Capacitors

Lecture - 2

Mahendra Singh 8+ years Teaching experience

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Force between plates of Capacitor
Force between plates of Capacitor

-Q +Q
- +
- +
- +
- +
- +
- +
- +
Electrostatic Pressure

-Q +Q
- +
- +
- +
- +
- +
- +
- +

Force per unit Area (Electrostatic Pressure)

Example Plates of a PPC of Area ‘A’ are separated by ‘d’. Determine the work
that needs to be done to increase the separation from ‘d’ to ‘2d’

A. B. C. D.

+Q -Q
Energy stored in Capacitor
Energy stored in a Capacitor

dq
+

FE

+Q -Q
Energy stored in a Capacitor

= =
Work done by battery

d
+Q -Q
+ -
+ - A
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
Example A capacitor of capacitance C, which is initially uncharged, is connected with
a battery of emf ε. Find the heat dissipated in the circuit during the process
of charging
Example A capacitor of capacitance C, which is initially charged upto a potential
difference ε , is connected with a battery of emf ε / 2 such that the positive
terminal of the battery is connected with the positive plate of the capacitor.
After a long time
1) Find the total charge flow through the battery
2) Find the total work done by the battery
3) Find the heat dissipated in the circuit during the process of charging
Energy Density in Electric Field

Energy stored per unit volume in the plates of Capacitor

Energy Density in Electric Field

Energy stored per unit volume in the plates of Capacitor

General result, (true for any configuration of charges)

 Self Energy as Energy Stored in Electric Field

Q,R

Spherical Conductor
Example Determine the energy stored in the electric field around a Spherical
Conductor which was given charge q

A. B. C. D.

q,R

Spherical Conductor
Sharing of Charge
 Sharing of Charge

When two conductors are joined together through a conducting wire, charge begins to flow
from one conductor to another till both have the same potential. Due to the flow of charge, loss
of energy also takes place in the form of heat.

Q1 Q2
C1 C2
r1 r2
V1 V2
U1 U2

Q1 = C1V1 Q2 = C2V2
 Sharing of Charge

When two conductors are joined together through a conducting wire, charge begins to flow
from one conductor to another till both have the same potential. Due to the flow of charge, loss
of energy also takes place in the form of heat.

Q’1 Q’2
C1 C2
r1 r2
V1 V2
U’1 U’2

Q’1 = C1V1 Q’2 = C2V2

 Sharing of Charge

New charge:
According to the conservation of charge Q1 + Q2 = Q’1 + Q’2 = Q
 Common Potential:

Total charge
V= = =
Total capacity
 Energy loss

As the electrical energies stored in the system before and after connecting the spheres
are
Ui = C1 V12 + C2 V22

and

Uf = (C1 + C2) V2 = (C1 + C2)

So energy loss is ΔU = Ui - Uf =

Capacity of a conductor is a constant term; it does not depend upon the charge (Q),
potential (V), and nature of the material of the conductor.
Example A solid conducting sphere of radius 10 cm is enclosed by a thin metallic
shell of radius 20 cm. A charge q = 20 𝝻C is given to the inner sphere. Find
the heat generated in the process. The inner sphere is connected to the
shell by a conducting wire.
 Distribution of charges on Connecting Charged Capacitors

A +Q1 -Q’1 B
C1

+Q2 -Q’2
C C2 D
 Distribution of charges on Connecting Charged Capacitors

A +Q1 -Q’1 B Two capacitors C1 and C2 are connected as shown in fig.

C1
Common Potential:
By charge conservation of plates A and C before and after
+Q2 -Q’2 connection.
C C2 D
Q1 + Q2 = C1V + C2V

+Q1 -Q’1 B So common potential is

A

V= =

+Q2 -Q’2 = Total charge

C D
C2 Total capacitance
Also
= =

= =

Heat loss during redistribution:

ΔH = Ui - Uf = (V1 - V2)2

The loss of energy is in the form of heating in the wire.

Notes:

1) When plates of similar charges are connected with each other (+ with + and - with ),
put all values (Q1, Q2, V1 and V2) with positive sign.

2) When plates of opposite polarity are connected with each other (+ with -), take the
charge and potential of one of the plates to be negative.
Example Two capacitors C1 and C2 are charged separately to potentials 20 V and 10 V,
respectively. The terminals of capacitors C1 and C2 are marked as (A-B) and (C-
D), respectively. A is connected with C and B is connected with D.
A. Find the final potential difference across each capacitors.
B. Find the final charge in both capacitors.
C. How much heat is produced in the circuit
Example If A is connected with D and B is connected with C, find the potential difference
across each capacitor and the final charge in each capacitor.
11th Grade
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