Available online at http://scik.

org
J. Math. Comput. Sci. 11 (2021), No. 6, 7459-7475
https://doi.org/10.28919/jmcs/6615
ISSN: 1927-5307

SOME FIXED POINT THEOREMS ON A C∗ -ALGEBRA VALUED

RECTANGULAR QUASI-METRIC SPACES

ABDELKARIM KARI1 , MOHAMED ROSSAFI2 AND HAFIDA MASSIT3,∗

1 Laboratory of Algebra, Analysis and Applications Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik,

Hassan II University, B.P. 7955 Casablanca, Morocco
2 LaSMA Laboratory Department of Mathematics Faculty of Sciences, Dhar El Mahraz
University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, B. P. 1796 Fes Atlas, Morocco
3 Laboratory of Partial Differential Equations, Spectral Algebra and Geometry Department of Mathematics,

Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco

Copyright © 2021 the author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits

unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract. In this work, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of fixed points for a self-mapping defined on a
C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space. Our results extend and supplement several recent results in the
literature. Some examples are provided to illustrate our results.
Keywords: fixed point; rectangular quasi-metric spaces; C∗ -algebra.
2010 AMS Subject Classification: 47H10, 54H25.

1. I NTRODUCTION

One of the most famous metrical fixed point theorem is the Banach contraction principle [1],
which is the classical tool for solving several nonlinear problems. Based on the noncomplexity
and the usefulness of this principle, it have many extension and generalization into several
directions [4, 5, 6, 7].
∗ Corresponding author
E-mail address: massithafida@yahoo.fr
Received August 09, 2021
7459
7460 ABDELKARIM KARI, MOHAMED ROSSAFI AND HAFIDA MASSIT

In 1930, Wilson [9] introduced the concept of quasi-metric spaces. Using this idea many
researcher presented generalization of the renowned Banach fixed point theorem in the qusi-
metric spaces.
In 2000, Branciari [2] introduced the notion of rectangular metric spaces where the triangle
inequality of metric spaces was replaced by another inequality, so-called rectangular inequality.
In 2014, Ma et al. [8] established the notion of C∗ -algebra valued metric spaces by replacing
the range set R with an unital C∗ -algebra, which is more general class than the class of metric
spaces and utilized the same to prove some fixed point results is such spaces.
The following lemma will be useful in our main results.

Lemma 1.1. [10] Suppose that A is a unital C∗ -algebra with a unit I.

(1) For any a ∈ A+ we have, a  I ⇔ kak ≤ 1.

(2) If a ∈ A+ with kak < 1
2 , then I − a is invertible and ka(I − a)−1 k < 1.
(3) Suppose that a, b ∈ A with a, b  0A and ab = ba, then ab  0A .
0 0
(4) Let a ∈ A , if b, c ∈ A with b  c  0A and I − a ∈ A+ is an invertible, then (I − a)−1 b 
(I − a)−1 c.

2. M AIN RESULT

We now introduce the definition of a C∗ -algebra-valued rectangular quasi-metric spaces.

Definition 2.1. Let X be a non empty set. Suppose the mapping d : X × X → A+ satisfies:

(i) d(x, y) = 0A if and only if x = y ; and 0A  d(x, y) for all x, y ∈ X;

(ii) d(x, y)  d(x, u) + d(u, v) + d(v, y) for all x, u, v, y ∈ X and for all distinct points u, v ∈
X{x, y}.

Then (X, A+ , d) is called a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space.

Remark 2.2. The C∗ -algebra-valued rectangular quasi-metric space generalise the C∗ -

algebra-valued metric space, C∗ -algebra-valued rectangular metric space. The following ex-
ample illustrates that, in general, a C∗ -algebra-valued rectangular quasi-metric space is not
necessarily a C∗ -algebra-valued rectangular metric space and is not necessarily a C∗ -algebra-
valued metric space.
 C∗ -ALGEBRA VALUED RECTANGULAR QUASI-METRIC SPACES 7461

Example 2.3. Let X = A ∪ B, where A = {0, 2} and B = { 1n , n ∈ N∗ }. Let A = M2 (R) of all

2 × 2 matrices with
 the usualaddition
 ,scalarmultiplication and multiplication. Define partial
a1 a2 b1 b2
ordering on A as    ⇔ ai ≥ bi for i = 1, 2, 3, 4
a3 a4 b3 b4
For any A ∈ A we define its norm as ,kAk = max1≤i≤4 |ai |
Define d : X × X → A by
  


 1 0


 d (0, 2) = d (2, 0) =  
0 1







  
1 0
  

 1

 d ,0 =  
n

0 1







  
1
0
  
 1
= n

d 0,

 


 n 0 1
n




  
1 0
 
1

 d 2, = 



 n 0 1



  
1

0
 
1


,2 =  n


 d 


 n 0 1


 n

  

1 0
    

 1 1 1 1

d , = d , =  
n m m n




 0 1




.



Then (X, A+ , d) is a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi- metric space. However we have the
following:

1) (X, A+ , d) is not a C∗ -algebra valued metric space, as d 1

6= d 0, 1n , for all n ≥ 1.



n,0

not a C∗
2) (X, A+ , d) is -algebra
 valued
 asymmetric
 metric
  space, 
as
1 1 1
1 0 2 0 4 0 4 0
 = d 2, 1 + d 1



d (2, 0) =   = +
4 4,0 .
0 1 0 21 0 14 0 14
3) (X, d) is not aC∗ -algebra
 valued
 rectangular
 metric space, as
1
1 n 0 1 0
 = d 2, 1 , for all n ≥ 1.



 6= 
d n,2 =
1 n
0 n 0 1
7462 ABDELKARIM KARI, MOHAMED ROSSAFI AND HAFIDA MASSIT

Definition 2.4. Let (X, A, d) is a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space and
{xn }n∈N be a sequence in X. Then

(i) We say that {xn }n∈N forward converges to x with respect to A if and only if for given
ε  0A , there is N such that for all n ≥ N, d (x, xn )  ε. We denote it by

lim d (x, xn ) .
n→+∞

(ii) We say that {xn }n∈N backward converges to x with respect to A if and only if for given
ε  0A , there is N such that for all n ≥ N, d (xn , x)  ε. We denote it by

lim d (xn , x) = 0A .
n→+∞

(iii) We say that {xn }n∈N forward Cauchy if

lim d (xn , xm ) = 0A .
n,m→+∞

(iv) We say that {xn }n∈N backward Cauchy if

lim d (xm , xn ) = 0A .
n,m→+∞

Remark 2.5. [4] Let (X, d) be as in Example 2.3, { 1n }n∈N∗ be a sequence in X. However we
have the following:
1 1
= 1 and lim d 0, n1 = 1, lim d 2, 1n = 0A . Then,





i) lim d
n→+∞ n,0 = 0A , lim d
n→+∞ n,2 n→+∞ n→+∞
the sequence { 1n } forward converges to 2 and backward converges to 0, so limit is not
unique.
1 1 1 1



ii) lim d
n→+∞ m, n = lim d
n→+∞ m, n = 1. So, forward (backward) convergence dose not im-
ply forward (backward) Cauchy.

Lemma 2.6. Let (X, A, d) a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space and {xn }n be a
forward (or backward) Cauchy sequence with pairwise disjoint elements in X. If {xn }n forward
converges to x ∈ X and backward converges to y ∈ X, then x = y.

Proof. Let ε  0A . First assume that {xn }n is a forward Cauchy sequence, so there exists n0 ∈ N
ε
such that d(xn , xm )  3 for all m ≥ n ≥ n0 . Since {xn }n forward converges to x so there exists
 C∗ -ALGEBRA VALUED RECTANGULAR QUASI-METRIC SPACES 7463

ε
n1 ∈ N such that d(xn , x)  3 for all n ≥ n1 . Also {xn }n forward converges to y so there exists
ε
n2 ∈ N such thatd(y, xn )  3s for all n ≥ n2 . Then for all N ≥ max{n0 , n1 , n2 },
ε ε ε
d(x, y)  d(x, xn ) + d(xn , xn+1 ) + d(xn+1 , y)  + + = ε.
3 3 3
As ε  0A was arbitrary, we deduce that d(x, y) = 0A , which implies x = y. When {xn }n is a
backward Cauchy sequence, the proof is similar to an earlier state 

Definition 2.7. Let (X, A, d) a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space. X is said
to be forward (backward) complete if every forward (backward) Cauchy sequence {xn }n in X
forward (backward) converges to x ∈ X.

Definition 2.8. Let (X, A, d) a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space. X is said to
be complete if X is forward and backward complete.

Definition 2.9. Let (X, A, d) a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space. A mapping
T : X → X is a C∗ -valued contractive mapping on X, if there exists an a ∈ A with k A k< 1 such
that

(1) d(T x, Ty)  a∗ d(x, y)a

for all x, y ∈ A.

Theorem 2.10. Let (X, A, d) a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space and let T :
X → X is a C∗ -valued contractive mapping on X, then there exists a unique fixed point in X.

Proof. It is clear that if A = 0A , then T maps the X into a single point. Thus without loss of
generality, one can suppose that A 6= 0A . Choose an x0 ∈ X and set xn+1 = T xn = T n x0 . Notice
that in C∗ -algebra, if a, b ∈ A+ and a  b, then for any x ∈ A both x∗ ax and x∗ bx are positive
elements and x∗ ax  x∗ bx.
Substituting x = xn−1 and y = xn , from (1), for all n ∈ N, we have

d (xn , xn+1 ) = d (T xn−1 , T xn )

 a∗ d (xn−1 , xn ) a

 (a∗ )2 d (xn−2 , xn−1 ) a2

7464 ABDELKARIM KARI, MOHAMED ROSSAFI AND HAFIDA MASSIT

 ...

 (a∗ )n d (x0 , x1 ) an

Substituting x = xn−1 and y = xn , from (1), for all n ∈ N, we have

d (xn , xn+2 ) = d (T xn−1 , T xn+1 )

 a∗ d (xn−1 , xn+1 ) a

 (a∗ )2 d (xn−2 , xn ) a2

 ...

 (a∗ )n d (x0 , x2 ) an

Case 1: Assume that m = 2l + 1 with l ≥ 1. By property (ii) of the C∗ -algebra valued rectan-
gular quasi-metric space, we have

d (xn , xn+m ) = d (xn , xn+2l+1 )

 d (xn , xn+1 ) + d (xn+1 , xn+2 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+n+2l+1 )

 d (xn , xn+1 ) + d (xn+1 , xn+2 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+3 ) + d (xn+3 , xn+4 ) + d (xn+4 , xn+n+2l+1 )

 d (xn , xn+1 ) + d (xn+1 , xn+2 ) + ... + d (xn+2l , xn+2l+1 )

 (a∗ )n d (x0 , x1 ) an + (a∗ )n+1 d (x0 , x1 ) an+1 + ... + (a∗ )n+2l d (x0 , x1 ) an2l+1
i=n+2l
= ∑ (a∗ )k d (x0 , x1 ) ak
i=n
i=n+2l 1 1
= ∑ (ak d (x0 , x1 ) 2 )∗ d (x0 , x1 ) 2 ak
i=n
i=n+2l 1
= ∑ |d (x0 , x1 ) 2 ak |2
i=n
i=n+2l 1
k ∑ |d (x0 , x1 ) 2 ak |2 kIA
i=n

1
i=n+2l
 kd (x0 , x1 ) 2 k2 ∑ kak2k IA
i=n
1 kak2n
 kd (x0 , x1 ) 2 k2 IA → 0A (n → ∞).
1 − kak2
 C∗ -ALGEBRA VALUED RECTANGULAR QUASI-METRIC SPACES 7465

Case 2: If m = n + 2k Similarly to case1 we have

d (xn , xn+m ) = d (xn , xn+2k )

 d (xn , xn+2 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+3 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+n+2k )

 d (xn , xn+2 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+3 ) + d (xn+3 , xn+4 ) + d (xn+4 , xn+5 ) + d (xn+5 , xn+n+2k )

 d (xn , xn+2 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+3 ) + ... + d (xn+2k−1 , xn+2k )

 (a∗ )n d (x0 , x2 ) an + (a∗ )n+2 d (x0 , x1 ) an+2 + ... + (a∗ )n+2k−1 d (x0 , x1 ) an+2k−1
i=n+2k−1
∗ n
= (a ) d (x0 , x2 ) a + n
∑ (a∗ )i d (x0 , x1 ) ai
i=n+2

1 1
i=n+2k−1 1 1
= (an d (x0 , x2 ) 2 )∗ d (x0 , x2 ) 2 an + ∑ (ak d (x0 , x1 ) 2 )∗ d (x0 , x1 ) 2 ak
i=n+2

1
i=n+2k−1 1
= |d (x0 , x2 ) 2 an |2 + ∑ |d (x0 , x1 ) 2 ai |2
i=n+2

1
i=n+2k−1 1
 k|d (x0 , x2 ) 2 an |2 kIA + k ∑ |d (x0 , x1 ) 2 ai |2 kIA
i=n

1 1
i=n+2k−1
 kd (x0 , x2 ) 2 k2 kak2n IA + kd (x0 , x1 ) 2 k2 ∑ kak2i IA
i=n
1 1 kak2n
 kd (x0 , x2 ) 2 k2 kak2n IA + kd (x0 , x1 ) 2 k2 IA → 0A (n → ∞).
1 − kak2
Therefore xn is a forward Cauchy sequence with respect to A. By the completeness of (X, A, d)
there exists an z ∈ X such that

(2) lim d(z, xn ) = 0A .

n→∞

Substituting x = xn and y = xn−1 , from (1), for all n ∈ N, we have

d (xn+1 , xn ) = d (T xn , T xn−1 )

 a∗ d (xn , xn−1 ) a

 (a∗ )2 d (xn−1 , xn−2 ) a2

 ...

 (a∗ )n d (x1 , x0 ) an
7466 ABDELKARIM KARI, MOHAMED ROSSAFI AND HAFIDA MASSIT

Substituting x = xn+1 and y = xn−1 , from (1), for all n ∈ N, we have

d (xn+1 , xn ) = d (T xn−1 , T xn+1 )

 (a∗ )n d (x2 , x0 ) an

Case 1: Assume that m = 2l + 1 with l ≥ 1. By property (ii) of the C∗ -algebra valued rectan-
gular quasi-metric space, we have

d (xn+m , xn ) = d (xn+2l+1 , xn )

1
i=n+2l
 kd (x1 , x0 ) 2 k2 ∑ kak2k IA
i=n
1 kak2n
 kd (x1 , x0 ) 2 k2 IA → 0A (n → ∞).
1 − kak2

Case 2: If m = n + 2k Similarly to case 1 we have

d (xn+m , xn ) = d (xn+2k , xn )

 d (xn+2 , xn ) + d (xn+3 , xn+2 ) + d (xn+n+2k , xn+2 )

1
i=n+2k−1 1
 |d (x2 , x0 ) 2 an |2 + ∑ |d (x1 , x0 ) 2 ai |2
i=n+2

1
i=n+2k−1 1
 k|d (x2 , x0 ) 2 an |2 kIA + k ∑ |d (x1 , x0 ) 2 ai |2 kIA
i=n

1 1
i=n+2k−1
 kd (x2 , x0 ) 2 k2 kak2n IA + kd (x0 , x1 ) 2 k2 ∑ kak2i IA
i=n
1 1 kak2n
 kd (x2 , x0 ) 2 k2 kak2n IA + kd (x1 , x0 ) 2 k2 IA → 0A (n → ∞).
1 − kak2

Therefore xn is a backward Cauchy sequence with respect to A. By the completeness of

(X, A, d) there exists an u ∈ X such that

lim d(u, xn ) = 0A .
n→∞
 C∗ -ALGEBRA VALUED RECTANGULAR QUASI-METRIC SPACES 7467

So, from Lemma 2.6, we get z = u.

On has

0A  d (z, T z)  d (z, xn ) + d (xn , T xn ) + d (T xn , T z)

 d (z, xn ) + d (xn , T xn ) + a∗ d(xn , z)a → 0A (n → ∞).

Since

0A  d (T z, z)  d (T z, T xn ) + d (T xn , xn ) + d (xn , z)

 a∗ d(z, xn )a + d (T xn , xn ) + d (xn , z) → 0A (n → ∞).

Therefore d (z, T z) = 0A or d (T z, z) = 0A which implies T z = z, i.e. z is a fixed point of T .

Uniqueness: Suppose that u 6= z is another fixed point of T . Since

0A  d (z, u) = d (T z, Tu)  a∗ d(z, u)a

 ka∗ d(z, u)ak

 ka∗ kkd(z, u)kkak

= kak2 kd(z, u)k

< kd(z, u)k, which is a contradiction.

Hence d (z, u) = θ and z = u, which implies that the fixed point is unique. 

Example 2.11. Let A = M2 (R) of all 2 × 2 matrices with the usual addition ,scalar multiplica-
tion and multiplication.    
a1 a2 b1 b2
Define partial ordering on A as    ⇔ ai ≥ bi for i = 1, 2, 3, 4. For
a3 a4 b3 b4
 
 12
a1 a2

i=4
any A ∈ A we define its norm as, k   k = ∑ |ai |2 .
a3 a4 i=1

Let X = A ∪ B, where A = {0, 12 , 31 , 14 } and B = [1, 2].

Define d : X × X → [0, +∞[ as follows:

d(x, y) = d(y, x) f or all x, y ∈ B;


d(x, y) = 0 ⇔ y = x f or all x, y ∈ X.

7468 ABDELKARIM KARI, MOHAMED ROSSAFI AND HAFIDA MASSIT

and
  
0.3 0
   
1 1 1




 d , = d 0, = 



 3 4 2 0 0.3



  

0.2 0
    

 1 1 1

 d ,0 = d , = 
3 4 2

0 0.2







  

  1 0.35 0
 
1 1
d 0, =d , = 

 3 2 4 0
0.35



  


0.6 0
   
1 1 1 1


, =d , =


d 



 3 2 3 2 0 0.6



  

|x − y| 0





 d (x, y) =   otherwise.
0 |x − y|



Then (X, A+ , d) is a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space. However we have the
following:

1) (X, A+ , d) isnot a C∗ -algebra

 valued
 asymmetric
 metric
 space,
as  
1 1

0.6 0 0.5 0 0.3 0 0.2 0
  
3, 2 = 
d  =  +  =
0 0.6 0 0.5 0 0.3 0 0.2
1 1 1 1



d 3, 4 +d 4, 2 .
2) (X, d) is not ∗
a C -algebra 
valued
 rectangular
metric space, as
1 1

0.35 0 0.2 0 1 1


 6= 
2, 4 = =d
d 4, 2 .
0 0.35 0 0.2
Define mapping T : X → X by

1
x 4 i f x ∈ [1, 2]

T (x) =
 1 i f x ∈ A.


Evidently, T (x) ∈ X. Consider the following possibilities:

case 1 : x, y ∈ [1, 2] x 6= y. Then
 
1 1
1 1 x −y
4 4 0
T (x) = x 4 , T (y) = y 4 , d (T x, Ty) =  1 1
.
0 x − y4
4
 C∗ -ALGEBRA VALUED RECTANGULAR QUASI-METRIC SPACES 7469

On the other hand

 
x−y 0
d (x, y) =  .
0 x−y
it follows that

(3) d(T x, Ty)  a∗ d(x, y)a.

Indeed
 
1 1
x4 − y4 0
d(T x, Ty) =  1 1

0 x −y
4 4

   
√1 0 x−y 0 √1 0
 3   3 
0 √1 0 x−y 0 √1
3 3

= a∗ d(x, y)a.

where
 
√1 0
a= 3 
0 √1
3

with verify
√
2
kak = √ ≤ 1.
3
case 2 : x ∈ [1, 2], y ∈ A. Then

1
 1 
T (x) = x 4 , T (y) = 1, D (T x, Ty) = 2 x 4 − 1 .

 
1
x4 − 1 0
d (T x, Ty) =  1
.
0 x −1
4

On the other hand

 
x−y 0
d (x, y) =  .
0 x−y
it follows that

(4) d(T x, Ty)  a∗ d(x, y)a.

7470 ABDELKARIM KARI, MOHAMED ROSSAFI AND HAFIDA MASSIT

Indeed
 
1
x −1
4 0
d(T x, Ty) =  1

0 x −1
4

   
√1 0 x−1 0 √1 0
 3   3 
0 √1 0 x−1 0 √1
3 3
   
√1 0 x−y 0 √1 0
 3   3 
0 √1 0 x−y 0 √1
3 3

= a∗ d(x, y)a.

where  
√1 0
a= 3 
0 √1
3
with verify √
2
kak = √ ≤ 1.
3
Hence, the condition (1) is satisfied. Therefore, T has a unique fixed point z = 1.

Example 2.12. Let A = M2 (R+ ) of all 2 × 2 matrices with the usual addition
 ,scalar
 multi-

a1 a2 b1 b2
plication and multiplication. Define partial ordering on A as   
a3 a4 b3 b4
 
 12
a1 a2

i=4
⇔ ai ≥ bi for i = 1, 2, 3, 4. For any A ∈ A we define its norm as ,k   k = ∑ |ai |2 .
a3 a4 i=1

Define d : X × X → [0, +∞[ as follows:

  

 x
e −e 0y


 d (x, y) =   if x ≥ y


 0 0
 


 0 0


 d (x, y) =   if x ≤ y
−x −y

 0 e −e

Then (X, A+ , d) is a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space.

Define mapping T : X → X by
x
T (x) = .
4
 C∗ -ALGEBRA VALUED RECTANGULAR QUASI-METRIC SPACES 7471

Evidently, T (x) ∈ X. Then

  y

x

 e −e 0
4 4


 d (T x, Ty) =   if x ≥ y


 0 0
 


 0 0

 d (T x, Ty) =   if x ≤ y
y
 x
− −

 0 e 4 −e 4

it follows that

(5) d(T x, Ty)  a∗ d(x, y)a.

Indeed     
1 x y 1
 0 e −e 0 0
 2  2

d (T x, Ty)   if x ≥ y

 

 1 1

 0 2 0 0 0 2
   
 1 1
 0 0 0 0
d (T x, Ty)   2  2



   if x ≤ y
0 12 0 e−x − e−y 0 12



where  
1
2 0
a= 
1
0 2
with verify
1
kak = < 1.
2
Hence, the condition (1) is satisfied. Therefore, T has a unique fixed point z = 0.

Definition 2.13. Let (X, A, d) a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space. A mapping
0
T : X → X is a C∗ -valued Kannan-type mapping on X, if there exists an a ∈ A+ with k a k< 1
2

such that

(6) d(T x, Ty)  a [d(x, T x) + d(y, Ty)]

for all x, y ∈ A where

0
A+ = {a ∈ A+ | ab = ba f or all b ∈ A+ }

Theorem 2.14. Let (X, A, d) a C∗ -algebra valued rectangular quasi-metric space and let T :
X → X is a C∗ -valued Kannan-type mapping on X, then there exists a unique fixed point in X.
7472 ABDELKARIM KARI, MOHAMED ROSSAFI AND HAFIDA MASSIT
0
Proof. Without loss of generality, one can suppose that a 6= 0A . Notice that a ∈ A+ ,
a [d(x, T x) + d(y, Ty)] is also a positive element. Choose an x0 ∈ X and set xn+1 = T xn = T n x0 .
Substituting x = xn−1 and y = xn , from (6), for all n ∈ N, we have

d (xn , xn+1 ) = d (T xn−1 , T xn )

 a [d (xn−1 , xn ) + d (xn , xn+1 )] .

0
Since a ∈ A+ with k a k< 12 , using Lemma 1.1, I − a is invertible and also k(I − a)ak < 1. Thus

d (xn , xn+1 )  (I − a)−1 a [d (xn−1 , xn )]

 (I − a)−2 a2 [d (xn−2 , xn−1 )]

 ...

 (I − a)−n an [d (x0 , x1 )]

= hn [d (x0 , x1 )]

with hn = (I − a)−n an .
Substituting x = xn−1 and y = xn+1 , from (1), for all n ∈ N, we have

d (xn , xn+2 )  (I − a)−1 a [d (xn−1 , xn+1 )]

 (I − a)−2 a2 [d (xn−2 , xn )]

 ...

 (I − a)−n an [d (x0 , x2 )]

= hn [d (x0 , x2 )]

Case 1: Assume that m = 2l + 1 with l ≥ 1. By property (ii) of the C∗ -algebra valued rectan-
gular quasi-metric space, we have

d (xn , xn+m ) = d (xn , xn+2l+1 )

 d (xn , xn+1 ) + d (xn+1 , xn+2 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+n+2l+1 )

 C∗ -ALGEBRA VALUED RECTANGULAR QUASI-METRIC SPACES 7473

 d (xn , xn+1 ) + d (xn+1 , xn+2 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+3 ) + d (xn+3 , xn+4 ) + d (xn+4 , xn+n+2l+1 )

 d (xn , xn+1 ) + d (xn+1 , xn+2 ) + ... + d (xn+2l , xn+2l+1 )

i=n+2l k 1
 ∑ kh 2 k2 kd (x0 , x1 ) 2 k2
i=n

1
i=n+2l k
 kd (x0 , x1 ) 2 k2 ∑ kh 2 k2
i=n
1 khk2n
 kd (x0 , x1 ) 2 k2 IA → 0A (n → ∞).
1 − khk2

Case 1: If m = n + 2k Similarly to case1 we have

d (xn , xn+m ) = d (xn , xn+2k )

 d (xn , xn+2 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+3 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+n+2k )

 d (xn , xn+2 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+3 ) + d (xn+3 , xn+4 ) + d (xn+4 , xn+5 ) + d (xn+5 , xn+n+2k )

 d (xn , xn+2 ) + d (xn+2 , xn+3 ) + ... + d (xn+2k−1 , xn+2k )

i=n+2l k 1
 khkn kd (x0 , x2 ) k + ∑ kh 2 k2 kd (x0 , x2 ) 2 k2
i=n
" #
1
i=n+2l k
 khkn kd (x0 , x2 ) k + kd (x0 , x2 ) k2 2
∑ kh k2 IA
2

i=n
 2n 
n 1
2 khk
 khk kd (x0 , x2 ) k + kd (x0 , x2 ) k
2 IA → 0A (n → ∞).
1 − khk2

Therefore xn is a forward Cauchy sequence with respect to A. By the completeness of (X, A, d)

there exists an z ∈ X such that

(7) lim d(z, xn ) = 0A .

n→∞

Substituting x = xn and y = xn−1 , from (6), for all n ∈ N, we have

d (xn+1 , xn ) = d (T xn , T xn−1 )

 a [d (xn , xn−1 ) + d (xn+1 , xn )]

 hn [d (x1 , x0 )] .
7474 ABDELKARIM KARI, MOHAMED ROSSAFI AND HAFIDA MASSIT

Substituting x = xn+1 and y = xn−1 , from (6), for all n ∈ N, we have

d (xn+2 , xn ) = d (T xn+1 , T xn−1 )

 hn [d (x2 , x0 )] .

Therefore xn is a backward Cauchy sequence with respect to A. By the completeness of

(X, A, d) there exists an u ∈ X such that

(8) lim d(xn , u) = 0A .

n→∞

So, from Lemma 2.6, we get z = u.

On has

0A  d (z, T z)  d (z, xn ) + d (xn , T xn ) + d (T xn , T z)

 d (z, xn ) + d (xn , T xn ) + a (d(xn , T xn ) + (d(z, T z))) → 0A (n → ∞).

This is equivalent to

d (z, T z)  (I − 1)−1 [d (xn , T xn ) + a (d(xn , T xn ))] → 0A (n → ∞).

Since

d (T z, z)  (I − 1)−1 [d (T xn , xn ) + a (d(T xn , xn ))] → 0A (n → ∞).

Therefore d (z, T z) = 0A or d (T z, z) = 0A which implies T z = z, i.e. z is a fixed point of T .

Uniqueness: Suppose that u 6= z is another fixed point of T . Since

0A  d (z, u) = d (T z, Tu)  a(d(z, T z) + (d(u, Tu)) = θ .

Hence d (z, u) = θ and z = u, which implies that the fixed point is unique. 

C ONFLICT OF I NTERESTS

The author(s) declare that there is no conflict of interests.

 C∗ -ALGEBRA VALUED RECTANGULAR QUASI-METRIC SPACES 7475

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