se fatl’s: Thus, when a small amount of ferric i 4 hydroxide is obtained : Oe aha Retr aaes FeCl; + 3H med is removed along with water = fort rnelng Promotes the reaction because HC! ‘gis reaction, iron oxychloride, § to act as the stabilizer ° Scanned with CamScanner PRINUIFLES UF FPHYSICAL CHEM «which are capable of adsorbing the hyay ws vit? tine FeO vol can be expressed by any of the fotigees™ el cture OF presi roy vi sa stabilizer : rm po rd ff pon which substance acts a f depend aa atte npeo*(n-xyc) ie ; lowing 1. é . : 2 (mtFe(OHDs} nped*.3¢n-2)Cl ) ae H+ (n-ayct) x0 hhange of solvents. For instance 3, (miFe(OH)s) ” tained by excl ( Sols can aso Ue tn a lange amount of Boling Wate, the aso i intoa .d sulphur particles which form nuclei that rapidly grow colloidal impurities, particularly the . The presence of Purification of ele Seer instability will Be discussed shortly in this : renders he sos unstable Te oa a eans, TWO sian nurities must be eliminate ‘ = been stated that while part 1. Dialysis. It has already De Tes, the colloidal particles, bein throush parchment and other fine Mer icles as well as particles im truce eee fae Se tsaibeld in a wider vessel conn pure water Jament bag. whi ; wide eet a Pion pass out while the colloids remain in the bag tilled water renewed frequently. : id ; i ‘pstances in colloidal state from those p. ‘The process of separating sul i pi the help of fine membranes, is known as dialysis and the membrane used fc ee ow but it can be quic i is i it it it can qu Ordinarily, the process of dialysis is quite slow ‘eld if the substance in true solution is an electrolyte. The process ‘The mixture is placed between two dialysing membranes while pure water on each side. There is one electrode in each compartment by means of applied. The ions of the electrolyte migrate out to the oppositely charged particles are held back. 2. Ultra-filtration. The separation of solutes from colloidal systen the process known as ultra-filtration. Ordinarily, filter papers have po mj) So that the colloidal particles which are less than 200 mp can the ions or molecules in solution. But the pores can be made ' solution of gelatin or collodion and subsequently hardening pores thus become very small and the colloidal particles maj The Weated filters are known as ultra-filters, This process known as ultrafiltration. A series of grade 1 solutions of collodion of diffe conta ae ‘ ferent concentrations, The pores evi large enough to permit the passage of ions or ce in ie aes sh ne withhold the colloidal particles, By using a series Parate colloidal particles of different sizes from il pressure is needed to drive the solute pi General Properties of Colloidal Systems a concentra evaporates 1ea As already stated, colloidal ist of two phases : the di Scanned with CamScanner 3. Filter, # abit . dimentSOWved materte, TR coo xrs along with mensions, ™4#€rial, This UOidal particieg readily pass through ordinary fkes PAE coltoidal is hi scat, Visibility, 1, © even the finest filter paper has P microscope. i 8 not possi + powerful Waler. The reason spS0l for igiete!© e colloidal particles even with the help of gold chioride in invisiniy 4 true Attempts have peg. Visibility of SPPEArS to be as clear as a of en discussed. colloidal particiey Rate ees ae rays for seeing the formed by thers 2. Hut thesa i TECEht time’ to use ultfaviolet pays) OF eRiHe i les cathode ay oe be photogra eai,20 impression on the retina of the eye. However, ii combi; ». The electron microscope, for instance, makes: fendi be, eae rent lates ©” OF special types of Tenses,” images of colloidal particles 5. Colligative Propertie, depression in freezing point ery git® Magnitude of osmotic pressure, 1eWertnanOe vapour Present in a given mass o Clevation in boiling point, depend upon the number of sol Physical aggregations of - Now, colloidal particles are not simple molecules. about 1000 molecules. Tel Cues. In arsenic sulphide fol. for instance, each particle #8 will be only qaheth of Ss: for a given mass of arsenic sulphide, the number of parti true solutions) five. ve bd Humber present in true solution. Hence, all colloidal d boiling point elevation,» ‘°¥ ©SMotic pressure and show very small freezing point 6. Optical Properties, It we i beam o passed through @ tre solution, bean) tenes ey However, when the same beam of light is passed through a colloidal dispersion, it 7 bright streak. This phenomenon is known as the Tyndall effect and the illuminated light) is known as Tyndall cone (Fig, 2). This phenomenon is due to the scattering of surface of colloidal particles. In a true solution, there are no particles of autfien to scatter light and hence the beam is invisible. The visibility of dust particles in a semi-darkened room when a sun beam enters | 's thrown from a light projector, are familiar examples of Tyndall effect. The dust enough to scatter light and thus render the path of light visible. The intensity of the scattered light depends on the difference between the the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. In lyophobie sols, this difference is a therefore, the Tyndall effect is quite well- defined. In lyophilic sols, the particles are largely solvated. This lowers the difference in the refractive indices of the two phases and hence the Tyndall effect is much Weaker. Thus, in the sols of freshly Prepared silicic acid, blood serum, albumins, etc., there is little or no Tyndall effect, The Tyndall effect bas be wists Scanned with CamScanner PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL gy \ an ordinary microscope, can be detecteg ‘Ty 1218 e seen under we do not see the actual particles ; they 2 op | phasised id by them. Our eye pictures various spoyg “tog SF lig | particles which are (0% Tight moving irregult” small to be visible. as round or spheric english botanist, in 1827, observed Movement. Robert Brown, Pes be ‘on when ultra-microscope wag he Polen 7, The Bre pasion ‘were in constant anc Lae os aares Taal ain i ss \ crate sr at piles of YORU particles gupende, ng ‘ae “J i ins ‘ sina Pope Brownian mo ecules in a gas. AS @ result, the ¢ ovement, Aispersion medium which are on He = poet by ae gum, BU sino iloidal particles ar cone 7 y heat dispersion medium. But, sine # dispersion medium, their move ae ‘The Brownian movement is nol because observed in ordiné in this case is so large that the bon mbardment by mol in this tpem, Brownian movement offers @ Visible proof of the ina liquid. Properties of Hydrophobic Colloidal Systems L._ Electrical Properties : Charge on Colloidal Particles. The most important property of hyd is that the particles carry electric charge. All the particles in a given hy carry the same charge and the dispersion medium has an opposite and equ whole being electrically neutral. The presence of similar charges responsible in giving stability to colloidal systems because the mut similarly charged particles prevent them from coalescing and coagulati come closer to one another. Metallic hydroxides, some metals (such a xe the ol is considerably 8 metals (such as silver, gold, platinum), silicic acid, tannic acid and n The Origin of Charge on Colloidal Particles. The origin of el not been completely understood. However, it has been observed that with minute quantities of electrolytes and that if the latter: r Gialysis, the sols become unstable. It is believed, therefore, is due o preferential adsorption of either positive or negative | ve a preference to adsorb positive ions, they acquire a positive negative ions, they acquire a negative char a cate ferric chloride which is always py Similariy, the negati ane the negative charg resent in traces in the sol, ¢ On arsenic sulphid oof areenTBe On arsenic sulphide sol riggs sulphide Wale sei’ Sulphide partictes, The nt Scanned with CamScanner ne SST ae 1219 of stannic chlorig, a 1 is positively charge S8Cla, i , red and the 80 Narged. In 18 forme 4+ jon is preferr ed and now Ihe Negatively chart latter cage Nt the positively charged SM” 0 Na,snOs, is forme The chloride and sogigneB4 Snog a8: 8 small amount of sodium sta 1 js negatively © ‘ons, known ae c® Preferred and accordingly Me SS 4 phase Another is : interestin, 8 counter jons, are directed towards the sols of silver iodide. 6" i8 furni, ie Te TNishe, i wi jilute solution of Sodium jogig,® ‘lute solution, the formation of positively 33 slight excess of @ ene adsorption of iodide jong 49 Negatively vp”! Silver nitrate is added t formed. This is due to dilute solution of soq; n°" 'Y charged sol of silver iodide is fo if : sodium ate struct . 3(a)- But, i positively charged cottt™ iodide qe ell as negatively charged in Fi Neture of the sol particle is represented as in FB. 1M tte a ae aol particle ieee RUT Haat 10 a ligt extlad Of ditute solution of sie ae nt mixed in equivalent, me eresente 2s Ormed due to the adsorption of silver 1ONS. Tc iodide are -2Mounts, there j, 2 Fig: 3(b). However, if silver nitrate an SS mentioned once again thar 7 {ete is a is formed. It may at the i Precipitation of silver iodide and no sol is them. Thus, in the above exami’ Preferred by colloidal particles are those which aa oon eed ion. In the second case, it prefat "te first case, si iodide ion > it pr ‘vc’ fitst case, silver iodide prefers iodide ion 4 directed towards the liquid phag'® “i¥€t ion and not nitrate ion, The counter ion, in each case, 8 Fig. 3(@). Negatively charged sol of Agl Fe. OPT aoe ' Thus, on the surface of a colloidal particle there is an electrical double layer of opposite charges. The aspect has been discussed in adequate details in the next section. ‘ Another possible way in which colloidal particles may acquire charge is by direct ionisation of the material constituting the particles. This phenomenon is observed mostly Sut v in the case of acidic and basic dyestuffs. An acidic dyestuff, . for example, ionises yielding hydrogen ions in solution and Hi = thereby leaving an equivalent amount of negative charge on pare particle the particles. The structure of the colloidal particles of the pie Ye may be represented as shown in Fig. 4(a). mat ’ ises yielding A basic dyestuff, on the other hand, ionises yie Siéfoxy ions in solution and thereby leaving an equivalent z unt of positive charge on the particles. ‘The ae zr be colloidal dye particles in this case may be TeP ‘town in Fi a i lectrical. i ic a The Electrical Double Layer. Central to the underpants iat a el At ©) 4 + NaNOs (09) Fig. 4. Origin of charge in d ionisation of surface gre Scanned with CamScanner Fruits ron ACHE . godium iodide. This would result in 1220 setolyte used im excess is styer iodide, as ilustrated above ig a pose that “negatively chars jcle of a colloidal system are 4 Fe of ions giving @ sick ‘on the surface of & Parth ATE alley aero jally adso} geen sons preferenti itive ions (Na* The, ioenmaning (O18: 1 particle attracts the positi (Na?) and repels the potential-dete? ved surface of At Em s tend to form a compact layer in the yj he negatively ME sult, the positive Na OS stern layer (Fig. 5). The ions ‘ity negative ions Sea ining T ion layer. Th of the potentia’ fh h pre i PARTICLE SURFACE The influence the result that at of the surface charge decreases wit istance nae oy 4 certain distance from the surface op the par Scanned with CamScanner Jectrical a a — eer OUTER eee which is of layer, is given by "° der of ‘cat double ie ‘imetsiony ag omnt of two parts the Gouy-Chapmat the Stern layer, the thickness of diffuse layer yernickness of which "> ~( £ Rr? .Q) £eRT where Pp, €, and 7 are 2pF2y solution. F'is the Fargg®SPestively, 4, ionic strength of the song] OMStant, The CMSHY, the dielectric constant a mn ind the ioe iS i it de A very important gt teteases, matte Of is of the order of 1-100 nm: defined as the diferente ni Feckon, } Mote rapidly for counter ions of high valency: of shear) and the elegaran Potential hema the Present context is thi ro e so-called zeta potential © we ee stability ore8ion ‘een the surface of the tightly bound layer (called the plane 1 a of of the Solution, The zeta potential is located at the Colloidal systems. strength of the reases as the Th ee a of the Stability of Lyophoble Cot is theory, involvir ic Colloids ae D. Derjaguin ‘and LD. Tani Concept of zeta potential, was developed by the Russian scientieks Overbeek. According to this theo a4 itdependently, by the Dutch scientists E. Verwey and 3-1-6. is the . & charges of the electrical dousne ny (iF i8 a balance between the repulsive interactions between the 01 interactions between the moana On neighbouring particles and the attractive van der ve on particles, each of radius a, is aun Particles. The repulsive potential energy of the double lay: Per Vie, = Aa Pac 4 Hs 2 Constait, G is the zeta potential, R is the separation of the centres, 5 is the separation of {Wo particles (s=R~2a for spherical particles of radius a) and rp is the thickness of the electrical double layer. Eq. 2 hol ‘ so ee double layer (@ >> rp), y' q. olds for a thick double layer (a Tp)- For 2 va as Inte); a >> 1p +B) The potential arising from the attractive interaction is given by Var. = - Bis a) where B is another constant. Treating the electrical double layer as a simple electrical condenser, the zeta tiven by the expression, Peto C = 4nnule,. Where n are , are the viscosity and the dielectric constant, respectively, of the dispersion Md u is the mobility of the colloidal particles. on A : ; i ; ie between 0-03 and 0-06 V. The value of G fe i medium, ¢ is found to lie betw )3an¢ te ont a tp Ae . i jmilarly charged collo. rl . ve c Rae retain oes i eae coalesce and form bieses aggregates a c {te colloidal real ‘This phenomenon of changing colloidal state pel no’ f colloidal solutions. caacael es “ stability is due to the electrical charge present a 1h the ic colloids, the an ids depends upon both the elec; tail the case of lyophobic colloids, ic colloids depel idl particles whereas the stability of te 1yoPhl Scanned with CamScanner PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL, Cems, Ry cipitation of the dispersed particles, it is nece charge and solvation. ett awe in a lyophobic sol, the charge on all the conn hae alesce nto laFGe ABBTCENES, prevent the particles from approaching sufficiently g as Hote magnitude of the repulsive forces depends yl°% to is of the same sign, INC Te and coagulate. The d to coalesce an f trical double pen one another an arge and the thickness of the electric le layer. These factors = v face Cl bility of f magnitude of the Sit int which actually governs the stability of the coll ieee ae orgy mane inne an de ae ata ial Sem, C , the : i 16 i Malecrostatic repulsion and the sol coagulates rapidly. nates the other hand, in the case of lyophilic sols, solvation plays a very important role. Since ea ticles are enclosed in a solvent ‘cage’, the cage serves as a barrier Preventing the colada patio ein to form aggregetes. Thus, whereas in ths ERS 0 lyophobic sols, removal op Still charge may easily bring about coagulation, in the case of lyophilic colloids, the removal may not necessarily result in coagulation though it may decrease the stability of u When a lyophilic colloid is added to a lyophobic colloid, the latter is rendered less the precipitating action of an electrolyte. This is expressed by saying that the Jyop! a lyophobic colloid from precipitation by the action of electrolytes. That is why st gum acacia, gelatin, tragacanth, etc., are known as protective colloids. They | getting adsorbed on the solid surface in the form of loops wherein water gel prevent the approach of particles to cause coagulation. Zsigmondy gave quantitative treatment of the stabilizing action of the introduced a quantity called the gold number of a protective colloid. The the largest number of milligrams of a protective colloid which, when added to 8 nlligs standard gold sol, just fails to prevent the colour change from red to blue upon of 10 percent sodium chloride solution, It must be emphasized that the pro sol depends upon several factors such as sol dispersity, the molar mass of th the solution at which the experiment is carried out, and so on. Itis customary to use sols other than gold sols to determine the p ote mass colloid. Thus, silver, sulphur, prussian blue, etc., sols have been ‘numbers’ determined accordingly (Table 1) 1222 1 to cause pre TABLE 1 Protective Action of High Molar Mass Lyophilic Colloids on S Protective Namba Estclas) Gold Silver Sulphur Gelatin 0-01 0035 000012 Dextrin 20 100 0-125 ‘Saponin us oe Potato starch 20 ae Haemoglobin o3oo | Egg albumin 25. Gum arabic 05 the parteles It Pisa Sols, ssneally ring about coage ys “#8tO¥ed OF reduced, the sol ie 1. By the Action meee of Electrol » of large amounts of Ses eniaaeae ; Ses Scanned with CamScanner fete CORLUIDAL _— STATE ge is w 0" _ This 01 tS s 1 ger the so! xtent that f d er coagulation, lardy particles take up i neutralized or rere’ °@Ying charge asia sat results in the rea ner precipitated or co, and Schulze fo Je which the char ction of the ofitiensia icles t agulate Pulsion between the colloidal particles 10 mulated the fold, Based on ihe experiments cartes , lowing ru rdingly> 1. Coagulati ” al mite ioe aah a brought about by ions having opposite charge (© that of the sol negatively charged soig sratiOn of the Positively cttarged sols and positive fone ie such a8 CI”, NO;, goz- US: FeCOH)s sol, which is positively charged, is 4 halle arged, i positive fons Such as Nat, n¢ts; Similarly, ‘AsySy sol, which is negatively ohare BP, Ba, eto the efficacy of Y Of an ion to caus: ’ © Coagulation depends ri Msi 'a* and that of (Re(CN),}* > > > PO} >> SOP > Ch Quantitatively, the effic is 4 times more effective negatively charged sol. such an .g out 0 2+ jon jon. Thus a Mg” cy varies directly as the square of the valency of the i0P. Nas cyjating a and an AI* jon is 9 times more effective than a Na agulation or flocculation of 2 at x litre of 5 milimles er Ee sols 3. The minimum concentrat sol is called its flocculation value. This is usually expressed in terms of electrolyte. The flocculation values of a few electrolytes for arsenic sulphide and ferric are given in Table 2. tion of an electrolyte required to cause CO: TABLE2 Flocculation Values of Different Electrolytes Arsenic Sulphide Sol Ferric Hydroxide Sol Floce. Value Cation Nailinster | Electrolyte ae = Electrolyte les race s Valency per litre) a ¥ PER NaCl 1 52. HCL 1 KCI 1 a ae i 1 Fl 1 30 KNO3 “a KBr0, i K,S0, E , 0-72 K,Cr0, A MgSO, 2 CaCl 2 069 K,S04 ae 2 0-68 K,0.04 é nC, 093 Ka{Fe(CN)4} A AICI; 3 z =a from the Hardy-Sehulze rules in this Table. For exampl We find significant cone sol and that of KBrO3 for Fe(OH); sol are relatively low. eae 4 ia adsorption of H* ions in the first case and that of BrO3 ions in atti cae known, For instance, the flocculation values Even more striking departures of ‘te for arsenic sulphide sol are known to Citrate, potassium acetate and potas um on whic is effective in the present case is coma 4 85 millimoles per ie flocculation value of each electrolyte to be saat the sae Be marke deold have expected rn values snows Cua! Meloni ca yg Ie ee ac ee Cea ae oe a some way 16 GAeTmunInE Tt Ea ae ave ee ee is also effective ip s t that citrate, acetate and formate ions ia ates a e 0 established by experiment hat TS face of arsenic sulphide particles thus raising the neg oe adsorbed to different oa different extents. Hence, different concentrations of potassium Potential of the partic! Scanned with CamScanner PRINCIPLES OF ICAL SICAL CHesasy Ry a tralisation or reduction of the negative charge on the arsenic.) are needed to bring eee their flocculation. Se dy es 8 OID i Generally, hydomter® tnt the femoval Of Me, coer are not eas coaguled alata coagulation is Irene d. Lyophilic sols. on te other hand, are not easily agulated. They rege soagulum to be redisPetice Tuy of the order of 1M) of the electrolyte for precipitation "Tye much higher cme iets by the addition of electrolytes met ae joe penal of coagulation of IYOPRINE ecerolyte binds part of the War thereby sewing hydrated. AS a res te on the parties in the hydrophilic sol Bet dehydrated. The dehydration leads to coagulation, asin ranged in increasing order of their efficacy fOr coagulating @ lyophobie say Various ions are the form of a series, as shown below : Mgt > Ca?* > Batt > Ni soy > Cl > NOx > Cl0s > F pic series or Hofmeister series. This series is known as lyotro] “ utual Action of Sols. When two ms canying Co c i jpitation occurs. For example, wi in suitable proportions, mutual precipitation 08 7 I sulptide sol is added to positively charged ferric hydroxide sol in suitable of both the sols takes place simultaneously. 3, By Presistent Dialysis. It has been reported earlier that traces of associated with colloidal systems ‘and that this is essential for their stab to prolonged dialysis, these traces of electrolytes also pass out through become unstable. 4, Coagulation by Mechanical Means. Violent stirring of a sol may may coagulate due to the vibratory action caused by ultrasound. Vibratory Coagulation is used in technological processes relating to the manufacture of pastes and other similar materials. fl 1a2+ > Kt 2. By the Mi Il. Electrokinetic Properties Since the solid particles and the liquid medium carry opposite charges, | it is obvious that when an electric field is applied, the particles a the liquid will migrate in opposite directions. When experiments are $0 arranged that the particles can move but not the medium, we have the phenomenon of electrophoresis. If, on the other hand, the ex] nt are designed in such a way that the medium can move particles, we come across the phenomenon of electro-osm these phenomena are discussed below. Electrophoresis. The electrophoretic effe i simple apparatus shown in Fig. 6. tt consists aa tune see i 4 stop-cock through which it is connected to a funnel. i A small amount of water is first placed in the U-tube ' eae of the sol is taken in the reservoi Scanned with CamScanner ne UMOITET TE the position of are Negatively gyre POUndary y side is se ed me eM to move ,iS,il the cage sso Naked eye oF a fens Arsenic si i Ol) in the electric fheig % Me posit tO the SN euReie © electrode, Thus, by noting particles move 16. © ca also Possible by mig (iS Possibie e electric field. This rate te is The ae electrophoretic m, econd under bili electrophoretic mobititiae otal conditions, that is expressed Dilities Of col » Of the orden HOidal Since different one another from polysaccharides, nu Colloidal m, their mixt cleic acids and othe, Electro-osmosis. W; ‘ by some suitable means, field. This phenomenon is known as electro meic osmosis. A simple apparatus for stud Or ee dialysing membranes M and A ‘er in the compartments B and C also extends to the side tubes T and T’, as shown. The membranes prevent the movernent of the colloidal particles. Therefore, when a potential difference is applied across the electrodes held close to the membranes in the compartments B and C, as shown, the water begins to move. If the particles carry positive charge, the water will carry negative charge. Therefore, it would start moving towards the anode and hence the level of water in the side tube 7 would be seen to rise. If, on the other hand, the particles carn will start moving towards the cathod: Determination of Size of Colloi of size of colloidal particles. Some o} 1. By Using Ultrafilters. An appro’ can be obtained by the use of ultrafilters. collodion or gelatin which are ibe eae be to retain partic! made small enough to ed and the the particular filter papeT employ’ je to obtain a thus possib! for impregnating it. It is ier arated into colloidal solution may be sepé estimate of the size of partic through the pores. The results obiained PY de side the directio go gietermine the sign of the determine the rate at whic in terms of electrophoretic mobility © i a as the distance WAVE hat the Y Of colloidal I particles is define mere, It has been FONE star gradi id Bradient of one volt per centi of (1g Particles are of the same oF ~ 60)x10°5 em/sec/volt/em. ‘der as those of i hen ‘ a eiecttopboresis of dispersed particles in served that the dispersion medium itse e lying electro- is is shown i placed in the central c ‘osmosis is shown in ‘Ompartment A which is separated from the compartments ry negative charge, the water, fe and the level of water in the dal Particles. ‘There are a number of methods for the determination f these are given below. ie xximate idea about the size of particles in a co ‘These are prepared by impregnating filter p hardened by immersing in formaldehyde. The f colloidal dimensions. The size of the pores depends uj concentration of the colloidion or gelatin solution used series of graded ultrafilters by means of which ¢ yntaining particles of different sizes. An oximai knowledge of the dimension : , Jes can be obtainte ae . from the pressure required to the ultrafilters. The latter parameler +5 method are only approximate because fractions co! tained from a a 4225 the particles jectrode yelled by them io le to separate them from terials have di eT bt r ifferent mobilities, it is possible 1 ie ‘ures. This method has been used for the fractionation of protei T complex substances, i tem is prevented a colloidal sys ee If begins to move in an 7, The colloidal system is B and C filled with Fig. 7. Electro-osmosis. which now carries positive charge, side tube 7’ would start rising Scanned with CamScanner PRINCIPLES OF PHYS} ICAL CH Misr Ry 1226 Bn nh determines whether # given particle will pass through an Ultraitte, ‘no means the only factor whic a es suspended in a liquid medium are sy, Colloidal particle d in = nj to settle down due to gravitation, Under the influence ott hhe particles ves in a vertical column in accordance with the

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