Surveying

Surveying is the techniques of finding relative

positionof different features of the surface
oftheearthby taking measurement and finally
representing them on a sheet of a paper known as
plan or map.
In other woards, surveying is the study or practise
of measuring altitudes, angles and distance or the
land surface, so that they can be accurately plotted
on a map.
Surveying is the process of analyzingand recording
the characteristics of a land area span to help design
a plan or map for construction.
Types Of Surveying
Surveying can mainly be classified into two
groups.
1. Plane Surveying.
2. Geodetic or Trigonometrical Surveying.
1. Plane Surveying
a) Chain Surveying.
b) Traverse Surveying .
c) Plant-table Surveying .
d) Ordinary Levelling.
2. Geodetic or Trigonometrical Surveying.
a) Triangulation Surveying.
b) Reciprocal Surveying.
c) Stadia Surveying.
d) Astronomical Surveying.

Total station & its function

A total station (TS) or total station theodolitic
(TST) is anelectronia optical instrument used for
surveying and building construction.It is an
electronic transit theodolite integrated electronic
distance measurement (EDM) to measurement both
vertical and horizontal angles and slope distance
from the instrument to a particular point and on
board computer to collect date and perform
triangulation calculation.

Function
1. Angle Measurement: Most total station instruments
measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of
extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating
glass cylinders or dises within the instrument.
2. Distance Measurement: Measurement of distance is
accomplised with a modulated infrared carrier signal
genrated by a small solid state emitter withen the
instruments optical path & influenced by a prism
reflector or the object under surveying. The modulation
pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by
the computer in the total station. The distance
determined by emitting and reciving multiple
frequencies and determining the integer number of
wavelenghts to the target for each frequency. Most total
stations use purpose built glass prism reflectors for the
EDM signal.
3. Co-ordinate measurement: The co-ordinate of an
unknown point relative to a known co-ordinate can be
determined using the total station as long as a direct line
of sight can be established between the two points.
Angel distance are measured from the total station to
points under survey and co-ordinate (x,y,z or easting,
northing and elevation) of surveying point relative to the
total station position are calculated by using trigometry
and triangulation.
To determine an absolute location, a total station
requers line of sight observation can be set up over
known point with line of sight.
4. Date processing: Some models include internal
electronic data storage to record distance , horizontal
angle and vertical angle measured such as a hand held
computer. The newest generation of total station can
also show the map on the touch screen of the
instrument immediately after measuring the points.
Application:
1. Mining.
2. Mechanical and electrical constraction.
3. Metorology.
4. Aviation weather forcasting.