3

Measuring Temperature
Temperature – is the measure of
the kinetic energy of a body. It is
the hotness or coldness of a
body.

Thermometer – a device that

measures temperature.
 Three Commonly Used
Temperature Scales
Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin: “The Three
Musketeers” of Temperature Scale

➢ Celsius scale
➢ Fahrenheit scale
➢ Kelvin scale
 Looking Back in History…
Anders Celsius
(1701-1744)

➢ a Swedish astronomer.
➢ He designed 0° as the
point of boiling water and
100° as the point of
freezing water.

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 Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
(1686-1736)

➢ Ice and salt was at 0° F

➢ Freezing water at 32° F
➢ Underarm temperature
was 96° F
➢ Boiling water was 212° F

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Lord Kelvin (1824-1907)

➢ Absolute zero is 0 K.
➢ Melting point of ice is 273 K
➢ Boiling point of water is 373
K
➢ No negative numbers on the
Kelvin scale
➢ Absolute zero means no
more energy can be removed
from matter.

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Comparing the Fahrenheit,
Celsius and Kelvin Scales

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 Formulas

T (°F) = 9 ⁄ 5 °C + 32°

T (°C) = 5 ⁄ 9 (°F − 32°)

T (K) = °C + 273

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 Heat
➢ Energy that flows from one object to another as
a result of temperature difference between two
objects.
➢ The symbol for heat is Q.
➢ The proper SI unit is Joule.

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 Specific Heat Capacity

➢ Different materials need different amounts of

heat to change their temperature by the same
amount.

➢ The symbol of specific heat capacity is C.

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CALORIMETRY – the process of measuring the
heat or quantity of heat

CALORIE – the amount of heat required to

change the temperature of one gram of water by
1o C
Units of heat:
1 BTU = 252 calories
1 calorie = 4.18 joules

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 SPECIFIC HEAT – the number of calories
required to change the temperature of one
gram of the substance by 1oC.

Q = mCp∆t

where; m= mass of the substance, grams

Cp = specific heat, cal/g-oC
∆t = change in temperature

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 specific heats of some substance
solids
specific heats, cal/g – oC
aluminum-------------------------------- 0.217
brass ------------------------------------0.091
copper -----------------------------------0.093
gold -------------------------------------- 0.031
iron --------------------------------------- 0.112
lead---------------------------------------0.030
platinum-------------------------------- 0.032
silver-------------------------------------0.055
zinc -------------------------------------- 0.093

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 Liquids

benzene-------------------------------- 0.340
ethyl alcohol -------------------------- 0.548
mercury -------------------------------- 0.033
turpentine ------------------------------ 0.41

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 Specific Heats of Some Common
Substances
Substance J/kg • K cal/g • °C
Alcohol, ethyl 2394 0.572
Aluminum 895 0.217
Brass 385 0.090
Copper 392 0.092
Glass 669 0.20
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 Substance J/kg • K cal/g • °C

Gold 134 0.031

Ice 2093 0.500

Iron 439 0.105

Lead 130 0.030

Mercury 138 0.033

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 Substance J/kg • K cal/g • °C

Silver 234 0.056

Steam 2009 0.480

Water 4180 1.000

Zinc 385 0.092

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➢ Therefore, the amount of heat needed to
cause a temperature change depends on
three factors:

1. the mass m of the object;

2. the specific heat c of the substance the object
is made of; and
3. the change in temperature ∆T.

➢ In equation form, Q = mc∆T

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 Sample Problems
1. How much heat is needed to raise the
temperature of 5 kg of water 10 K?

Given: m = 5kg
C = 4180 J/kg • K
∆T = 10 K

Find: ∆ Q

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 Solution
Q = mc∆T
= (5 kg) (4180 J/kg • K) (10 K)

= 209 000 J

2. From a block 100-lb of ice initially at 25°F, 200

Btu of heat is removed. What is the final
temperature? (cice = 0.5 Btu/lb °F)

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 Solution
Q = mc∆T

∆T = Q / mc
= 200 Btu / (100 lb) (0.5 Btu / °F)

= 4° F

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 1. How much heat is needed to raise the
temperature of 5 kg of water by 10 K?

2. The specific heat of aluminum is 0.22

cal/g-Co (a) how much heat is needed to
change the temperature of a 2.0 kg
object made of aluminum from 25oC to
35oC? (b) By how much will the
temperature change if 10,000 J of heat
are removed from it?
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 3. How much heat is needed to change
the temperature of a 2.0 kg block of
copper from 10oC to 140oC?

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 Heat capacity (C) of a substance is the amount of
heat needed to change the temperature of a given
mass of the substance by one degree.

Heat capacity = mass x specific heat

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 METHOD OF MIXTURES

Heat lost = Heat gained

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 4. A copper calorimeter whose mass is 100 g
contains 140 g of water at 20oC. An unknown object
whose mass is 50 g and whose temperature is 80oC
is dropped into calorimeter. The resulting
equilibrium temperature of the mixture is found to be
30oC. Find the specific heat of the unknown object.

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 5. A copper calorimeter of mass 60 g contains
100 g of an unknown liquid at 20oC. A piece of
aluminum of mass 40 g and at a temperature of
100oC is put into the calorimeter. The equilibrium
temperature of the mixture is found to be 30oC.
What is the specific heat of the unknown liquid?

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 6. Suppose you are going to take a bath but the
water is too cold and there is no heater in the
house. What do you normally do? Suppose you
heat 1000 g of water to boiling and mix it with
3000 g of water at 16oC contained in an
aluminum pail of mass 50 g. What is the
temperature of the resulting mixture?

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 7. A copper calorimeter of mass 60 g contains 90 g
of salt solution at 20oC. Copper shots of total mass
52 g at 100oC are put into the calorimeter. The
resulting temperature is found to be 25oC. Find the
specific heat and water equivalent of the salt
solution.

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