CHAPTER 9

FACILITIES SYSTEMS
 CONTENTS:
→ INTRODUCTION.
→ STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS.
→ ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS.
INTRODUCTION

The main objective is to provide the facilities planner with a

unified picture of the building technology and the
interrelationship of the facility system.

The intend is to provide an overview of how the system’s

element impact the overall process of the planning.
 FACILITY PLANNER AWARENESS

Facility planner must be aware from:

• The cost of constructing , operating and maintaining
a facility is significantly impacted by the facility
INTRODUCTION

system.
• A critical factor affecting facility flexibility is the
facility’s system.
• Facility system is not completed Until all the systems
are specified
• Facility systems have an important impact on
employee performance , morale and safety.
• Facility systems have an important impact on the
fire protection , maintenance and security of the
facility.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

Structural System Performance

has following factor:
• Column Spacing
• Design For Requirement
• Types of Column
• Considerations
 COLUMN SPACING
• The most common structural types
for industrial facilities are the steel
skeleton frame or reinforced
concrete skeleton frame.
• Many factors will impact the choice
of the structural type or the choice of
materials.
• fire protection (steel is notorious
for losing its strength when heated
above 1000F).
• Environment(steel becomes brittle
below -20F and fails easily) and the
overall planning grid or module.
 TYPES OF COLUMN

• In this analysis the size and the

character of the columns must be
considered. Heavy wall round or
square tubular should be used in
warehouse.
• These types of columns eliminate
rodent and vermin nesting places.
• it ensure easy maintenance and
cleanliness.
• Minimize the effect of denting on the
column strength.
• Such columns are little more
expensive than H beam but provide
much better facility in longer run.
CONSIDERATION

• The objective of the structural system is to ensure

that the building will be stable.
• The degree of stability required and designed into
the building is dictated by the load condition.
• The building must exhibit stability under the
following various load conditions:
✓ Gravity : continuous , dead loads-roof floor
✓ Gravity : intermittent , live loads-snow ,
equipment and people.
✓ Wind : hours , days
✓ Seismic : seconds , minute.
 ENCLOSURE SYSTEM
• The enclosure system provides a barrier
against the effects of extreme cold or
heat , lateral forces(wind) , water and
undesirable entries (human, insects).
• It is used as a controlling mechanism.
• The enclosure elements are floor , wall
and roof. All three elements are
intended to provide the facility with a
specified comfort level which is often
impacted by the thermal performance of
the building enclosure.
• In fact the following generalization
hold true:
Building Enclosure + Service input =
comfort
THERMAL PERFORMANCE

• Thermal performance is usually required to rectify the

heat transmission imbalance b/w
• Inside and outside of enclosure.
• One of the major problem in the thermal performance ,
therefore , is how to make effective use of solar gain.
 CONTENTS
→ ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS.
→ ELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS.
→ LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS.
ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM:

Atmospheric system provide

for health and comfort of
occupants and for the need
of building equipment and
machinery

Criteria for equipment and

machinery are dictated by
manufacturer specification.
Human comfort criteria study
was done in 1960’s
 VARIABLES FOR COMFORT PARAMETERS:
• Temperature
• Humidity
ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM
• Clothing
• Metabolic activity

ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS RESPONSE:

• By heating or cooling building air
• Controlling humidity.
• Air speed is usually low.
• Metabolic rate and clothing is kept constant
 MAINTAINING THE ENVIRONMENT
Market standards provide a precise response involving
cooling and humidification

Example: In healthcare facilities humidity is held close to 50%

INTRODUCTION OF
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS:
Inorganic pollutants are introduced
into the building atmosphere from
the sources in the building
EXAMPLE:

RADON gas naturally occur in the

earth and underwater and seeps
into the building
Such pollutants can be handled by
removing the sources from the
building or blocking the seepage
AIR EXCHANGE RATE:
• Major problem in buildings is buildup of odor and air-
borne particulate matter

• To eliminate these unwanted substances ,dilute them with

mixing stale air(in building ) with the outdoor fresh air
• Dilution rate is expressed as
EQUIPMENT ROOM
DUCT SIZES:
Main duct: 1800 ft./min
Branch duct: 900-1110 ft./min

LOUVER SIZES:
Exhaust Louver :2000ft./min
Intake Louver :1000ft./min

CLEAN ROOM
Carefully controlled environment for
electronics, pharmaceutical or food
processing operations is called CLEAN
ROOMS

EXAMPLES:
ISO class 5 clean room has
10^5=100,000 particles/m3
HVAC DESIGN:
The purpose of heating, ventilation and air
conditioning is to control temperature humidity and
cleanliness of environment within the facility.
Important for employee comfort, process control or
product control
 ELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING SYSTEM
Facility lighting system requires the following steps
1. Determine the level of illumination.
2. Determine room cavity ratio.(RCR)
3. Determine the ceiling cavity ratio.(CCR)
4. Determine wall reflections and effective ceiling reflectance.
5. Determine the coefficient of utilization.
6. Determine light loss factor.
7. Calculate number of lamps and luminaries.

8. Determine location of luminaries.

 LIFE SAFETY SYSTEM

Designed to control emergency situations that will

disrupt the normal operations
Emergency causes:
• Fire
• Seismic events
• Power failures.
 FIRE PROTECTION AND SAFETY
1st objective is to determine the building’s
function and construction type defined
by the occupancy classification based on
INTERNNATIONAL BUILDING CODES
 FIRE PROTECTION AND SAFETY
Type of structure governs the degree of fire resistance.
These construction types ranges from TYPE I(nearly
fireproof) to TYPE D(conventional wood frame
structure).
Fire resistance refers to the ability of structure to act as a
barrier that will not allow the fire to spread from its origin
ORDER OF PRIORITY FOR PLANNING:
• Lives of occupants in the facility.
• The building .
• Goods and equipment in the building.
 FIRE SUPPRESSION
Objective is to protect the rack storage facility with the
correct fire suppression system
DESIGNED STANDARDS BY NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION
ASSOCIATION (NFPA)
• NFPA standard 230 “Standard For Fire Protection Of Storage”
• NFPA standard 13 “Standard For Installation Of Sprinkler
System”
CLASSES OF FIRE:
• ClassA: Organic material.(wood, paper)
• ClassB: Flammable liquids and gases.(gasoline, paint thinner)
• ClassC: Energized electrical equipment.(motors, computers)
• ClassD: Exotic metals (magnesium, sodium, titanium)
 CONTENTS
→ SANITATION SYSTEMS.
→ BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM.
→ FACILITY MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM.
SANITATION SYSTEM
• Sanitation system consist of hot
and cold water supply it’s a
distribution to supply potable
and cleansing water
• It includes ‘”refuse” handling
also known as sewage.
• Deals with the collecting and
disposing of wastewater
SANITATION AND PLUMBING SYSTEM
• The plumbing system handles the
supply of hot and cold water while
sewage system form the bulk of
sanitation.

• Discharge system is designed to handle

solid waste material and waste water
(discharge from basins , baths and
washing machines
 SANITATION AND PLUMBING SYSTEM
PRIMARY PROBLEM
• Problem with drainage system is preventing the odor
passing back to facility.

• Use of water seal trap is the most common and convenient

method to alleviate this problem.
SANITATION AND PLUMBING SYSTEM
PLUMBING SYSTEM
• Plumbing systems may be
required for personnel,
processing and file protection.

• Personnel plumbing systems

include drinking fountains,
toilets ,showers and sinks

• Facility planner should supply

with the plan that how much
plumbing is required and how
many people will use it
BUILDING AND
AUTOMATION SYSTEM
BUILDING AND AUTOMATION SYSTEM

» Building automations links the previously discussed

systems via a term integration into a central control
point.

» Temperature, humidity, alarms and security systems

lightning controls and HVAC monitoring.
BUILDING AND AUTOMATION SYSTEM

» Smart facilities can be monitored and controlled on site

from central access points via modem connectors.
SYSTEM TYPES
• HVAC
• HVAC for power management
• humidity control
• Emergency management system
for lights
• Security systems
• Computerized maintenance
management systems
BUILDING AND AUTOMATION SYSTEM

INTEGRATION
• After modem connectivity comes
integration software that that
allows all systems a single access
point from a single location.

• Via internet facility operations

can be started stopped, turn
off/on lights, and all systems e:g
security systems power systems
BUILDING AND AUTOMATION SYSTEM

PLANNING REQUIREMENTS

• Facility planner must have systems ready for

operations and commissioning.

• Flexibility and accessibility should be optimized.

• Understand challenges to transition of operations

FACILITY MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FACILITY MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

After design build phase important phase is FMMS also

known as CMMS or EAM.

FMMS supports long term asset management and day to

day maintenance of systems.

It compasses of internal equipment maintenance while

manufacturing , warehousing and services are
operational.
FACILITY MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

• Simply FMMS is the business management

system for effective management and
maintenance.

• FMMS may briefly include

➢ Budget control
➢ Preventive maintenance procedures
➢ Occupancy management
➢ Project management
➢ Asset data and equipment history
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