THE EXT-ALGEBRA FOR INFINITESIMAL DEFORMATIONS

MARÍA JULIA REDONDO, LUCRECIA ROMÁN, AND FIORELA ROSSI BERTONE

Abstract. Let f be a Hochschild 2-cocycle and let Af be an infinitesimal defor-

mation of an associative finite dimensional algebra A over an algebraically closed
field k. We investigate the algebra structure of the Ext-algebra of Af and, un-
arXiv:2202.01199v1 [math.RA] 2 Feb 2022

der some conditions on f , we describe it in terms of the Ext-algebra of A. We

achieve this description by getting an explicit construction of minimal projective
resolutions in mod Af .

Introduction
For any associative k-algebra LA and A-module M, the Ext-algebra of M is the
∞ i
vector space Ext∗A (M, M) = i=0 ExtA (M, M) that, equipped with the Yoneda
product, is also an associative algebra. Such structure has been discussed for differ-
ent classes of algebras, see for instante [B, G, GK1, GK2, GMMZ, GSS, GZ].
On the one hand, the Ext-algebra can be defined in terms of equivalence classes
of long exact sequences and, in this case, the multiplication corresponds to splic-
ing exact sequences. On the other hand, since it is the cohomology algebra of the
endomorphism dg-algebra RHomA (P, P ) for a projective resolution P of M, the
multiplication can be defined in terms of composition of morphisms, see [HS, The-
orem 9.1] and [Be, §2.6]. The last point of view shows that it has more structure
than merely a graded associative multiplication: it is equipped with an A∞ -algebra
structure, see [Ka]. The well-known Koszul duality says that there is a one to one
correspondence between the algebras A and ExtA (S, S) for S ≃ A/ rad A when A is
a Koszul algebra, see [BGS]. This duality does not hold for any algebra. However,
the A∞ -algebra structure of the Ext-algebra carries enough information to recover
the original algebra A, see [LPWZ] and [Ke].
In 1960s Gerstenhaber introduced the algebraic deformation theory of associative
algebras. He studied and described properties of deformations and their relations
with Hochschild cohomology groups.
In this work we restrict our attention to infinitesimal deformations. We consider
the ring of dual numbers k[t]/(t2 ) for a field k. Then, an infinitesimal deforma-
tion of an associative k-algebra A is an associative structure of k[t]/(t2 )-algebra on
A[t]/(t2 ) such that, when t = 0, we recover the multiplication in A. Gerstenhaber
showed in [Ge] that, given an associative algebra A, its infinitesimal deformations
are parametrized by the second Hochschild cohomology group HH2 (A) of A with
coefficients in itself.
In [RRRV], for any associative finite dimensional algebra A over an algebraically
closed field k and any Hochschild 2-cocycle f , a description of the finite dimensional
Date: February 3, 2022.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 16S80, 16E05, 16E30.
Key words and phrases. Infinitesimal deformations, Ext-algebra.
The first author is a research member of CONICET (Argentina). The authors have been sup-
ported by the project PICT-2019-03360.
1
2 M. J. REDONDO, L. ROMÁN, AND F. ROSSI BERTONE

modules over the infinitesimal deformation Af of A as uples (M0 , M1 , TM , fM ) was

given. This work was intended as an attempt to start studying the module cate-
gory as well as its relation with the category of modules over the original algebra
A. The aim of this paper is to describe the algebra structure of ExtAf (S, S) in
terms of ExtA (S, S). The main theorem (Theorem 5.2) provides such description
under additional assumptions on f . For that, we first construct minimal projective
resolutions of simple Af -modules in terms of the corresponding minimal projective
resolutions in mod A. It is to be expected that the A∞ -structure of ExtAf (S, S)
should be described in terms of ExtA (S, S) without any restriction on f .
The paper is organized as follows. In the first section we introduce the basic con-
cepts and notation. The second one is devoted to describe the structure of projective
Af -modules. In Section 3 we focus our attemption on describing minimal projec-
tive resolutions of Af -modules from minimal projective resolutions of A-modules.
Section 4 provides a detailed description of the liftings needed to calculate Yoneda
products. Last section applies the previous results in order to get a description of
the structure of the algebra Ext∗Af (S, S) in terms of the multiplication in Ext∗A (S, S).

1. Preliminaries
1.1. Deformations of associative algebras. Consider the truncated polynomial
ring k[t]/(t2 ). An infinitesimal deformation of an associative k-algebra A is an
associative structure of k[t]/(t2 )-algebra on A[t]/(t2 ) such that modulo the ideal
generated by t, the multiplication corresponds to that on A. More precisely:
Definition 1.1. Let f ∈ Homk (A ⊗k A, A). Let Af : = A[t]/(t2 ) ≃ A ⊕ A be the
algebra with multiplication µ given by
µ(a0 + a1 t, b0 + b1 t) = a0 b0 + (a0 b1 + a1 b0 + f (a0 , b0 ))t.
If this product is associative we say that Af is an infinitesimal deformation of A.
A classic result tell us that the product µ defines a deformation if and only if f
is a Hochschild 2-cocycle.

It is well known that any finite dimensional algebra A over an algebraically closed
field k is Morita equivalent to a quotient of a path algebra, that is, A is Morita
equivalent to kQ/I. A presentation by quiver and relations for Af and a proof of
the well-behaviour of deformations with Morita equivalence can be found in [RRRV].
1.2. Af -modules. In [RRRV] it has been proved that the category mod Af of finite
dimensional modules over Af is equivalent to the category Cf whose objects are uples
(M0 , M1 , TM , fM ) with M0 , M1 ∈ mod A, TM ∈ HomA (M0 , M1 ) a monomorphism
and fM ∈ Homk (A ⊗k M0 , M1 ), satisfying the following condition
(1.1) afM (b ⊗ m0 ) − fM (ab ⊗ m0 ) + fM (a ⊗ bm0 ) − f (a ⊗ b)TM (m0 ) = 0
for a, b ∈ A, m0 ∈ M0 . The morphisms between objects (M0 , M1 , TM , fM ) and
(N0 , N1 , TN , fN ) are triples of morphisms (u0 , u1 , u2 ) where u0 ∈ HomA (M0 , N0 ),
u1 ∈ Homk (M0 , N1 ) and u2 ∈ HomA (M1 , N1 ) are such that the diagram
u0
M0 / N0
TM TN
 u2

M1 / N1
 THE EXT-ALGEBRA FOR INFINITESIMAL DEFORMATIONS 3

commutes and, for any a ∈ A, m0 ∈ M0 ,

(1.2) u1(am0 ) = au1 (m0 ) − u2 (fM (a ⊗ m0 )) + fN (a ⊗ u0 (m0 )).
The composition is given by
(v0 , v1 , v2 )(u0 , u1 , u2) = (v0 u0 , v2 u1 + v1 u0 , v2 u2 )
and the identity morphism is (Id, 0, Id).
Throughout this article we identify mod Af with Cf . Moreover, there is a full
embedding mod A ֒→ mod Af defined by M 7→ (0, M, 0, 0), that is, mod A can be
identified with a full subcategory of mod Af . By abuse of notation we will denote
by M the Af -module (0, M, 0, 0).

2. Projective Af -modules
Let A = ⊕ni=1 Pi be the decomposition in indecomposable modules. By classical
theory on associative algebras we have that {P1 , . . . , Pn } is a complete setPof rep-
resentatives of indecomposable projective A-modules. More precisely, 1 = ni=1 ei ,
Pi = Aei and {e1 , . . . , en } is a complete set of primitive orthogonal idempotents.
This decomposition allows us to describe, up to isomorphism, all the simple mod-
ules, that is, {S1 , . . . , Sn } is a complete set of representatives of indecomposable
simple A-modules, where Si = Pi / rad Pi and rad Pi = rad A.Pi .
For any A-module M, there is an isomorphism of vector spaces
HomA (Aei , M) ≃ ei M
given by h(aei ) = ah(ei ) with h(ei ) = ei h(ei ) ∈ ei M. In particular, morphisms
between indecomposable projective modules are uniquely determined by elements
in A, that is,
(2.1) HomA (Aei , Aej ) ≃ ei Aej .

2.1. Projective modules. The direct sum of the Af -modules (M0 , M1 , TM , fM )

and (N0 , N1 , TN , fN ) is isomorphic to
(M0 ⊕ N0 , M1 ⊕ N1 , TM ⊕N , fM ⊕N )
where TM ⊕N (m0 + n0 ) = TM (m0 ) + TN (n0 ) and fM ⊕N (a ⊗ (m0 + n0 )) = fM (a ⊗
m0 ) + fN (a ⊗ n0 ). In particular
n
M
Af = (A, A, Id, f ) ≃ (Pi , Pi , Id, fPi )
i=1

where fPi : A ⊗ Pi → Pi is given by fPi (a ⊗ bei ) = f (a ⊗ b)ei . Hence {P̂1 , . . . , P̂n }

is a complete set of representatives of indecomposable projective Af -modules, with
P̂ = (P, P, Id, fP ). From now on we use this notation for projective Af -modules.
Proposition 2.1. Let P = Aei , Q = Aej be indecomposable projective A-modules.
Then (u0 , u1 , u2 ) ∈ HomAf (P̂ , Q̂) if and only if there exist b, c ∈ ei Aej such that
u0 (aei ) = u2 (aei ) = ab,
u1 (aei ) = f (a ⊗ b)ej + ac
for any a ∈ A.
4 M. J. REDONDO, L. ROMÁN, AND F. ROSSI BERTONE

Proof. Let (u0 , u1, u2 ) ∈ HomAf (P̂ , Q̂). We have seen that any u ∈ HomA (P, Q) is
given by u(aei ) = ab for some b ∈ ei Aej , and it is clear that u0 = u2 . Using that f
is a 2-cocycle we get that
u1 (a′ (aei )) = a′ u1 (aei ) − u2 (fP (a′ ⊗ aei )) + fQ (a′ ⊗ u0 (aei ))
= a′ u1 (aei ) − u2 (f (a′ ⊗ a)ei ) + fQ (a′ ⊗ abej )
= a′ u1 (aei ) − f (a′ ⊗ a)b + f (a′ ⊗ ab)ej
= a′ u1 (aei ) − a′ f (a ⊗ b)ej + f (a′ a ⊗ b)ej ,
so the map g : P → Q given by g(aei ) = u1 (aei ) − f (a ⊗ b)ej is a morphism of
A-modules, that is, u1 (aei ) − f (a ⊗ b)ej = ac for some c ∈ ei Aej . The reciprocal is
straightforward. 
Proposition 2.2. Let P, M be A-modules, P projective. The space HomAf (P̂ , M)
is isomorphic to HomA (P, M).
Proof. If (u0, u1 , u2 ) : (P, P, Id, fP ) → (0, M, 0, 0) is an Af -morphism then u2 = u0 =
0, and the k-linear map u1 : P → M is a morphism of A-modules. 

2.2. Simple modules. In [RRRV] we have seen that rad Af = (rad A, A, inc, f ) and
hence rad P̂ = (rad P, P, inc, fP ), for any projective A-module P . The exactness of
the sequence
(inc,inc,Id) (0,π,0)
(2.2) 0 −→ (rad P, P, inc, fP ) −−−−−−→ (P, P, Id, fP ) −−−→ (0, S, 0, 0) → 0
implies that {S1 , . . . , Sn } is a complete set of representatives of indecomposable
simple Af -modules, where π : P → S denotes the canonical epimorphism.
Remark 2.3. From the previous short exact sequence and the description of the
projective Af -modules we can conclude that Af always has infinite global dimension,
since P̂ has even dimension as a vector space, and S and the consecutive kernels
have odd dimension.

3. Projective resolutions
The aim of this section is to construct minimal projective resolutions for any Af -
module M = (0, M, 0, 0) in terms of minimal projective resolutions of the A-module
Lm Lm−1
M. For that, if δi , αi : Qi → Qi−1 , we define um , vm : i=0 Qi → i=0 Qi given by

0 δ1 0 . . . 0 Id α1 0 ... 0
   

um =  ... ..  ,
. vm =  ... ..
. .
m−1 m−1
0 ... 0 δm 0 ... (−1) Id (−1) αm
Theorem 3.1. Let M be an A-module and let
1 δ 0 δ
· · · → Q1 −→ Q0 −→ M →0
be a minimal projective resolution of M. Suppose that αi : Qi → Qi−1 are linear
maps such that, for any i > 0,
(i) αi (ax)−aαi (x) = (−1)i+1 (fQi−1 (a⊗δi (x))−δi (fQi (a⊗x))), ∀a ∈ A, x ∈ Qi ;
(ii) αi δi+1 = δi αi+1 .
 THE EXT-ALGEBRA FOR INFINITESIMAL DEFORMATIONS 5

Then
m m−1
δ̂m δ̂ δ̂
M M 1 0
··· → Q̂i −→ Q̂i → · · · → Q̂0 ⊕ Q̂1 −→ Q̂0 −→ M →0
i=0 i=0

is a minimal projective resolution of M = (0, M, 0, 0), where δ̂0 = (0, δ0 , 0) and

δ̂m = (um , vm , um ) for m ≥ 1.
Proof. It is clear that δ̂0 is an epimorphism. A direct computation shows that δ̂0 δ̂1 =
0 since δ0 δ1 = 0. Let m > 0. Condition (i) implies that (um , vm , um ) is a morphism
in mod Af . The vanishing of δm δm+1 implies um um+1 = 0, and vm um+1 +um vm+1 = 0
follows from condition (ii). Hence (um , vm , um )(um+1 , vm+1 , um+1 ) = 0.
We proceed to show that the complex is exact. If (x0 , y0 ) ∈ Ker δ̂0 , then x0 = δ1 (z)
and δ̂1 (y0 − α1 (z), z, 0, 0) = (x0 , y0 ). Let (x0 , . . . , xm , y0 , . . . , ym ) ∈ Ker(um , vm , um ),
that is, for all i with 1 ≤ i ≤ m, we have
δi (xi ) = 0 and (−1)i−1 (xi−1 + αi (xi )) + δi (yi ) = 0.
Since δm (xm ) = 0, there exists zm+1 such that δm+1 (zm+1 ) = xm . Now we define
recursively zj = (−1)j yj −αj+1 (zj+1 ) for any j with 0 ≤ j ≤ m. It is a simple matter
to check that (um+1 , vm+1 , um+1 )(z0 , . . . , zm+1 , 0, . . . , 0) = (x0 , . . . , xm , y0 , . . . , ym).
The only point remaining concerns to minimality, that is, Im δ̂m ⊂ m−1
L
i=0 rad Q̂i for
any m > 0. From (2.2) it suffices to see that for any simple module S = (0, S, 0, 0)
we have that
m−1
M Mm
∗
(um , vm , um ) : HomAf ( Q̂i , S) → HomAf ( Q̂i , S)
i=0 i=0
Lm−1
is zero. Let ĝ ∈ HomAf ( i=0 Q̂i , S). By Lemma 2.2, ĝ = (0, g, 0) with g =
[g0 · · · gm−1 ], and gi ∈ HomA (Qi , S). Therefore,
(um , vm , um )∗ (ĝ) = ĝ (um , vm , um) = (0, gum, 0).
By the minimality of the original resolution, δi∗ : HomA (Qi−1 , S) → HomA (Qi , S)
is zero for any i. Thus, gum = [0 g0 δ1 g1 δ2 · · · gm−1 δm ] = 0 and the Lemma
follows. 
In order to get a better description of Af -morphisms between projective modules,
we define f˜ : Mr×s (A) ⊗ Ms×t (A) → Mr×t (A) by
s
f˜(B ⊗ B ′ )ij =
X
f (bil ⊗ b′lj ),
l=1

for any B = (bil ) ∈ Mr×s (A) and B ′ = (b′lj ) ∈ Ms×t (A). A direct computation shows
that f˜ satisfies the 2-cocycle condition, that is,
B0 f˜(B1 ⊗ B2 ) − f˜(B0 B1 ⊗ B2 ) + f˜(B0 ⊗ B1 B2 ) − f˜(B0 ⊗ B1 )B2 = 0
for any matrices B0 , B1 , B2 of appropriate sizes.
For any projective Af -module Q we consider its decomposition in indecomposable
projective modules Q = ⊕m
P
r=1 Aeir , we denote [x] = [x1 · · · xm ] for any x = xr ∈
Q, xr ∈ Aeir , and we set E ∈ Mm (A) the diagonal matrix defined by
(
eis if s = t,
(E)st =
0 otherwise.
6 M. J. REDONDO, L. ROMÁN, AND F. ROSSI BERTONE

Proposition 3.2. Let Q = ⊕m ′ n

r=1 Aeir , Q = ⊕r=1 Aejr be two projective Af -modules,
E, E ′ the diagonal matrices associated to them. Then (δ, α, δ ′ ) ∈ HomAf (Q̂, Q̂′ ) if
and only if there exists a pair of matrices B, C ∈ Mm×n (A) such that EBE ′ = B
and ECE ′ = C, and
[δ(x)] = [δ ′ (x)] = [x]B,
[α(x)] = f˜([x] ⊗ B)E ′ + [x]C
for any x ∈ Q.
Proof. We know that any morphism between projective A-modules is given by right
multiplication by a matrix with coefficients in A. Indeed, using the isomorphism
given in (2.1), we conclude that [δ(x)] = [x]B for B = (bst ) ∈ Mm×n (A) with
bst ∈ eis Aejt . Hence
HomA (Q, Q′ ) ≃ {B ∈ Mm×n (A) : EBE ′ = B}.
Now the statement follows by Proposition 2.1. 
We say that the A-module M satisfies condition (∗) if it admits a minimal pro-
jective resolution
δ1 δ0
· · · → Q1 −→ Q0 −→ M →0
such that δ0 α1 δ2 = 0 for [α1 (x)] = f˜([x] ⊗ B1 )E0 , where Bi ∈ Mni ×ni−1 (A) is
the matrix associated to each morphism δi : Qi → Qi−1 with Qi = ⊕nr=1 i
Aeir and
Ei ∈ Mni (A) is the diagonal matrix associated to the projective module Qi .
Lemma 3.3. If M satisfies condition (∗), then there exist matrices Ci ∈ Mni ×ni−1 (A)
such that Ei Ci Ei−1 = Ci and Ei f˜(Bi ⊗ Bi−1 )Ei−2 = Ci Bi−1 + Bi Ci−1 .
Proof. Set C1 = 0. Now we proceed by induction. Using that f˜ satisfies the 2-cocycle
condition and B2 B1 = 0, we get that
[α1 δ2 (x)] = f˜([x]B2 ⊗ B1 )E0 = [x]f˜(B2 ⊗ B1 )E0 − f˜([x] ⊗ B2 )B1 E0
for any x ∈ Q2 . Since Im α1 δ2 ⊂ Ker δ0 = Im δ1 we can conclude that there exists
yr ∈ Q1 such that
[e2r ]f˜(B2 ⊗ B1 )E0 = [yr ]B1
for any 1 ≤ r ≤ n2 . Then E2 f˜(B2 ⊗ B1 )E0 = C2 B1 for C2 = E2 Y E1 where
Y ∈ Mn2 ×n1 (A) is the matrix whose rows are given by [y1 ], . . . , [yn2 ].
Let i > 1 and assume that Ei f˜(Bi ⊗ Bi−1 )Ei−2 = Ci Bi−1 + Bi Ci−1 . The vanishing
of the composition δm δm+1 implies that Bm+1 Bm = 0 for all m > 0. Then
Bi+1 f˜(Bi ⊗ Bi−1 ) − f˜(Bi+1 ⊗ Bi )Bi−1 = 0
since f˜ satisfies the 2-cocycle condition. Therefore
Ei+1 f˜(Bi+1 ⊗ Bi )Bi−1 = Bi+1 f˜(Bi ⊗ Bi−1 )Ei−2 = Bi+1 Ci Bi−1 .
This implies that
Ei+1 f˜(Bi+1 ⊗ Bi )Ei−1 − Bi+1 Ci ∈ Ker δi−1 = Im δi ,
so there exists Ci+1 such that Ei+1 f˜(Bi+1 ⊗ Bi )Ei−1 − Bi+1 Ci = Ci+1 Bi and the
lemma follows. 
The following results are straightforward.
 THE EXT-ALGEBRA FOR INFINITESIMAL DEFORMATIONS 7

Proposition 3.4. If δ0 α1 δ2 = 0, then the linear maps αi : Qi → Qi−1 defined by

[αi (x)] = (−1)i+1 (f˜([x] ⊗ Bi )Ei−1 − [x]Ci )
with Bi , Ci as before, satisfy conditions (i) and (ii) in Theorem 3.1.
Theorem 3.5. For any A-module satisfying condition (∗), the Af -module (0, M, 0, 0)
admits a minimal projective resolution as described in Theorem 3.1.
Remark 3.6. The previous theorem allows us to construct projective resolutions for
any Af -module M = (M0 , M1 , TM , fM ) with M0 and M1 satisfying (∗) since
0 → (0, M1 , 0, 0) → (M0 , M1 , TM , fM ) → (0, M0 , 0, 0) → 0
is a short exact sequence, see [W, Horseshoe Lemma 2.2.8].
Theorem 3.7. Let M, N be A-modules with M satisfying condition (∗). Then,
Ext∗Af (M, N) ≃ Ext∗A (M, N) ⊗k k[x]
as graded k-vector spaces.
Proof. Observe that ExtnAf (M, N) can be computed applying the functor HomnAf (−, N)
to the minimal projective resolution constructed in Theorem 3.1, and the diagram
Lm−1 ∗
δ̂m Lm
HomAf ( k=0 Q̂k , N) / HomAf ( k=0 Q̂k , N)
≃ ≃
 Lm ∗ 
Lm−1 k=1 δk Lm
k=0 HomA (Qk , N) /
k=0 HomA (Qk , N)
Ln
is commutative. Hence ExtnAf (M, N) ≃ k
k=0 (ExtA (M, N) ⊗ xn−k ). 

3.1. Examples. We illustrate the previous results with some specific examples.
One can infer that without condition (∗) there is no evident general rule for the
construction of projective resolutions. By abuse of notation we will denote by Si
the simple module associated to the vertex i in A and Af , that is Si = (0, Si , 0, 0).
Also, we denote by Pi and P̂i the idecomposable projective modules associated to
the vextex i in A and Af respectively.
Example 3.8. Let A = kQ/I with
Q: 2
α1 ✁✁@ ❂❂❂ α
✁ ❂❂ 2
✁✁✁ ❂❂
✁ 
1 ❂❂ @4
❂❂ α3 α4 ✁✁✁
❂❂ ✁
❂ ✁✁✁
3
and I =< α1 α2 >. The minimal projective resolutions of the simple A-modules are
0 → P1 → S1 → 0,
0 → P1 → P2 → S2 → 0,
0 → P1 → P3 → S3 → 0,
0 → P1 → P2 ⊕ P3 → P4 → S4 → 0.
8 M. J. REDONDO, L. ROMÁN, AND F. ROSSI BERTONE

Let f ∈ Homk (A ⊗ A, A) be the Hochschild 2-cocycle given by

(
α3 α4 , if a = α1 , b = α2 ,
f (a ⊗ b) =
0, otherwise.
Clearly, the A-modules Si , i = 1, 2, 3, 4, satisfy condition (∗). The infinitesimal
deformation Af (see [RRRV]) is presented by the quiver
γ2


Qf : @2❂
α1
✁ ❂❂ α
✁✁✁ ❂❂ 2
✁ ❂❂
& ✁✁ 
γ1 1❂ 4 γ4
❂❂ α α4 ✁✁
✁@ f
❂❂ 3
❂❂ ✁✁
 ✁✁
3Y
γ3

and the ideal If =< γ12 , γ22 , γ32 , γ42 , γ1 α1 − α1 γ2 , γ2 α2 − α2 γ4 , γ1 α3 − α3 γ3 , γ3 α4 −

α4 γ4 , α1 α2 − α3 α4 γ4 >. As we have proven in Theorem 3.1, the minimal projective
resolutions of the simple Af -modules are
· · · → P̂1 → P̂1 → P̂1 → S1 → 0,
· · · → P̂2 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂2 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂2 −→S2 → 0,
· · · → P̂3 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂3 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂3 −→S3 → 0,
· · · → P̂4 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂3 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂4 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂3 → P̂4 → S4 → 0.
Example 3.9. Let A = kQ/I with
α1
/
Q: 1o α2 2

and I generated by α1 α2 α1 , α2 α1 α2 . The minimal projective resolutions of the simple

A-modules are
· · · → P1 → P1 → P2 → P2 → P1 → S1 → 0,
· · · → P2 → P2 → P1 → P1 → P2 → S2 → 0.
Let f ∈ Homk (A ⊗ A, A) be the Hochschild 2-cocycle given by f = f1 + f2 for
(
a′ α1 b′ , if ab = a′ α1 α2 α1 b′ ,
f1 (a ⊗ b) =
0, otherwise
and (
a′ α2 b′ , if ab = a′ α2 α1 α2 b′ ,
f2 (a ⊗ b) =
0, otherwise.
The infinitesimal deformation Af is presented by the quiver
α1
& /
Qf : γ1 1 o
α2 2f γ2
 THE EXT-ALGEBRA FOR INFINITESIMAL DEFORMATIONS 9

and the ideal If =< γ12 , γ22 , γ1 α1 −α1 γ2 , γ2 α2 −α2 γ1 , α1 α2 α1 −α1 γ2 , α2 α1 α2 −α2 γ1 >.
Since S1 and S2 satisfy condition (∗), the minimal projective resolutions of the simple
Af -modules are
· · · → P̂1 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂1 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂2 → P̂1 ⊕ P̂2 → P̂1 → S1 → 0,
· · · → P̂2 ⊕ P̂1 ⊕ P̂1 ⊕ P̂2 → P̂2 ⊕ P̂1 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂2 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂2 → S2 → 0.

When a simple module S does not satisfy condition (∗), it is much more compli-
cated to find a rule to construct its minimal projective resolution. We give three
examples.
Example 3.10. Let r ≥ 3 and A = kQ/I with
Q: 1f α

and I =< αr >. The minimal projective resolution of the simple A-module S1 is
· · · → P1 → P1 → P1 → S1 → 0.
Let f ∈ Homk (A ⊗ A, A) be the Hochschild 2-cocycle given by
(
a′ eb′ , if ab = a′ αr b′ ,
f (a ⊗ b) =
0, otherwise.
The infinitesimal deformation Af is presented by the quiver Qf = Q and the ideal
If =< α2r >. One can check that the minimal projective resolution of the simple
Af -module S1 is
· · · → P̂1 → P̂1 → P̂1 → S1 → 0.
Hence, in this particular case, the Ext-algebras associated to A and Af are isomor-
phic as vector spaces since
ExtnAf (S, S) ≃ HomAf (P̂1 , S) = HomA (P1 , S) ≃ ExtnA (S, S).
Moreover, they are isomorphic as algebras but not as A∞ -algebras, see [LPWZ,
Example 6.3].
Example 3.11. Let A = kQ/I with
α1
β1
!)
Q : 1 ai β2 2
α2

and I generated by β1 α1 , β2 α1 , β2 α2 , α2 β1 . The minimal projective resolution of the

simple A-module S2 is
0 → P2 → P1 → P2 ⊕ P2 ⊕ P2 → P1 ⊕ P1 → P2 → S2 → 0.
Let f ∈ Homk (A ⊗ A, A) be the Hochschild 2-cocycle given by
(
a′ e2 b′ , if ab = a′ β2 α1 b′ ,
f (a ⊗ b) =
0, otherwise.
10 M. J. REDONDO, L. ROMÁN, AND F. ROSSI BERTONE

The infinitesimal deformation Af is presented by the quiver

α1
β1
& !)
Qf : γ1 1 ai β2 2
α2

and the ideal If =< γ12 , β2 α1 β2 α1 , β1 α2 , β2 α2 , α2 β1 , β2 α1 β2 −β2 γ1 , β2 α1 β1 −β1 γ1 , γ1 α1 −

α1 β2 α1 , γ1 α2 − α2 β2 α1 >. One can check that the minimal projective resolution of
the simple Af -module S2 is
· · · → P̂1 ⊕ P̂1 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕P̂2 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂1 ⊕ P̂1 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂1
→ P̂1 ⊕ P̂1 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂2 → P̂1 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂2 → S2 → 0.
Example 3.12. Let A = kQ/I with Q:
2
α1 ✁✁@ ❂❂❂ α
✁✁ ❂❂ 2
✁ ❂❂
✁✁ α3 
1o 3
and I generated by α1 α2 α3 , α2 α3 α1 α2 . The minimal projective resolution of the
simple A-module S1 is
0 → P1 → P2 → P1 → P3 → P1 → S1 → 0.
Let f ∈ Homk (A ⊗ A, A) be the Hochschild 2-cocycle given by f = f1 + f2 for
(
a′ e1 b′ , if ab = a′ α1 α2 α3 b′ ,
f1 (a ⊗ b) =
0, otherwise
and (
a′ α2 b′ , if ab = a′ α2 α3 α1 α2 b′ ,
f2 (a ⊗ b) =
0, otherwise.
The infinitesimal deformation Af is presented by the quiver
γ2

Qf : @2❂
α1 ✁✁ ❂❂❂ α2
✁✁✁ ❂❂
✁✁ α3
❂
1o 3f γ3

and the ideal If =< α1 α2 α3 α1 α2 α3 , γ22 , γ32 , α1 γ2 −α1 α2 α3 α1 , α2 γ3 −α2 α3 α1 α2 , γ2 α2 −

α2 γ3 , γ3 α3 − α3 α1 α2 α3 >. One can check that the minimal projective resolution of
the simple Af -module S1 is
· · · → P̂3 ⊕ P̂2 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂3 ⊕ P̂2 → P̂3 ⊕ P̂1 → P̂3 → P̂1 → S1 → 0.

4. Liftings
For any Af -module X, the k-module Ext∗Af (X, X) = n≥0 ExtnAf (X, X) can be
L
endowed with structure of associative k-algebra using the Yoneda product
◦ : Extm n n+m
Af (Y, Z) × ExtAf (X, Y ) → ExtAf (X, Z)
 THE EXT-ALGEBRA FOR INFINITESIMAL DEFORMATIONS 11

given by
h ◦ g := hγm ,
where h ∈ Extm
Af (Y, Z),
g ∈ ExtnAf (X, Y
), and γm is a lifting of the morphism g
defined between given projective resolutions of X and Y .
Let M, M ′ be two A-modules satisfying condition (∗). We want to describe an
appropriate lifting for any morphism ĝ ∈ ExtnAf (M, M ′ ) in order to describe the
Yoneda product.
Suppose that the minimal projective resolutions of the A-modules M and M ′
1 0 δ δ
· · · → Q1 −→ Q0 −→ M → 0,
δ′ δ′
· · · → Q′1 −→
1
Q′0 −→0
M′ → 0
satisfy condition (∗). A representative of ĝ ∈ ExtnAf (M, M ′ ) is given by a mor-
phism in HomAf ( nr=0 Q̂r , M ′ ), that is, ĝ = (0, g, 0) with g = [g0 · · · gn ] for
L
gr ∈ HomA (Qr , M ′ ). The Lifting Theorem yields the existence of morphisms γ̂m =
(γm , βm , γm ) such that

/ Ln+m δ̂n+m
/ Ln+m−1 / / Ln+1 δ̂n+1
/ Ln
··· r=0 Q̂r r=0 Q̂r ... r=0 Q̂r r=0 Q̂r
●●
●● ĝ
γ̂m γ̂m−1 γ̂1 γ̂0 ●●
●●
 ′   ′  ′ ●#
/ Lm ′
δ̂m
/ Lm−1 / / L1 δ̂1
/ Q̂′
δ̂0
/ M̂ ′ /
··· r=0 Q̂r r=0 Q̂′r ... ′
r=0 Q̂r 0 0

is a commutative diagram where

n+m
M m
M
γm = [γts,m ], βm = [βts,m ] : Qs → Q′t
s=0 t=0

with γts,m ∈ HomA (Qs , Q′t ) and βts,m ∈ Homk (Qs , Q′t ).

A straightforward computation shows that these morphisms are characterized by

the following properties:
Lemma 4.1. The property of being morphisms is equivalent to
a) for 0 ≤ t ≤ m and 0 ≤ s ≤ n + m:
βts,m(ax) − aβts,m (x) = f (a ⊗ γts,m (x)) − γts,m (f (a ⊗ x)), ∀x ∈ Qs .
The commutativity of the diagram is equivalent to conditions
b) for 0 ≤ s ≤ n:
δ0′ γ0s,0 = gs ;
c) for 1 ≤ t ≤ m:
δt′ γt0,m = 0;
d) for 1 ≤ t ≤ m and 1 ≤ s ≤ n + m:
δt′ γts,m = γt−1
s−1,m−1
δs ;
e) for 1 ≤ t ≤ m:
0,m 0,m−1
(−1)t γt−1 + γt−1 = δt′ βt0,m + (−1)t−1 αt′ γt0,m ;
f) for 1 ≤ t ≤ m and 1 ≤ s < n + m:
s,m s,m−1
(−1)t γt−1 + (−1)s γt−1 = δt′ βts,m − βt−1
s−1,m−1
δs + (−1)t−1 α′t γts,m + (−1)s γt−1
s−1,m−1
αs ;
12 M. J. REDONDO, L. ROMÁN, AND F. ROSSI BERTONE

g) for 1 ≤ t ≤ m:
n+m,m
(−1)t γt−1 = δt′ βtn+m,m −βt−1
n+m−1,m−1
δn+m +(−1)t−1 α′t γtn+m,m +(−1)n+m γt−1
n+m−1,m−1
αn+m .

Starting from the lifting γ̂m = (γm , βm , γm ), we will construct a more convenient
lifting (ϕm , φm , ϕm ) with the following shape
 0,0
γ0 ϕ1,m ϕ2,m . . . ϕm−1,m γ0m,m . . . γ0n+m,m

0 0 0
 0
 γ11,1 ϕ2,m
1 . . . ϕm−1,m
1 γ1m,m . . . γ1n+m,m 
ϕm =  ... .. .. 

. . 
m−1,m−1 m,m n+m,m
 
 0 ... γm−1 γm−1 . . . γm−1 
m,m n+m,m
0 ... 0 γm . . . γm
and
β00,0 φ01,m φ2,m φm−1,m β0m,m . . . β0n+m,m
 
0 ... 0
 0 β 1,1 φ2,m . . . φm−1,m β1m,m . . . β1n+m,m
 1 1 1 
φm =  ... .. ..  .

. . 
m−1,m−1 m,m n+m,m 
 
 0 ... βm−1 βm−1 ... βm−1
m,m n+m,m
0 ... 0 βm ... βm
More precisely, we define

0,
 if s < t;
s,m
(4.1) ϕt = γts,m , if t ≤ m ≤ s ≤ n + m;
Pr am−s γ s,s−i ,

if 0 ≤ s − t = r, 0 ≤ s ≤ m;
i=0 r,i t

0,
 if s < t;
s,m
(4.2) φt = βts,m, if t ≤ m ≤ s ≤ n + m;
Pr am−s β s,s−i ,

if 0 ≤ s − t = r, 0 ≤ s ≤ m;
i=0 r,i t

where am−s
r,i is defined inductively by the formulae

0
ar,0 = 1,
 for any r ≥ 0,
0
ar,i = 0, for any 0 < i ≤ r,
ak = (−1)r ak−1 + ak
 r+1 k
r,i r,i r−1,i + (−1) ar−1,i−1 , for any 0 ≤ i ≤ r, k > 0,
with the convention that akr,i = 0 if r < 0, i < 0 or i > r. In particular, one gets
that am−s m−s−1
0,0 = a0,0 , and hence am−s 0
0,0 = a0,0 = 1.

Proposition 4.2. For any ĝ ∈ ExtnAf (M, M ′ ), set γ̂m as before. Then the mor-
phisms ϕ̂m = (ϕm , φm , ϕm ) complete the following diagram

/ Ln+m δ̂n+m
/ Ln+m−1 / / Ln+1 δ̂n+1
/ Ln
··· r=0 Q̂r r=0 Q̂r ... r=0 Q̂r r=0 Q̂r
●●
●● ĝ
ϕ̂m ϕ̂m−1 ϕ̂1 ϕ̂0 ●●
●●
 ′   ′  ′ ●#
/ Lm δ̂m
/ Lm−1 / / L1 δ̂1
/
δ̂0
/ M̂ ′ /
··· r=0 P̂r′ r=0 P̂r′ ... ′
r=0 P̂r P̂0′ 0

in a commutative way.
Proof. We need to prove that ϕs,m
t and φs,m
t satisfy all the equations in Lemma 4.1.
Equation (a) follows immediately by definition. Since ϕs,0 s,0
0 = γ0 , equation (b) is
0,m
satisfied. For any t ≥ 1, ϕt = 0, thus (c) follows. Equation (d) is satisfied by ϕs,m
t
 THE EXT-ALGEBRA FOR INFINITESIMAL DEFORMATIONS 13

and ϕs−1,m−1
t−1 since s − t = (s − 1) − (t − 1) and m − s = (m − 1) − (s − 1), thus
they belong to the same case in (4.1).
For the last three equations, to simplify notation set
Φs,m
t = δt′ φs,m
t − φs−1,m−1
t−1 δs + (−1)t−1 αt′ ϕs,m
t + (−1)s ϕs−1,m−1
t−1 αs .
Since all the terms in this expression belong to the same case in (4.1) and (4.2), we
have that

0,
 if s < t;
s,m Pr s,s−i
(4.3) Φt = i=0 am−s
r,i Φt , if 0 ≤ s − t = r, 0 ≤ s ≤ m;
(−1)t γ s,m + (−1)s γ s,m−1 ,

if 0 ≤ s − t, m ≤ s ≤ m + n.
t−1 t−1

With this notation, equation (e) reads as follows

(−1)t ϕ0,m 0,m−1
t−1 + ϕt−1 = Φ0,m
t ,

and it is clearly satisfied for t > 1 since all the terms vanish, and also for t = 1 since
ϕ0,m
0 = ϕ0,m−1
0 = ϕ0,0
0 . Analogously, equation (f)

(−1)t ϕs,m s s,m−1

t−1 + (−1) ϕt−1 = Φs,m
t

is satisfied when s < t − 1 < t, and also for s = t − 1 since ϕs,m

s = ϕs,m−1
s = ϕs,s
s .
For s − t ≥ 0 and m ≤ s ≤ m + n we recover the formula for γ̂m .
Now we prove the equality for r = s − t ≥ 0 and 1 ≤ s ≤ m. If m = s, then we
get the original equation (f) for γ̂m . Let m − s > 0 and r ≥ 0. By (4.3) and the
definition of Φs,s−i
s−r we have that
r
X r
X
Φs,m
s−r = am−s s,s−i
r,i Φs−r = am−s
r,i ((−1)
s−r s,s−i s,s−i−1
γs−r−1 + (−1)s γs−r−1 )
i=0 i=0
r
X r+1
X
s−r s,s−i s,s−i
= (−1) am−s
r,i γs−r−1 + (−1) s
am−s
r,i−1 γs−r−1 ,
i=0 i=1
r+1
X s,s−i
= ((−1)s−r am−s
r,i + (−1)s am−s
r,i−1 )γs−r−1 .
i=0

Since
am−s
r+1,i = (−1)
r+1 m−s−1
ar+1,i + am−s
r,i + (−1)r am−s
r,i−1 ,

by (4.1) equation (f) holds. Finally, (g) coincides with the equation for γ̂m . 

Remark 4.3. Equation (d) implies that the morphisms ϕs,m

t are liftings of δ0′ ϕ0s−t,m−t
for 1 ≤ t ≤ m and t ≤ s ≤ n + m. Indeed,
δs δs−t+1
··· / Qs / Qs−1 / ... / Qs−t+1 / Qs−t
❉
❉❉ δ0 ϕs−t,m−t
❉❉ 0
ϕs,m
t ϕs−1,m−1
t−1 ϕs−t+1,m−t+1
1 ϕ s−t,m−t
0 ❉❉
    ❉!
δt′ δ1′ δ0′
··· / Q′t / Q′t−1 / ... / Q′1 / Q′0 / M′ / 0

is a commutative diagram in A-mod. In particular, if t = m, using (b) we get that

′ s−m,0
ϕs,m s,m
m = γm is a lifting of δ0 γ0 = gs−m.
14 M. J. REDONDO, L. ROMÁN, AND F. ROSSI BERTONE

5. Ext-algebras
In the remainder of the paper we assume that all the simple A-modules satisfy
condition (∗).
Set S the direct sum of all the simple A- modules. We have seen in Theorem 3.7
that Ext∗Af (S, S) ≃ Ext∗A (S, S) ⊗k k[x]. More precisely, since S is semisimple, if we
apply the functor HomAf (−, S) to a minimal projective resolution for S as described
in Theorem 3.5, the corresponding morphisms vanish, and hence
n
M n
M n
M
ExtnAf (S, S) = HomAf ( Q̂k , S) ≃ HomA (Qk , S) = ExtkA (S, S).
k=0 k=0 k=0

Now we will see that, using this isomorphism, the Yoneda product

◦ : Extm n n+m
Af (S, S) ⊗ ExtAf (S, S) → ExtAf (S, S)

can be described in terms of the Yoneda products

s+t
⋆ : ExttA (S, S) ⊗ ExtsA (S, S) → ExtA (S, S)

for all s, t with 0 ≤ s ≤ n, 0 ≤ t ≤ m.

Lemma 5.1. Let ĝ ∈ ExtnAf (S, S) and ϕs,m 0 as defined in (4.1). Let 0 ≤ t ≤ m and
0 ≤ s ≤ n + m. Then, for s < m + n, the morphism ϕs,m 0 is a lifting of
(P
r r


k=0 k
(−1)k gs−2k αs−2k+1 · · · αs , if m = 2r,
Pr r k+s
k=0 k
(−1) (gs−2k αs−2k+1 · · · αs − gs−2k−1αs−2k · · · αs ), if m = 2r + 1,

with the convention that gk = 0 if k < 0 or k > n; and, for s = m + n, the morphism
ϕs,m
0 is a lifting of
m(m+1)
(−1)m(n+1)+ 2 gn αn+1 αn+2 · · · αn+m .

Proof. As we mentioned in Remark 4.3, the morphism ϕs,m

0 is a lifting of δ0 ϕs,m
0 .
0,m 0,0 0,0
If s = 0, then ϕ0 = γ0 and δ0 γ0 = g0 , and hence the formula holds for any
m. Assume s > 0. Now we proceed by induction on m. For m = 0, we have that
δ0 ϕs,0
0 = gs . If s < n + m, (f) implies

−ϕs,m
0 + (−1)s ϕs,m−1
0 = Φs,m
1 ,

for Φs,m
1 = δ1 φs,m
1 − φs−1,m−1
0 δs + α1 ϕs,m
1 + (−1)s ϕs−1,m−1
0 αs . Notice that δ0 δ1 = 0,
s−1,m−1 s,m
δ0 φ0 δs = 0 and δ0 α1 ϕ1 = 0 since δ0 : Q0 → S, Im α1 ⊂ rad Q0 and Im δs ⊂
rad Qs−1 . Hence,

δ0 ϕs,m
0 = (−1)s δ0 ϕs,m−1
0 + (−1)s−1 δ0 ϕs−1,m−1
0 αs .

Now, by inductive hypothesis, we have that

r  
s,m
X r
δ0 ϕ0 = (−1)k+s (gs−2k αs−2k+1 · · · αs − gs−2k−1αs−2k · · · αs ),
k=0
k
 THE EXT-ALGEBRA FOR INFINITESIMAL DEFORMATIONS 15

for m = 2r + 1, and for m = 2r + 2, we have

r  
s,m
X r
δ0 ϕ0 = (−1)k (gs−2k αs−2k+1 · · · αs − gs−2k−1 αs−2k · · · αs
k=0
k
+ gs−1−2k αs−1−2k+1 · · · αs − gs−1−2k−1αs−1−2k · · · αs )
r  
X r
=gs αs+1 · · · αs + (−1)k gs−2k αs−2k+1 · · · αs
k=1
k
r  
X r
+ (−1)k gs−2k αs−2k+1 · · · αs + (−1)r+1 gs−2r−2αs−2r−1 · · · αs
k−1
l=1
r+1
X r + 1
= (−1)k gs−2k αs−2k+1 · · · αs
k=0
k

using that kr + k−1 r

= r+1




k
. Finally, arguing as above, if s = n + m equation (g)
implies
δ0 ϕ0n+m,m = (−1)n+m+1 δ0 ϕn+m−1,m−1
0 αn+m .
Therefore, by inductive hypothesis, we get
(m−1)m
δ0 ϕn+m−1,m−1
0 αn+m = (−1)(m−1)(n+1)+ 2 gn αn+1 · · · αn+m
and the lemma follows. 
The next theorem describes the algebra structure of Ext∗Af (S, S) in terms of the
Yoneda product in Ext∗A (S, S). As we mention in Theorem 3.7, we use the isomor-
phism
Ext∗Af (S, S) ≃ Ext∗A (S, S) ⊗k k[x],
thus we identify ĝ with ni=0 gi xn−i for any ĝ ∈ ExtnAf (S, S). Recall that we denote
P

by ◦ and ⋆ the Yoneda products in Ext∗Af (S, S) and Ext∗A (S, S), respectively.

Theorem 5.2. If S satisfies (∗) then the product of ĝ ∈ ExtnAf (S, S) and ĥ ∈
Extm
Af (S, S) is given by

m X
X n m n+m−i
X X X s−1
s(m−i) m+n−i−s
(−1) hi ⋆ gs x + cisl hi ⋆ gl αl+1 · · · αs xm+n−i−s
i=0 s=0 i=0 s=1 l=0

for certain integers cisl , where gl = 0 if l > n.

Proof. Let ĝ ∈ ExtnAf (S, S) and ĥ ∈ Extm Af (S, S). We use the matrix notation
Pm m−i
[h0 . . . hm ] for i=0 hi x . From Proposition 4.2 we have that
ĥ ◦ ĝ = ĥ ϕ̂m = (0, hϕm , 0)
with
 0,m 
ϕ0 ϕ1,m
0 ϕ2,m
0 ... ϕm,m
0 . . . ϕ0n+m,m
1,m 2,m
 0 ϕ1 ϕ1 ... ϕm,m
1 . . . ϕ1n+m,m 
hϕm = [h0 . . . hm ]  . .
 
 .. .. .. 
. . 
0 ... 0 ϕm,m
m
n+m,m
. . . ϕm
16 M. J. REDONDO, L. ROMÁN, AND F. ROSSI BERTONE

Hence
m
X n
X m n+m
X X
ĥ ◦ ĝ = ( hi xm−i
)◦( gi xn−i
)= hi ϕj,m
i xm+n−j .
i=0 i=0 i=0 j=i

As mentioned in Remark 4.3, ϕs,m

t is a lifting of δ0 ϕ0s−t,m−t and, by Yoneda product’s
definition, we have that
m n+m
X X m n+m−i
X X
ĥ ◦ ĝ = hi ⋆ δ0 ϕ0j−i,m−i xm+n−j
= hi ⋆ δ0 ϕs,m−i
0 xm+n−i−s .
i=0 j=i i=0 s=0

By Lemma 5.1, if s < n + m, hi ⋆ δ0 ϕs,m−i

0 equals to
(P
r r


(−1)k hi ⋆ gs−2k αs−2k+1 · · · αs
Pk=0
r
k

r k+s
k=0 k (−1) (hi ⋆ gs−2k αs−2k+1 · · · αs − hi ⋆ gs−2k−1 αs−2k · · · αs )
for m − i equals 2r or 2r + 1 respectively. Also, if s = n + m, then i = 0 and
m(m+1)
h0 ⋆ δ0 ϕs,m−i
0 = (−1)m(n+1)+ 2 h0 ⋆ gn αn+1 αn+2 · · · αn+m .
Hence,
m X
X n m n+m−i
X X X s−1
ĥ◦ĝ = (−1)s(m−i) hi ⋆gs xm+n−i−s + cisl hi ⋆gl αl+1 · · · αs xm+n−i−s
i=0 s=0 i=0 s=1 l=0

with the convention that gl = 0 if l > n. 

Corollary 5.3. If S satisfies (∗) and Im αi ⊂ rad Qi−1 for any i > 0 then
Ext∗Af (S, S) ≃ Ext∗A (S, S) ⊗ k[x]
as graded algebras. That is,
m X
X n
ĥ ◦ ĝ = (−1)s(m−i) hi ⋆ gs xm+n−i−s
i=0 s=0
Pn Pm
for all ĝ = i=0 gi xn−i ∈ ExtnAf (S, S) and ĥ = i=0 hi xm−i ∈ Extm
Af (S, S).

Example 5.4. Let A and f be as in Example 3.8. In this case, a direct computation
shows that Im αi ⊂ rad Qi−1 for any i > 0. By the previous corollary we have that
Ext∗Af (S, S) ≃ Ext∗A (S, S) ⊗ k[x] with the product given by
m X
X n
ĥ ◦ ĝ = (−1)s(m−i) hi ⋆ gs xm+n−i−s .
i=0 s=0

Example 5.5. For A and f as in Example 3.9, one can check that Im α2k−1 ⊂
rad Q2k−2 and Im α2k 6⊂ rad Q2k−1 , for any k > 0. More precisely,
α2k−1 (x) = f˜(x ⊗ b2k−1 )e2k−2 and α2k (x) = −f˜(x ⊗ b2k )e2k−1 + x,
where δi : Qi → Qi−1 is given by δi (x) = xbi and ei are the idempotents associ-
ated to the projective modules Qi . Then, by Theorem 5.2, the Yoneda product in
ExtAf (S, S) is given by
n+m−i
m X
X n m X
X 2

ĥ ◦ ĝ = (−1)s(m−i) hi ⋆ gs xm+n−i−s + ci2k2k−1 hi ⋆ g2k−1 xm+n−i−2k

i=0 s=0 i=0 k=1
 THE EXT-ALGEBRA FOR INFINITESIMAL DEFORMATIONS 17

since g2k−1 α2k = g2k−1 in this particular example. For instance, when n = m = 1,
we obtain
ĥ ◦ ĝ = h0 ⋆ g0 x2 + (h1 ⋆ g0 − h0 ⋆ g1 )x + (h1 ⋆ g1 − h0 ⋆ g1 ).
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Instituto de Matemática (INMABB), Departamento de Matemática, Universidad

Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahı́a Blanca, Argentina
Email address: mredondo@uns.edu.ar
Email address: lroman@uns.edu.ar
Email address: fiorela.rossi@uns.edu.ar