10

ЗАНЯТИЕ 2
> The trick didn't come off.
I. Предтекстовые упражнения > It's easy if you know the trick.
> It's only a trick of the eyesight.
1. Запомните следующие значения существительного trick:
7. Найдите в тексте средства выражения эмфазы и правильно
> хитрость, обман передайте ту же степень выразительности в переводе.
> шутка, шалость, выходка
> фокус, трюк II. Текст
> умение, сноровка
> способ, прием TRICKS OF THE TONGUE
> характерная особенность, привычка, манера
By Steven Pinker
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания, What do Henry Kissinger, Joseph Conrad and Vladimir Nabokov have in
учитывая все перечисленные выше значения слова trick: common? They all learnt a second language and used it brilliantly, but traces of
card tricks, nicks of the trade, tricks of the memory, tricks of fortune, tricks of their native tongue never left them.
gesture and pronunciation, a trick to making a good pie, a confidence trick. Conrad had an accent so thick his friends could barely understand him.
3. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие сло- Kissinger's grinding logic is purveyed in a guttural German accent, while
ва, и дайте их значения: Nabokov refused ever to be interviewed in English. As he said: "I think like a
genius, I write like a distinguished author, I speak like a child".
trickery, trickiness, trickish, trickster, tricksy, tricky.
Yet here is the point. Kissinger's brother, a few years younger, travelled to the
4. Переведите на русский язык словосочетания, в которых United States at the same time as Henry, and speaks without a trace of an accent.
слово trick является определением: In him, it seems, the sound pattern of German had not had time to take over the
trick riding, trick cyclist, trick dog, trick camera, trick lock, trick work, trick language centres of his brain and set like concrete.
flying. The evidence presented in The Language Instinct, Steven Pinker's brilliant
5. Переведите на русский язык словосочетания, в которых study of language, is that those who arrive in a new land between the ages of
определением является слово tricky: three and seven gain a command of grammar and accent that is
indistinguishable from natives. Those who move between the ages of eight and
tricky politician, tricky acrobat, tricky opponent, tricky question, tricky
15 do worse the later they arrive, and those who arrive after the age of 17 do
situation, tricky problem, tricky argument.
worse still.
6. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:
> I am sure that he has been tricked. III. Лексические упражнения
> The trick is to make it look natural.
> He played a dirty trick upon us. Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следующих
> We'll show you the trick of it. трех глаголов и переведите на русский язык предложения с этими
> That will do the trick. глаголами:
> He got the money from me by a trick. > He to burn
tricked her into marrying him. My face is burning.

I don't like to cook fish. It often burns.

 I'll never break my word.
11 He broke an Olympic record.
He is burning with envy. 12

She is burning with anger.

The boy is burning with passion.
Ann is burning to go there,
The building (was) burnt to the ground.
She has a skin that burns easily.
Be careful not to burn your fingers.
She burnt her hand on a hot iron.
All lights were burning.
He has money to burn.
to burst
The buds are all bursting.
The sack is bursting with grain.
The children are bursting with health.
She is bursting with joy.
He is bursting with envy.
The senator is bursting with indignation.
The girl is bursting with pride.
My friend is bursting with laughter.
The child is bursting with tears.
His sister is bursting with curiosity.
She burst into a song.
He burst into a room.
She burst out of the room.
He burst into angry words.
to break
Glass breaks easily.
The chair broke two days ago.
They broke into the shop at night.
They want to break jail.

The sun broke through a cloud.

A cry broke from his lips.
Break the text into passages.
He broke into laughter.
She broke into tears (sobs).
They broke into a dance.
We broke into a song.
The boys broke into a run.

language

ЗАНЯТИЕ 3

I. Предтекстовые упражнения

1. Дайте значения следующих словосочетаний с различными

определениями к словам: language и tongue.

spoken, written, living, dead, extinct, modem, working, official, literary,

business, diplomatic, colloquial, idiomatic, formal, informal, standard, technical, ancient,
artificial, finger, sign, target, source, everyday, polite, fine, bad (foul), strong, rough,
tongue unprintable, vulgar, dirty, crude, nasty, rich, flowery, children's, one's native, computer,
machine, programming

coated (furred), cleft (bifid), smoked, bad, rough, foul, nasty, glib, sharp, smooth,
ready, loose, caustic, wicked, bitter, biting, mother, native, ancient, modern

2. Найдите в тексте словосочетания и выражения, в составе которых есть

слово language (всего десять) и установите их контекстуальное значение.

3. Уточните в словаре все варианты значений следующих наречий, которые

встретятся Вам при переводе текста:

 instinctively, effectively, readily, biologically, inevitably, suddenly. Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следующих трех
4. В тексте использованы 15 артиклей (9 определенных глаголов и переведите на русский язык предложения с этими глаголами:
и 6 неопределенных). Определите, в каких случаях необхо- to call
димо передать значение артикля при переводе на русский язык. The occasion calls for celebration.
I called him up (down).
Will you please call a taxi for me?
15

What do you call it in Russian?

14 What is it called?
II. Текст The singer was called three times.
HOW CHILDREN INSTINCTIVELY KNOW THE I don't call it cheap.
LAWS OF LANGUAGE We called on her to tell the truth.
In her third Reith lecture, the technical tone of which was more pronounced than the first She tried not to call attention to herself.
two, Jean Aitchison talked last night about the way in which human young acquire their
to catch
language.
The lock won't catch.
Citing the linguist Eric Lenneberg, whose Biological Foundations of Language,
published in 1967, she described as "a major landmark", she emphasised that language Her sleeve caught on a nail in the door.
was effectively pre-ordained in children. "Children talk so readily because they The book in the window caught my eye.
instinctively know in advance what languages are like. As in a spider's web, the outline Hurry up if you want to catch the bus.
is pre-programmed". Do you catch my meaning?
Professor Aitchison also referred to the American linguist Noam Chomsky, on whose I'm afraid you can catch a cold.
work she has nourished herself and whose ideas she has done her best to simplify.
Yesterday I was caught in the rain.
Chomsky, she said, believed not only that children were biologically endowed with
Police failed to catch them red-handed.
language, but also that they possessed the means of distinguishing between one language
type and another. A child, she said, was able to discover whether «it is dealing with an I caught myself thinking about it.
English-type language, which puts verbs in front of its objects, or a Turkish-type one He jumped out of the car before it caught fire.
which does the reverse». to cry
Inevitably, language becomes a tool with which differences in generation are expressed. She cried with pain.
Professor Aitchison here referred back to the theme of her first lecture - trivial worries He cried for food.
about language - and pointed out that parents often wanted their off-spring to use "so- They cried for mercy.
called standard English. Language suddenly becomes a mud-slinging match between
He cried after his friend.
generations, at least in England".
The child cried over a broken toy.
III. Лексические упражнения She cried over his letter.
The girl cried bitter tears.
 The woman cried herself blind.
The boy cried himself to sleep.
Don't cry over spilt milk.
ЗАНЯТИЕ 4
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Проанализируйте в тексте все выделенные курсивом -ing формы (всего 20)
и переведите соответствующие предложения на русский язык.
2. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова и дайте их русские соответствия:
philologer, psyche, psychological, phenomenon, paleoanthropologist, archaeologist,
anthro-psycho-socio-linguistics.
3. Найдите в словаре следующие слова и установите их кон-
текстуальное значение:
embark, ancestry, fossil, obscurity, species, windfall, glue, dovetail.
4. Запомните следующие однокоренные слова и дайте варианты их
перевода:
science, scienter, sciential, scientific, scientifically, scientism, scientist, sci-fi.
II. Текст
THE MOTHER TONGUE
By William F. Allman
In 1786, Sir William Jones, an Englishman serving the Crown as a
judge in India, turned a series of seeming coincidences into an
extraordinary discovery about human nature. A scholar of the Orient by
training, Jones had embarked on an effort to learn Sanskrit, the language
in which many ancient Indian religious and literary texts are written. To
his amazement, Jones found that Sanskrit's grammatical forms and
vocabulary bore a striking resemblance to those of Greek and Latin, so
much so that "no philologer could examine them all three without
believing them to have sprung from some common source". As Charles
Darwin was to assert almost a century later about the human body, Jones
suggested that a fundamental part of the human psyche - language - had a
hidden ancestry of its own.
17
Today, scientists are leading a new revolution in understanding the roots of language.
While linguistic pioneer Noam Chomsky and his followers have focused on language as
a psychological phenomenon, a small band of renegade scholars is revealing how
languages are a product of cultural evolution. Sifting through modern tongues for
linguistic "fossils" in the form of common words and grammatical structures, these
"linguistic paleoanthropologists", many of whom have worked in obscurity in the Soviet
Union, are reconstructing the pathways by which the world's roughly 5,000 languages
arose from a handful of ancient "mother" tongues. A few radical linguists have gone
even further, claiming they have reconstructed pieces of the mother of them all: The
original language spoken at the dawn of the human species.
These linguistic findings are a windfall for archaeologists, anthropologists and other
social scientists who are trying to piece together the story of the peopling of the earth.
"We've come to realize", says Alexis Manaster Ramer, a researcher at Wayne State
University in Detroit, "that a lot of the answers to the big questions lie in something you
might call anthro-psycho-socio-linguistics". Language is an integral part of the cultural
glue that binds people together and signals their presence. Tracing the evolution of
language can reveal how ancient peoples migrated into new lands, for instance, just as
reconstructing the vocabularies of lost languages can give researchers clues to what
ancient people saw, ate and thought, or how one culture coexisted - or collided - with
another. The new linguistic findings also neatly dovetail with conclusions drawn from a
very different area of evolutionary research. Comparisons of human genes worldwide
have produced a "family tree" of the human race whose branches closely mirror the
branching of languages proposed by linguists, leading to the startling suggestion that all
people - and perhaps all languages - are descended from a tiny population that lived in
Africa some 200,000 years ago.
 Will you, please, drop a word for me.
19
18
III. Лексические упражнения
Where shall I drop you?
Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следующих трех He dropped dead.
глаголов и переведите на русский язык предложения с этими глаголами: He is ready to drop.
Drop me a line when you get there.
to draw
You could hear a pin drop.
Не always draws in pencil.
The chimney draws badly.
Let the tea draw.
Let's draw for seats.
Draw the curtains.
The bright flower drew her eye.
They drew a confession from him.
It's always difficult to draw him into a conversation.
The match was drawn.
Like (draws) to like.
to drive
Who is going to drive?
Can you drive a car?
He was driving at a great speed.
This machine is driven by electricity.
Drive a nail into this wall.
He was driven to lie.
They drove him into lying (to lie).
What are you driving at?
You' re driving me mad.
The rain was driving in our faces.
to drop
The wind is dropping.
His voice dropped.
Our correspondence dropped.

Let's drop the subject!

 ЗАНЯТИЕ 5
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Определите функции инфинитива в следующих предложениях и
переведите предложения на русский язык:
> They used written records to establish and conserve power.
> Most early writing systems evolved over time to become instruments of the
common man.
> A new sign had to be added for each object.
> Gradually, symbols expanded in meaning to become «ideograms».
> This writing system was based on phonetics, affording a simple means to write
anything that could be spoken.
> They found words made only of consonants difficult to decipher.
> It gave individuals of any social class the opportunity to express themselves.
2. Найдите в словаре следующие слова и установите их
контекстуальное значение:
cuneiform, reed, sprout, simplistic, burdensome, accessible, scribe, inkling, intricate.
3. Правильно прочитайте вслух следующие слова и дайте их русские
соответствия:
poetry, elite, ceremony, method, idea, alphabet, debate, individual, democracy.
4. Какие из следующих однокоренных слов Вы знаете?
to record, record, recordation, recordative, recorder, recording, recordist,
recordsman.
21
II. Текст
FROM TAX AUDITS TO POETRY
By Joannie M.Schrof
Since the time of the first cave drawings in 35,000 B.C., humans
have revealed their nature by scratching, painting and otherwise
representing the world around them. But not until 3 200 B.C., with the
rise of the first city-states in Mesopotamia, did rulers show a need for
intricate records of taxation, tributes and inventories - and for an elaborate
system of symbols for communicating. Called cuneiform, the first writing
was made with sharpened reeds that cut wedge-shaped symbols into soft
clay. With a vocabulary of more than 2,000 signs, it was used not only for
bookkeeping but also for medical prescriptions, epic tales and religious
writings.
Although cuneiform is the earliest known writing, several other
systems sprouted up independently throughout the world, looking very
different from one another in many ways but sharing common features
that suggest why and how man invented writing. The birth of most
writing systems coincided with the rise of a state in which a dominating
elite used written records to establish and conserve power. In Egypt, for
example, early writings depicted a leader receiving tributes from the
masses, and in China some of the earliest documents are construction
records for huge public monuments. In central America, Mayan writings
commemorated seasonal ceremonies and royal conquests.
While early writing systems were developed by and for the elite,
however, most evolved over time to become instruments of the common
man. Writing systems tended to start out as "pictographic"; that is,
drawings of the sun, oxen or rain signified those objects. Although this
method seems simplistic, in fact a new sign had to be added for each
object, rendering vocabularies burdensome and accessible only to scribes
who made writing their life's work. Gradually, symbols expanded in
meaning to become "ideograms", representing ideas associated with
objects. The sign for sun came also to mean heat or light, for example.
Eventually, symbols were used phonetically; the signs for bee and
leaf, for instance, were combined to mean belief. This early type of
linguistic pun simplified both writing and reading, and at the same time
made communication of more abstract ideas possible.
22
It was not until 1 500 B.C. and the invention of the first true alphabet,
Old Canaanite, that written communication became readily available to
the masses. For the first time, a writing system was based purely on
phonetics, affording a simple means to write anything that could be
 spoken. Moreover, one could master the 22 to 32 symbols of the early She fell in love.
alphabets in a matter of days or weeks, in contrast to the years it took to It fell into disuse.
master earlier systems. But because the earliest alphabets lacked vowels, The responsibility falls on him.
they still posed a problem for the average reader, who found words made He fell ill with fever.
only of consonants difficult to decipher. For instance, the word dbt could She fell silent.
mean debt, or debit, or doubt, or debut. The Greeks introduced vowels in The soldier fell dead.
740 B.C., clarifying written text and allowing anyone to record debates, The boy fell flat. (His joke fell flat).
speeches, personal thoughts and ideas. The alphabet transformed writing
to follow
into a tool that gave individuals of any social class the opportunity to
express themselves, and most scholars conclude its invention was Wait and see what follows.
inseparable from the first inklings of democracy and the birth of poetry. Monday follows Sunday.
Night follows day.
III. Лексические упражнения letter
Years follow one another.
Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следующих
трех глаголов и переведите на русский язык предложения с этими Be sure to follow these instructions exactly.
глаголами: Dinner was followed by a dance.
to fly
His plan was as follows.
How time flies! He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow him.
The dog flew at the robber. He thinks he is being followed.
He flew into a rage.
The door flew open.
The cup flew into pieces.
He flies high (low).
The wine (the blood) flew to his head.
This would fly in the face of all common sense.
He sent the book flying at me.
The devil flies away with you!
to fall
His voice fell to a whisper.
The old man fell into a deep sleep at once.

23

The student fell asleep over the book.

He fell into a doze.

 25
ЗАНЯТИЕ 6 Where did the English language get such terrible spelling?
I. Предтекстовые упражнения First of all the spelling of many English words seems strange
because some parts of the English language have changed while other
1. Найдите в лингвострановедческом словаре описание следующих
parts have not. For example, take the difficult English spelling gh. These
исторических реалий:
letters give the sound [f] in enough; they do not give any sound in right
the Angles, the Saxons, the Anglo-Saxons, the Jutes, the Normans, Old and night, but show that the vowel is pronounced [ai] and they are quite
English, Middle English, Modern English. useless in through and though. This spelling makes no sense in modern
English, but it did a thousand years ago in Old English.
2. Переведите на русский язык словосочетания с
существительным letter:
letter
capital, small, initial, upper-case,
lower-case, runic, code
3. Переведите на русский язык следующие номинативные конструкции:
The Anglo-Saxons had a sound (like the Russian kx) which they
spelled h. Wherever you see a gh in modern English you know that it was
business, registered, circular, spelled h by the Anglo-Saxons and represented to them the throat-clearing
general, brief, detailed, anonymous, sound. When the Normans came to England in 1066, they changed the
love, open, personal, rambling, whole system of writing and spelling,
covering The Normans did not have the Old English h sound in their language
letter bomb, letter box, letter carrier, letter post, letter paper, letter book, and had no spelling for it. So they spelled it in different ways, one of them
letter card. being gh. Just when they were trying to find a single way to spell it, the
sound itself disappeared. The difficult spelling gh which is left in a few
4. Все ли следующие слова и словосочетания Вам известны? modern words shows how the Normans tried to spell a sound which they
spelling, a good (a bad) speller, spelling book, spelling reform, spelling did not have and which the English people have now lost.
rule, spelling error. Let's have one more example. Everybody who studies English
knows the verb to answer, and often makes a mistake in spelling it. It is
one of those words whose spelling makes no sense until you know why it
II. Текст is written that way.
The word in Old English was andswerrian, from and-, which meant
ENGLISH SPELLING AND HOW IT GOT THAT WAY against, and swerrian, which meant to swear. So in Old English the word
In England people often say that if the gods gave the art of writing to meant to swear against. It was an oath against an accusation. To swear
man, the devil probably gave the English people their terrible, illogical spelling. now means almost the same as andswerrian in Old English. But to
What is the easiest way to spell? The answer is clear: when every letter has answer is not so strong, and just means to reply.
only one sound and every sound has only one letter. But in English... So almost every strange spelling which has come to us out of the past
has a history. The thing is that the Anglo-Saxons did not have a very good

alphabet, although they wrote a little with Germanic letters called runes.
When they got to know the Latin alphabet they found it so much better to grow
than runes that they learnt to write in it. First, of course, they wrote Latin, Не has grown by 5 inches.
then they tried to use the same alphabet to write their own language, Old My son has grown out of his clothes.
English. It will grow out of use soon.
But sometimes it was not so easy. Some sounds were not the same
Our garden is grown with grass.
in Latin and English, Latin did not have the two sounds [p] and [Θ] which
I grew to hate him.
26
He grew old (pale, rich, angry, fat, thin).
we now spell th, and so the Anglo-Saxons used two old (runic)
letters, p and ю, to represent them. These two runic letters have 27
disappeared from the Modern English alphabet and Englishmen now use It is growing cold (warm, dark).
th for both these sounds. His hair has grown grey.
The Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes had the same language. But they He has grown a beard.
pronounced the same words differently. Some of them, seeing a high The crowd grew rapidly.
place on the face of the earth, called it a hill, and other called it a hulle; to gain
the earth itself could be worlds, werld, or weorld. When the language was She has gained 5 pounds in weight.
written the word was spelled differently because it had different He has gained in strength.
pronunciations. You gained by the change.
The result of all this is perhaps the most mixed up of spellings of all What gained him such a reputation?
the languages of the world. There is nothing to he gained by waiting.
When a word is taken into English from a language which has a
One gains experience as one grows older.
different alphabet the result is many different English spellings of the
same word. A great Russian composer's three names may be spelled to gather
Peter, Pyotr, Petr, Piotr - Ilich, Hitch, Ilych - Tchaikowsky, The clouds are gathering, it will probably rain.
Tschaikowsky, Tshaikovsky, Tschaikovsky, Chaykovski and various The boil has gathered and burst.
other ways. They have gathered the harvest already.
Many people tried to reform English spelling to make it not so He tried to gather his thoughts.
difficult, but almost nothing has been done so far. She gathered her shawl about herself.
N.Webster, the American scholar, worked for it all his life and I gather he is ill.
succeeded in changing only a few words - colour into color, for instance. His poems are gathered into one volume.
So Americans now write color, while in England the word is still Suspicion was gathering in his mind.
spelled colour. Tears gathered in her eyes.
A rolling stone gathers no moss. (посл.)
III. Лексические упражнения

Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следу-

ющих трех глаголов и переведите на русский язык предложе-

ния с этими глаголами:


ЗАНЯТИЕ 7
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Найдите в лингвострановедческом словаре описание
следующих реалий:
Leicester(shire), Lancaster(shire), Lancastrians, the Red Rose, the
Queen's English, the Queen's English Society.
2. Расшифруйте сокращения: BBC, ABC, ABS, CNN, CBS, CBC.
3. Проверьте, все ли названия английских частей речи и членов
предложения Вы знаете и назовите соответствующие им
понятия в русском языке:
> части речи: noun, article, adjective (qualitative and
relative adjectives), numeral (cardinal and ordinal numerals),
pronoun (personal, possessive, demonstrative, reflexive,
reciprocal, interrogative, connective, indefinite and negative
pronouns); verb, adverb.
> члены предложения: subject, predicate (simple verbal
predicate, modal verbal predicate, group verb predicate, compound
nominal predicate), object (direct, indirect and prepositional
object), attribute, adverbials.
4. Вспомните, какие существуют возможности перевода на
русский язык союзов until и unless. Найдите в тексте
предложения с этими союзами и переведите их.
П. Текст
ENGLISH LANGUAGE BEING LED ASTRAY
By Judith Judd
Shakespeare did it. School-leavers and university students do it. Now
even princes, prime ministers and professors of English are breaking the
rules of grammar. Even the Prince of Wales does not always speak the
Queen's English.
Their failings are highlighted today by Professor John Honey, former
professor of education at Leicester Polytechnic and now professor of
29
English at Osaka International University in Japan. Professor Honey, a long-standing
critic of education standards in Britain and a champion of standard grammar, has spent
15 years noting the mistakes of the famous.
His main concern, elaborated in an article called "A new rule for the Queen and I" in
the journal English Today, is the pronoun case.
He points out that, under existing rules, the pronoun changes if it is the object rather
than the subject. For example, we say "my wife and I went" but "he dislikes my wife and
me".
Though Dr Johnson was a stickler for the correct use of the pronoun, Shakespeare,
Thackeray and Dickens were not. Professor Honey wants the rules changed because so
many well-known people are breaking them. He cites as examples:
> Baroness Thatcher (Oxford graduate): "It is not for you and I sitting here to
condemn...".
> Sir Rhodes Boyson (Ex-headmaster and former education minister): "The Labour
party have taken the Red Rose as their emblem [but] I don't think they asked
permission of we Lancastrians before they did it".
> Professor Brian Cox (professor of English at Manchester University and chairman
of a government working party on English): "Philip Larkin expressed nervousness
about allying himself to we jackbooted characters".
> The case of the Prince of Wales is more complicated. In an interview with the
BBC when asked if he had been faithful to his wife, he replied: "Yes, until it had
become clear that it had irretrievably broken down, us both having tried".
Professor Honey suggests that the Oxford English Dictionary recognises the use of
"us" and a participle in what is technically called an absolute construction. On the other
hand, the prince might have mixed up "we both having tried" and "both of us having
tried".
 Professor Cox said last week: "The view of all modern linguists is that the concept of A cup of tea won't hurt you.
correctness as absolute is foolish because our notions of correctness keep changing. Too much water hurts plants.
Peter Bassett, of the Queen's English Society, countered; "You would not find a
single soul among our members who would support a change in
31
30
the rules. Words still have a specific meaning. Unless people use them correctly there
will come a time when we don't know what we mean". He looked hurt.
Professor Honey suggests an alternative rule for optional use by academics, I hope your feelings aren't hurt.
politicians, exam candidates and, of course, by you and me/I. His tone hurts bitterly.
It hurts the eyes to look at the sun.
III. Лексические упражнения It cannot hurt you to be more polite.

Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следующих трех

глаголов и переведите на русский язык предложения с этими глаголами:
to hang
The lamp was hung above the table.
Don't hang out of the window.
A thick fog hangs over the town.
A heavy silence hung over the meeting.
We hung on his every word.
The walls were hung with pictures.
Time hangs heavy (heavily).
He deserves to be hanged for his crime.
I'11 be hanged if I do it (разг.).
Hang you! (разг.).
to help
Help him down (up, out, in, off, etc.).
I can't help it.
Help yourself! (to the apples, etc.).
That cannot be helped.
I can't help but smile (I can't help smiling).
to hurt
Does it hurt? (Where does it hurt?)
It didn't hurt a bit.

I won't hurt you.


ЗАНЯТИЕ 8
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Обратите внимание на пассивные конструкции, употре-
бляемые в тексте, и предложите наиболее целесообразные
способы их перевода на русский язык (сохранение пассивной
формы, замена пассивной формы активной, лексические
трансформации, лексические замены, введение дополни-
тельных слов):
> Не would probably be confounded to read the new dictionary.
> It is bugled as "the New Definition of Dictionary", the "newest, biggest
and best".
> It may be said that this dictionary goes like Dr. Johnson's watches.
> They are saluted and placated, to the point where judgement is often
skewed, and where tin-eared or casually invented words and terms are given
approval simply because they are fashionable.
> As might be expected, the ungrammatical use of this word receives
Random's blessing.
> Their activity is calculated mainly to protect the sensitivities of
minority groups.
2. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим названиям словарей:
general-use (general-purpose), dialect, etymological,
historical, combinatory (combinatorial), learner's, medical,
names, orthographic, spelling, phonetic, pronouncing, pocket, dictionary
reverse, technical, bilingual, biographical, college, standard,
explanatory, stem
33
II. Текст
DEFINING WOMYN (AND OTHERS)
By Jesse Birnbaum
Samuel Johnson should be living at this hour; the English language has need of
him. Though he was never at a loss for words, the great lexicographical drudge would
probably be confounded to read the new Random House Webster's College Dictionary.
It is bugled as "the New Definition of Dictionary", the "newest, biggest and best".
Newest, yes; biggest, yes - for a college dictionary (180,000 entries). As for best, it
may be said that this dictionary goes like Dr. Johnson's watches. It will also tick off a lot
of people.
Those who believe dictionaries should not merely reflect the times but also
protect English from the mindless assaults of the trendy will find that the Random House
Webster's lends authority to scores of questionable usages, many of them tinged with
"politically correct" views. Purists will fume, but what is worse is that such
permissiveness can only invite a further tattering of the language - and already has.
At its core, the Random House Webster's is a laudable achievement, the work of
many excellent minds. It is in the core's wrapping that trouble lies and English suffers
erosion, mainly because the editors choose to be "descriptive, not prescriptive". As a
result, numerous entries and usage notes, wafting in the sociological winds and whims of
the day, are inconsistent and gratuitous, undermining any pretence of rigor, let alone
authority.
Most notable in these pages is the influence of special-interest groups,
prominently feminists and minorities. They are saluted, and placated, to the point where
judgement is often skewed, and where tin-eared or casually invented words and terms
are given approval simply because they are fashionable. "We tried our best", says
executive editor Sol Steinmetz in justification, "to infuse some social significance into
the language along the lines of what sociolinguists do".
 An added essay, Avoiding Sexist Language, offers some useful gender-neutral Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следующих трех
suggestions (firefighter instead of fireman). Yet browsers will find as well the stamp of глаголов и переведите на русский язык предложения с этими глаголами:
acceptance on the dreadful herstory ("an alternative form to destinguish or emphasize
to kill
the particular experience of women"); the execrable womyn ("alternative spelling to
avoid the suggestion of sexism perceived in the sequence m-e-n"); and the absurd The frost killed the flowers.
waitperson The news killed their hopes.
(waiter or waitress) and waitron ("a person of either sex who waits on tables"). They killed him for money.
Future lexicons, perhaps, will give us waitoid (a person of indeterminate sex who waits These drugs kill pain.
on tables).
This carpet kills the sound of footsteps.
Straining even more to avoid giving offense, except to good usage, the dictionary
offers comfort to very short people (though not very tall ones) with heightism Let's kill a bottle of whisky. (разг.).
("discrimination or prejudice based on a person's stature, esp. discrimination against to know
short people"); and to very fat people (but not very thin ones) with weightism ("bias or Everything gets known sooner or later.
discrimination against people who are overweight"). Omitted, fortunately, are such high- I know it by (from) experience (hearsay).
fad content terms as looklism (bias against people because of their appearance), ableism I want to get to know them better.
(bias against the handicapped) or differently abled (alternative to handicapped).
I might not know him again.
Scores of new entries, however, demonstrate the extent to which rotten cliches and
cute formulations can worm their way into acceptance. A celebutante, for example, is I know him personally.
someone who seeks the limelight through association with celebrities; to Mirandize Let me know about it.
(verb.), as in "Mirandize the perpetrator", refers to the Miranda rule that requires cops to to keep
warn arrestees (noun) of their legal rights. She keeps house in their family.
Even the word Webster's has succumbed to the loose use of language. Though Noah
He keeps a shop (a bar, bees, dogs, hens, etc.).
Webster produced his first American dictionary in 1806, his name never appeared in the
title of his editions until after his death. Webster's has since passed into generic usage, I hope you're keeping well.
and any publisher can slap the word into the titles of its own lexicons. I am sure he is keeping fit.
The reluctance of Random House's editors to make tough, perhaps even unpopular, Keep the change.
judgements is an ominous sign. It encourages the self-appointed watchdogs who bark at Traffic in Britain keeps to the left.
purported offenses and demand revisions that often border on the ridiculous. Will this meat keep till tomorrow?
If these watchdogs get their way, other words and phrases, now listed approvingly by
Keep your hands off!
Random House, may suffer the same baroque fate. For example, some feminists have
objected to the word seminal, which refers to something that is original and influential. Prices keep up.
They argue that seminal, like seminar and seminary, fails the gender-neutral test because
it derives from semen, the Latin word for seed. So much for logic.
It is just as well that the English language, so welcoming to precision and so rich
with metaphor and vitality, continues to be a growing wonder. Like many living things,
it needs constant pruning to flourish. The Random House version of Webster's too could
use some pruning - or maybe a good watch repairperson.
35
III. Лексические упражнения
 36
ЗАНЯТИЕ 9
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Найдите в словаре, что означает термин lingua franca.
В мире насчитывается около шести тысяч языков и диалектов.
Список, приведенный ниже, включает лишь 60 из них. Какие языки
включены в него?
English, Russian, German, Spanish, Japanese, Italian, Greek, Finnish, Portuguese,
Danish, Arabic, Rumanian, Chinese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, Norwegian, Irish, Korean,
Afrikaans, French, Hungarian, Vietnamese, Croatian, Mongolian, Icelandic, Persian,
Swedish, Albanian, Hindi, Ivrit, Yiddish, Hebrew, Bulgarian, Czech, Armenian, Latin,
Estonian, Phoenician, Georgian, Tatar, Maltese, Lithuanian, Sanscrit, Moldavian, Gipsy,
Lettish, Thai, Laotian, Burmese, Ossetic, Basque, Chukchi, Mari, Indonesian,
Esperanto, Urdu, Eskimo, Ukrainian, Aramaic.
3. Знаете ли Вы следующие однокоренные слова?
to decline; decline; declining; declension; declination; declinable; declinatory.
4. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие оговорки. Определите,
возможно ли при их переводе точное копирование английской конструкции,
или они требуют грамматической трансформации. Дайте варианты перевода
этих предложений.
II. Текст
ENGLISH DECLINES AS STATES' LINGUA FRANCA
Spanish, spoken by about 17 million, is by far the largest linguistic sub-group: ten
times more people speak Spanish than French, the second-biggest group. More than half
those for whom Spanish is a first language speak no English at home.
One of several lobby groups devoted to maintaining English as America's official
language, US English, greeted the figures as evidence that the country's lingua franca is
losing ground. "Multilingualism is great... But let one of those languages be English", a
spokeswoman told The New York Times.
But English, still spoken as a primary language by 86 per cent, shows little sign of
disappearing, unlike Woleai-Ulithi, a Micronesian tongue and the smallest of the 329
recognised languages, spoken by just 73 residents.
European languages are increasingly rare. In the past ten years, the number of Yiddish
speakers has dropped by more than a third.
But the Indian languages arc dying most rapidly: just 335,000 native Americans
speak their inherited language most speak Navajo - while 33 Indian languages have
vanished.
III. Лексические упражнения
Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следующих трех
глаголов и переведите на русский язык предложения с этими глаголами:
to laugh
What are you laughing at?
I laughed in his face.
They laughed behind his back.
Don't make me laugh!
She laughed herself to death.
It's nothing to laugh at.
He laughs best who laughs last. (посл.)

By Ben Macintyre to look

She is 30 but she doesn't look it.
The number of people living in America for whom English is a foreign language has
risen sharply over the past decade, according to the United States Census Bureau, due to You are looked upon as a likely candidate.
the wave of immigrants from South America and Asia. 38
Data collected during 1997 indicate that 32 million people, or one in seven, grow up He looks well in naval uniform.
speaking a language other than English - an increase of She looks like winning.
more than a third since 1980. Ballot papers in most states are printed in several Do I look like joking?
languages, and bilingual education is required increasingly.
It looks like snow.
She looked him up and down.
She looks her age.
Look here! (разг.)
Look before you leap. (посл.)
to lose
Our team lost the game.
He has nearly lost his hearing
(eyesight, voice, mind, senses, etc.).
He stood lost in wonder.
They lost their way in the wood.
He lost his temper.
The joke was lost upon the audience.
He lost interest in his studies.
The job lost interest for me.
The watch loses 2 minutes a day.
They lost the game (the battle).
She doesn't want to lose this chance.
Have you lost your tongue?
 II. Текст
ЗАНЯТИЕ 10
A CANADIAN'S LANGUAGE PROBLEMS
I. Предтекстовые упражнения "Perplexed" is the word which best describes the state of the Canadian in Britain. As
a Canadian staying in London, I'm only too aware of this state of perplexity A Canadian
1. Обратите внимание на многозначные слова, которые встретятся Вам в is neither one thing nor the other. The English, for instance, think he is an American,
тексте. Дайте значение этих слов в зависимости от контекста: while the Americans think he is English. He himself is confused and uncertain, and
1) общ. nowhere is this more evident than in his speech. He has been brought up to speak
1) общ.
2) общ. (разг.) English with an American accent, but at the same time, he has been taught to admire the
2) общ.
matter 3) мед. packet way English is spoken in England. In other words, he's torn between the way he speaks
3) воен.жарг.
4) юр. English and the way he thinks English should be spoken. And this conflict makes him
4) мор.
5) полигр. wonder who and what he is.
1) общ. Is there anything more galling for a Canadian than to be introduced as "from
1) общ. America" at an English party, or to be asked "What part of the States do you come
2) тех.
way party 2) амер.студ.жарг. from?" So Canadians abroad festoon themselves with flags and maple leaves in the hope
3) мор.
3) юр. of preventing the inevitable misinterpretation of their accent.
4) юр.
1) общ. 1) общ. The problem is more acute for the Canadian living in Britain. Daily he is faced with
2) общ. (разг.) 2) общ. (разг.) decisions which call his speech and his identity into question.
3) театр. 3) сл. Do 1 buy my groceries in a store as I would at home or in a shop as the English do? Do I
ask for a package of cookies like the Americans or a packet of biscuits like the English?
shop 4) школ. face 4) тех.
Do I eat candies or sweets when I am hungry? It's like trying to speak another language.
5) студ. 5) геом.
Of course, the English often help him out, so that when he asks for a can of corn, they
6) полит. 6) горн.
reply, "Oh, you mean a tin of sweet-corn".
7) вор.жарг. 7) полигр.
And what does he say if he steps on someone's toe? Now if an Englishman steps on
1) общ. your toe, he says "Sorry". I'd say "Excuse me". If he doesn't understand you and wants
1) общ. 2) общ. (разг.) you to repeat what you've said (which often happens when he's speaking to North
strain 2) мед. collapse 3) тех. Americans), he still says "Sorry". I'd say "I beg your pardon". The English, in fact, say
3) тех. 4) авт. "Sorry" at every opportunity. Yet, they say absolutely nothing in reply to "Thank you"
5) астр. whereas North Americans always reply "You are welcome".
What does it matter which word you use as long as your meaning is clear? I reply
2. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокоренных слов: that it does matter, if you are in London.
Such decisions have far-reaching consequences. You have to decide whether to maintain
> to perplex, perplexed, perplexedly, perplexing, perplexity; your own accent and vocabulary in the face of the way the English speak, or to abandon
> to interpret, interpreter, interpretative, interpretation, misinterpretation. your own language, the very words you learned at your mother's knee.
> to identify, identical, identically, identification, identity.
41
Some Canadians completely collapse under the strain. One Canadian friend who
became fed up with being mistaken for an American, feeling inferior to the English, and
weighing up every word he spoke, decided to opt wholeheartedly for an English accent.

40 He hoped that this would put an end to his perplexity. He learned to say "Sorry" for
everything and to call a cookie a biscuit. But even he was defeated in the end. Once, Mind your language (head, health, etc.).
when an old lady asked him to help her across the street, he uttered the single word Mind you bring the book.
"Sure". "Oh", said the Englishwoman, "surely you're from America".
Mind your own business.
III. Лексические упражнения I don't mind at all.
I wouldn't mind a cup of tea.
Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следующих трех Never mind!
глаголов и переведите на русский язык предложения с этими глаголами: ЗАНЯТИЕ 11
to miss
There is a page missing (here). I. Предтекстовые упражнения
I came at three and missed him.
1. В тексте Вам встретятся несколько сложноподчиненных
I missed the joke.
предложений. Проанализируйте одно из них:
He missed the 9.30 train (by half a minute).
He left for good but he won't be missed.
But the question is more interesting, for it illustrates how touchy
Afrikaners are these days about their language - an Africanized derivative
to move from Dutch as it was spoken in the 17th century, when South Africa's
I'm so tired I can't move. earliest - and mostly Dutch - white settlers arrived.
We're moving next week.
Синтаксический анализ рекомендуется проводить в следу-
It's your turn to move.
ющем порядке:
Tears will not move him.
Move on, please.  Найдите главные члены предложения. Количество подле-
Can you move up one seat (a few seats)? жащих и сказуемых поможет установить количество прида-
It's time to be moving. (разг.) точных предложений.
to mind  Найдите подчинительные союзы и союзные слова, чтобы
Are you sure you don't mind?
выделить придаточные предложения и установить характер
подчинительной связи, учитывая, что в английском языке
Who is minding the baby?
предложения часто не отделяются запятыми и могут присо-
Mind my cat while I'm away.
единяться бессоюзно.
Mind the traffic rules.
 Найдите второстепенные члены главного и придаточных
Mind the steps (the paint, the broken glass).
предложений.
 Переведите предложение на русский язык.
42 2. Найдите в тексте предложения с инфинитивом в качестве
элемента вторичного сказуемого (оборот Nominative with the
Infinitive) и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.
3. Определите значения следующих однокоренных слов:
 doubt, doubter, doubtable, doubtful, doubting, doubtfulness,
doubtingly, doubtless.
The worry among Afrikaners is that over time, these agreements won't
be fully honored.
They fear that the 11 - language policy will turn out to be a back-handed
ploy to reduce Afrikaans to just another regional tongue.
Although many Afrikaners fear their language will wither away if it
becomes one among 11 equals, some think that is the way to guarantee it
thrives - by depoliticizing the issue.

44

II. Текст
45
FUTURE OF AFRIKANERS' LANGUAGE IN DOUBT

By Paul Taylor
"The Washington post"
CAPE TOWN - The Afrikaans language survived British colonization.
It seems likely to survive black liberation. Question is, can it survive de-
Coca-Colaization?
The answer is almost certainly yes. But the question is more
interesting, for it illustrates how touchy Afrikaners are these days about
their language - an Africanized derivative from Dutch as it was spoken in
the 17th century, when South Africa's earliest - and mostly Dutch - white
settlers arrived.
Afrikaans-speakers comprise about 3 million whites and 3 million
mixed-race Coloreds in a nation of 38 million. South Africa's other 2
million whites, of British descent, speak English, South Africa's other
official language.
After the election South Africa became a country with 11 official
languages, spoken by the nine different groups of South Africa's 30
million blacks.
The language bargain struck by the drafters of South Africa's new
constitution, approved by the white-minority Parliament assures that no
language will suffer a diminution of status in the post-apartheid era.
That means that Afrikaans and English are supposed to remain the
languages of record in high functions of the new national government,

such as courts and legislative records.

 III. Лексические упражнения
Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следу-
ющих трех глаголов и переведите на русский язык
предложения с этими глаголами:
to open
The window won't open.
My window opens to the west (on the garden).
I want to open an account.
The roses are not too far opened.
Open your hand and show me what you have in it.
to order
He was ordered away.
I was ordered home.
They were ordered here.
We were ordered in (out).
He was ordered abroad.
She was ordered back.
The child was ordered to bed.
The player was ordered off the field.
What have you ordered for dinner?
He likes ordering people about (around).
The doctor ordered the patient complete rest.
to owe
3. Дайте русские соответствия следующих однокоренных слов:
He owes me 5 pounds.
She owes 5 pounds to my brother.
They owe my brother 5 pounds.
I want to pay you what I owe.
We owe you money for the ticket.
I owe you my best thanks.
The actor owes his success to good luck.
46
ЗАНЯТИЕ 12
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения
текста, в которых слово one выступает в качестве слова-
заместителя:
 The Basque language is a very old one.
 In the schools, pupils have three options: A, in which teaching is
in Spanish; B, in which the two languages are used more or less
equally, often with cultural subjects in Basque and scientific ones
in Spanish; and D, in which teaching is in Basque.
2. Переведите без словаря следующие словосочетания с
существительным school:
art, ballet, business, dancing, driving,
fencing, military, naval, riding, school
secretarial, technical, vocational
day (night/evening), elementary
(primary), junior (the lower), senior
(the upper), secondary, higher, public, school
private, state, religious, summer
Sunday
 choice, choiceful, choicely, choiceness.
 to opt, option, optional, optionally.

47
П. Текст
LANGUAGE THAT REFUSES TO DIE
By Peter Strafford
The Basque language is a very old one, almost certainly the oldest
surviving in Europe. Only the most tenuous links have been made with
languages elsewhere, and the assumption is that it has been spoken since
prehistoric times in what are now northern Spain and southwest France.
The Basques went on speaking their own language as Celts, Romans,
Visigoths, Franks and Arabs in turn dominated the area.
Over the past century, knowledge of the language, known either as
Euskara or Euskera depending on the area, has shrunk, partly as a result
of immigration as the Basque-speaking areas have become industrialised
and less remote.
A further blow was dealt by General Franco who, after his victory in
1939 in the Spanish Civil War, tried to stamp out the language altogether.
Today, in the three provinces of the Basque Country, Vizcaya,
Guipuzeoa and Alava, barely 25 per cent of the population understand
and speak the language well, while in Navarre, also considered by
nationalists to be Basque, the figure is only 10 per cent.
The language is still very much alive, however, and since the Basque
Country was granted its statute of autonomy in 1979, the regional
government has set out to reverse the decline. The language is now in use
everywhere, as is the once-banned Basque flag. Basque is taught
extensively in the schools, and efforts are under way to make its use
general in the various public services.
There is Basque-language radio and a Basque-language television
channel, ETB 1, in Durango. In Bilbao, the Academy of the Basque
Language, started in 1919, has set out to establish rules for a unified
language, in place of the differing versions spoken in Spain and France.
There is already greater knowledge of the language among children of
school age, and many adults have been keen to learn it.
In the schools, pupils have three options: A, in which teaching is in
Spanish, but time is spent learning Basque; B, in which the two languages
are used more or less equally, often with cultural subjects in Basque and
scientific ones in Spanish; and D (there is no С in Basque), in which
48
teaching is in Basque, and Spanish is taught separately. Alongside the
publicly run schools there are also the ikastolas, the schools first set up in
resistance to Franco as a way of preserving the language, where option D
is offered.
The system has caught on, says Fernando Buesa, the councillor in
charge of education in the government, and there has been an increase in
those opting for В and D.
There are also differences of emphasis within the government
coalition. As a nationalist party, the Partido Nacionalista VascO (PNV),
the dominant partner, sees the language as central to the national identity
and something that should draw the Basques together:
The other main party, the Partido Socialista de Euskadi (PSE), takes a
less urgent view and Senor Buesa, a member of the PSE, argues for not
trying to move so fast. The party is in favour of promoting the use of the
language, he says, but it believes that personal choice must be respected,
and Basque cannot be imposed.
Revival of the language is a long-term process. It is not possible to go
to 100 per cent knowledge in a generation.
III. Лексические упражнения
Посмотрите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следую-
щих трех глаголов и переведите на русский язык
предложения с этими глаголами:
to pass
Please, let me pass.
A smile passed over his lips.
He passed his exam in geography.
Pass me the mustard, please. Parliament
passed the Bill.
He passed for my brother.
to pay
It passes my understanding.
We passed the winter in the country. The
officer passed my bag.
He has passed 16.
49
to play
He will pay you cash.
You will pay on delivery.
You'll have to pay in advance.
It will pay.
The shop doesn't pay.
It pays to advertise.
We are paid on Fridays.
The work has been paid for.
It would pay you to be more careful.
The shares pay 5 per cent.
I n the evening they played a game of chess.
I will play white (black).
Let's р1ау at hide-and-seek.
Don't play the fool!
She played a joke on him.
He is playing a safe game (= a winning game).
They are playing a losing game.
This man is playing a double game.
We are playing a waiting game.
She can play by ear.
The piano plays well.
I don't like to play for money.
He played high (low).
He is fond of playing upon words.
Who will play Hamlet, in a farewell performance?

50
ЗАНЯТИЕ 13
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Проанализируйте и переведите на русский язык
многочленные словосочетания, которые используются в
тексте.
Nobel Prize winning research; "hands on" experience; entertaining
radio plays; easy-to-absorb sentences.
2. Найдите в тексте словосочетания со словом method и пере-
ведите их на русский язык (всего 4).
3. Дайте русские соответствия следующих од но коренных слов:
to accelerate, accelerant, accelerator, accelerated, accelerating,
acceleration, accelerative, accelerogram, accelerograph, accelerometer.
II. Текст
Advertisement
YOU CAN BE CONFIDENT IN FRENCH, SPANISH, GERMAN
OR ITALIAN IN 3 AND A HALF WEEKS
You get a much warmer response when you travel, and command
more respect in business, when you speak another language.
Yet it is rare for one's first experience of learning a language to be very
successful. Fortunately research has now shown that it was the teaching
method that was at fault, not you.
Accelerated Learning is the answer. Based on Nobel Prize winning
research, it has proven that learning language can be rapid, effective and
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methods, it has received widespread academic and commercial approval.
Start by Relaxing
Tension inhibits learning. So Accelerated Learning incorporates
relaxation and music to create a highly receptive state of mind.
Your Preferred Way of Learning
Some people learn best by listening, others by seeing, still others
through «hands on» experience. Accelerated Learning combines all three, so
the course is guaranteed to be right for you.
51
You hear your new language in a series of 12 entertaining radio plays,
in short easy-to-absorb sentences. You follow the script with the
vocabulary pictorialised in unique "Memory Maps". The stories and these
pictures build vivid mental images that make recalling the language easy
and natural.
Then you experience the language through a series of enjoyable games
and activities. These include the Name Game, which enables you to
understand leterally hundreds of words from the very first day.
The combination ensures that Accelerated Learning activates the learning
power of your whole brain. Not just your analytical left brain -but your
more imaginative, visual and faster working right brain.
The result is you learn more quickly, learn naturally and retain it.
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Because you absorb your new language so naturally, you will converse
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If you are not completely satisfied that it is the most enjoyable way to
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III. Лексические упражнения
Найдите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следующих
трех глаголов и переведите на русский язык предложения с
этими глаголами:
to raise
If you want a ticket, please raise your hand.
He never raises his voice at anybody.
She raised him at night.
 Her wages were raised. (The price was raised). Who 1. В тексте урока использованы четыре модальных глагола. Какие
raised this question? значения этих модальных глаголов (should, can, to be, to have) Вам
They began to raise money for a new undertaking. известны и что они выражают в следующих предложениях:

52
He raised his glass to her health.  A good course should let students make the vital breakthrough into
She didn't raise a finger to help us. thinking in a foreign language.
It could raise suspicion.  No one can learn a language from nil to proficiency in three
These shoes raise blisters on my feet. weeks.
to rise  Students have to be prepared to keep topped up by evening classes
The mist is rising. in their own country if they are not to lose what they have learnt.
What time does the Sun rise? 2. Найдите в словаре следующие слова и установите их контекстуальное
The wind began to rise. значение:
Prices continue to rise. to woo, to immerse, outrageous, insight, would-be, advert.
His temperature rose (is rising).
Jesus Christ rose from the dead. 3. Дайте русские соответствия следующих слов (без словаря):
She rose from her knees. group, progress, to invest, stage, specific, special, to organize.
Where does the Nile rise?
4. Определите значения следующих однокоренных слов с помощью словаря:
He rose to (the rank of) colonel.
New buildings are rising every day in our town.  swift, swiftly, swiftness, swift-flowing, swift-footed, swift-
to run passing, swift-sailing, swift-tongued. swift-winged.
He ran for Parliament last year.  quick, quick-acting (operating), quick-change, quick-drying, quick
This man runs a transport agency. fire, quick fix, quick-freezing, quick-frozen, quicksand, quickie,
Her father ran into debt. quickening, quickly, quickness, quickset, quick-setting, quick-
The child has a bad cold, his nose runs. sighted, quicksightedness, quick-tempered, quickway, quick-
Silk stockings often run. witted, quickwittedness.
The ship ran aground.
Buses run every 15 minutes here.
The play was successful and ran for several years.
Bravery runs in their family.
I ran my eye over the newspaper column.
ЗАНЯТИЕ 14 54
I. Предтекстовые упражнения II. Текст
SPANISH IN SPAIN

By Carmel Fitzsimons
 ANN THOMAS works for GALA, a group which organises Spanish
language courses in Barcelona. She believes that studying a language
abroad is one of the most efficient ways of gaining fluency but warns that
would-be students should not be wooed by outrageous claims.
No one can learn a language from nil to proficiency in three weeks, no
matter what the adverts say. One acquires a greater command the longer
the course and progress is swifter the longer one is away from one's own
country and as one gets immersed in the language outside class time.
There really is no point in investing in less than a month. You can
learn to talk in eighty hours of classes but you really need around 300
hours for it to stick. Even then students have to be prepared to keep
topped up by evening classes in their own country if they are not to lose
what they have learnt.
The breakthrough comes when you learn to think in a language and
then you can never really lose it. We find that it's very difficult for anyone
ever to reach that stage simply studying in his own country.
"A good course", says Thomas, "should let students make the vital
breakthrough into thinking in a foreign language and also give them an
insight into the country where they are staying. Then they will feel that
they really have experienced, not just a foreign language holiday, but the
specific and rather special pleasure of studying abroad".

III. Лексические упражнения

Найдите в словаре все имеющиеся значения для следующих трех глаголов и
переведите на русский язык предложения с этими глаголами:

to strike
The lightning struck the tree.
She struck her elbow against the door.
The ship struck the bottom.
The clock has just struck four.
 A happy thought struck me.
They were striking for higher pay.
His name was struck off the list.
He struck a wrong note.
The room strikes you as warm when you enter.
Strike while the iron is hot. (поcл.)
to stick
The door sticks. (разг.)
The pages have stuck (together).
Friends must stick together (разг.)
Stick to the point!
The needle stuck in my finger.
The key stuck in the lock.
I can't stick it any longer.
Stick around; we may need you.
They are sticking out for higher wages.
Stick it down anywhere you like.
to see
Leave it to me, I'll see to it.
I'll see you out. (I can see myself out).
He will see you off at the station.
Do you see what I mean?
I can't see myself doing such a thing.
If you don't believe me, go and see for yourself.
Let me see what I can do.
I'll be seeing you.
Who will see about the tickets?
That remains to be seen.
56
ЗАНЯТИЕ 15
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Переведите на русский язык предложения со словом «that» и определите, в
каком качестве оно выступает в каждом из предложений:
 The peoples of the countries that won state independence are
taking an active part in world politics.
 The meeting considers that the implementation of the new
programme would be of historic importance.
 The development of monopoly in the British Empire proceeded
differently from that in other countries.
 That's good.
2. Найдите различные случаи употребления слова "that" в тексте (всего 3),
определите его функции и переведите соответствующие предложения на
русский язык.
3. Какие из следующих однокоренных слов Вы знаете?
to ignore, ignorance, ignorant, ignorantly, ignorable, ignoramus.
II. Текст
THE LANGUAGE IS MORE THAN MEETS THE EAR
By Jean Mackenzie
They say the key to a nation is its language, and nowhere is this truer
than in Russia. 1 have spent many years trying to master the great and
powerful Russian tongue, and it sometimes amuses me to think how my
experience with the language almost ended abruptly on the day of my first
Russian class. I was reading the introduction to my textbook, and learned
with relief that Russian, in contrast to English, is pronounced exactly as
written. Then I flipped to Lesson 1, where they teach you how to say
"hello".
 "Zdravstvuite", I read with disbelief. I tried it a few times, gagged, and
decided that 1 wanted nothing more to do with a language where "vstv"
was considered a normal consonant combination.
 ЗАНЯТИЕ 11
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. В английском языке условие может быть выражено не только
полным придаточным предложением, но и другими способами.
Проанализируйте следующий пример и дайте варианты перевода
на русский язык.
 Given the widespread use of hypericum extracts, the implications of emerging
evidence of adverse reaction are potentially serious.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
herbal remedies, alternative remedies, conventional antidepressant drugs, side-effects,
complementary medicine, inadequate treatment.
3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокорениых слов:
 drug, druggist, drugster;
 medicine, medicate, medicated, medication, medicative, medicinal;
 remedy, remedial, remediable;
 treat, treatable, treatment.

II. Текст

OLD HERBAL REMEDY 'BETTER THAN DRUGS'

By Jeremy Laurance
Health Editor
One of the most widely used herbal remedies for depression, St.John's Wort, is as effective as
conventional antidepressant drugs but has fewer side effects, a study shows.
The remedy, already a best-seller in the growing herbal-medicine market, improved the mood
and mental performance of patients with moderate depression at least as much as the widely
prescribed antidepressant imipramine. Side-effects, such as a dry mouth, were worse in those
who took imipramine than in those who took hypericum extract.
The findings, published in the British Medical Journal, were immediately countered with a
warning in the rival journal The Lancet that hypericum extract may be less safe than its
"natural" label encourages consumers to think.
Edzard Ernst, professor of complementary medicine at the University of Exeter, writes in The
Lancet that at least eight cases have been reported of St. John's
 Wort reacting badly with pharmaceutical drugs that patients were taking, reducing their effectiveness ЗАНЯТИЕ 12
and increasing side-effects.
Professor Ernst says patients should be encouraged to tell their doctors if they are taking alternative I. Предтекстовые упражнения
remedies and to recognize that "natural" does not always- . mean "harmless". 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая,
"Given the widespread use of hypericum extracts, the implications of emerging evidence of что способ перевода герундия в различных функциях
adverse reaction are potentially serious", Professor Ernst writes. . "Regulatory bodies should perhaps (существительным с предлогом, инфинитивом, деепричастием и
take a fresh look at whether herbal medicines need regulation". придаточным предложением) зависит прежде всего от его лексического
The BMJ study was conducted by researchers from Germany, where hypericum extracts значения и сочетаемости слов в русском языке:
outsell Prozac by four to one. Scientists at the Imerem Institute for Medical Research in V Our earliest awareness of being alive is connected to being touched.
Nuremberg compared hypericum extracts with imipramine in 263 patients. They found the herbal V Specialised receptors react to external stimuli such as heat, cold and pressure by sending
remedy as effective as the pharmaceutical. "Since many depressed patients receive either no messages through the nervous system to the brain.
treatment or inadequate treatment", they write, "hypericum extract may be considered as an V Seek medical advice before having a massage.
alternative first choice.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
joint disorders, digestive disorders, varicose veins, acute back pain.
III. Лексические упражнения 3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокорениых слов:
1. Переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых слова drug, massage, massaging, massagist (masseur/masseuse).
medicine, remedy, treatment являются частичными синонимами: II. Текст
V Many drugs have more than one action.
V He is always taking medicines. MASSAGE
У I don't think it's the best remedy for a cold. У She tried many Kneading and stroking the body to relieve pain, aid
treatments for pneumonia. circulation and relax tense muscles
Main Uses
2. Переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых слова drug, Stress-related conditions such as insomnia and headaches. Muscle and joint disorders such as
medicine, remedy, treatment не являются синонимами: arthritis and back pain. Pain relief. High blood pressure. Depression, anxiety. Digestive disorders.
V Drug problems among teenagers are rising here. У Medical
History
students study both medicine and surgery. У Your only remedy is to
go to law. Massage is probably the oldest and simplest form of health care. Egyptian tomb paintings show
У They got the VIP treatment. it, and ancient Chinese and Indian manuscripts refer to its use. Julius Caesar had a daily massage to
treat neuralgia.
The massage technique used in the west today was developed by a Swedish gymnast, Per
Henrik Ling, at the end of the 19th century and became popular throughout Europe. During the First
World War it was used to treat shell-shock-victims.
It went out of favour as physiotherapists began to use electrical instruments rather than manual
methods. Massage is making a comeback in conventional healthcare and is being used increasingly
for premature babies, elderly people

4143

40
and patients with serious illness such as cancer and Aids.
Key principles
Our earliest awareness of being alive is connected to being touched. The skin is the body's largest
sensory organ; its second layer, the dermis, contains thousands of specialized receptors which react to
external stimuli such as heat, cold and pressure by sending messages through the nervous system to the
brain.
Basic techniques include: stroking - to aid circulation and relax muscles; kneading - to stretch and
relax muscles; friction - deep, direct pressure to relieve tension in the spine and shoulders; and hacking
- short sharp taps, delivered with sides of the hands.
Precautions
Seek medical advice before having a massage if you have phlebitis, thrombosis, varicose veins,
acute back pain or fever.
III. Лексические упражнения
ЗАНЯТИЕ 13
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. В следующем примере из текста английское причастие настоящего
времени выступает в функции обстоятельства. Какие существуют
способы его перевода на русский язык, и каким из этих способов можно
воспользоваться в данном случае? Найдите в тексте другие подобные
примеры.
 It sends blood towards the internal organs, helping them to function more efficiently.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
circulatory problems, improved circulation, waste products, blood vessels, blood flow, blood
pressure.
3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокорениых слов:
bath, bathe, bather, bathing.

Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих видов массажа: II. Текст

HYDROTHERAPY
Water used in all its forms to cleanse, revitalize,
daily
restore and maintain health
therapeutic
back Main Uses
body Muscle and joint pain. Circulatory problems. Asthma, bronchitis. Cystitis. Anxiety, stress.
massage Headaches. Fatigue.
facial
closed-chest cardiac History
open-chest cardiac The Ancient Greeks believed water contained the essence of life, and no Roman town was
vibratory complete without public baths. In many towns, such as Baden-Baden in Germany and Spa in
Belgium, "taking the waters" at natural springs has continued to the present day.
The pioneer of modern hydrotherapy was Sebastian Kneipp, a 19th-century Bavarian monk
who claimed that water could cure disease by improving the elimination of waste products. His
patients had hot and cold baths and compresses, foot baths, steam baths, sitz bath, showers and
wraps - all still used today.

Key Principles
Cold water is stimulating: it makes surface blood vessels constrict, restricting blood flow and
inhibiting the biochemical reactions that cause inflammation. It sends blood towards the internal
organs, helping them to function more efficiently.

43
 Hot water is relaxing. It dilates blood vessels, reducing blood pressure, and increasing blood flow
to the skin and muscles, easing stiffness. The improved circulation boosts the immune system, helps
remove waste products from the body and sends more oxygen and nutrients into the tissues to repair
damage.
Some therapies use hot and cold water alternately. This is said to stimulate the hormonal system.
Treatments include: High-powered jets - hot and cold water is directed at the back for two to three
minutes. This is said to stimulate the circulation and internal organs. Whirlpool baths - immersing the
body in pressurized bubbles for about 15 minutes. Sitz baths - two hip baths, one with hot and one
with cold water, are placed side by side and sat in alternately, with the feet in the opposite bath.
Minerals such as Epsom or Dead Sea salts, or therapeutic herbs and oils may be added.
III. Лексические упражнения
Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих видов лечебных ванн:
ЗАНЯТИЕ 14
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Проанализируйте предложения с оборотом Nominative with the Infinitive и
способы перевода этого оборота на русский язык.
 The ancient Egyptians and Greeks are said to have used healing trances.
 The subconscious mind is extremely unlikely to accept undesirable suggestions.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
trance-like state, imaginative people, self-hypnosis, weight problems, qualified practitioner.
3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокорениых слов:
 Hypnos, hypnosis, hypnotic, hypnotizable, hypnotist/hypnotizer, hypnotize;
 mesmerize, mesmerist, mesmerism, mesmeric/mesmerical.

II. Текст
air
HYPNOTHERAPY
hot-and-cold/alternating/contrast
Induces a trance-like state in which patients can be
medicated
desensitized to fears, phobias or pain
earth/moor/mud/bog
pine needle Main Uses
radon Pain relief. Fears, phobias. Stress, anxiety. Derpression. Insomnia. Digestive disorders.
oxygen Addictions. Weight problems.
carbon dioxide History
acid
The ancient Egyptians and Greeks are said to have used healing trances, and tribal cultures in
mustard bat Africa and the Americas have long used dancing and drumming to hypnotic effect.
sand h Modern hypnosis evolved from the work of an 18th-century Austrian doctor, Franz Anton
light Mesmer, who sent his patients into therapeutic "crises" of shaking and convulsions until they felt
radioactive better - hence the word "mesmerised".
sweating In the 1950s and 1960s, a US psychotherapist, Milton H. Erickson, developed the form of
vapor hypnotherapy now widely used in the West.
sedative Hypnotherapy has moved away from earlier associations with quackery and gained respect from
stimulating the medical establishment, but has yet to be incorporated into mainstream practice.

45

43

44
 Key Principles ЗАНЯТИЕ 15
Practitioners believe the mind has different levels of consciousness. Under hypnosis the
conscious, rational part is temporarily bypassed, making the subconscious part receptive to I. Предтекстовые упражнения
suggestion.
Hypnosis can be light, medium or deep, but a medium trance is normally used. 1. На примере заголовка и первого предложения текста
Imaginative people who are easily absorbed make the best subjects for hypnosis, but much проанализируйте стилистический прием обновления фразеологических
depends on willingness to be hypnotized and a good rapport with the practitioner. единиц и способы его передачи в переводе.
Hypnotherapists claim it is impossible to hypnotize anyone against their will, as the  Five apples a day keep the cardiac surgeon away.
subconscious mind is extremely unlikely to accept undesirable suggestions.  Several apples a day - or any kind of fruit - will keep the cardiac surgeon away.
Self-Help 2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания: fibre
diet, regular consumption of fruit, phytochemicals in the fruit.
Self-hypnosis can be used to alleviate pain and foster self-confidence, and many
practitioners teach patients to hypnotize themselves. Autosuggestion is often used in self- 3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокорениых слов:
hypnosis. It involves repeating simple, positive statements: "I feel confident" or "I will not be cardia, miocardia, cardiac, cardiogram, cardiovascular, carditis, myocardium, myocarditis.
afraid".
II. Текст
Precautions
Ensure you choose a qualified practitioner. Avoid hypnotherapy or self-hypnosis if you have FIVE APPLES A DAY KEEP THE CARDIAC SURGEON AWAY
severe depression, psychosis or epilepsy.
By Jeremy Laurance, Health
III. Лексические упражнения Correspondent
Several apples a day - or any kind of fruit - will keep the cardiac surgeon away, researchers
Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих видов терапии: have found.
Eating fresh fruit every day cuts the risk of dying from a heart attack by almost a quarter and
from a stroke by almost one third, a study has shown. Overall, those who ate fruit daily increased
heat their life expectancy by 20 per cent compared with those who ate fruit less frequently.
high-frequency The findings of the study of 11,000 people, who were followed for 17 years, adds to evidence
hunger that regular consumption of fruit helps to prevent cancer. At least five items, such as an apple or
laser orange, a day are recommended. Phytochemicals in the fruit are known to alter almost every stage
in the development of cancer but the mechanism by which it affects heart disease is less well
light
understood.
mud
The results of the study, published in the British Medical Journal, were unexpected. Dr.
nutritional Timothy Key and colleagues at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund's epidemiology unit at Radcliffe
therapy
physical Infirmary, Oxford, who started the study in the 1970s, say they had expected to find that heart
radiation disease rates were lowest in those who ate a high fibre or vegetarian diet. Although these diets were
narcosis/sleep associated with lower heart disease rates, daily consumption of fruit had a much bigger impact.
solar
ultrasonic
X-ray/deep X-ray
zone

46 47
 Matthew Gillman, assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, says in
a commentary in the BMJ that the challenge now is to increase consumption of fruit and vegetables
among children. Professor Gillman says national strategies are now required to promote the "five a
day" target.
III. Лексические упражнения
Прочтите следующие пословицы и проанализируйте возможные
варианты их передачи на русский язык (дословный перевод,
нейтральный эквивалент, окказиональный контекстуальный
эквивалент):
V What can't be cured must be endured.
Gradually, Scarlet drew courage from the brave faces of her friends and from the merciful
adjustment which nature makes when what cannot be cured must be endured. (Mitchell)
V Prevention is better than cure.
You are hanging around the grounds of a big house after dark; without the consent, or even the
knowledge, of the owner. Next thing you know you'll be inside. Mind you 1 prefer no charges. But
we work here on the sound policy that prevention is better than cure. So I'm just warning you.
(Cronin)
V Time is a great healer.
A warm April breeze ruffled her white hair. He stood at the bottom of the porch steps and saw her
framed in morning glories. "Son, son, you can forgive her now. Time is a great healer, Ben boy".
(Upshaw)
ОБЗОРНОЕ ЗАНЯТИЕ
1. Расшифруйте сокращения, встретившиеся Вам в текстах уроков 1-15:
CHESS, HOPE, PHS, NHS, WHO, ЕНО, AIDS, HIV, CMI, UV.
2. Вспомните значения некоторых словосочетаний, встретившихся Вам
в уроках 1-15:
 a wide range of diseases, mortality risk, an unhealthy lifestyle; У heart attack victims,
cardiovascular system; У a change in habits, personal preferences, ironclad proof; У genetically
engineered food, genetic transformation, health-enhancing plants;
 expectation of life/life expectancy, nutritional status, height differentials;
 irreparable damage, hormonal differences, overexposure to the sun's rays; У vertex baldness,
frontal baldness, hair growth stimulant;
 opportunistic infections, silent phase of the infection, infectious disease; У active senior
citizens, aging process, memory loss;
 the basics of health care, private medical insurance;
 alternative remedies, side effects, inadequate treatment;
 joint disorders, digestive disorders, acute back pain;
 circulatory problems, blood vessels, blood pressure, blood flow;
 trance-like state, imaginative people, self-hypnosis;
 fibre diet, regular consumption of fruit, phytochemicals in the fruit.
3. Проанализируйте текст с точки зрения имеющихся в нем
грамматических и лексических трудностей перевода, рассмотренных в
уроках 1-15, и переведите текст на русский язык.
STOP THAT GERM!
It's a jungle out there, teeming with hordes of unseen enemies. Bacteria, viruses, fungi and
parasites fill the air. They cluster on every surface, from the restaurant table to the living-room sofa.
They abound in lakes and in pools, flourish in the soil and disport themselves among the flora and
fauna. This menagerie of microscopic organisms, most of them potentially harmful or even lethal, has
a favorite target: the human body. In fact, the tantalizing human prey is a walking repository of just
the kind of stuff the tiny predators need to survive, thrive and reproduce.
Humans are under constant siege by these voracious adversaries. Germs of every description
strive tirelessly to invade the comfortably warm and bountiful body, entering through the skin or by
way of the eyes, nose, ears and mouth.

49
48
 ЗАНЯТИЕ 2

Fortunately for man's survival, most of them fail in their assault. They are repelled by the tough loose its secrets in the late 19th century, it was not until after World War II that the pace of
barrier of the skin, overcome by the natural pesticides in sweat, saliva and tears, dissolved by discovery began to quicken, boosted by such achievements as the deciphering of the genetic
stomach acids or trapped in the sticky mucus of the nose or throat before being expelled by a code and recombinant DNA technology. But no early advances can match those of recent
sneeze or a cough. But the organisms are extraordinarily persistent, and some occasionally breach years, which have enabled doctors to devise ingenious new treatments for a host of disorders.
the outer defenses. After entering the bloodstream and tissues, they multiply at an alarming rate and Says Immunologist John Kappler, of the National Jewish Center for Immunology and
begin destroying vital body cells. Respiratory Medicine in Denver: "The field is progressing so rapidly that the journals are out
The invaders soon receive a rude shock, for they encounter one of nature's most incredible and of date by the time they are published".
complex creations: the human immune system. Inside the body, a trillion highly specialized cells, Kappler is not exaggerating. In the past few months alone, dozens of new immune discoveries
regulated by dozens of remarkable proteins and honed by hundreds of millions of years of and promising therapies have been reported. Researchers announce in March that by activating
evolution, launch an unending battle against the alien organisms. It is high-pitched biological certain immune cells, they had increased by 20% the five-year survival rate of patients in the
warfare, orchestrated with such skill and precision that illness in the average human being is early stages of lung cancer. In the same month, European scientists reported eliminating the
relatively rare. need for insulin shots in some diabetic children by administering a drug that suppresses the im-
Early-warning cells constantly monitor the bloodstream and tissues for signs of the enemy. With mune system. Researchers in Colombia have tested a malaria vaccine that, unlike previous,
the gusto of Pac-Man, they gobble up anything that is foreign to the body. They envelop dust efforts, seems, to provide protection against the disease. Advances have come so fast, says
particles, pollutants, microorganisms and even the debris of battle: remnants of invaders and Dana-Farber's Benacerraf, that "we're now on the threshold of being able to activate the
infected or damaged body cells. Other early warners direct the production of unique killer cells, different components of the immune system at will to ■provide therapies for cancer and even
each designed to attack and destroy a particular type of intruder. Some of the killers, alerted to body for AIDS.
cells that have become cancerous, may annihilate these too.
Endowed with such specialized weapons, the properly functioning immune system is a From Time
formidable barrier to disease. Even when an infection is severe enough to overcome the system's
initial response and cause illness, the immune cells are usually able to regroup, call up
reinforcements and eventually rout the invaders. But when the system is weakened by previous
illness or advancing age, for example, the body becomes more vulnerable to cancers and a host of
infectious diseases. And should the system overreact or go awry, it can cause troublesome allergies
and serious disorders called autoimmune diseases.
As they probe the intricate workings of the immune system, scientists are awestruck. "It is an
enormous edifice, like a cathedral", says Nobel Laureate Baruj Benaceerraf, president of Boston's
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. The immune system is compared favorably with the most complex
organ of them all, the brain. "The immune system has a phenomenal ability for dealing with
information, for learning and memory, for creating and storing and using information'", explains
Immunologist William Paul of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Declares Dr.Stephen
Sherwin, director of clinical research at Genentech: "It's an incredible system. It recognizes
molecules that have never been in the body before. It can differentiate between what belongs there
and what doesn't".
Knowledge about the inner workings of the immune system has undergone an astonishing
explosion in the past five years. Although researchers began to pry
 I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Передайте на русский язык собственные иностранные имена,
использованные в тексте:
Ronald Glaser, Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, Sheldon Cohen, Jay Kaplan,
John Cacioppo, Mary Snydersmith, Lisa Berkman.
NB! Особое внимание обратите на передачу английских звуков,
отсутствующих в русском языке, а также на передачу
редуцированных гласных, удвоенных и непроизносимых
согласных.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
heart attack victims, close/closest relationships, cardiovascular system,
the struggle for dominance, gestures of affiliation, stable groups, shifting
groups, marital fights/argument, elderly men and women.
3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокоренных слов:
stress, stressed, stressful, stressor.
II. Текст
HOW STRESS ERODES HEALTH
By Daniel Goleman
People with many friends or family ties tend to live longer than loners. Heart
attack victims who have emotional support survive longer than those who do
not. The mind has many subtle influences on the body, and a spate of new
studies are seeking to explore further the nature of this mysterious axis.
«Your closest relationships seem to matter most for your health», said Dr.
Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, a psychologist at Ohio State University Medical School
who has just completed a study showing that marital fights can weaken the
immune systems of couples.
She and other researchers are trying to find out how the body turns states of
mind like close relationships into a biological advantage that improves health.
The evidence to date points to physiological mechanisms in the immune and car-
diovascular system.
«What is it that happens in a social network that makes such a difference for
health?» asked Dr. Sheldon Cohen, a psychologist at Carnegie Mellon
University. To find the answers, Dr. Cohen joined forces with Dr. Jay Kaplan, a
psychiatrist at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North
Carolina, who studies stress in macaque monkeys.
In their research, 40 male macaques were randomly assigned either to stable or
shifting groups, the latter having three or four new monkeys added to their cage
every month. For macaques, joining a new group of monkeys is highly agitating
and stressful; the males threaten each other until a dominance hierarchy is
established.
Yet even under the duress of the straggle for dominance, some monkeys re-
mained friendly. «These monkeys touched other monkeys more, groomed their
cagemates or simply sat close to them», Dr. Cohen said. «In monkeys, those are
all gestures of affiliation».
After 26 months of shifting groups and fights for dominance, the friendliest
monkeys were found to have stronger immune responses while the most hostile
and aggressive monkeys had the poorest.
Dr. Cohen's results were reported in the journal Psychological Science.
If friendly intimacy protects the immune system from stress, consider what a
fight does. «How couples handle their disagreements seems to affect their im-
mune system», said Dr. Kiecolt-Glaser. She has been studying couples with her
husband, Dr. Ronald Glaser, an immunologist and associate director for research
at Ohio State University Medical School.
In their study, 90 couples were brought into a laboratory and asked to resolve
an issue of disagreement. Continuous blood monitoring for 24 hours allowed
their immune responses to be measured during and after the discussion.
«We found a far stronger effect on the couples' immune system than we ever
expected», said Dr.Kiecolt-Glaser. «The more hostile you are during a marital
argument, the harder it is on your immune system».
It is not, of course, the sheer number of relationships in a person's life that
seem to offer a buffer against stress so much as the quality of those connections.
For example, a study of college students found that the more roommates dis-
liked each other, the more often they came down with colds and the flu and vis-
ited a physician.
«It's the most important relationships in your life, the people you see day in
and day out, that seem to be crucial for health», said Dr. John Cacioppo, a psy-
chologist at Ohio State University who did the roommate study with Mary
Snydersmith, a graduate student.
But not all relationships are of equal significance. «If you have a romantic
partner, we found, how you're getting along with your partner matters far more
for your health than does how you like your roommate», Dr. Cacioppo said.
In a study of 194 elderly men and women who had suffered heart attacks, those
who had two or more sources of emotional support were found to be twice as
likely to survive longer than a year after the attack than those with no support,
according to a report in The Annals of Internal Medicine.

11
 The study, led by Dr.Lisa Berkman, an epidemiologist at Yale
University Medical School, found that of the patients who said they had
two or more people they could count on, only 27 percent died within the
first year of the heart attack. But of the patients who reported no such
close supports, 58 percent died within the year.
III. Лексические упражнения
1. Обратите внимание на многозначность слова stress. Дайте
значения этого слова в зависимости от контекста:
1) общ., 2) лингв., 3) муз., 4) тех., 5) психол.
2. Определите, к какому контексту относится слово stress в
следующих словосочетаниях и переведите эти словосочетания на
русский язык:
primary/main stress, secondary stress, rhetorical stress, logical stress,
mental stress, strong stress, weak stress, under stress, allowable stress,
limit stress, times of stress, the stress of war, under the stress of fear.
3. Переведите на русский язык предложения со словом stress в
зависимости от функций, выполняемых им в этих
предложениях, и контекстуального значения.
 Our school lays stress on foreign languages.
 In Britain there has been a dramatic rise in stress-related absence
from work over the last two years.
 They stressed that all regulations would be strictly enforced.
 Stress and rhythm are important in speaking English.
12
ЗАНЯТИЕ 3
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Проанализируйте предложения, содержащие определения,
образованные соположением, и дайте варианты их перевода на
русский язык.
 Correlations and relative risks are merely clues to possible cause-
and-effect relationships.
 In years past, panic-button-pushing reports have included a link of
hair dyes to cancer and coffee to heart disease.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
the steady steam of reports, the headline news, a dip in sales, a change
in habits, personal preferences, ironclad proof.
3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокоренных слов:
 panic, panicky;
 warn, warning;
 lethal, lethality.
II. Текст
DON'T PANIC!
THOSE HEALTH WARNINGS AREN'T SO LETHAL
By Jane E.Brody
The steady stream of reports ascribing horrendous health risks to
nearly every aspect of modern life, from electric blankets and cellular
phones to post-menopausal hormones can fill otherwise rational people
with feelings of panic and paranoia.
Most people see or hear only the headline news when a purported
health threat looms, like the report several weeks ago linking the use of
cellular telephones to brain cancer or today's story reporting a link
between baldness and heart disease.
In years past, panic-button-pushing reports have included a link of hair
dyes to cancer; coffee to heart disease, and alcohol consumption to breast
cancer, among many others.
In the weeks after such reports, there is typically a dip in sales or a
change in habits.
The average person has great difficulty interpreting these findings.
 Still, there are some guidelines that can help everyone better  Weigh the degree of danger and whether there are safer and equally ac-
understand the significance of reported findings and avoid frenetic and ceptable alternatives.
pointless changes in habits.
A link between two phenomena does not imply cause and effect.
Correlations and relative risks are merely clues to possible cause-and- 14
effect relationships. III. Лексические упражнения
For example, there is a well-known association between the number of 1. Переведите на русский язык сочетания существительного
television aerials in a region and death rates from heart attacks. This does warning с некоторыми глаголами:
not mean television causes heart attacks, but it might mean that people give
who watch a lot of television get little or no exercise and eat fattier foods, issue
both of which can increase their coronary risk. send
to
And just because consumers of artificial sweeteners tend to be heavier shout
than users of sugar does not mean low-calorie sweeteners cause obesity. receive
More likely it means that overweight people trim calories wherever they take
can. heed
Establishing cause and effect is often a scientific challenge when
studying people, since it is unethical to expose a group of people to a
suspected hazard deliberately to see if it indeed harms them. Also, it can
take decades of study for the hazard to be unequivocally established. This to
is why the tobacco companies can argue that science has yet to prove that
warning
cigarette smoking causes cancer in people.
Short of ironclad proof, then, what can you look for in deciding how
much influence a study finding should have on your life?
The source of the report matters. Whether the study was done at
Harvard or Podunk university, the most reliable reports are those that are
published in peer-reviewed journals, like the New England Journal of 2. Переведите на русский язык сочетания существительного
Medicine or the Journal of the American Medical Association. warning с некоторыми прилагательными:
Unpublished reports that come out of medical meetings or news
conferences are generally least reliable. Also less reliable are studies done early
at private research institutes that do not receive government grants, since tacit
there may be good reason why taxpayer money is not awarded to them. warning cryptic
 Find out if more than one study reached the same conclusion. It is dire
rarely wise to make radical changes based on a single study. Scientific
research demands replication by independent researchers. warning
 Consider the size of the risk involved as well as benefits that may
result from the suggested cause. A 200 percent increase in a very small
risk is less important than a 50 percent increase in an already large risk.

3. Переведите на русский язык сочетания прилагательного
warning с некоторыми существительными:
15
ЗАНЯТИЕ 3
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. С помощью необходимых грамматических трансформаций,
вызываемых некоторыми особенностями словообразования в
английском языке, переведите на русский язык предложения,
обращая особое внимание на выделенные слова:
 For all but the most inveterate banana haters, the choice is easy.
 They could make the difference between life and death in many of
the world's poorer countries, where modern vaccines are
unaffordable or impractical.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
genetically engineered food, gene-altered potatoes, health-enhancing
plants, transgenic banana plants, genetic transformation.
3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокоренных слов:
immune, immunity, immunize, immunization, immunoassay,
immunodeficiency.
look
light
signal
net
shot
bell
gun
order
II. Текст
EATING YOUR WAY TO IMMUNITY
By Rick Weiss
Imagine you are a child in need of vaccination. A nurse approaches, a
syringe in one hand and a banana in the other. «You can have this big
needle stuck into your arm», she says, «or you can eat this bаnаnа».
For all but the most inveterate banana haters, the choice is easy. And it
may become a reality within the next decade or two. Researchers reported
recently that for the first time they had immunized people against a
disease by having them eat a few servings of genetically engineered food.
In that experiment - the first such effort in people - volunteers dined on
gene-altered potatoes and developed immune responses against a disease-
causing bacterium. The researchers who developed the special spuds are
growing engineered bananas that could accomplish the same thing with a
single piece of fruit.
Fruit and vegetable vaccines would be a blessing for the millions of
Americans who grow faint at the sight of a needle. More important, they
could make the difference between life and death in many of the world's
pooprer countries, where modern vaccines are unaffordable or
impractical.
«Неге in this country we have no trouble buying clean needles and
syringes», said Dr.Carol Tacket of the University of Maryland's Center
for Vaccine Development in Baltimore, who led the recent potato vaccine
test. «But in the developing world, this crop could be locally grown and
harvested and distributed to the local people who need it. And it would do
away with the need for needles and cleaning them and the need to
refrigerate the vaccines».
Even tobacco might gain some respect as a health-enhancing plant if
current experiments by plant biotechnologists fulfill their promise.
Meanwhile, work is under way to make vaccines out of bananas, which
are tasty when raw and relished by most children - the prime target
audience for edible vaccines. The group has created transgenic banana
plants, but it will be a few years before those grow into trees with fruit.
For those who live in climates too cool for bananas, tomatoes are easy to
grow and amenable to genetic transformation.
Regina Rabinovich, of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases vaccine and treatment evaluation program, said much more work
remains before people can eat their way to immunity.
III. Лексические упражнения
1. Переведите на русский язык предложения со словом
immune и его производными:
 Anyone who has had scarlet fever becomes immune to it for the
future.
 Her prestige made her immune from criticism.
 The children have been immunized against poliomyelitis.
 There is now an immunization against the disease which has been
proved to be effective.
 We cannot guarantee immunity from taxation.
2. В приведенных ниже сокращениях буква "I" обозначает
immune/ immuno-/immunity. Расшифруйте эти сокращения и
переведите их на русский язык:
AIDS, HIV, CMI.
3. Дайте несколько русских синонимичных эквивалентов
следующих английских синонимов:
congenital / genetic / inborn / inherent / innate / natural immunity.
17
ЗАНЯТИЕ 5
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Прочтите текст и определите, в каких случаях при его переводе на
русский язык можно использовать прием генерализации
значений.
1. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
expectation of life/life expectancy, foster parents, nutritional status, height
differentials.
3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокоренных слов:
 longeval, longevity;
 adolesce, adolescence, adolescent.
II. Текст
AN EXTRA INCH OF LIFE
Being tall does not make you healthy, but is recognized as a symptom of
good health. "The factors that explain the increasing height of the British,
also explain improved public health and longevity", says the historian Dr.
Reginald Floud.
Dr.Floud, provost of London Guildhall University, says: "We now have
some very good evidence from Norway that the taller you are - up to a
height of about 6ft 2in, the greater your expectation of life. The reasons
probably have a lot to do with your nutritional status before birth and in the
first years of life.
However, warm environments, lack of disease and love are also very
important. When you take children who have been well cared for in
institutions and put them with foster parents, they grow taller.
In the 19th century, aristocratic adolescent boys were 20 centimetres
taller than slum children of the same age. The height differentials between
classes are less obvious now, although people in social classes four and five
are still shorter.
The average height of the British male is at present between 5ft 9in and
5ft l0 in., Dr. Floud says. "Ideally, according to the Swedish evidence, men
need to be taller, but no fatter than we are today. It is bad news to be short
and overweight".
18
 A number of studies have confirmed that short men are more prone to
heart attacks. A study of physicians in America found that those measuring
5ft 7in or less were at significantly greater risk than those who were 6ft or
over. 19
However, it is important to remember that heart disease does not
appear to have a single cause. According to a study published last year in
the Journal of the Royal College of Physicians, people with a large
number of creases in their ear-lobes can be at higher risk.

III. Лексические упражнения

1. Переведите следующие наиболее часто встречающиеся англо-
американские единицы измерения в метрическую систему:
inch (in.) ounce (oz) pint (pt)
foot (ft) pound (lb.) quart (qt)
yard (yd) stone (st.) gallon (gal.)
mile (mi.) ton (f) bushel (bsh.)

2. Переведите предложения, используя русские соответствия

единиц измерения или, где это возможно, прием генерализации:
 Her father was rather short, not above five feet seven inches in
height.
 The study showed that 50 per cent of pensioners had incomes so
low they paid no income tax.
 He could drink a gallon of ale a day.
 They are going to celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary.
 She was driving at a speed of 30 miles per hour.
 His weight is 210 pounds.

ЗАНЯТИЕ 6
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Прочтите текст и определите, в каких случаях при ею переводе
на русский язык следует использовать прием конкретизации
значений.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
overexposure to, the sun's rays, irreparable damage, likelihood of
developing the disease, hormonal differences, sunbathing habits.
3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокоренных слов:
 skin, skinned, skinner, skinny;
 sunbath, sunbathe, sunbathing;
 pigment, pigmental, pigmentation, pigmented, pigmentizc.
II. Текст
SUNTANS CAN KILL YOU
Combined Reports
Sunbathing only became popular in the 1930s, and soon almost
everyone believed a bronzed body was a symbol of fitness and vigour.
Before, it was regarded as a mark of having to work at a menial, low-status
job to be tanned, and those who could afford to deliberately avoided
overexposure to the sun's harmful rays.
Then the designer Coco Chanel returned from a holiday in the South of
France sporting a suntan, and a trend was born.
The lure of a bronzed skin is acknowledged even by scientists only too
aware of its potentially dangerous effects, such as Dr. Antony Young, a
senior skin photo-biologist at St.Thomas's Hospital, London. "We are
conditioned to think of tanned bodies as being sexually attractive", he says.
"Personally, 1 think that fish-white skin that has never seen the sun is
unattractive, but equally, really heavily tanned skin just looks old leather -
which is where the word 'tan' comes from".
The latest research shows that baking in the sun may be one of the most
dangerous things you can do.
Exposing our bodies to the sun is one of the riskiest things we do.
Medical experts agree that ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun are the chief
cause of skin cancer, which accounts for nearly one third of all cancer.
The scientists who know more about human skin than anyone else
confirm that all suntanning is dangerous - no exceptions.
23
A suntan is not a sign of health. It is a crude defence mechanism: your
body's desperate - and always unsuccessful - attempt to protect you from
damage that can be irreparable. Your system throws a dark curtain of
pigment called melanin over you to keep dangerous UV radiation from
doing even more harm. But it is too late. Once a suntan appears, the
damage has already taken place.
Unfortunately, even those at lower risk are not immune to skin cancer or
other ravages of the sun.
People who tan now may pay later. And the price they pay may be high:
skin cancer, ugly aged skin, impaired vision and a damaged immune
system. With all those risks, who needs a suntan?
Dermatologists know from several studies that sunburn in childhood can
be particularly dangerous. These studies show, for example, that white
children who spent the first five years of their lives in South Africa or
Australia are two to three times more likely than average to develop
maligqant melanoma.
Another risk factor is skin type. Northern Europeans, particularly those
with red or fair hair, light-coloured eyes and fair skin, are most vulnerable
to malignant melanoma. Also, an abnormally large number of moles (more
than 100 in young people, more than 50 in older people) seem to increase
the likelihood of developing the disease.
Last year, the 1,300 deaths from malignant melanoma were divided
equally between men and women, but far more women than men actually
develop it -seven cases in women to every four in men. The reasons for the
variation may be connected with hormonal differences or sunbathing
habits, and are not yet fully understood by doctors.

II. Лексические упражнения

1. Помимо встретившихся Вам в тексте слов suntan и 25

sunbathing существительное sun входит в состав многих Занятие 7
других слов, образованных путем словосложения. Дайте их I. Предтекстовые упражнения
русские эквиваленты.
1. На примере следующих двух предложений из текста объясните
необходимость замены частей речи при переводе и переведите
предложения на русский язык.

24
2. Существительное skin сочетается в английском языке со
следующими прилагательными: chapped, coarse, rough, delicate,
sensitive, soft, smooth, fair, light, dark, oily, dry. Дайте русские
эквиваленты этих сочетаний.
 Baldness is common and affects about one-third of men under the age of
55.
 They usually do not make diagnostic or treatment decisions based on
such an observation in a patient.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
vertex baldness, frontal baldness, hair growth stimulant, adverse effect.

3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокорениых слов:

3. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения,
обращая особое внимание на передачу фразеологических  bald, baldy, baldly, balding, baldness;
оборотов.  risk, risky, riskful, risqué, riskiness.
 We all got wet to the skin.
II. Текст
 She gets under my skin with her talk of her husband's philandering.
 He has a thick skin. У He has a thin skin.
BALDNESS: A LINK TO HEART RISK?
 They escaped by the skin of their teeth.
 You tried to save your skin. By Lawrence K.Altman
Younger men with bald spots on top of their heads may have reason to
protect their hearts as well as cover their scalps. In a study of men under 55, a
bald patch in that position, a condition known as vertex baldness, was found to
be correlated with a slight but definite increase in the risk of heart attack,
according to a study reported in the Journal of the American Medical
Association. The risk did not hold for frontal baldness or loss of hair from other
areas of scalp.
 The more extensive the vertex baldness, the higher the risk. For men with a security, fire, traffic, mining, frost risk.
mild or moderate vertex baldness, the risk was about 40 percent greater than that
for men with a full set of hair, rising to 340 percent for those with severe vertex
baldness, the authors of the Boston University study said.
The risk at this stage is merely a statistical association and does not mean that
baldness causes heart attacks. Further studies may fail to find any such associa-
tion, or may pinpoint some common cause for both conditions, like male sex
hormones.
The authors and other experts said that it would be prudent for men with
vertex baldness to follow standard recommendations to control other risk factors
for heart disease like diet, weight, exercise, smoking and high blood pressure. 27
Baldness is common and affects about one-third of men under the age of 55.

26
The Boston University study was paid for by a grant from the Upjohn Co. in
Kalamazoo, Michigan, the maker of minoxidil, a hair growth stimulant.
Upjohn was concerned about the possibility of reports of adverse effects like
heart attacks among minoxidil users and then in trying to determine whether
such cardiac problems reflected use of the medication or a general risk factor.
But doctors generally do not recognize baldness as a risk factor for heart at-
tacks and they usually do not make diagnostic or treatment decisions based on
such an observation in a patient. Studies of a link between baldness and heart
attacks have not come up with consistent findings. Some have found such a link,
but others have not.

III. Лексические упражнения

1. Переведите на русский язык сочетания существительного risk с
некоторыми глаголами:

2. Переведите на русский язык сочетания существительного risk с

некоторыми прилагательными:
a(an) calculated, imposed, voluntary, grave, great, high, low, nuclear,
occupational, explosive risk.

3. Переведите на русский язык сочетания существительного risk с

некоторыми существительными:
 Занятие 8
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
1. Проанализируйте следующие предложения из
текста, в которых
встречаются сочетания глаголов с послелогами, и переведите эти
предложения на русский язык.
 It turns out that at least a third of HIV-infected people develop a fever or
a severe sore throat.
 These Y-shaped bits of protein sought out the virus and targeted it for
destruction.
 Now researchers must figure out exactly how the body puts together this
early effective defense.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
opportunistic infections, debilitating stages of the disease, silent phase of the
infection, infectious disease.
3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокорениых слов:
body, bodily, bodiless.
4. Прочтите текст и определите, какие из использованных в нем
сокращений являются окказиональными.
II.
Текст
THE BODY WINS ROUND 1
By Christine Gorman
For the past decade, AIDS researchers have focused on the last phase of the
infection. Their main question: Why do people with the AIDS virus, or HIV,
succumb to cancers, opportunistic infections and nerve disorders? During the
past two years, however, a small number of immunologists and virologists have
started asking a different, and potentially more useful, question: Why do so
many people with the virus live in such good health for so long - in some cases
for more than 12 years?
Two groups of scientists from the University of California, Los Angeles, and
the University of Alabama believe they have found the beginning of an answer.
In independent studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine, they
demonstrated for the first time that the body launches a massive, effective coun-
terattack on the virus soon after infection begins. If doctors can figure out how
to reproduce that early, powerful immune response, they might be able to
develop better treatments that would postpone - or prevent - the later,
debilitating stages of the disease.
28
The researchers required tenacity - and more than a bit of luck.
After all, to study someone at the beginning of a relatively silent phase of the
HIV infection, they had to find people who did not yet realize they had
contracted the virus. It turns out that at least a third of HIV-infected people
develop a fever or a severe sore throat within in a few weeks to months after
first exposure. Such signs, which usually clear up on their own, can easily be
misdiagnosed as a bad flu or mononucleosis. Researchers realized the tip-off
would come when they tested the patients and found HIV instead of influenza
viruses or other disease-causing agents. By hanging out in hospital emergency
rooms and talking to colleagues, the researchers identified seven young
homosexual men - three in Alabama, four in California - suffering from a
primary HIV infection.
Using advanced laboratory tests that had been developed only in the past few
years, both sets of scientists discovered an explosive growth of virus in the
men's bloodstreams. (Half of the men were able to pinpoint exactly when they
became infected, and in each case it was during unprotected sex).Each liter of
the men's blood contained as many as 10 million infectious viruses. "This is the
first time anyone has reported such high levels of infectious virus early on", says
Dr.Eric Daar, a specialist in infectious disease and one of the leaders of the
UCLA study. "We've never seen these levels before except in people with
severe AIDS".
Within days after the viral burst, the researchers measured a
rapid increase in the bloodstream of the number of anti-HIV antibodies. These
Y-shaped bits of protein sought out the virus and targeted it for destruction.
Once the antibody attack reached full scale in the seven test subjects, the level of
HIV in the bloodstream dropped precipitously. In the majority of cases, the
researchers could detect little or no virus two to three weeks later. "In other
words, the normal immune system can shut down the AIDS virus", says
Dr.Stephen Clark, who organized the study at the University of Alabama. Now
researchers must figure out exactly how the body puts together this early
effective defense - and how the virus manages, years later, to circumvent it.
III. Лексические упражнения
 1. Короткие послелоги, присоединяемые к глаголу, придают ему
новые значения. Определите эти значения и переведите предложения
на руеский язык.
 She turned away in disgust.
 It's getting dark, we'd better turn back.
 He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down.
 His toes turn in (out).
 Is this where we turn off?
 This music turns me on (off).
 The child turned over in bed.
 Turn round and let me see your new hairstyle.
 The book you've lost may turn up one of these days.
 The child turned to its mother for comfort.

30
2. Многие послелоги многозначны. На примере послелога down
Занятие 9
отразите эту многозначность при переводе на русский язык.
I. Предтекстовые упражнения
 The rain came down heavily.
 We went down to Brighton. 1. Следующие предложения из текста, содержащие предлог with,
 He was knocked down by a bus. иллюстрируют его многозначность. Какими значениями он
 The building burnt down. представлен в этих предложениях?
 The machinery (his health) broke down.
 Harry will never let you down.
 The wind died down.  Researchers at the university's Brain Endowment Bank are seeking
people now in their 70s, 80s and 90s with spry minds to donate their
 Write down my address.
brains to science upon death.
 Let's get down to business.
 By comparing the brains of Alzheimer's disease victims with the brains
of people who remained mentally sharp through old age, the researchers
may find clues.
 With a grant from the National Institute on Aging, Mash is recruiting
donors.
 When a volunteer dies, the brain is removed from the back of the head
under the hairline, which doesn't interfere with a family's wish to have
an open casket.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

active senior citizens, aging process,-memory loss, initial assessment.
3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокорениых слов:
brain, brainless, brainy.
 II. Текст
RESEARCHERS SEEK BRAIN DONATIONS
Knight-Ridder Tribune.
The University of Miami wants active senior citizens to give
their brains to the school.
Researchers at the university's Brain Endowment Bank are seeking people
now in their 70s, 80s and 90s with spry minds to donate their brains to science
upon death.
"The focus is, what makes these people special?" said Deborah Mash, the
brain bank's director. "For us, it's a detective story. We want to figure out the
aging process".
Mash and colleagues are trying to find out why some people stay sharp and
active while others decline. The answer may lie deep inside brain tissue.
By comparing the brains of Alzheimer's disease victims with the brains of
people who remained mentally sharp through old age. the researchers may find
clues.

31
 Nearly all brains eventually accumulate a substance that triggers memory
loss and decline but some people do not succumb to it and no one knows why.
"In order to understand what happens in the Alzheimer's brain, we have
to know what happens in the normal aging brain", said Andrew Monjan, a
deputy associate director at the National Institute on Aging.
32
With a grant from the National Institute on Aging, Mash is recruiting
donors. Ninety-three have signed up so far but hundreds more are needed. Занятие 10
Volunteers sign a consent form for brain autopsy. They undergo an initial I. Предтекстовые упражнения
assessment and answer questions about lifestyle, diet and medications. A
follow-up evaluation is done each year.
1. Проанализируйте одну из моделей сослагательного наклонения,
When a volunteer dies, the brain is removed from the back of the head представляющую определенную трудность при переводе с
under the hairline, which doesn't interfere with a family's wish to have an open английского языка на русский (в придаточном дополнительном после
casket. глаголов тина to recommend, to suggest, to demand и т.п. и в
"Donors are making an endowment to the next generation", Mash said. придаточном предикативном если подлежащим главного
"We can't do the work without this gift". предложения является существительное того же корня:
recommendation, suggestion, demand и т.п.)
 Does duty demand that doctors always intervene?
III. Лексические упражнения  The doctors recommended to the Lakebergs that Amy and Angela be
Дайте русские эквиваленты устойчивых сочетаний с предлогами allowed to die.
with, without, within:
with: ~ regard to, ~ this, ~ that, ~ the exception, to begin ~,
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:
pale (red, tired) ~, popular ~, to shiver ~ cold, to tremble ~ fear, to cry ~
pain. an intensive-care unit, the basics of health care, private medical insurance.
without: ~ regard to, not ~, ~ exception, ~ date, ~ number, ~ doubt, ~
fail, ~ notice, it/that goes ~ saying, to do - somebody/something. 3. Найдите в словаре перевод следующих однокоренных слов:
within: ~ one's right(s), ~ an inch/асе of, ~ oneself, ~ reach, ~ sight, - to twin, twins, twinned, twinning.
hearing.
III. Текст

THE ULTIMATE CHOICE

By Anastasia Toufexis
At dawn last Friday Reitha and Ken Lakeberg gathered quietly with family
and friends in the intensive-care unit of Children's Hospital in Philadelphia. As
tears began to well, the Lakebergs made plaster imprints of the tiny hands of
their daughters Amy and Angela, then picked them up and hugged and kissed
them. Born seven weeks ago, the girls were Siamese twins, joined breast to
belly, with a fused liver and a shared heart. As they cuddled the girls, Reitha, 24,
and Ken, 26, knew that they would not see Amy!, "the ornery one", alive again.
Her fingernails had been left bare while her sister's had been painted pink by
nurses to help doctors easily distinguish the firls. For surgeons would soon try to
save Angela by sacrificing Amy. Even Angela had only the slimmest chance -
less than 1% -to survive for more than a few weeks. Still, as Ken had plaintively
asked one doctor, "people win the lottery every week. Why can't we?"
Before the babies were wheeled into the operating room at 8:05 a.m., Angela
made a waving gesture in the air, inspiring her mother to say, "That's right,
Angela, thumbs up". The painstaking task of separating the babies was expected
to take all day, but after only 51/2 hours, the doctors reappeared, and the news
was good. «Angela is stable, comfortable and we hope that will continue to be
the case».
33
said Dr.James O'Neill Jr., the lead surgeon. At the same time, relatives were
making funeral preparations for Amy.
No one could know yet if the Lakebergs would ultimately beat the odds and 34
win their painful personal lottery. But it was clear that the couple's ordeal had Americans respond best not to people in the abstract but to those with names
drawn America into a gripping human and medical drama - and set off a searing and faces, who smile from magazine covers and cry on television. This time the
ethical debate. Does love demand that parents of a dying child seek any compassion flowed to the Lakebergs - Reitha, Ken, Amy and Angela. Once their
solution, no matter how long the odds of success? Or is it more loving, in some personal plight was known, it became heartbreakingly difficult to say what
cases, to let nature take its course? Does duty demand that doctors always should have been done.
intervene, or should they set limits? And does it make sense for a society to
spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on an almost certainly doomed effort
while millions of Americans go begging for the basics of health care? III. Лексические упражнения
The Lakebergs' time of hard choices began just before Christmas. About 13 Переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие слова,
weeks into Reitha's pregnancy, the Wheatfeald, Indiana, couple learned through словосочетания и устойчивые выражения данной лексической темы.
an ultra-sound test that she was carrying Siamese, or conjoined, twins. Such
cases are rare. About 40 such sets of twins - or 1 in 50,000 births - occur in the  Can you tell Tom from his twin brother?
U.S. each year. Few of the pairs live long enough for separation to be  She gave birth to triplets.
considered. The Lakebergs' doctors had put the likelihood of one twin surviving  She gave birth by Caesarean section.
at no more than 20% and suggested an abortion.  The girl was born four weeks premature.
Though the Lakebergs are Catholic, Reitha, a quiet wisp of a woman, calls  She bore him two sons.
her decision mostly personal: "In my heart, I couldn't get rid of my babies". On  The baby weighed seven pounds at birth.
June 29 she gave birth by Caesarean section; Amy and Angela together weighed  He's Spanish by birth.
just over 4 kg.  British women have 1,8 children per head - lower than the global
Doctors soon discovered that even their earlier guarded prognosis had been birthrate of 3.1.
overly optimistic. The infants' fused liver could be divided, but the twins had
 Congratulations on the birth of your first child.
one heart. Even worse, it had six chambers instead of the normal four, with a
hole in one chamber. The doctors recommended to the Lakebergs that Amy and
 She is carrying a male baby.
Angela be allowed to die.  His wife delivered the baby last night.
Ken appeared at times to agree. But Reitha was unable or unwilling to accept  The mother and her newborn child are in fair condition.
such an end.  She is pregnant with the second child.
The doctors told the Lakebergs they would try to separate the pair.  I'll take maternity leave when the baby arrives.
When the operation finally began, a team of 18 doctors was on hand. Amy
died about two-thirds of the way through the surgery.
Soon after the operation ended, Reitha and Ken visited their surviving daugh-
ter. "She looks good", Ken said afterward.
No matter what the outcome, Amy and Angela Lakeberg have become poign-
ant - and potent - symbols of one of the most troubling questions regarding
health care: Is it morally and medically right to go to such extraordinary lengths
when the prospects of success are so small and the financial costs so huge?
The bill for the twins' care, already well above $300,000, promises to soar
much higher, and the Lakebergs have no private medical insurance.