Instructions :

This paper contains 50 questions on 12 pages.

Answer all questions.
Write your index number in the answer sheet
 In each of the following questions from to 50, pick one of the alternatives from (1),(2),(3),(4),(5) which is correct or
most appropriate and mark your response on the answer sheet with a cross (X) in accordace with the instructions
given on the answer sheet
. Do not use calculator
(g = 10 N kg-1)
.

X
1. In the given equation C  , if C is velocity and μ is linear density, the unit of X is given by?

(1) kg-1 (2) kgm-1 (3) N (4) Nm-1 (5) Jm

2. The given figure shows the paths of P wave and S wave

Hypo center
generated during an earthquake. Which of the following ;
statement(s) is / are true?
(A) P wave is denoted by continuous lines and S wave is
denoted by broken lines
(B) Velocity of both wave increases with depth along the
crust of the earth Outer mantle
(C) Both waves can not reach to all parts on the Earth surface.
crust
(1) (A) only (2) (B) only
(3) (A),(B) only (4) (B),(C) only (5) All (A),(B),(C)

3. If the amount of energy used in the Earth in 1 year is approximately 4.0 x 1020J, then the change in amount
of mass required for providing this energy is? (speed of light– 3x 108 ms-1 )
(1) 4.4x 103kg
(2) 1.3x 1012kg
(3) 1.3x 104kg
(4) 4.4x 105kg
(5) 2.2x 104kg

1
4. On the following nuclear decay equation, the suitable elements for the spaces respectively are?
A
Z PZ A1 D     
(1)   , n (2)   , ve (3) p , ve (4)   , ve (5)   , ve

5. A spherical shaped blackbody with radius R is placed at a region with surrounding temperature T2. If the
temperature of the outer surface of the body is T1 (T1 >T2), the effective radiated power P of the black body
is? (Stefans Constant – σ)

(1) P  4 R 2T1 (2) P  4 R 2 (T1  T2 ) 4 (3) P  4 R 2T2

4 4

(4) P  4 R 2 (T1  T2 ) (5) P  4 R 2 (T1  T2 )

2 2 4 4

6. An ideal step-up transformer changes 12 V alternating potential difference into 60V alternating potential
difference. At this situation, the ratio between the current flow in the secondary coil and primary coil is?
(1) 5 (2) 4 (3) 1 (4) 0.25 (5) 0.20

7. The graph shows the variation of angular velocity (ω) of a wheel with time (t). ω
Which of the following graph best represents the variation of angular displacement
(θ) with time (t)?
θ θ θ θ θ t

t t t t t

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

8. The deflection of an ideal ammeter when current I passes through it is 300. The value of current that should
pass through the ammeter to get a deflection of 600 is?
3
(1) 2I (2) 3I (3) I (4) 2 I (5) 2 3I
2
9. Sun light passes through the window glass with refractive index 1.5 for sunlight and thickness 4mm. The
shortest time taken by the ray to travel through the glass is? (Speed of light in air - 3 x 108 ms-1)
(1) 2x10-4s (2) 2x10-6s (3) 1x10-8s (4) 2x10-11s (5) 8x10-11s

10. The prism angle of a certain prism is 600 and the minimum deviation angle through refraction of the prism is
300. If the prism angle of another prism made up of same material is 900, the minimum deviation of that
prism is?
(1) 300 (2) 600 (3) 450 (4) 900 (5) 00

11. A trolley slides on a frictionless horizontal plane and sand falls continuously inside the trolley vertically at a
rate of 12kgs-1. The power that should be exerted in order to maintain the trolley at constant velocity of
5ms-1 is?
(1) 30W (2) 60W (3) 300W (4) 500W (5) 1200W

2
12. The diagram shows the path of a monochromatic ray that travels through an A
isosceles right angled prism. It falls perpendicular to face AC, gets refracted
and the emergent ray grazes along the face AB. Which of the following
statement(s) is/ are true?
(A) The certain light ray undergoes maximum deviation during the
refraction on two faces C
B
(B) The critical angle for that certain monochromatic ray in the prism - air
interface is 450.
(C) The refractive index of prism for that certain light ray is 1.41
(1) (A) only (2) (C) only (3) (A), (C) only (4) (B),(C) only (5) All (A),(B),(C)

13. The figure shows the electric field lines when a thick plate madeup of a certain material is placed
perpendicular to the field with uniform electric field strength to right side. Which one of the following
describes the material of the plate and resultant charge on the plate?
(1) Insulator , Chargeless
(2) Conductor , Chargeless
(3) Conductor , Negative charge
(4) Insulator , Positive Charge
(5) Conductor, Positive Charge

14. If the power of sound passing perpendicularly through a window of area 2m2 is 10-4 W and the hearing
threshold intensity of the sound is 10-12 Wm-2 , the intensity level of the sound heard by a person standing
near the the window is? (Hint - log50=1.7)
(1) 64dB (2) 67dB (3) 77dB (4) 80dB (5) 102dB

15. An object is placed beyond 2f from of a concave lens of focal length f. To observe the image of this object,
at which position the eye should be placed facing the lens on the otherside of the lens?
(1) Within f (2) At f (3) Between f and 2f
(4) Beyond 2f (5) Can be observed at any position

16. A satellite which is revolving around the Earth in a near circular orbit is made to revolve along another orbit
at a longer distance from Earth. If the mass of the satellite remain unchanged, which of the following
quantity / quantities will increase?
(A) Gravitational force
(B) Gravitational potential energy due to Earth
(C) Angular velocity
(1) (A) only (2) (B) only (3) (C) only (4) (B), (C) only (5) All (A),(B),(C)

17. When a person is wearing spectacles of power 1.5D, he could be able to clearly view an object at a distance
of 25 cm. When he is not wearing the spectacles, the least distance of distinct vision of the person is?
(1) 18cm (2) 20cm (3) 30cm (4) 40cm (5)50cm

3
18. A rectangular shaped wooden block is floating in a transparent
liquid with refractive index n. What is the apparent height of the
wooden block when it is observed from top along one side, as shown
x
in the figure?
y x y 2x  y
(1) x  (2) (3)
n n n y
x  2y nxy
(4) (5)
n x y

19. Certain amount of dry air is captured inside a Quill’s tube with uniform cross section using mercury column
of length 15 cm. On a certain day when the atmospheric pressure is 75 cm Hg, the open end of the tube is
placed vertically upside and if the length of dry air column at this instance is 10cm, then the length of air
column when the tube is kept horizontally?
(1) 5cm (2) 10cm (3) 12cm (4) 18cm (5) 24cm

20. A calorimeter with heat capacity 500 J 0C-1 contains 250g of water. When heat is provided for calorimeter
at a constant rate, which of the following is the most suitable graph for the rate of heat absorbed by water
(P) ( Continuous lines) and rate of heat absorbed by calorimeter (P) (broken lines) with time (t)? ( Neglect
the heat exchange to environment)
P P P

t t t
(1) (2) (3)
P P

t t
(4) (5)

21. As shown in the figure, a tall burette is filled with water and a vibrating tuning fork is
held above the top end. In the given position, the air column in the burette resonates with
the tuning fork in its particular overtone. When the water level is further decreased by a
distance d, resonance take place with upcoming overtone. If the speed of the sound in air
is V, which of the following is the frequency of the tuning fork.

V V V 2V 4V
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
4d 2d d d d

4
22. An object which is heated to a high temperature is kept in an environment with surrounding temperature
29 °C. Heat loss takesplace according to the Newton's cooling law. If the time taken for the temperature to
drop from 100 °C to 99 °C is 1 second, then the time taken for the temperature to drop from 30 °C to 29 °C
approximately? (Assume that the particular object at the particular temperature range does not subject to
change of state and its specific heat capacity doesn't change)
(1) 1s (2) 3.3s (3) 71s (4) 141s (5) 282s

23. One end of a cylindrical rubber ribbon is fixed with the roof and in the other
end, a metal sphere is connected as shown in the figure. Then the ribbon is
twisted with the sphere, as shown and released. What is the possible graph
which shows the change of the angular velocity (ω) of the sphere with time (t),
from the moment it is released?(Neglect any frictional forces)
ω

ω ω ω ω ω

0 0 0 0 0
t t t t t

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

24. When a thin square plate ABCD with uniform thickness S

and non uniform density is suspended from point A, AE
is vertical at its equilibrium and when the lamina is
A B
suspended from point B, BF is vertical at its R
equilibrium. As shown in the figure, lamina is kept on
Q
a smooth horizontal surface and 5 individual forces are T
acting on the lamina along the surface. Which force will
subject to the motion of the lamina without any F
rotation? D C
E
(1) P (2) Q (3)R
P
(4) S (5) T

25. A very long straight conductor ABC which carries a constant A

current, is bent at its mid point B, such that BC is fixed and the
part AB is straight. Which graph shows the variation of
θ B P
resultant magnetic flux density(B) in the point P with the
rotated angle (θ) where P is in the same plane of AB, as shown
in the figure.

5
 B B B B B

0 0 0 0 0
0 90 θ 0 0 90 θ 0 0 90 θ 0 0 90 θ 0 0 90 θ 0
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

26. A rigid tube having smooth inner surface and uniform cross sectional area is
fixed such that its plane is on the horizontal plane. Two identical spheres A, S B
R
B whose diameters are approximately equal to the inner diameter of the tube
are kept at rest as shown in figure. Sphere A is given a velocity V along the Q

tube and in subsequent motion if the collision of the spheres are completely
T
elastic then the position of sphere A after three consecutive collisions is A P
(1) P (2) Q (3) R
(4)S (5) T

27. The equivalent resistance of the given network of resistors in between A-B is
r r
1 r r
(1) r r r
2
r
r
5
(2) r r
7 A B
r r
(3) r r
r r r
3
(4) r
2 r r
(5) 3r

28. Period of oscillation of a charged particle executing circular motion under a uniform magnetic field do/does
not depends on
(A) Its angular velocity
(B) The radius of it's circular motion
(C) Its speed
(1) (A) only (2) (B) only (3)(C) only (4) (A),(C) only (5) All (A),(B),(C)

29. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

(A) When the momentum of a system is unchanged, its kinetic energy can change.
(B) When the particles of a system are in motion, the center of mass of this system can be stationary.;.
(C) When a resultant external force is being exerted in a system, the angular momentum of this system
can remain unchanged.
(1) (A) only (2)(B) only; (3)(C) only ` (4) All (A),(B),(C) (5)All are wrong

6
30. The figure shows an experimental setup for determining
latent heat of vaporization of water where a calorimeter
To power source
containing water and heating coil is kept on a sensitive
electronic balance. When water is boiled using the coil
with power P1 it is observed that the reading of the
balance falls at a rate of m1. With the same amount of
water in the vessel the power of the coil is increased to P2
and

when water is boiled, the rate of fall of the reading of balance is observed as m2. The latent heat of
vaporization of water is (Assume that the surrounding temperature does not change)

P1 P2 P2  P1 P2  P1 P2  P1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
m1 m2 m2  m1 m2  m1 2(m2  m1 )

31. To which one of the following gates the circuit shown in the diagram is equivalent ?
(1) NOT
(2) NAND
(3) OR
(4) AND
(5) EX-OR
12V
32. In the circuit shown in the figure, the potential 10Ω
60Ω
of the end A is increased from zero. At what A

voltage, will the current start to flow through 20Ω 30Ω

the ideal diode?

(1) 8V (2) 12V (3) 24V (4) 18V (5) 10V

33. If the internal resistance of the cell is negligible in the circuit shown in the figure, what is the potential
difference between the terminals of the capacitor? 3μF 3Ω
(1) 6V
(2) 6.5V 1Ω

(3) 7V 6Ω 4Ω
(4) 7.5V
(5) 8.0V
9V 1Ω

34. In the shown figure, pulleys are smooth and have negligible mass.
Strings are light and inextensible. If the pulley system having
masses m1 and m2 is in equilibrium, then ratio m1/m2 is?
1 2 3 m2
(1) ( 2) (3) (4)2 (5)4
2 3 2 m1

7
35. The following graphs represent how an ideal gas system is subjected to a change of pressure(P) and
volume(V) through paths 1 and 2. Magnitude of the work done on or by the gaseous system is greater in
path 1 than path 2. Internal energy of the gaseous system in position A is lesser than that of position B. the
cyclic process results an absorption of heat into the system. Which of the following graph satisfies the
given conditions?
P P P P
B B A
B B
1 2 2
1 2 1
2 1
2 A 1 A A A B

V V V V V
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

36. All the cells in the circuit shown in the figure are identical E r
with an electromotive force E and internal resistance r. What
is the reading of the voltmeter if it is ideal? Er

3 2 1 V
(1) E (2) E (3) E E r
2 5 3
E r
1 1
(4) E (5) E
2 5

37. The figure shows the needle-like glass cylinder of radius r1 placed symmetrically inside r1
the glass capillary tube of internal radius r2 (r2>r1) . If the setup is held vertically so that
the bottom end is submerged in a water body, what is the capillary rise of water inside the
r2
air gap in the setup? (Surface tension of water is considered to be T, density of the water is
 , and the water wets the glass.)

2T T 2T
(1) (2) (3)
r2  r1 g r2  r1 g r2  r1 g
2T 2T
(4)
r2  r1 g
2 2
 (5)

r2  r1 g
2 2

38. Relative humidities of three rooms A,B and C are RA, RB and Rc and the relationship between them is
RA = RB> RC. Absolute humidities of those three rooms are AA, AB, AC and the relationship between them is
AA< AB = AC. Which of the following gives the correct relationship between temperatures of the rooms θA ,
θB, θC , and dew points TA,TB and TC?
(1) θC > θB > θA , TA> TB = TC
(2) θA = θB > θC , TA = TB> TC
(3) θA < θB < θC , TA> TB> TC
(4) θC > θB > θA , TA> TB> TC
(5) θA = θB > θC , TA> TB = TC

8
39. There are different smooth stationary inclined planes of
different inclinations(θ) to the horizontal and having the
same horizontal distance L are shown in the diagram. A
block is released from the top of the each inclined
plane.The block released from which inclination will
take shortest time to reach the ground? θ
0 0 0
(1) 15 (2) 30 (3) 45 L
0 0
(4) 60 (5) 75

40. In the electronic circuit given in the figure, when +5V

terminals of A, B and C are given a potential of C
10kΩ
VA= -1V, VB= -1V, VC= +5V respectively, the
Vout
leakage current from the collector to the emitter
in the transistors is 50µA . What is the output -1V -1V
voltage (Vout) of the circuit? A 0.5MΩ B 0.5MΩ
(1) 0 (2) +4V (3) -2V
(4) +6V (5) -2V

41. In a photoelectric experiment, photons of energy 5eV are emitted on light sensitive metal plate. When a
potential difference of -3.5V is applied to anode relative to cathode, the photoelectric current is just stopped.
What is the work function of that particular photosensitive metal plate?
(1)8.5eV (2)7.0eV (3)5.0eV (4)3.5eV (5)1.5eV
42. A salt solution is filled in a tall container. Density of the
solution decreases uniformly from bottom to top. A rigid small
sphere is in equilibrium at the middlee of the solution . The
sphere is brought down to the bottom of the container and
released slowly. Which of the following gives the possible
velocity(V) - time (t) graph of the subsequent motion of the
sphere?
V V V

t t t

(1) (2) (3)

V V

t t

(4) (5)

9
43. As shown in the figure, A, B and C are ammeters showing accurate readings with internal resistance RA ,
RB , and RC respectively. When a potential difference is applied between the terminals T 1 and T2, the
readings of the ammeters are IA , IB , and IC respectively. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
(A) I A RA  I B RB  I C RC
A B
IB RC T1 T2
(B) 
I C R A  RB
(C) The potential difference across the terminals remain C
unchanged and when the ammeters B and C are
interchanged, if their initial readings are also
interchanged, then RA = RB = RC
(1) (A) only (2) (B) only (3) (A),(B) only
(4) (B),(C) only (5) All (A),(B),(C)

44. In the potentiometer experiment shown in the diagram, both cells used in the circuit have constant
electromotive force. Among the resistors used, R1>R2 and electromotive cell E has an internal resistance.
When the switch S1 is closed and S2 is opened the equilibrium length is l1. When S1 is open and S2 is closed
the equilibrium length is l2, and when both switches are closed the equilibrium length is l3. Then which one
of the following relationship is true?
(1) l1  l2  l3 Eo

(2) l3  l1  l2 l
( )
(3) l3  l1  l2 S1 G
R1 R2 ( )
S2
(4) l1  l3  l2

(5) l1  l2  l3 E

45. In an experiment being conducted at a school lab in Jaffna, a small spherical solid is submerged and
released from top in the water in a tall container. The subsequent downward motion is observed and the
velocity (v) is determined with time(t). The same experiment is conducted at a lab in a school in Nuwara
Eliya and the same properties are observed and determined. Which of the following is the most possible
graph comparing the result from both of the labs. (Jaffna School results are denoted in bold and Nuwara
Eliya school results are in broken lines)(Ignore the change in viscosity in the liquid due to the change in
temperature)
V V V V V

t t t t t
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

10
46. As shown in the figure, A, B are two concentric Considered Gaussian
conducting spheres. The spheres are charged with +q2, surface
B
-q1 respectively and a point charge of +q1 is kept at the A -q1
center. Which of the following processes will cause a
+q2 +q1
change in electric flux through the considered
Gaussian surface
(A) When the position of point charge +q1 is changed
inside the sphere B.
(B) When both spheres are connected by a conductor.
(C) When sphere A is earthed.
(D) When sphere B is earthed.
(1) (C) only (2) (C),(D) only (3) (B),(C),(D) only
(4) All (A),(B),(C),(D) (5) Non of the above

47. As shown in the figure, an ice block containing a thin flat metal coin
Ice block
inside, is floating in a liquid denser than water. Assume that the change
in volume of liquid due to temperature change is negligible. The rate of
melting of ice is uniform and the coin is released from the ice block
Coin
before the ice block has melted completely. Select the most suitable h
graph for the change in the height of combined fluid (h) with time(t)?
(Assume that the density of the coin is greater than the density of the
liquid. Also water and liquid are immiscible )
h h h h h

t t t t t
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

48. P, Q, R are three air capacitors in the circuit as shown in the

Q
figure. It is given that the effective areas on each capacitor are
P
equal. The capacitance of the capacitors is given as CP, CQ and
CR respectively and the Electric Field strength is given as EP,EQ
and ER respectively. if EQ> ER , which of the following gives the R
correct relationship between the capacitances CQ and CR and the
electric field strengths EP and EQ?

(1) CQ  CR , EP  EQ

(2) CQ  C R , E P  EQ

11
 (3) CQ  CR , EP  EQ

(4) CQ  CR , EP  EQ

(5) CQ  CR , EP  EQ

49. The rate of heat flow  Q  along a uniform rod at steady state which is completely lagged is given by
t 
 

Q     in usual notations. l can be denoted

 KA  1 2 
t  l  KA

by  . The following setup is arranged using several rods

2σ
θ1 θ2
having different values for l . The rate of heat flow
KA
from the system having higher temperature to the system 0.5σ 2σ 3.5σ

having lower temperature is? (Let the rate of heat flow

3σ
through the rod with value 3 is P, Both ends of the rods
are completely in contact with liquid on the ends)
(1) 2P (2) 3P (3) 4P (4) 5P (5) 6P

C.G
50. A, B, C, D, E, and F are blocks of equal dimensions with
uniform density arranged on the horizontal floor as shown in D A
the figure. The density of the blocks are A , B , C , D ,
E B
E , and F respectively. If the position of center of gravity
(C.G) of the six blocks is as shown in the figure, select the F C

statement or relation that is false?

(1) If the section of blocks on the right and on the left are interchanged, the position of the center of
gravity will not change.
(2) The total mass of the three blocks on the left is equal to the total mass of the three blocks on the right.
(3) It is not required for the center of gravity of the left three blocks and the center of gravity of the right
three blocks to be in the center of their respective combinations.
(4)  A   B  C   D   E   F
(5) If  A   C then D  F and  B   E

*****

12
AL/2021/01/E-II(A) -1-
[KOg;gjpg;GupikAilaJ/ All Rights Reserved]

Index No. :…..………………………...

 This paper comprises of two parts A and B. The time allotted for the two parts is three hours only.
Additional Reading time – 10 minutes.

 Use of calculators is not allowed.

 Part A – Structured Essay
 Answer all the questions on the question paper itself.
 Write your answers in the space provided for each question.
 Please note that the space provided is sufficient for the answer and extensive answers are not expected.

 Part B – Essay
 This part consists of six questions. Answer four questions only. Use the papers supplied for this purpose.
 At the end of the time allotted for this paper, tie the two papers together so that Part A is on top and hand
them over to the Supervisor.
 You are permitted to remove only Part B of the question paper from the Examination Hall.

For Examiner’s Use Only

Part Question No. Marks

1
2
A
3
Final Marks
4
In Numbers
5
6 In Letters

7
8 Code Numbers
B
9(A) Marking Examiner 1
9(B)
Marking Examiner 2
10(A)
Checked by :
10(B)
Supervised by :
Total
Percentage

[See page two

AL/2021/01/E-II(A) -2-
Part A – Structured Essay Do not
write
Answer all four questions on this paper itself. anything
(Each question carries 20 marks) here.

01. You are asked to determine the coefficient of viscosity of water by using the experiment related
with Poiseuille's equation. The below diagram shows the experimental setup for this.

h Capillary Tube

Thread
Rubber Tube
Measuring
cylinder

(a) According to Poiseuille's equation, rate of flow of liquid can be written as Q  kP . Here

K is a constant related with the tube, 𝜂 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 are coefficient of viscosity of water and
pressure difference between both ends of tube respectively.

i. On which quantities of tube, the value of K depends on?

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. To determine the value of K, what measuring instruments you would use?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
iii. Write down three conditions under which Poiseuille's equation is valid?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
iv. In the above setup, how would you confirm that the capillary tube is kept horizontal?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Constant pressure head is kept at a height h as shown in the figure. Under steady flow
through the tube, volume of water collected in time t is V.

[See page three

AL/2021/01/E-II(A) -3-
Do not
i. Calculate the rate of flow (Q) of water. write
anything
……………………………………………………………………………………………… here.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. Give the equation for the coefficient of viscosity of water. ( Density of water is  )
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii. If you want to determine the coefficient of viscosity of water more accurately, write down
the experimental procedures you would follow.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
iv. Rearrange the above equation to obtain a straight line graph.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
v. If the gradient of the graph obtained is 7.5x10-6m2s-1 and the magnitude of K is 1.5x10-12m3
and density of water is 1000kgm-3, calculate the coefficient of viscosity of water.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

X
02. Y

The figure shows an apparatus arranged by a student in the laboratory to generate steam. Tube Y
is used to take the steam out.
(a)
i. What is the purpose of using tube X in this experiment?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. In what external factor does the boiling point of water depends on?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

[See page four

AL/2021/01/E-II(A) -4-
Do not
(b) write
anything
The outlet of tube Y was connected to the steam trap instead of directly inserting it into the here.
calorimeter while arranging the experimental setup to find the latent heat of vaporization of
water. What is the reason for this?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c)
i. In addition to the two relevant temperature measurements, what are the other measurements
that you would take in this experiment?
1. ……………………………………………………………………………Say Q1
2. ……………………………………………………………………………Say Q2
3. ……………………………………………………………………………Say Q3
ii. What additional data do you need to calculate the latent heat of vaporization of water?
4. ……………………………………………………………………………Say C1
5. ……………………………………………………………………………Say C2
iii. If the 2 values correspond to the temperature measurements are θ1 and θ2 (1   2 )
respectively, Obtain an expression for the latent heat of vaporization of water (L). (Boiling
point of water is 100˚C)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
iv. The obtained value of Q3 was found to be lower than its real value. Will the specific latent
heat of vaporization of water be higher or lower than its real value?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Usually, a certain procedure is carried out to avoid the heat exchange with the environment.
What is that procedure?
……….……………………………………………………………………………………….
(e) If a value that is less than the dew point of water is taken as the initial temperature of the
water, will the specific latent heat of vaporization of water calculated be lower or higher
than its real value? Give reason.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(f) When 1cm3 of water at 100℃ is converted into steam at 100℃, it occupied a volume of
1671cm3 in the atmosphere. What is the work done against the atmosphere in the process of
vaporization? (Atmospheric Pressure = 1x 105 Nm-2)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..…………………………………..

[See page five

AL/2021/01/E-II(A) -5-
Do not
03. You have been asked to determine the focal length of a convex lens experimentally, by write
anything
measuring the real image distance for real object distance by the no-parallax method. In order here.

to complete this practical, a schematic diagram of the experimental setup assembled with
objects having scales is given below.
Experiment lens

Object Pin Image

Image pin
pin
Diagram (1)

i. What is the additional object that should be provided to you? What is the advantage of using
this?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. A virtual image appeared when the student placed his eye on point E to observe the real
image of the object pin. What is the adjustment that has to be made in order to obtain a real
image?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..……
iii. He is unable to view any image for a short time while doing the adjustment stated in
question (ii). What is the reason for this?
………………………………………………………………………………..………………
………………………………………………………………………..………………………
iv.

Diagram (2)
After doing the adjustment mentioned in the question(ii), the view of the image pin and
object pin is shown in figure(2). To continue this experiment, which has/have to be checked?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………..……………………………………….

[See page six

AL/2021/01/E-II(A) -6-
Do not
v. write
anything
here.

E
X

Object Pin Diagram (3) Image Pin

(a) Student says that the image of the object pin coincides with the image pin without any
relative motion in the shown position. How can the teacher confirm this?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Teacher confirmed what the student said. Draw the refracted ray for the given ray which
comes from a certain point X on the object pin, falls on the lens and goes through the
image of the point X.
vi. Take the object distance, image distance and focal length of the lens as u, v and f
respectively. It has been instructed by the teacher to use the sign convention given below in
order to draw the linear graph to find the focal length f of the lens from the results of the
experiment.
Real object distance, real image distance - positive sign.
Virtual image distance - negative sign.
(a) Draw the graph by marking the independent variable (1/u) on the horizontal axis and the
dependant variable (1/v) on the vertical axis.

0
0

(b) If virtual image distances for the real object distances are measured during the
experiment, in which quadrant their coordinates should be marked in the axes given in
question vi(a)?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….…………………………………

[See page seven

AL/2021/01/E-II(A) -7-
Do not
04. The arrangement of current balance is shown in the diagram. This setup is initially balanced write
anything
horizontally using knife edges x and y. By connecting an external electric circuit, current is here.

allowed to flow through the wireframe PQ such that knife edges are in contact with the wire
frame.

Rigid conductor

Insulator
U shape magnet Q I Metal Needle
S
N
N S
a
P M
b

A K
R

From a U-shaped magnet, a magnetic field is produced perpendicular to a wireframe PQ as

shown in the figure. The magnitude of magnetic flux density of this field is 0.1T and the field
is spread 20cm along the length of the conductor. The dimensions a and b of the balance
shown in the figure above, are 20cm and 15cm respectively.

(a) Give another method to produce a magnetic field on the wire PQ of the current balance.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) 1. When the current is allowed to flow as shown in the figure, what is the direction of the
force acting on the wire PQ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..…

2. State the law you used here.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

(c) How to bring the balance back to equilibrium after allowing the current to flow?

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

[See page eight

AL/2021/01/E-II(A) -8-
Do not
(d) When a current of 0.2A is flowing through the balance in the direction shown in the write
anything
figure, find the additional mass needed to be added in the balance pan to bring the balance here.

back to equilibrium.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) What is the procedure you need to follow before using this balance, to keep the Earth’s
magnetic field from not affecting the wireframe PQ? What is the instrument used for this
purpose?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(f) What is the method you handle to spread the magnetic field of flux density 0.1T, for 40cm
along the length of the wire?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(g) The setup given above can be used to check the calibration of the ammeter in the circuit.
i. Briefly describe the calibration process.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
ii.To increase the sensitivity of the current measurement, how to change the magnitudes
of the dimensions a and b?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
iii. How to change the magnitudes of the magnetic flux density (B) and the length (l) of
the magnetic field on the frame PQ, to increase the sensitivity of the current
measurement?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
AL/2021/01/E-II(B)

Part B – Essay
Answer only four questions

05. Sphygmomanometer is used in the medical field to monitor the blood pressure of patients. Here a patient's
systolic pressure (PS) and diastolic pressure (PD) are measured. These measurements indicate how much
pressure (in mmHg) is greater than atmospheric pressure. For a healthy individual the values of PS and PD are
120mmHg and 80mmHg respectively.
It is generally denoted as 120/80. When
these values exceed 140/90, it is
considered as high blood pressure. The
heart beats 72 times per minute for a
healthy person. Due to the higher blood
pressure generated by the contraction of
heart chambers, the contaminated blood
in the right chamber of the heart is
pumped to the lungs and the pure blood
in the left chamber of the heart is
pumped to other parts of the body. This
procedure is shown in the above
diagram.
Every time when the heart beats, 75ml
of pure blood and impure blood is
pumped by each single chamber. In a
minute, the whole blood in the human
body is pumped into the right auricle for purification.

Atmospheric Pressure - 1 x 105 Nm-2

Density of Hg - 13600 kgm-3

Density of Blood - 1070 kgm-3

AL/2021/01/E-II(B)
(a)
i. By how much Pascal (Pa), maximum value (PS) and the minimum value (PD) of a healthy adult is higher
than the atmospheric pressure?
ii. What is the total volume of blood in a healthy adult?
iii. What is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart every minute?
(b) The total work (W) done by the heart for a beat can be given by the following relation
1 
W =  v 2 + P Q
2 

Here,
Q = Volume of blood flowing out of the heart during a heart beat
v = Average velocity of blood flowing out of the heart during a heart beat
ρ = density of blood
P = Pressure energy per unit volume of blood pumped out from heart during a beat
Here, to ease your calculation use
PS + PD
P=
2

i. If the average velocity of the blood pumped out of the heart of a healthy individual during a beat is
40cms-¹, find the work done by the heart during one beat?
ii. Find the output power when a healthy individual is at rest?
iii. When this healthy individual run, his output power will increase. State the reason for this?
iv. What is the reason for a patient with higher blood pressure to generally have a higher power output from
the heart?
(c) A healthy individual is travelling to space with his body in a vertical position. The space shuttle is travelling
upwards with an acceleration of 30cms-². Show that the blood pressure in the brain approaches to zero during
the contraction of the heart. (Let the high blood pressure (PS) in the artery near the heart during the contraction
is 120mmHg, the human brain is positioned 38cm away from the heart.)

06. Scientists consider the human ear as a special kind of detector. A human ear can generally hear and make
sense of sound with the intensity span of 10-12 Wm-2 to 1 Wm-2 and in the range of frequencies of 20 Hz to
20000 Hz. The expression of relative intensity level (β) which is required for the research about human ear is
defined by the scientists as follows,
 I 
 = 10 log 
 I0 
Here I is the intensity of the considered sound. The lowest intensity of sound that can be sensed by the ear
varies with the frequency of the sound heard. The lowest value of such low intensities that could be sensed
by the ear is called the threshold of hearing Io (Io = 10 -12 Wm-2).
The variation of the relative intensity level (𝛽) of the threshold of hearing with the frequency of the sound is
given in the graph below.
AL/2021/01/E-II(B)

𝛽(dB)
100

80

60

40

20
10
𝑓(kHz)
0.05 0.10 0.4 0.5 1 3.4 10

Since the process (hearing) and structure of the ear is complex, during studies the ear is divided into three
parts: Outer ear, Middle ear, and Inner ear. Due to the resonance formations in the canal of the outer ear, the
ear is especially sensitive to certain frequencies. Moreover, the canal could be considered as a one end closed
tube (closed end is the place where the inner ear begins). Pure sound waves could be obtained in the tube for
certain frequencies observed. Here, the displacement node forms at the closed end of the tube. For a normal
individual, the ear canal could be considered as a one end closed tube with dimensions as in the figure below.

Ear membrane
2.5cm
(a) The speed of the sound in room temperature (27°C) is 340ms-1
i. Find the range of wavelengths of sound waves that can be heard by a normal human in this temperature?
ii. If the temperature of the room is reduced to 17°C using an air conditioner, find the speed of the sound
29
now? (𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 √30 = 0.98)

(b)
i. Find the unit of the quantity β described with an expression in the paragraph above?
ii. Use the graph given above to answer the following questions.
1. What frequency of sound wave does a normal human ear is most sensitive to?
2. When the air inside the tube in outer ear is vibrating in the fundamental frequency, show the
pressure variation along the tube as a wave pattern in a diagram. Now, by considering the sensitive
part of the ear (ear membrane) is at the closed end of the tube, and the waveform drawn, explain
why the ear is more sensitive to that specific frequency?
3. What is the lowest intensity of sound required for a normal human ear to sense a sound wave with
a frequency of 0.05 kHz?
4. Show using calculation whether a sound wave with a frequency of 10 kHz and an intensity of
10 -11 Wm-2 could be sensed by a normal human ear?
AL/2021/01/E-II(B)
(c)
i. A sound source emitting a sound of frequency 0.5 kHz is spreading the sound in a hemisphere with the
source at the center. If the power of this source is 60 mW, what is the maximum distance a human can be
apart from this source to sense this sound? (Take 𝜋 = 3)
ii. The calculated value in the above (c) (i), is not possible in practical life. Explain?
(d)
i. Find the fundamental frequency of the simplified tube diagram (external ear canal) shown in figure(ii) in
the room temperature 27°C? (Ignore the end correction)
ii. What is the least value of frequency of the sound that is most sensitive to this human?
(e) To diagnose a man with a hearing defect, a doctor uses a sound signal which can send different frequencies
of a sound wave in different intensities. Then the doctor identifies the threshold of hearing and the threshold
of pain for certain frequencies and marks them with X and the diagram is shown above.
i. What is the sound intensity required by the patient to sense the sound with the frequency of 0.4 kHz?
ii. If a normal human senses the sound with the frequency of 3.4 kHz in his threshold of hearing and the
patient uses a hearing aid to hear the sound, by what factor should the aid has increase the intensity of
sound to make the patient hear the sound?

07.
(a) A liquid is dropping in small amounts from a burette, the radius of the hole in
𝑟 f
the lower end of the burette is r. If the surface tension of the liquid is T, find an 1
𝑉 3
expression that gives the maximum mass (M) that can be released from the
burette in a single drop. 0.30 0.7526

0.35 0.7011
(b) In an experiment to measure the surface tension of a liquid, certain number of
liquid drops were obtained from a burette as described in the previous question 0.40 0.6828
and here, the mass of the collected drops was also measured. But it is found that,
0.45 0.6689
when the drop is leaving the burette, the maximum weight was not contained
in the drop and a certain percentage of the mass is being held back at the lower 0.50 0.6515
end of the burette. If the mass of a drop leaving the given burette is Mo, it can
0.55 0.6362
𝑀0 𝑟
be expressed that 𝑀
= f. Here the value of f depends on the factor 1 . Here r is
𝑉3
0.60 0.6250
the radius of the hole in the lower end of the burette and V is the volume of the
𝑟
drop leaving the burette (Mo). The different values of 1 for different burettes 0.65 0.6171
𝑉3

and their corresponding values of f from a data book are given in the table above.
A student used a burette with a hole radius of 0.5 mm and found the volume of the 100 drops he collected
from the burette to be 100 mm3 (Density of the liquid used in the experiment is
800kgm-3)
AL/2021/01/E-II(B)
i. If the least count of the measuring cylinder used to collect the liquid drops in the experiment is 1mm3,
what is the error percentage in the measurement of the volume?
ii. What is the value of f obtained by the student?
iii. Find the surface tension of the liquid used in the experiment?
(c) Before starting the above experiment and collecting the drops, a drop falls onto a paper spread on the table.
The diameter (D) of the circle of area in the paper getting wet by the drop of liquid which fell on the paper
increases with time and in a certain time reaches a stable diameter (Do). The relationship between the stable
diameter (Do) and the time taken to achieve the stable diameter from the moment the drop touched the
paper(t) is given by,
Do = Kt 0.2.
Here, K is a factor which depends on the surface tension and coefficient of viscosity of the liquid used in
the experiment and the nature of the paper. The value of K for the liquid and paper used in the experiment
given in the question is 0.001.
i. If the stable diameter formed by the drop is 100 𝜇𝑚, find the time taken to achieve the stable state
above from the moment the drop touched the paper?
ii. If the same procedure was followed for a liquid with a higher coefficient of viscosity without changing
any other factors, what would happen to the values of Do and t?
(d) In the process of washing clothes, water should thoroughly penetrate through the pores (small gaps) in the
fabric (cloth) for effective washing of dirt and dust. But, research on the subject of surface tension has
found that water is less likely to penetrate these pores in the fabric because of its surface tension. Give two
methods used to reduce the surface tension of water in the cloth washing process?

08. Earth can be considered as a uniform sphere with radius RE and density  . G is the universal gravitational
constant.

(i) Show that the gravitational field strength on surface of the Earth is g E = KGR E . Here K = 4
3
1 17
(ii) Gravitational field strength on surface of the Moon is 6 times that of Earth and radius of Moon is 64 times

that of Earth. Moon is considered as a uniform sphere, then how many times, the density of Moon is that
of Earth
(iii) Consider that the Earth rotates about its axis with a uniform angular velocity (𝜔). Considering its angular
velocity, calculate the resultant reaction force acting on a point mass in terms of gE, RE, 𝜔 acting on
particles which is on the surface of Earth in the following positions.
a. Any point on equator
b. On North pole/ South pole
(iv) By considering the orbital path of Moon around the Earth as a circle of radius 60 RE, show that the

revolving speed of Moon relative to Earth is higher than 1kms-1. [Take 10

= 1.3 ]
6

( g E = 10 Nkg −1 , R E = 6400 km)

AL/2021/01/E-II(B)
(v) Astrophysicists state that by taking the center of the milky way galaxy as the center of the circular motion
of Sun, it revolves from one end of the galaxy. Its radius is 5 x 1018 km and its period of revolution is
6 x 1015 s.
a. In milky way, calculate the rotational speed of Sun in kms-1. [Take  = 3 ]
b. If the total mass of milky way can be considered as a point mass on its center, calculate the total mass
of milky way. [ Take 125 = 18.5 ] (G = 6.7 x 10-11 Nm2 Kg-2)
6.7
(vi)
a. What do you understand by the term “Escape velocity (VE)” of a planet?
b. If the radius and mass of a uniform spherical planet are R, M respectively, calculate the escape velocity
(VE) of that planet.
c. It is believed that when shrinkage process take place in any planet or star and get concentrated and it
becomes a black hole when its escape velocity become equal to velocity of light. At this situation, its
radius is called as critical radius (RC). (Mass of Star = 2 x 10 30 kg)
(1) Show that the critical radius (RC) of a start like Sun which does not revolve is approximately
equal to 3km.
(2) When the black hole is in critical radius, calculate the gravitational acceleration on its surface
(3) When the black hole is in critical radius, calculate its average density.

09. Answer either part (A) or part (B) only

Part (A)
(a) Define current density and give its unit?
(b) If the number of free electrons in unit volume of Cu is n, drift velocity of electrons during a certain
current flow is 𝑣𝑑 and charge of an electron is e, give an expression for the current density J of this wire?
(c) A rechargeable battery of EMF 12V and capacity 45Ah is fully recharged.

i. What is the maximum charge that can be displaced when using this fully charged cell?
ii. What is the maximum electric energy that can be obtained from this cell by considering that the
EMF of the cell remains constant as 12V until it gets discharged completely?

(d) For the functioning of an electric bulb rated as 60W, 12V, the above cell is used as
60 𝑊, 12𝑉
shown in the figure.
i. What can you say about the connecting wire that should be used to make
this connection so that the bulb can function with maximum power?
ii. What is the current through the bulb?
iii. If the cross section of the used copper wire is 1𝑚𝑚2, then what is the current 𝐸 = 12 𝑉
density through the connecting wire?
AL/2021/01/E-II(B)
iv. If the number of free electrons in the unit volume of the used conductor is 1.25x1029m-3, then what

is the drift velocity of free electrons through the conductor? (Charge of an electron e = 1.6x 10-19 C)
v. What is the maximum time that the cell can illuminate this bulb?
60W Filament

(e) An incandescent bulb made of Tungsten filaments which can give 120W Filament
light at three different intensities and the switches A, B are shown in Bulb

the figure. The filaments are rated at 60W, 12V and 120W, 12V Insulator
respectively. The above-mentioned cell can be used for the
A To power
functioning of this bulb. source
i. What is the maximum power at which the bulb can function? B

ii. Give the different powers at which the bulb can function and the corresponding switching?
iii. In what connection (parallel / series) are the two filaments in the bulb connected when functioning at
maximum power?

(f) Long bulb combinations are designed by using small bulbs for decorating things like Christmas trees
during festival seasons such as Christmas. Earlier the bulbs were used as a bulb system connected in
parallel and series. The figure below shows a part of this.

𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3

𝑃4 𝑃5 𝑃6 𝑄4 𝑄5 𝑄6

i. What is the reason for not connecting these bulbs in series or parallel?
ii. What happens to the other bulbs when the P1 bulb malfunctions? Filament
iii. An alternative incandescent bulb is designed currently to avoid the
problems in setting up festival lights. This is shown in the figure A B
simply. X creates a short circuit between A and B when the Glass
filament is broken while functioning.
; X
Now, what is the advantage of using this bulb? Explain.
AL/2021/01/E-II(B)
Part (B)

V1 +
Vo
V2 -

Output of the operational amplifier given above has a saturation voltage of ±6.4V and an open loop gain (A)
of 105. As the input resistance of this operational amplifier is very high, the current flow between the input
terminals is negligible.
i. Find the minimum positive value (VMIN) of VIN required to saturate this amplifier.
ii. Find the minimum value of V1 to get an output voltage of 6.4 V when V2 is 2V and show that it is
approximately equal to 2V.
iii. Temperature in a laboratory change with time. If its temperature reaches to 10°C or less at least once
from evening 6.00 to morning 6.00, a circuit setup is to be made to notify the researchers who come
in the morning. For this purpose, voltages are given to the inputs of the operational amplifier as shown
in the figure

+2V +
Vo
From the temperature -
sensor in the laboratory

The temperature sensor in the laboratory is able to give a voltage, directly proportional to the temperature.

(a) what approximate voltage should be supplied by the temperature sensor to get the output of the
operational amplifier as the positive saturation voltage of 6.4V, when the temperature in the laboratory
reaches to 10°C or less than that?
(b)
5V

Rc
V01
𝑆 𝑄
+ D RB= 500k𝛺
𝑅 𝑄ത
−
VD = 0.7V VBE=0.7V
5V LED
AL/2021/01/E-II(B)
As shown in the figure, output of the operational amplifier is connected to the input of a transistor circuit
and the output (VO) of this circuit is connected to a S-R flip-flop which was made using a NAND gate.
1. When the temperature of the laboratory is greater than 10°C, what is the magnitude of V01?
2. When the temperature of the laboratory is 10°C or less, find the base current.
(VD = 0.7 V,VBE = 0.7V)
3. If the current gain of the transistor is 100, find the minimum value of RC for V01 to be 0 in the
question (iii)(b)(2).
4. When the temperature of the laboratory is 10°C or less, write the logic levels of S and R?
(c) The LED is redesigned to be off when the laboratory closes at evening 6.00. From evening 6.00, the
temperature gradually decreases from 14°C and around midnight 1.00 it becomes approximately less than
10°C. Then the temperature further decreases, and then increases approximately to 10°C around early
morning 5.00 and finally reaches 15°C at about 6.00 in the morning. Fill the table by copying it on your
answer sheet with the logic levels of S,R and Q for the following times given.

Time S R Q
Night 8.30
Mid night 1.30
Morning 5.30

iv. The figure given below shows an electric sign board, made by using seven light emitting diodes
a,b,c,d,e,f,g and seven flip-flops A,B,C,D,E,F,G. When the output of a flip-flop is Q=1, the
corresponding light emitting diode lights up and by using them in some particular order, numbers
from 0 to 9 can be displayed

0 S Q
(A)
0 R
0 S Q
0 (B) a
R
0 S Q
0 (C) b f
R
0 S Q g
(D)
0
R
0 S Q c c
(E)
0 R
d
0 S Q
(F)
0 R
0 S Q
(G)
0 R
AL/2021/01/E-II(B)
As shown in the figure, the number 3 is displayed. To display the number 5 next, state to which flip-flops’
set input should be activated and to which flip-flops’ reset input should be activated.

10. Answer either part (A) or part (B) only

Part (A)
The disease called Covid-19 caused by the SARS - COV - 2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus - 2) is changed as an epidemic disease spread all over the world for 2 years and made a huge
impact. Due to this outbreak, economic crises have occurred in many countries including Sri Lanka.
Failure of the function of the respiratory system is the most important effect of this disease. This virus
spreads inside the alveoli of the lungs, decreasing the diffusion of O2 and disrupting the distribution of O2 to
the blood. Because of this, SpO2 (Oxygen Saturation) value, which is used to measure the amount of O2 in
blood, attains an unstable value. SpO2 value of a healthy person should be maintained at least in the value of
96%
Another problem faced by the patient infected by the Covid is clogging due to the damage in the blood
Air pressure
cell walls after the entrance of virus into the blood. With that, the mucus formed while regulator
trying to increase the
immunity to fight against the Covid virus will obstruct the process of inhalation and exhalation. Therefore,
three methods of treatments are being followed by the doctors to save the Covid patients. Providing artificial
oxygen in order to maintain the oxygen level in the blood, providing medicines to reduce the mucus formed,
and providing medicines which reduce the viscosity of the blood in order to reduce the effects of blood
clotting. Even though this method fails for certain patients due to severity of the disease. As the above-
mentioned safety measures are done by the body itself to some level, many patients who are not highly
affected by this disease are cured without showing any symptoms or showing fewer symptoms. A newly
evolved variant of this virus named OMICRON is currently spreading. Scientists say that this virus spreads
six to ten times faster than the normal variants of the virus. And they expect the effects of this virus to be
visible in the next two weeks.
A normal human intakes 8 liters of air per minute by
inhaling 16 times per minute. 20% of that air is oxygen.
25% of that oxygen is diffused to the blood through the
alveoli. Although, that value would decrease up to 11.11%
for a Covid patient, it will decrease further with the severity
of the disease. Due to this, artificial oxygen has Pulse oximeter Air pressure regulator
to be supplied in order to maintain the SpO2 value in the adequate amount. Cylinders having oxygen, air
pressure regulator and Pulse-Oximeter which is used to measure the amount of SpO2, are important to provide
the oxygen required by the patient.

The pressurized O2 from the oxygen cylinder is regulated by the air pressure regulator. Then it gets
mixed with water vapor and supplied to the patient by a special rubber tube in order to prevent
drying(dehydration) of lungs of the patients. The vertical scale (1) of the Air Pressure Regulator is used to
measure the amount of oxygen in liters supplied per minute (lpm) to the patient in atmospheric pressure.
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Here the amount of excess oxygen must be adjusted to maintain the SpO2 level at 96%. If this value is
maintained within 1 lpm and 3 lpm, then the patient is stable (not critical) and if the value is between 4 lpm
and 5 lpm, then the patient is in critical state.

Molecular mass of O2 = 32 gmol-1

25
Universal Gas Constant(R) = 3
Jmol-1K-1

Atmospheric pressure = 1 x 105 Pa

(a)
i. What is the name of the virus that is responsible for the disease named Covid-19?
ii. State 2 reasons why the SpO2 value used to measure the amount of O2 in human blood of a Covid-19
patient gets reduced?
iii. When oxygen is supplied artificially to a person, why is it necessary to mix it with water vapor?
iv. When will the doctors determine that the Covid-19 patient had reached the critical condition?
v. If an ordinary human breathes air at 27°C, What is the total number of moles of O2 that gets
transferred to blood by the alveoli?
(b) An oxygen cylinder stated in the above situation is said to have 35.2 kg of O2. Its volume is 25 dm³
and it is kept at room temperature of 27°C.
i. Calculate the amount of moles of O2 inside the cylinder.
ii. While some patients are in critical condition, in order to maintain the SpO2 level, the supplied level of
O2 was adjusted to 5 lpm. In this situation, for how long can the O2 be supplied?
Part (B)
This question is based on Particle Physics.

Particle Physics describes about atoms and the internal structure of atoms. It is the study to discover more
about internal structure of atoms and indivisible fundamental particles. Once upon a time, it was considered that
the atoms are further indivisible. But in the beginning of 20th century, scientists discovered that an atom consist
a nucleus and nucleus consist positively charged protons (p) and uncharged neutrons (n). The improvement in
scientific researches and assumptions after that period lead to a conclusion that all matters are made up of
fermions which are a type of particles. Fermions are further categorized into two types as six leptons and six
quarks. Now these are considered as fundamental particles. Their names, symbols and charges can be given as
below. (Magnitude of charge of electron is e)

quarks leptons

Name Notation Charge Name Notation Charge

2
up u + e electron e -e
3
1
down d − e electron neutrino ve 0
3
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2
charm c + e muon μ -e
3
1
strange s − e muon neutrino vμ 0
3
2
+ e
top t 3 tau τ -e

1
− e
bottom b 3 tau neutrino vτ 0

For every fundamental particles, there are opposite particles called anti particles. They have opposite sign

charges and other opposite features. For example, their symbols are denoted such as u d e ve . Particles
like anti proton, anti neutrons contain anti quarks which are opposite to the quarks that are generally the
components of protons and neutrons respectively.

Bosons are the particles which are used to connect those particles. Protons and neutrons are formed when three
quarks join together. So protons and neutrons are not considered as fundamental particles. But electrons are
fundamental particles.

Protons consist of three quarks uud, neutrons consists of three quarks udd, lambda particle ᴧ0 has three quarks
uds and sigma particles such as ∑+, ∑0, ∑- contain three quarks uus, uds, dds respectively. Omega particle Ω-

has three quarks sss and kaon particles such as K0, K+ have two quarks d s , u s respectively. Many other
particles like them are also discovered. Particles made up of quarks are called hadrons. It is further categorized
into two types. They are baryons and measons. Particles made up of three quarks are called baryons and particles
made up of two quarks are called measons. All type of measons contain a quark and an anti quark.

In nature, there are four fundamental forces. They are gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong force
and weak force.

Gravitational Force is the attractive force between masses. It exists in wide range such as between two quarks
inside a nucleus as well as between two galaxies in the space. This type of force is created by a mass and field
of this force has no limitations. Some of the effects due to gravitational forces are fruit falls down from tree
towards the ground, satellite and moon revolves around the Earth, planets revolve around the Sun, formation of
black hole, formation of gravitational lens, increased fusion reaction because of high pressure formed on center
of planets due to gravity, and energy like gravitational potential energy.

Electromagnetic forces are formed due to charged particles and their motion. It can cause both attraction and
repulsion. Some of the effects due to electromagnetic force are electrons revolve around the nucleus, formation
of molecules from atoms, formation of materials from molecules and their properties (Example – conductor,
insulator, elastic, rigid, magnetizable, non-magnetizable), generating electromagnetic waves (photons),
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producing electric current, emission of electromagnetic wave, absorption spectrum, color of matters, energy
like electromagnetic potential energy. Field of this type of force can be limited.

Strong force is a type of force which is slightly different from the attractive force among quarks in protons,
neutrons and strong force is the reason for attractive force to bind neutrons and protons. Within the limit of
nucleus, it is the strongest force when compared with other forces. So, it keeps the charges together by
overcoming the repulsive force among them. Strong force has very short range. This is why large size nucleus
beyond a particular limit is not discovered on Earth.

Weak force is lesser than the strong force inside a nucleus. But it is larger than other forces in nucleus.

(a)
1. Define what is fundamental particle and also state which fundamental particles were discovered first?
2. State the two types of fermions.
3. By how many fundamental particles, a matter is formed?
4. Justify the charge of n and p by considering the charge of quarks by which they are made of.
5. Write the charges of particles ∑+ , K0
6. State the quarks by which anti – neutron and anti-proton are made of ?
7. State what is hadrons. Write down two types of hadrons and give one example for each.
(b)
1. State all four fundamental forces
2. Write down the effects of gravitational force in different fields.
3. Write down the effects of electromagnetic force in different fields
4. With the help of a diagram, explain how to limit the region of field created by a point charge when a
spherical region of radius r and point charge is on its center is considered.
5. What do you understand by the term gravitational lens?
A strong nuclear force is observed between proton and neutron in nucleus formed due to the exchange of an
unknown particle between proton and neutron named as pion. The speed of exchange of pion is the speed of
light (3x 108 ms-1) and range of strong force is 1fm (1x 10-15m). This cannot be observed directly. They are
called virtual particles. According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, pion can only exist for a short period
of time Δt and it is exchanged between proton and neutron.

h
Amount of energy is given by the equation E = . Here h is Planck’s constant.
4 t

(h = 6.63x10-34Js, e = 1.6x10-19C)

1. Calculate the time period Δt that pion can exist.

2. By using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle equation, calculate the energy of pion in MeV.
3. Calculate the mass of pion.

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