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Video conferencing
A videoconference is a communication that is established through a telecommunications
network and that implies the sound and image transmission. In other words, two people
holding a video conference can listen to each other and look at each other through a screen.
Outside of business relationships, videoconferencing is an almost indispensable tool to keep
sentimental ties alive today, or at least to make the distance less hardespecially when it
comes to travels definitive or for very long terms. Although in the past people could get used
to spending months and years without seeing their loved ones again, the technology of the
present allows us to feel very close to them, wherever we are.
Video conferencing is generally conducted through Internet. With programs and applications
like Skype or video calls from Facebook, users can communicate for free, without having to
pay an extra service beyond the connection to Internet.

History

Let’s go back in time to the very beginning when video conferencing was first introduced as a
faster, more efficient way to communicate, how it evolved throughout the years, and how a
company like Lifesize has continually innovated and redefined the future of
workplace communication.

Like so many technologies, the concept of video communication and video conferencing was
way ahead of the technology of its day. Soon after the telephone was invented in the late
1800s people were dissatisfied with just hearing the other party -- they also wanted to see the
other party.
The 1800s and Bell Labs

The first concepts of video conferencing appeared in the 1870s, when Bell Labs came up with
the concept of transmitting an image and audio over wire. But it was decades before this
actually happened.

1920s: AT&T's Bell Telephone Laboratories video call with Herbert Hoover

Audio transmission was relatively simple technologically, but video transmission was not.
The problem wasn't the transmission technology -- it was the cameras.
On April 7, 1927, AT&T Bell Telephone Laboratories created a working TV communication
complex. It broadcasted a live moving image of then-Commerce Secretary Hoover from the
White House to New York -- a distance of 200 miles. Viewers in a New York auditorium
could see Hoover, but he could not see them.

1930s: The birth of two-way video

In 1931, AT&T demonstrated a two-way video communication session between two AT&T
offices in Manhattan where, unlike the Hoover demonstration, both parties could see each
other -- a first. However, lingering effects of the Great Depression stalled the development of
video communications.

1950s and 1960s: AT&T 'Picturephone' developments

In 1959, Bell Telephone Laboratories created a prototype of a two-way video communication

system. It only transmitted one frame every two seconds, but it was clear and had a stable
image the project became known as the Picturephone Mod I by AT&T. They presented a
working video phone at the World's Fair in New York on April 20, 1964.

1980s: The rise of PictureTel

Some MIT students and their professor formed PictureTel Corp. in 1984. It invented the first
commercial video codec for more efficient data transfers. In 1989, AT&T chose PictureTel
for an international video conference. It provided two-way, real-time audio and full-motion
video connections between PictureTel headquarters and the AT&T office in Paris.

In 1994, Connectix launched QuickCam, the first commercial webcam. It only provided a
320x240 pixel resolution with a grayscale color depth of 16 shades at 60 frames per second --
or 15 frames per second if it was switched to 256 shades of gray. In 1998, Logitech
purchased the QuickCam

Also in early 1990s, a Cornell student wrote a program called CU-SeeMe. This became the
first desktop video conferencing platform. It was released on the Macintosh OS in 1992 and
Windows in 1994.

2000s: Rise of smartphones -- Skype, WhatsApp and FaceTime emerge

Smartphones had rear-facing cameras for taking photos but soon added a front-facing camera
-- where the camera was on the same side as the keyboard -- specifically for video
conferencing. The first smartphone to feature a front-facing camera was the Kyocera Visual
Phone VP-210, released in Japan in 1999. Multiple phones, including the Sony Ericsson
Z1010, came with front-facing cameras in 2003.

Smartphone video conferencing really took off in 2010 with the introduction of the iPhone 4
and FaceTime. With the tap of a button you could go from a voice call to two-way video
communication. Initially it only supported Wi-Fi connections, but Apple quickly added
support for 3G and 4G/LTE.

"Operation Lindbergh," the world's first telesurgery, took place Sept. 7, 2001. A team of
French and American doctors in New York performed surgery on a patient in Strasbourg,
France, using high-speed telecommunications technology and a surgical robot named Zeus.

A few months later, the first live video broadcast using satellite video conferencing
technology was conducted during the opening of the war in Afghanistan. Reporters used this
new technology to send live video reports from Afghanistan to their network headquarters for
rebroadcast.

Three Estonian software engineers introduced Skype in August 2003. EBay bought Skype in
2005 and sold it to Microsoft in 2011. It started out as a text messenger but expanded to add
video.

Two ex-Yahoo employees founded WhatsApp in 2009 as an instant messaging app. It did not
add video chat until 2016 -- two years after it was bought by Facebook.

2020: Coronavirus pandemic and video conferencing boom

The COVID-19 lockdown forced a large percentage of Americans to work from home, and
for their kids to attend school online. This led to a boom across the board for all video
products, as many schools and businesses purchased video conferencing tools to keep people
connected from home.
Webex is the oldest of the bunch. It formed in 1995, and Cisco Systems acquired it in 2007. It
offered a comprehensive suite of products for business users, but in September 2020, Cisco
launched a new platform -- Webex Classrooms for virtual homerooms. Another tool --
BlueJeans -- started off in 2009 as a client-agnostic video conferencing tool. It operates with
business conferencing systems such as Cisco, Salesforce Chatter, Microsoft Lync, StarLeaf,
Lifesize and Polycom, as well as consumer services such as Google Talk. It was acquired in
May 2020 by Verizon Communications.
How ot works
1. Two (or more) people communicate through audio and video.
In its simplest form, a video conference includes two people who communicate to
each other remotely via the following:
 A computer with a webcam and speakers (or a telephone)
 An internet connection
Of course, today’s video conferences can now include tens or even hundreds of people
—although that might get a bit confusing. On all video conferences, behind the
scenes, software and web page and internet communication tools enable streaming
audio and video, instant messaging, Java scripts and more.
As video conferencing continues to evolve and grow, it has moved beyond the desktop
computer. Today’s end users might also communicate via mobile devices (such as
laptops, tablets and even smartphones) or digital screens with accompanying cameras
and microphones.
2. AV input is converted to digital data.
As the end users communicate, the video input from the camera and audio input from
the microphone are instantaneously converted from analog to digital by video
conferencing software.
3. The digital video and audio is compressed.
Special compression software is used to “packetize” the video and audio data, which
enables it to move faster over WiFi or broadband internet.
The clarity of the audio and video depend in part on the system’s compression ratio.
Higher compression ratios, such as 100:1, provide a fluid, real-time communication
experience. Lower compression ratios, such as 5:1, would appear choppy and staticky,
which can be very distracting and even disruptive during a video conference.
The average compression rate for video conferencing is between 13.1 and 17.1.
However, it’s also important that the system doesn’t experience bottlenecks due to a
slow internet connection. Depending on each customer’s video conferencing needs,
and compression rate, they might require greater internet bandwidth than a typical
office environment.
4. The video and audio data reaches its destination.
Once the digital data arrives at the other endpoint(s), the software decompresses it to
its original size and converts it back to analog. This step enables it to be viewed
correctly on a computer monitor, digital display or television screen and heard through
the device’s speakers.
5. Ideally, the listener clearly sees and hears the content.
Crystal-clear audio and video isn’t necessarily a given. Most video conferencing
software takes a few additional steps to ensure that the audio and video are in sync and
as clear as possible, including acoustic echo cancelation. This removes sound
interference—such as overlapping speech from the other user—and eliminates any
sound delays.
Although video conference technology isn’t perfect, today’s hardware and software
are heads and shoulders above that of just 10 years ago. These days, your customers
can expect a fairly smooth conferencing experience, without investing too
significantly. And for those who have tight budgets, there’s always the option of
conferencing SaaS, in which audio and video software are supplied as a cloud-based
service.
Are you completely new to the video conferencing world? Are you considering
incorporating video conferencing technology into your product offering?