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Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers: General Description Features
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers: General Description Features
KIT
ATION
EVALU BL E
AVAILA
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
www.datasheet4u.com
The MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765 highly integrated, multi- ♦ ±0.5% Output Voltage Accuracy Using Internal
chemistry battery-charger control ICs simplify the construc- Reference (0°C to +85°C)
tion of accurate and efficient chargers. These devices use
analog inputs to control charge current and voltage, and ♦ ±4% Accurate Input Current Limiting
can be programmed by the host or hardwired. The ♦ ±5% Accurate Charge Current
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765 achieve high efficiency
using a buck topology with synchronous rectification. ♦ Analog Inputs Control Charge Current and
The MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765 feature input current Charge Voltage
limiting. This feature reduces battery charge current when ♦ Outputs for Monitoring
the input current limit is reached to avoid overloading the Current Drawn from AC Adapter
AC adapter when supplying the load and the battery Charging Current
charger simultaneously. The MAX1908/MAX8724/ AC Adapter Presence
MAX8765 provide outputs to monitor current drawn from
the AC adapter (DC input source), battery-charging cur- ♦ Up to 17.6V Battery-Voltage Set Point
rent, and the presence of an AC adapter. The MAX1908’s ♦ Maximum 28V Input Voltage
conditioning charge feature provides 300mA to safely
charge deeply discharged lithium-ion (Li+) battery packs. ♦ > 95% Efficiency
The MAX1908 includes a conditioning charge feature ♦ Shutdown Control Input
while the MAX8724/MAX8765 do not.
♦ Charge Any Battery Chemistry
The MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765 charge two to four Li+, NiCd, NiMH, Lead Acid, etc.
series Li+ cells, providing more than 5A, and are avail-
able in a space-saving, 28-pin, thin QFN package (5mm
× 5mm). An evaluation kit is available to speed designs.
Ordering Information
Applications
PIN-
Notebook and Subnotebook Computers PART TEMP RANGE PKG CODE
PACKAGE
Personal Digital Assistants MAX1908ETI -40°C to +85°C 28 Thin QFN T2855-6
Handheld Terminals MAX8724ETI -40°C to +85°C 28 Thin QFN T2855-6
AC ADAPTER TO EXTERNAL
INPUT 0.01Ω LOAD Pin Configuration
CSSP CSSN
CELLS TOP VIEW
CELLS
PGND
DCIN
VCTL
BATT
CSIN
CSIP
LDO
DLO
REFIN
VCTL BST 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
LDO
ICTL DLOV
DLOV 22 14 GND
ACIN
MAX1908
DHI LX 23 13 ICTL
ACOK MAX8724
MAX8765
LX BST 24 12 REFIN
FROM HOST μP SHDN
CLS
REF
CCS
CCI
CCV
THIN QFN
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at
1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VDCIN = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, VBATT = VCSIP = VCSIN = 12V, VREFIN = 3V, VVCTL = VICTL = 0.75 x VREFIN, CELLS = float, CLS =
REF, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, ACIN = GND = PGND = 0, CLDO = 1µF, LDO = DLOV, CREF = 1µF; CCI, CCS, and CCV are compensated
per Figure 1a; TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
2 _______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
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(VDCIN = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, VBATT = VCSIP = VCSIN = 12V, VREFIN = 3V, VVCTL = VICTL = 0.75 x VREFIN, CELLS = float, CLS =
REF, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, ACIN = GND = PGND = 0, CLDO = 1µF, LDO = DLOV, CREF = 1µF; CCI, CCS, and CCV are compensated
per Figure 1a; TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
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(VDCIN = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, VBATT = VCSIP = VCSIN = 12V, VREFIN = 3V, VVCTL = VICTL = 0.75 x VREFIN, CELLS = float, CLS =
REF, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, ACIN = GND = PGND = 0, CLDO = 1µF, LDO = DLOV, CREF = 1µF; CCI, CCS, and CCV are compensated
per Figure 1a; TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
4 _______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
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(VDCIN = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, VBATT = VCSIP = VCSIN = 12V, VREFIN = 3V, VVCTL = VICTL = 0.75 x VREFIN, CELLS = float, CLS =
REF, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, ACIN = GND = PGND = 0, CLDO = 1µF, LDO = DLOV, CREF = 1µF; CCI, CCS, and CCV are compensated
per Figure 1a; TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
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(VDCIN = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, VBATT = VCSIP = VCSIN = 12V, VREFIN = 3V, VVCTL = VICTL = 0.75 x VREFIN, CELLS = float, CLS =
REF, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, ACIN = GND = PGND = 0, CLDO = 1µF, LDO = DLOV, CREF = 1µF; CCI, CCS, and CCV are compensated
per Figure 1a; TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.)
VREFIN
CELLS Input High Voltage V
- 0.4V
CELLS Input Bias Current CELLS = 0 or VREFIN -2 +2 µA
ACOK AND SHDN
ACOK Input Voltage Range 0 28 V
ACOK Sink Current V ACOK = 0.4V, VACIN = 3V 1 mA
ACOK Leakage Current V ACOK = 28V, VACIN = 0 1 µA
SHDN Input Voltage Range 0 LDO V
V SHDN = 0 or VLDO -1 +1
SHDN Input Bias Current µA
VDCIN = 0, V SHDN = 5V -1 +1
% of
SHDN Threshold V SHDN falling 22 23.5 25
VREFIN
% of
SHDN Threshold Hysteresis 1
VREFIN
6 _______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
www.datasheet4u.com
(VDCIN = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, VBATT = VCSIP = VCSIN = 12V, VREFIN = 3V, VVCTL = VICTL = 0.75 x VREFIN, CELLS = FLOAT, CLS =
REF, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, ACIN = GND = PGND = 0, CLDO = 1µF, LDO = DLOV, CREF = 1µF; CCI, CCS, and CCV are compensated
per Figure 1a; TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
ICHG Transconductance
GICHG VCSIP - VCSIN = 45mV 2.7 3.3 µA/mV
(MAX1908/MAX8724 Only)
ICHG Transconductance
GICHG VCSIP - VCSIN = 45mV 2.785 3.225 µA/mV
(MAX8765 Only)
ICHG Transconductance Error
-7.5 +7.5 %
(MAX8765 Only)
ICHG Transconductance Offset
-6.5 +6.5 µA
(MAX8765 Only)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 7
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
www.datasheet4u.com
(VDCIN = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, VBATT = VCSIP = VCSIN = 12V, VREFIN = 3V, VVCTL = VICTL = 0.75 x VREFIN, CELLS = FLOAT, CLS =
REF, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, ACIN = GND = PGND = 0, CLDO = 1µF, LDO = DLOV, CREF = 1µF; CCI, CCS, and CCV are compensated
per Figure 1a; TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
8 _______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
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(VDCIN = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, VBATT = VCSIP = VCSIN = 12V, VREFIN = 3V, VVCTL = VICTL = 0.75 x VREFIN, CELLS = FLOAT, CLS =
REF, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, ACIN = GND = PGND = 0, CLDO = 1µF, LDO = DLOV, CREF = 1µF; CCI, CCS, and CCV are compensated
per Figure 1a; TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 9
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
www.datasheet4u.com
(VDCIN = VCSSP = VCSSN = 18V, VBATT = VCSIP = VCSIN = 12V, VREFIN = 3V, VVCTL = VICTL = 0.75 x VREFIN, CELLS = FLOAT, CLS =
REF, VBST - VLX = 4.5V, ACIN = GND = PGND = 0, CLDO = 1µF, LDO = DLOV, CREF = 1µF; CCI, CCS, and CCV are compensated
per Figure 1a; TA = -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
VREFIN
CELLS Input High Voltage V
- 0.4V
ACOK AND SHDN
ACOK Input Voltage Range 0 28 V
ACOK Sink Current V A COK = 0.4V, VACIN = 3V 1 mA
SHDN Input Voltage Range 0 LDO V
% of
SHDN Threshold V SHDN falling 22 25
VREFIN
Note 1: If both ICTL and VCTL use default mode (connected to LDO), REFIN is not used and can be connected to LDO.
Note 2: Specifications to -40°C are guaranteed by design and not production tested.
10 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
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(Circuit of Figure 1, V DCIN = 20V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
MAX1908 toc05
MAX1908 toc06
VDCIN -0.1 0.04 ILDO = 0
10V/div VLDO = 5.4V
-0.2 0.03
VBATT -0.3 0.02
VLDO ERROR (%)
MAX1908 toc08
MAX1908 toc09
-0.01 0.08 90
-0.02 0.06 80
-0.03 0.04 70 VBATT = 16V
EFFICIENCY (%)
VREF ERROR (%)
-0.07 -0.04 30
-0.08 -0.06 20
-0.09 -0.08 10
-0.10 -0.10 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 -40 -15 10 35 60 85 0.01 0.1 1 10
REF CURRENT (μA) TEMPERATURE (°C) CHARGE CURRENT (A)
FREQUENCY vs. VIN - VBATT OUTPUT V/I CHARACTERISTICS BATT VOLTAGE ERROR vs. VCTL
500 0.5 0.08
MAX1908 toc10
MAX1908 toc11
MAX1908 toc12
0.06
350 4 CELLS 0.2
FREQUENCY (kHz)
250 0 0.04
200 -0.1 4 CELLS
0.03
150 -0.2
ICHARGE = 3A 0.02
100 -0.3 4 CELLS
VCTL = ICTL = LDO REFIN = 3.3V
50 -0.4 0.01
NO LOAD
0 -0.5 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 1 2 3 4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
(VIN - VBATT) (V) BATT CURRENT (A) VCTL/REFIN (%)
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
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(Circuit of Figure 1, V DCIN = 20V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
MAX1908 toc14
MAX1908 toc13
4.5
4 4.0
CURRENT-SETTING ERROR (%)
ICHG (%)
VBATT = 16V
2 2.5
VBATT = 12V
2.0 VBATT = 8V
1 1.5
1.0
0
0.5
-1 0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
VICTL (V) IBATT (A)
IINP ERROR vs. SYSTEM LOAD CURRENT IINP ERROR vs. INPUT CURRENT
40 80
MAX1908 toc15
MAX1908 toc16
30 60
10 20
0 0
-10 -20
SYSTEM LOAD = 0
-20 -40
-30 -60
-40 -80
0 1 2 3 4 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
SYSTEM LOAD CURRENT (A) INPUT CURRENT (A)
12 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
Pin Description
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
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Charge-Current Monitor Output. ICHG is a scaled-down replica of the charger output current. Use ICHG to
9 ICHG monitor the charging current and detect when the chip changes from constant-current mode to constant-
voltage mode. The transconductance of (CSIP - CSIN) to ICHG is 3µA/mV.
10 ACIN AC Detect Input. Input to an uncommitted comparator. ACIN can be used to detect AC-adapter presence.
11 ACOK AC Detect Output. High-voltage open-drain output is high impedance when VACIN is less than VREF / 2.
12 REFIN Reference Input. Allows the ICTL and VCTL inputs to have ratiometric ranges for increased accuracy.
Output Current-Limit Set Input. ICTL input voltage range is VREFIN / 32 to VREFIN. The MAX1908/MAX8724
13 ICTL shut down if ICTL is forced below VREFIN / 100 while the MAX8765 does not. When ICTL is equal to LDO, the
set point for CSIP - CSIN is 45mV.
14 GND Analog Ground
Output Voltage-Limit Set Input. VCTL input voltage range is 0 to VREFIN. When VCTL is equal to LDO, the set
15 VCTL
point is (4.2 x CELLS)V.
16 BATT Battery Voltage Input
17 CELLS Cell Count Input. Tri-level input for setting number of cells. GND = 2 cells, float = 3 cells, REFIN = 4 cells.
18 CSIN Output Current-Sense Negative Input
19 CSIP Output Current-Sense Positive Input. Connect a current-sense resistor from CSIP to CSIN.
20 PGND Power Ground
21 DLO Low-Side Power MOSFET Driver Output. Connect to low-side nMOS gate.
22 DLOV Low-Side Driver Supply. Bypass DLOV with a 1µF capacitor to GND.
23 LX High-Side Power MOSFET Driver Power-Return Connection. Connect to the source of the high-side nMOS.
24 BST High-Side Power MOSFET Driver Power-Supply Connection. Connect a 0.1µF capacitor from LX to BST.
25 DHI High-Side Power MOSFET Driver Output. Connect to high-side nMOS gate.
26 CSSN Input Current-Sense Negative Input
27 CSSP Input Current-Sense Positive Input. Connect a current-sense resistor from CSSP to CSSN.
Input-Current Monitor Output. IINP is a scaled-down replica of the input current. IINP monitors the total
28 IINP
system current. The transconductance of (CSSP - CSSN) to IINP is 3µA/mV.
______________________________________________________________________________________ 13
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
14 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
MAX1908/MAX8724
www.datasheet4u.com
C1
2 × 10μF
0.1μF 0.1μF
D2
CSSP CSSN
R6
CELLS FLOAT (3 CELLS SELECT)
59kΩ R7 DCIN
1% 19.6kΩ C5
1% 1μF LDO
C13
LDO R13
VCTL 1μF
33Ω
D3
BST
DAC OUTPUT ICTL DLOV
12.6V OUTPUT VOLTAGE
VCC REFIN C15 C16
0.1μF 1μF
R8
ACIN N1a
1MΩ DHI
ACOK LX
CCV CSIP
C14 R9 C20 R10
0.1μF 20kΩ 0.1μF 10kΩ R5
1kΩ RS2
HOST 0.015Ω
C11
0.1μF
CSIN
CCI
CCS
BATT BATT+
C9 C10 GND C4
0.01μF 0.01μF REF CLS 22μF
AVDD/REF
SCL SCL
SDA SDA
ADC INPUT TEMP
GND BATT-
PGND GND
______________________________________________________________________________________ 15
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
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AC ADAPTER
INPUT RS1 TO EXTERNAL
8.5V TO 28V 0.01Ω LOAD
P1
R11 C1
15kΩ 2 × 10μF
0.01μF 0.01μF
R12
12kΩ
R5
1kΩ RS2
0.015Ω
C11
0.1μF
CSIN
CCI
CCS
BATT BATT+
R18
22kΩ
1%
4A INPUT CURRENT LIMIT
16 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
Functional Diagram
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
MAX1908/MAX8724
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MAX1908
MAX8724
MAX8765
DCIN
SHDN
23.5%
LDO
REFIN
RDY 5.4V
GND 4.096V
LINEAR REF
LOGIC REFERENCE
REGULATOR
BLOCK
GND MAX1908/MAX8724 ONLY
1/55 REFIN
ICTL
SRDY ACIN
ACOK
DCIN N
REF/2
CCS
75mV
CLS x IINP
REF GM
CSSP GMS
LEVEL
SHIFTER
CSSN
GM ICHG
CSIP LEVEL CSI
CSIN SHIFTER
BST
GMI
75mV
ICTL x LEVEL
REFIN SHIFTER DRIVER DHI
CCI
MAX1908 ONLY LX
GMV
CELL
CELLS SELECT DLOV
LOGIC
DRIVER DLO
CCV
PGND
400mV
VCTL x 4V
REFIN
______________________________________________________________________________________ 17
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
Setting the Charging-Current Limit exceeded, ensuring the battery charger does not load
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
18 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
can drive a p-channel MOSFET directly at the charger CCV, CCI, CCS, and LVC Control Blocks
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
MAX1908/MAX8724
input, providing a lower dropout voltage than a
www.datasheet4u.com The MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765 control input current
Schottky diode (Figure 2). In the MAX1908/MAX8724 (CCS control loop), charge current (CCI control loop),
the ACOK comparator is enabled after REFIN is ready. or charge voltage (CCV control loop), depending on
In the MAX8765, the ACOK comparator is independent the operating condition.
of REFIN. The three control loops, CCV, CCI, and CCS are brought
Current Measurement together internally at the LVC amplifier (lowest voltage
Use ICHG to monitor the battery-charging current being clamp). The output of the LVC amplifier is the feedback
sensed across CSIP and CSIN. The ICHG voltage is control signal for the DC-DC controller. The output of the
proportional to the output current by the equation: GM amplifier that is the lowest sets the output of the LVC
amplifier and also clamps the other two control loops to
VICHG = ICHG x RS2 x GICHG x R9 within 0.3V above the control point. Clamping the other
where ICHG is the battery-charging current, GICHG is two control loops close to the lowest control loop ensures
the transconductance of ICHG (3µA/mV typ), and R9 is fast transition with minimal overshoot when switching
the resistor connected between ICHG and ground. between different control loops.
Leave ICHG unconnected if not used.
DC-DC Controller
Use IINP to monitor the system input current being The MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765 feature a variable off-
sensed across CSSP and CSSN. The voltage of IINP is time, cycle-by-cycle current-mode control scheme.
proportional to the input current by the equation: Depending upon the conditions, the MAX1908/MAX8724/
VIINP = IINPUT x RS1 x GIINP x R10 MAX8765 work in continuous or discontinuous-conduc-
where IINPUT is the DC current being supplied by the AC tion mode.
adapter power, GIINP is the transconductance of IINP Continuous-Conduction Mode
(3µA/mV typ), and R10 is the resistor connected between With sufficient charger loading, the MAX1908/MAX8724/
IINP and ground. ICHG and IINP have a 0 to 3.5V output MAX8765 operate in continuous-conduction mode
voltage range. Leave IINP unconnected if not used. (inductor current never reaches zero) switching at
LDO Regulator 400kHz if the BATT voltage is within the following range:
LDO provides a 5.4V supply derived from DCIN and 3.1V x (number of cells) < VBATT < (0.88 x VDCIN )
can deliver up to 10mA of load current. The MOSFET
The operation of the DC-DC controller is controlled by
drivers are powered by DLOV and BST, which must be
the following four comparators as shown in Figure 4:
connected to LDO as shown in Figure 1. LDO supplies
the 4.096V reference (REF) and most of the control cir- • IMIN—Compares the control point (LVC) against
cuitry. Bypass LDO with a 1µF capacitor to GND. 0.15V (typ). If IMIN output is low, then a new cycle
cannot begin.
Shutdown
The MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765 feature a low-power • CCMP—Compares the control point (LVC) against the
shutdown mode. Driving SHDN low shuts down the charging current (CSI). The high-side MOSFET on-
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765. In shutdown, the DC- time is terminated if the CCMP output is high.
DC converter is disabled and CCI, CCS, and CCV are • IMAX—Compares the charging current (CSI) to 6A
pulled to ground. The IINP and ACOK outputs continue (RS2 = 0.015Ω). The high-side MOSFET on-time is
to function. terminated if the IMAX output is high and a new cycle
SHDN can be driven by a thermistor to allow automatic cannot begin until IMAX goes low.
shutdown of the MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765 when • ZCMP—Compares the charging current (CSI) to
the battery pack is hot. The shutdown falling threshold 333mA (RS2 = 0.015Ω). If ZCMP output is high, then
is 23.5% (typ) of VREFIN with 1% VREFIN hysteresis to both MOSFETs are turned off.
provide smooth shutdown when driven by a thermistor.
DC-DC Converter
The MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765 employ a buck reg-
ulator with a bootstrapped nMOS high-side switch and
a low-side nMOS synchronous rectifier.
______________________________________________________________________________________ 19
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
www.datasheet4u.com
5ms
S
RESET CSSP AC ADAPTER
BST CSS
IMAX
MAX1908 RS1 LDO
X20
1.8V R Q MAX8724 CSSN
MAX8765 D3
BST
N1a
DHI
R Q DHI CBST
CCMP
LX
CHG
S Q
IMIN
0.15V DLO N1b L1
DLO
tOFF
GENERATOR
ZCMP CSIP
0.1V
CSI
RS2
X20
CSIN
LVC GMS
BATT
COUT
GMI BATTERY
GMV
SETV CELL
CONTROL SETI SELECT
CLS LOGIC
CELLS
20 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
MAX1908/MAX8724
turning on the high-side n-channel MOSFET and
www.datasheet4u.com The MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765 enter discontinuous-
turning off the low-side n-channel MOSFET. When the conduction mode when the output of the LVC control
charge current is greater than the control point (LVC), point falls below 0.15V. For RS2 = 0.015Ω, this corre-
CCMP goes high and the off-time is started. The sponds to 0.5A:
off-time turns off the high-side n-channel MOSFET and
turns on the low-side n-channel MOSFET. The opera- 0.15V
IMIN = = 0.5A
tional frequency is governed by the off-time and is 20 × RS2
dependent upon VDCIN and VBATT. The off-time is set
by the following equations: for RS2 = 0.015Ω.
In discontinuous mode, a new cycle is not started until
V − VBATT
t OFF = 2.5μs × DCIN the LVC voltage rises above 0.15V. Discontinuous-
VDCIN mode operation can occur during conditioning charge
of overdischarged battery packs, when the charge cur-
rent has been reduced sufficiently by the CCS control
L × IRIPPLE
t ON = loop, or when the battery pack is near full charge (con-
VCSSN − VBATT stant-voltage-charging mode).
______________________________________________________________________________________ 21
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
22 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
The 22µF ceramic capacitor has a typical ESR of CCI Loop Definitions
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
MAX1908/MAX8724
0.003Ω, which sets the output zero at 2.412MHz.
www.datasheet4u.com Compensation of the CCI loop depends on the parame-
The output pole is set at: ters and components shown in Figure 7. CCI is the CCI
loop compensation capacitor. ACSI is the internal gain
1 of the current-sense amplifier. RS2 is the charge cur-
fP _ OUT = = 1.08kHz rent-sense resistor, RS2 = 15mΩ. ROGMI is the equiva-
2πRL × COUT
lent output impedance of the GMI amplifier ≥ 10MΩ.
GMI is the charge-current amplifier transconductance
where: = 1µA/mV. GMOUT is the DC-DC converter transcon-
ΔVBATT ductance = 3.3A/V. The CCI loop is a single-pole sys-
RL = = Battery ESR tem with a dominant pole compensation set by fP_CI:
ΔICHG
1
fP _ CI =
Set the compensation zero (fZ_CV) so it is equivalent to 2πROGMI × CCI
the output pole (fP_OUT = 1.08kHz), effectively produc-
ing a pole-zero cancellation and maintaining a single- The loop transfer function is given by:
pole system response:
1 ROGMI
fZ _ CV = LTF = GMOUT × A CSI × RS2 × GMI
2πRCV × CCV 1+ sROGMI × CCI
Since:
1
CCV = = 147nF 1
2πRCV × 1.08kHz GMOUT =
ACSI × RS2
Choose CCV = 100nF, which sets the compensation
zero (fZ_CV) at 1.6kHz. This sets the compensation pole: The loop transfer function simplifies to:
1 ROGMI
fP _ CV = = 0.16Hz LTF = GMI ×
2πROGMV × CCV 1+ sROGMI × CCI
60 -60
40
PHASE (DEGREES)
-75
GAIN (dB)
20
-90
0
-105
-20
-40 -120
-60 -135
1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
FREQUENCY (Hz) FREQUENCY (Hz)
______________________________________________________________________________________ 23
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
GMI
CCI fCO _ CI = = 80kHz
GMI 2πCCI
GMI
Figure 7. CCI Loop Diagram fCO _ CI = = 16kHz
2π10nF
The crossover frequency is given by:
The compensation pole, fP_CI is set at:
GMI
fCO _ CI = GMI
2πCCI fP _ CI = = 0.0016Hz
2πROGMI × CCI
The CCI loop dominant compensation pole:
CCS Loop Definitions
1 Compensation of the CCS loop depends on the parame-
fP _ CI =
2πROGMI × CCI ters and components shown in Figure 9. CCS is the CCS
loop compensation capacitor. ACSS is the internal gain of
where the GMI amplifier output impedance, ROGMI = the current-sense amplifier. RS1 is the input current-
10MΩ. sense resistor, RS1 = 10mΩ. ROGMS is the equivalent
output impedance of the GMS amplifier ≥ 10MΩ. GMS is
80 -15
60
-30
PHASE (DEGREES)
40
GAIN (dB)
-45
20
-60
0
-75
-20
-40 -90
-60 -105
0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
FREQUENCY (Hz) FREQUENCY (Hz)
24 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
MAX1908/MAX8724
GM IN is the DC-DC converter transconductance =
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3.3A/V. The CCS loop is a single-pole system with a dom-
CSSP CSSN
inant pole compensation set by fP_CS: GMIN
RS1
1
fP _ CS =
2πROGMS × CCS CSS
ROGMS CCS
LTF = GMIN × A CSS × RS1× GMS × GMS
1 + sROGMS × CCS
Then, the loop transfer function simplifies to: Figure 9. CCS Loop Diagram
80 -15
60
-30
PHASE (DEGREES)
40
GAIN (dB)
-45
20
-60
0
-75
-20
-40 -90
-60 -105
0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
FREQUENCY (Hz) FREQUENCY (Hz)
______________________________________________________________________________________ 25
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
4 CELLS
1.0 The input capacitor ESR times the input ripple current
sets the ripple voltage at the input, and should not
exceed 0.5V ripple. Choose the ESR of C1 according to:
0.5 0.5V
ESRC1 <
VDCIN = 19V IC1
VCTL = ICTL = LDO
The input capacitor size should allow minimal output
0
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 voltage sag at the highest switching frequency:
VBATT (V)
IC1 dV
= C1
Figure 11. Ripple Current vs. Battery Voltage 2 dt
26 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
where dV is the maximum voltage sag of 0.5V while the MOSFET. Choose N1b with either an internal
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
MAX1908/MAX8724
delivering energy to the inductor during the high-side
www.datasheet4u.com Schottky diode or body diode capable of carrying the
MOSFET on-time, and dt is the period at highest oper- maximum charging current during the dead time. The
ating frequency (400kHz): Schottky diode D3 provides the supply current to the
high-side MOSFET driver.
I 2.5μs
C1 > C1 ×
2 0.5V Layout and Bypassing
Both tantalum and ceramic capacitors are suitable in Bypass DCIN with a 1µF capacitor to power ground
most applications. For equivalent size and voltage (Figure 1). D2 protects the MAX1908/MAX8724/
rating, tantalum capacitors have higher capacitance, MAX8765 when the DC power source input is reversed.
but also higher ESR than ceramic capacitors. This A signal diode for D2 is adequate because DCIN only
makes it more critical to consider ripple current and powers the internal circuitry. Bypass LDO, REF, CCV,
power-dissipation ratings when using tantalum capaci- CCI, CCS, ICHG, and IINP to analog ground. Bypass
tors. A single ceramic capacitor often can replace two DLOV to power ground.
tantalum capacitors in parallel. Good PC board layout is required to achieve specified
Output Capacitor noise, efficiency, and stable performance. The PC
The output capacitor absorbs the inductor ripple cur- board layout artist must be given explicit instructions—
rent. The output capacitor impedance must be signifi- preferably, a pencil sketch showing the placement of
cantly less than that of the battery to ensure that it the power-switching components and high-current rout-
absorbs the ripple current. Both the capacitance and ing. Refer to the PC board layout in the MAX1908 eval-
ESR rating of the capacitor are important for its effec- uation kit for examples. Separate analog and power
tiveness as a filter and to ensure stability of the DC-DC grounds are essential for optimum performance.
converter (see the Compensation section). Either tanta- Use the following step-by-step guide:
lum or ceramic capacitors can be used for the output 1) Place the high-power connections first, with their
filter capacitor. grounds adjacent:
MOSFETs and Diodes a) Minimize the current-sense resistor trace lengths,
Schottky diode D1 provides power to the load when the and ensure accurate current sensing with Kelvin
AC adapter is inserted. This diode must be able to connections.
deliver the maximum current as set by RS1. For b) Minimize ground trace lengths in the high-current
reduced power dissipation and improved dropout per- paths.
formance, replace D1 with a p-channel MOSFET (P1)
as shown in Figure 2. Take caution not to exceed the c) Minimize other trace lengths in the high-current
maximum VGS of P1. Choose resistors R11 and R12 to paths.
limit the VGS. d) Use > 5mm wide traces.
The n-channel MOSFETs (N1a, N1b) are the switching e) Connect C1 to high-side MOSFET (10mm max
devices for the buck controller. High-side switch N1a length).
should have a current rating of at least the maximum f) LX node (MOSFETs, inductor (15mm max
charge current plus one-half the ripple current and length)).
have an on-resistance (RDS(ON)) that meets the power
dissipation requirements of the MOSFET. The driver for Ideally, surface-mount power components are flush
N1a is powered by BST. The gate-drive requirement for against one another with their ground terminals
N1a should be less than 10mA. Select a MOSFET with a almost touching. These high-current grounds are
low total gate charge (Q GATE ) and determine the then connected to each other with a wide, filled zone
required drive current by IGATE = QGATE × f (where f is of top-layer copper, so they do not go through vias.
the DC-DC converter’s maximum switching frequency). The resulting top-layer power ground plane is
The low-side switch (N1b) has the same current rating connected to the normal ground plane at the
and power dissipation requirements as N1a, and MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765s’ backside exposed
should have a total gate charge less than 10nC. N2 is pad. Other high-current paths should also be mini-
used to provide the starting charge to the BST capacitor mized, but focusing primarily on short ground and
(C15). During the dead time (50ns, typ) between N1a current-sense connections eliminates most PC
and N1b, the current is carried by the body diode of board layout problems.
______________________________________________________________________________________ 27
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
2) Place the IC and signal components. Keep the current-sense lines and REF. Place ceramic
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main switching node (LX node) away from sensitive bypass capacitors close to the IC. The bulk capac-
analog components (current-sense traces and REF itors can be placed further away.
capacitor). Important: The IC must be no further 3) Use a single-point star ground placed directly
than 10mm from the current-sense resistors. below the part at the backside exposed pad of the
Keep the gate-drive traces (DHI, DLO, and BST) MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765. Connect the power
shorter than 20mm, and route them away from the ground and normal ground to this node.
Chip Information
TRANSISTOR COUNT: 3772
PROCESS: BiCMOS
28 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Low-Cost Multichemistry Battery Chargers
Package Information
MAX1908/MAX8724/MAX8765
MAX1908/MAX8724
www.datasheet4u.com
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information,
go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)
QFN THIN.EPS
D2
D CL b 0.10 M C A B
D2/2
D/2
k
MARKING L
AAAAA E/2
E2/2
(NE-1) X e CL E2
E
PIN # 1 I.D.
DETAIL A e/2 0.35x45°
PIN # 1
I.D. e
(ND-1) X e DETAIL B
L1 L CL CL
L L
e e
0.10 C
A
0.08 C
C A1 A3
PACKAGE OUTLINE,
16, 20, 28, 32, 40L THIN QFN, 5x5x0.8mm
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 ____________________ 29
© 2005 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.