Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Artigo 3
Artigo 3
DOI: 10.1002/mop.31532
RESEARCH ARTICLE
178 © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mop Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2019;61:178–181.
DELGADO AND BESSA 179
FIGURE 3 (A) Transmission spectrum of the produced LPFG with Λ = 530 μm and fiber axial rotation angle of θ = 180 at each arc
discharge. (B) Simulation of the phase-matching curves (solid lines) and experimental values (black dots) [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
values of torsion rate. Thus, we investigated the torsion sen- behavior can be attributed to the reduction of the strength of
sitivity of the different attenuation dips observed in the coupling coefficient between the fundamental core mode
Figure 3A, which have been identified as the LP12 and LP13 and the cladding modes.13 We can also observe that the reso-
cladding modes. The experimental setup used for measure- nant wavelength of both cladding modes shifts continuously
ments of torsion is similar to the one used for fabricating the in the direction of shorter wavelengths of the spectrum as
LPFG shown in Figure 1, however, excluding the fusion the mechanical torsion increases. At the maximum torsion
splicer machine. Therefore, in order to perform the experi- rate of 44.88 rad/m, the attenuation band of the LP12 clad-
mental tests, the optical fiber with the LPFG in the middle ding mode shifted from 1505.35 nm to 1499.31 nm, with a
was fixed rigidly between two rotation and translations spectral variation shift of −6.04 nm, whereas the resonance
stages (RTS-1 and RTS-2), which are the same used in the dip of the LP13 mode, which was initially at 1565.75 nm,
fabrication procedure, with 14 cm separation length (L0) tuned to 1557.30 nm, therefore, experiencing a total wave-
between them. Furthermore, it is important to mention that length shift of −8.45 nm. Moreover, it was found that the
one end of the fiber was fixed to the RTS-1, which provided response of both cladding modes varied monotonically and
controlled mechanical torsion to the LPFG under investiga- linearly and by experimental data fitting with a linear regres-
tion, whereas the other one was fixed to the RTS-2, which sion approach, the LP12 cladding mode showed a sensitivity
was stationary. Therefore, it is convenient to define the
mechanical torsion rate (τ) applied to the LPFG as an abso-
lute value of torsion angle per unit length of the twisted fiber
section with the LPFG, which can be expressed as
τ ¼ β=L0 , ð2Þ
where β is the torsion angle in radian unit. The torsion
angles applied to the LPFG sensor varied from 0 to 360 in
steps of 60 and the fiber was rotated clockwise in the direc-
tion of the propagation of the light, therefore, providing co-
direction torsion stress to the fiber. Besides, considering that
the LPFG was subjected to a total rotation angle of 360 , a
maximum torsion rate value of 44.88 rad/m was applied to
the sensor with mechanical torsion steps of approximately
7.48 rad/m.
FIGURE 4 Experimental data fit of the measured resonant
Figure 4 shows the experimental results for the LPFG
wavelength shift of the LP12 and LP13 cladding modes as a
exposed to the effects of co-direction torsion strain and its
function of torsion rate. The inset graphs show the transmission
inset graphs show the spectral evolutions of resonance dips spectra evolution with respect to torsion rate ranging from 0 to
of the LP12 and LP13 cladding modes. In the inset graphs of 44.88 rad/m for both the LP12 (top right corner) and LP13 (bottom
Figure 4, we can observe that the transmission of the attenu- left corner) modes [Color figure can be viewed at
ation bands decreases as the torsion rate increases. This wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DELGADO AND BESSA 181
TABLE 1 Comparison among the different types of LPFGs configurations of LPFGs, which confirms the high potential
Torsion sensitivity, of the produced LPFG for applications as torsion sensors.
Type nm/(rad/m) Reference
Arc-induced LPFG (ours) 0.19702 This work OR C ID
3
Arc-induced LPFG 0.0245
Felipe Delgado https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9779-645X
4
CO2 laser induced LPFG 0.032
6
Pair of rotary LPFGs incorporated 0.084
a fiber ring laser RE F E R E N CE S
7
HLPFG in photonic crystal fiber 0.056 [1] Gonzalez DA, Jauregui C, Quintela A, Madruga FJ, Marquez P,
(PCF)
8
Lopez-Higuera JM. Torsion-induced effects on UV long-period
Pair of CO2 laser induced 0.115
fiber gratings. Proc SPIE. 2004;5502:192-195.
HLPFGs
Arc-induced HLPFG 0.04646 9 [2] Nair AS, Kumar VPS, Joe H. Twist sensitivity of cladding-mode
11 resonances and its cross-sensitivity to strain and temperature in a
LPFG with screw-type distortions 0.1604
mechanically induced long-period fiber grating. Fiber Integr Opt.
2014;33:347-359.
[3] Caldas P, Rego G, Ivanov OV, Santos JL. Characterization of the
of −0.13369 nm/(rad/m) with high degree of torsion linear- response of a dual resonance of an arc-induced long-period grat-
ity, confirmed by the R2 coefficient of 0.999 derived from ing to various physical parameters. Appl Opt. 2010;49(16):
the fitting process. On the other hand, the experimental data 2994-2999.
fitting of the LP13 mode resulted in an enhanced sensitivity [4] Wang YP, Chen JP, Rao YJ. Torsion characteristics of
long-period fiber gratings induced by high-frequency CO2 laser
of 0.19702 nm/(rad/m) with an R2 coefficient value of 0.998
pulses. J Opt Soc Am B Opt Phys. 2005;22(6):1167-1172.
over the torsion sensing range, as observed in Figure 4. It is
[5] Budinski V, Donlagic D. Fiber-optic sensors for measurements of
important to mention that the torsion sensitivity of the pro-
torsion, twist and rotation: a review. Sensors. 2017;17(3):443.
duced LPFG is eight times higher than the sensitivity of a
[6] Shi L, Zhu T, Fan YE, Chiang KS, Rao Y. Torsion sensing with a
conventional arc-induced LPFG.3 In order to further empha-
fiber ring laser incorporating a pair of rotary long-period fiber
size the enhanced sensitivity of the LPFG produced with gratings. Opt Commun. 2011;284(22):5299-5302.
opposite point-by-point modulation, Table 1 lists the torsion
[7] Xi X, Wong GKL, Weiss T, Russell PSJ. Measuring mechanical
sensitivity of LPFG obtained in the present study in compar- strain and twist using helical photonic crystal fiber. Opt Lett.
ison with other conventional and most recent configurations 2013;38:5401-5404.
of torsion sensors based on these gratings. Furthermore, the [8] Zhang HL, Zhang WG, Chen L, et al. Bidirectional torsion sensor
spectral behavior of the LP12 and LP13 cladding modes with based on a pair of helical long-period fiber gratings. IEEE Photon
respect to the mechanical torsion effect can be attributed to Technol Lett. 2016;28(15):1700-1702.
the different refractive index changes induced by the torsion [9] Sun B, Wei W, Liao C, et al. Automatic arc discharge-induced
stress in the core and cladding of the optical fiber, and the helical long period fiber gratings and its sensing applications.
modal field distribution of these cladding modes. IEEE Photon Technol Lett. 2017;29(11):873-876.
[10] Cuiting S, Tao G, Jiang H. High sensitive directional torsion sen-
sor based on a segmented long-period fiber grating. IEEE Photon
4 | CONCLUSION Technol Lett. 2017;29(24):2179-2182.
[11] Deng M, Xu J, Zhang Z, et al. Long period fiber grating based on
In conclusion, we have proposed a novel technique for the periodically screw-type distortions for torsion sensing. Opt
fabrication of an enhanced torsion sensitivity arc-induced Express. 2017;25:14308-14316.
LPFG. Distinguishing from the conventional method of fab- [12] Ivanov OV, Rego G. Origin of coupling to antisymmetric modes
ricating arc-induced LPFGs, the reported technique is based in arc-induced long-period fiber gratings. Opt Express. 2007;15:
13936-13941.
upon the axial rotation of the optical fiber by axial angles of
180 during the point-by-point arc discharge process, which [13] Ulrich R, Simon A. Polarization optics of twisted single-mode
fibers. Appl Opt. 1979;18:2241-2251.
induces a series of opposite asymmetric modulations over
the entire length of the grating. As a result, the produced
LPFG allows the energy coupling between the fundamental
core mode and the asymmetric LP12 and LP13 cladding How to cite this article: Delgado F, Bessa A. Tor-
modes within the operating wavelength range. Furthermore, sion-dependent spectral response of long-period fiber
an enhanced torsion sensitivity of approximately 0.197 nm/ grating based on electric arc technique with axial rota-
(rad/m) with high degree of linearity was achieved for the tion of the fiber. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2019;61:
LP13 cladding mode. Therefore, the experimental results 178–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.31532
show better torsion sensing performance than different